A

PROJECT REPORT ON

STEADY STATE HEAT CONDUCTION AND

CONVECTION IN AN ISOTROPIC
RECTANGULAR PLATE
Under the Course of Advanced finite element method
(Design Engineering)
In
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
(May-2015)

Submitted to:
Dr. Dinesh Kumar

By:
Bajak Rahul (2014PDE5064)

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR

ACKNOWLEDMENT
I take immense pleasure to express my deep and sincere
gratitude to my guide Prof. Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sir (Department Of
Mechanical Engineering, MNIT Jaipur) for his valuable guidance and
suggestions. He helped me a lot in developing project of this magnitude.
Also while working on this project it helped me a lot in understanding
the subject.
I would also like to thank all my friends for helping me during
the project work and for inevitable suggestions whenever required.

ABSTRECT

We have studied basic principles of heat transfer in our UG

courses. However solution provided by theory of heat and mass transfer
in general, is approximation to actual solution. Finite element analysis
can be used for very accurate solution of the problems. In our PG course
we learned Finite element analysis under the subject of Modeling and
Analysis
In this term project, accurate analytical solution of steady state heat
conduction and convection in an isotropic rectangular plate has been
developed using principles of finite element analysis. Analytical
equations representing temperature distribution were developed for
above problem.
Also use of FEM software, ANSYS 15.0 mechanical APDL and
ANSYS WORKBENCH 15.0 , have been made for modeling the problem.
results generated by software then were compared with analytical
solutions. Conclusions have been made by comparison of analytical
solution and solution generated by computer software.

CONTENT
1. Introduction :
1.1.
Finite element method
1.2.
Problem statement
2. Development of the FEM model
2.1.
Weak form formulation
2.2.
Finite element model
2.3.
Interpolation function and element matrices
2.4.
Assembly of the element matrices
2.5.
Imposition of the boundary condition
2.6.
Solution
3. Analysis
3.1.
software name and version
3.2.
Analysis using Ansys mechanical APDL
3.3.
Analysis using Ansys workbench 15.0
4. Results and Discussions
4.1.
Comparisons of analytical and FEM modeling results :
5. Conclusion

List of Figures & Tables

Figure 1.1: problem statement
Figure 2.1: meshing
Figure 3.1: modeling
Figure 3.2: Temperature distribution /APDL
Figure 3.3: Heat flux /APDL
Figure 3.4: Heat flux in vector form
Figure 3.5: Thermal gradient
Figure 3.6: Boundary conditions
Figure 3.7: Temperature distribution /WB
Figure 3.8: Heat flux /WB
Table 1

: Comparisons of results

Chapter 1
Introduction :
This term project is intended to enhancing the knowledge of the
Advanced finite element method which is base of various analysis
software.

1.1 Finite element method :

Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical method for solving a
differential or integral equation related to the various physical problems.
It provides the easy way to finding the solution of the problem which is
very complex in nature and This method essentially consists of assuming
the piecewise continuous function for the solution and obtaining the
parameters of the functions in a manner that reduces the error in the
solution. This method reduced the whole domain of the problem into
small pieces to find the solution of the whole problem. Finite element
analysis has now become an integral part of computer aided engineering
and is being extensively used in analysis and design of many complex
real life problems.

1.2 Problem statement :

Figure 4.1 problem statement

Consider steady state heat conduction in an isotropic rectangular region

of dimensions 4a2b as shown in figure. The origin of the x and y
coordinates is taken at the lower left corner such that x is parallel to the
side 4a and y is parallel to the side 2b. The boundary x=0 is insulated,
boundary y=0 is maintained at zero temperature T1, boundary y=2b is
maintained at a temperature T=T0 and boundary at x=4a is provided with
fluid convection with convective heat transfer coefficient and fluid
temperature T. We wish to determine the temperature distribution using
the finite element method in the region and the heat flux using the same
and compare the analytical result with the software results.
Various constant value used in above problem is given below:
T0 = 100 C
T = 0 C
= 18 W/m2C
Kx = ky = 30 W/m2 C

Chapter 2
Development of the FEM model
2.1 Weak form formulation:
Above problem is of 2-D steady state heat conduction through plate.
Steady state heat conduction problem is govern by the following
differential equation:

T
(k x ) (k y ) = f(x, y)
x
x
y
y

The above equation is of steady state heat conduction in X-Y plane.

Where,
T

= temperature (0C)

Kx ,ky = thermal conductivities along the x and y directions ,

respectively.
f = internal heat generation per unit volume (W/m3)
In the given problem the internal heat generation is f is 400 W/m3 and
thermal conductivities along x and y directions are same ( Kx = ky = k ).
Therefor equation 1 reduced to
k2 T = f
Now, in our case there is one convection boundary condition .For the
convection boundary, the natural boundary condition is a balance of
energy transfer across the boundary due to conduction and/or
convection.

kx

T
T
nx + k y
n + (T T ) = q n
x
y y

= convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m2C

T = Ambient temperature of surrounding fluid medium = - 10 C
qn =Specified heat flux.
In the above equation first term account for heat transfer by conduction,
the second by convection, and the third account for specified heat flux.
So, from equation (1) weak form of the equation can be derive as ,
w T

K eij = k (
e

x x

w T

= k (
e

x x

+
+

w T
y y
w T
y y

wf) dxdy w (k x

T
x

nx + k y

T
y

ny ) ds

wf) dxdy w(q n (T T )) ds

=B (w, T) l(T)
Where, B(w ,T) and l(T) are the bilinear and linear form respectively,
w T

B(w ,T) = k (
e

x x

w T
y y

wf) dxdy + wT ds

l(t) = wf dx dy + wT ds + w q n ds
e

2.2 Finite element model:

The finite element model is obtain by substituting the finite element
approximation of the form,
n

T = Tje ej (x , y)
j=1

For T and ej for w into weak form,

n

(K eij +Hije )Tje = Fie + Pie

j=1

Where ,
e
ei j
e
K ij = k (
x x
e

ei j
y y

) dxdy

Fie = f ei dx dy + q n ei ds = fie + Qei

e

Hije = ei ej ds

Pie = ei T ds

By setting heat transfer coefficient equal to zero, we obtain the heat

conduction model that account no convection.
The convection coefficient Hije and Pie for the linear rectangular element
are defined by,
he12

he23

he34

e
Hije = 12
ei ej ds + e23 ei ej ds + e34 ei ej ds
0

0
he41

+ e41 ei ej ds
0

he12

he23

he34

e
12
23
34
Pie = 12
T
ei ds + e23 T
ei T ds + e34 T
ei T ds
0

he41
41
+ e41 T
ei T ds
0

2.3 Interpolation function and element matrices:

For the linear rectangular element is given by,
ei =(1)i+1(1

x+xi
a

So that ,
x

1e =(1 ) (1 )
x

e2 =( ) (1 )
x

e3 =( ) ( )
x

e4 =(1 ) ( )

) (1

y+yi
b

The metrix He is given by,

H e =

e
e
12
h12

2
1
[
0
0

1
2
0
0

e34 he34
6

0 0
0 0 0 0
e
e
23 h23 0 2 1 0
0 0
]+
[
]
0 0
0 1 2 0
6
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 0 0
e
e
41 h41 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
[
]+
[
0 0 2 1
0 0 0
6
0 0 1 2
1 0 0

1
0
]
0
2

The metrix P e is given by,

{P e } =

1
0
0
e
e
e
e
23
34
23 h23 T 1
34 h34 T 0
1
[ ]+
[ ]+
[ ]
0
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
1
1
e
e
41
41 h41 T 0
+
[ ]
0
2
1

e
e
12
12
h12
T

Figure 5.1 meshing

A plate shown in the fig. describe the discretization of the plate in the
small element .Every element of the discretization model is having
length of a and height of b.
In our problem the width of the plate is 4a = 0.4 m and height of the
plate 2b = 0.2 m. And because of similarity of the all the elements of the
mesh the stiffness metrix of all elements are same.
And stiffness metrix obtain from above weak form and shape function
(interpolation function) is given by,

2
k b 2
K e =
[
6 a 1
1

2
2
1
1

1
1
2
2

K e =

1
2 1
1] + k a [ 1
2
2
6 b 1 2
2
2 1

kb e
ka e
[X ij ] +
[Y ]
6a
6 b ij

2.4 Assembly of the element matrices :

Now global K metrix,
[ K] =

kb
ka
[ X] +
[ Y]
6a
6b

And final equation of the FEM modeling is,

{[K] + [H]}{T} = {P} + {f} + {Q}

1
2
2
1

2
1]
1
2

Where all the metrix are in global,

2
2
0
0
0
1
1
[X] = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ 0

2
0
4 2
2
4
0 2
0
0
1
0
2 1
1
2
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
0
1
4
1
0
1
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
2 1
0
1 4 1
[Y] = 0 1 4
0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ 0
0
0

0
0
1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1
2 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0 1
2 1
0
0
0
0
0
4 2
0
0 1
2 1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4 4
0
0
0
1 1
0
0
0
0 4
8 4
0
0 1
2 1
0
1
0
0 4
8 4
0
0 1
2 1
2 1
0
0 4
8 4
0
0 1
2
1
1
0
0
0 4
4
0
0
0 1
0
0
1 1
0
0
0 2
2
0
0
0
0 1
2 1
0
0
2
4 2
0
0
0
0 1
2 1
0
0 2
4 2
0
0
0
0 1
2 1
0
0 2
4
0
0
0
0
0 1
1
0
0
0 2

0
0 2 1
0
0
0 1 4 1
1
0
0 1 4
4
1
0
0 1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
2
8
2
1
0
0
2
8
4 1
0
0
2
1 2
0
0
0
0
0 2 1
0
0
0 1 4 1
0
0
0 1 4
0
0
0
0 1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
4
1
0
0
2
8
2
0
0
1
4
1

Where,
[X] and [Y] are in global.
Now in our case, for simplicity I have taken,
Kx ,ky = k = 30 W/ m C
423 = 823 =18 W/ m2 C

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
2]

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0 2 1
0
0
0
0 1 4 1
0
0
0
0 1 4 1
0
2
0
0 1 4 1
4
0
0
0 1 2
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
0
1
4
1
2
0
0
0
1
2]

h423 = h823 = 0.1 m

f0 = constant internal heat generation = 400 W/m3
Take a = b = 0.1 m, so that we can find,

[H] =

e23 he23
6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0]

{[K] + [H]} =
20 5
5
40
0
5
0
0
0
0
5 10
10 10
0 10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ 0
0

0
0
5
0
40
5
5
40
0
5
0
0
10
0
10 10
10 10
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
5 10
0
10 10
0
0
10
5
0
0
20.6
0
0
0
40 10
0
10 80
0
0
10
10
0
0
4.7
0
0
0
5 10
0
10 10
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
10
10
10
0
0
10
80
10
0
0
10
10
10
0

0
0
10
10
0
0
0
10
80
10
0
0
10
10
10

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
4.7
0
0
0
0
5 10
0
0
10 10 10
0
0
10 10
10
0
0
10
41.2
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
5
40
5
0
0
5
40
9.7
0
0
5
5.0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
10 10
10 4.7
0
0
0
0
5
0
40 4.4
5
20 ]

And source metrix,

1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
f a b 4
{f} =
4 = 4
4
4
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
[1] [1]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
9
0
0
e
e
23 0
0
h T
{P} = 23 23
0 = 0
2
0
0
18
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[1] [ 9 ]

and we can find {Q} And temperature column metrix {T},

Q11
Q1
Q12 +Q21
3
Q
2
2
Q2 +Q1
Q3
3
4
Q 2 + Q1
Q4
Q41
Q5
Q14 +Q51
Q6
Q13 + Q24 +Q52 +Q61
Q7
6
2
3
7
{Q} = Q3 +Q4 +Q2 +Q1 = Q8
Q9
Q33 +Q44 +Q72 +Q81
Q10
Q43 +Q82
Q11
Q54
Q
12
Q53 +Q64
Q13
Q63 +Q74
Q14
7
8
Q3 +Q4
[Q15 ]
8
Q3
[
]
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
{T} = T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
[T15 ]

2.5 Imposition of the boundary condition:

Now apply the boundary conditions of the problem,
-Node 1 to 5 are at temperature of 0 C
-Node 11 to 15 are at 100 C

-Heat flux at the node 6 to 10 are 0,

Hence,
T1 = T1 =T1= T1 =T1 =0 C and
T1 =T1 =T1 =T1 =T1=100 C
Q14 +Q51 = 0
Q13 + Q24 +Q52 +Q61 = 0
Q23 +Q34 +Q62 +Q71 = 0
Q33 +Q44 +Q72 +Q81 = 0
Q43 +Q82 = 0

2.6 Solution:
So that we can obtain finally,
20 5
0
0
5
40
5
0
0
5
40
5
0
0
5
40
0
0
0
5
5 10
0
0
10 10 10
0
0 10 10 10
0
0 10 10
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
[ 0
0
0
0
Q1
1
0
Q2
2
0
Q3
0
2
Q4
0
2
Q5
1
9
0
2
0
0
0
4
= 4 + 0 + 0
0
4
0
0
18
2
Q
1
0
11
Q12
2
0
Q13
0
2
2
0
Q14
[1] [ 9 ] [Q15 ]

40
10
0
0
[ 0

10
0
80 10
10 80
0
10
0
0

0
0
0
5
20.6
0
0
0
10
4.7
0
0
0
0
0

5
10
0
0
0
40
10
0
0
0
5
10
0
0
0

10
10
10
0
0
10
80
10
0
0
10
10
10
0
0

0
10
10
10
0
0
10
80
10
0
0
10
10
10
0

0
0
10
10
0
0
0
10
80
10
0
0
10
10
10

T6
0
0
1502
T7
0
0
3004
T
10
0
8 = 3004
80 10 T9
3004
]
[
10 41.2 [T10 ]
1454]

0
0
0
10
4.7
0
0
0
10
41.2
0
0
0
9.7
5.0

0
0
0
0
0
5
10
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
0
15
40
5
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
0
5
40
5
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
0
5
40
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T6
0
T7
0
T8
0
10 T9
4.7 T10
0
100
0
100
0
100
4.4 100
20 ] [100]

By using the simple matlab program we can find the value of the
temperature
and
heat
flux
at
the
various
nodes,

So temperatures at node 6 to 10 are

T6 = 50.0653 C

T7 = 50.0610 C
T8 = 50.0230 C
T9 =49.7229 C
T10 = 47.3599 C
And heat flux at node 1 to 5 and node 11 to 15 are
Q1 = -751.9 W/m2
Q2 = -1503.5 W/m2
Q3 = -1500.1 W/m2
Q4 = -1473.1 W/m2
Q5 = -230.6 W/m2
Q11 = 748.1 W/m2
Q12 = 1496.5 W/m2
Q13 = 1499.9 W/m2
Q14 = 1601.1 W/m2
Q15 = 774 W/m2

Chapter 3
Analysis
3.1 software name and version:
Ansys 15.0 workbench
Ansys 15.0 mechanical APDL
Modeling software: Creo parametric 2.0

3.2 Analysis using Ansys mechanical APDL:

1.

Modeling :

Figure 6.1 modeling

2. Result temperature distribution:

Figure 3.2 Temperature distribution

3. Result heat flux:

Figure 3.3 Heat flux

4. Result Heat flux in vector form:

Figure 3.4 Heat flux in vector form

5. Result Thermal gradient:

Figure 3.5 Thermal gradient

3.3 Analysis using Ansys workbench 15.0

1. Boundary condition:

Figure 3.6 Boundary conditions

2. Temperature distribution:

Figure 3.7 Temperature distribution

3. Heat flux:

Figure 3.8 Heat flux

Chapter 4
Results and Discussions
4.1 Comparisons of analytical and FEM modeling
results:
Analytical result of the problem compare with the result of software.
Node no.
6
7
8
9
10

Analytical result of
Temperature(C)
50.0653
50.0610
50.0230
49.7229
47.3599
Table 2 Comparisons of results

Software results of
temperature(C)
47
46
46.5
45
44.44

Chapter 5
Conclusion
Here we note that the result of analysis of problem using software is
much closer to the value found analytically. There is amount of error
that taken into consideration. This error in the Temperature distribution
is due to our law accuracy of calculation with limited amount of mesh
taken into consideration while computer software is work with the high
degree of accuracy in calculation. If we take more number of element for
given problem our answer will go closer to the actual one.