The12th WEC Central & Eastern Europe Energy Forum-FOREN 2014-15-19 June 2014

The Romanian specificity and particularities of the heating/cooling systems

running on geothermal heat pumps Comparative analysis with similar systems
achieved in Germany and Greece
Robert GAVRILIUC, Radu POLIZU, Burkhard SANNER,
Costas KARYTSAS, Dimitrios MENDRINOS, Doinita Iuliana CUCUETEANU,
Radu HANGANU-CUCU

1. European legislation on renewable energy sources

The Directive 2009/28/EC (the Renewable Energy Directive) has given clear rules on how to
calculate the renewable share produced by geothermal heat pumps. As stipulated in Annex VII of
that directive, the renewable (geothermal) contribution of geothermal heat pumps to the heat
produced from now on should be calculated by the following equation:
ERES = Qusable (1 1/SPF)
ERES

[1]

Energy from renewable sources

Qusable Estimated total usable heat generated by the heat pumps that obey the requirement
SPF > 1.15 * 1/
SPF

Estimated average seasonal performance factor for the heat pump

Estimated efficiency for the electricity production

Equation [1] has several limitations, namely:

a. Does not say if the heat pump (in case it is reversible) functions in heating mode, or in
cooling mode
b. Makes the assumption that the heat pump is electrically driven, namely the driving energy is
the electricity
Verification of Eq. [1] for heat pumps working in heating mode
First Law of Thermodynamics shows that:
ERES, heating + Wheating = Qusable,heating

[2]

Where Wheating is the driving work needed by the heat pump. According to the symbols used in
Figure 1, Wheating can be calculated as:
Wheating = Es_fan/pump + EHW_hp

[3]

Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

SPFheating = Qusable,heating / Wheating

[4]
Page 1 / 15

Figure 1. Energy balance of a heat pump working in heating mode

Working on Eq. [4] yields:
Wheating = Qusable,heating / SPFheating

[5]

Substituting Eq. [5] in Eq. [2] yields:

ERES, heating + Qusable,heating / SPFheating = Qusable,heating

[6]

Working on Eq. [6] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy coming from renewable
energy sources and provided by the heat pump working in heating mode:
ERES, heating = Qusable,heating

(1 - 1 / SPFheating)

[7]

One can notice that Eq. [7] is similar to Eq. [1], with the only distinction that the subscript
heating is added to the terms ERES, Qusable and SPF.
Verification of Eq. [1] for heat pumps working in cooling mode
Lets assume that the heat pump is reversible, and in summer time it works in cooling mode. The
reversible heat pump (in fact, a refrigeration/cooling machine) takes out of the building the energy
Qusable,cooling by means of Wcooling, and evacuates their sum to the environment.
First Law of Thermodynamics shows that:
Qusable,cooling + Wcooling = Eenvironment

[8]

Page 2 / 15

Figure 2. Energy balance of a heat pump working in cooling mode

Where Wcooling is the driving work needed by the heat pump working in cooling mode. According to
the symbols used in Figure 2, Wcooling can be calculated as:
Wcooling = Es_fan/pump + EACW_hp

[9]

Second Law of Thermodynamics shows that:

SPFcooling = Qusable,cooling / Wcooling

[10]

Working on Eq. [10] yields:

Wcooling = Qusable,cooling / SPFcooling

[11]

Substituting Eq. [11] in Eq. [8] yields:

Qusable,cooling + Qusable,cooling / SPFcooling = Eenvironment

[12]

Working on Eq. [12] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy evacuated to the
environment by the reversible heat pump working in cooling mode:
Eenvironment = Qusable,cooling (1 + 1/ SPFcooling ) = Erecovered

[13]

Conclusions:
1. The concept energy coming from renewable sources and captured by means of heat pumps
noted as ERES - is meaningful only when the heat pump works in heating mode. ERES is
indeed extracted from the environment by means of the driving energy W heating. We cannot
speak about ERES provided by a heat pump working in cooling mode, because it makes no
sense.
2. When the heat pump works in cooling mode, the energy evacuated to the environment
Eenvironment can be regarded as recovered energy and noted as Erecovered only if it is indeed
recovered and stored for further use. Air cooled chillers or water cooled chillers do not
qualify for this denomination. Only ground source cooled chillers do qualify.
3. The term Erecovered includes also the driving energy for cooling Wcooling, which can be electric
energy or thermal energy.
Page 3 / 15

4. The term Erecovered is addressed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and must be analyzed
within the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans.
In order to apply Eq. [1] at European level for statistical purposes, the EC issued the Decision
2013/114/EU in March 2013. According to this decision and as a default (i.e. if no better data from
actual measurements are available), Qusable shall be calculated as follows:
Qusable = HHP * Prated

[14]

Qusable

estimated total usable heat (in GWh)

HHP

full-load hours of operation

Prated:

capacity of heat pumps installed

Also default values for HHP and SPF are given in 2013/114/EU. These values are given for three
different climate zones (suggested climate condition areas: cold, average and warm), as shown in
figure 3. The implications of this new, harmonised approach will have to be seen over the next
years.

Figure 3: Climatic conditions areas (from EC Decision 2013/114/EU).

2. Application of the European legislation on renewable energy sources in the Member
Countries
2.1.

Germany

Statistics on geothermal heat pumps (ground source heat pumps, GSHP) in Germany have been
organised since the 1990s by the relevant industrial/professional associations, i.e. the German Heat
Pump Association (BWP) and the German Geothermal Association (GtV-BV). They were based on
sales numbers reported by the heat pump manufacturers to an independent notary who compiled
them in an anonymous way (in order not to allow the sales success of individual companies to be
traced back). The calculation of existing stock, installed capacity etc. was done by GtV-BV using
some estimation (percentage of older units being withdrawn, average heating output, etc.). In 2010,
BWP and GtV-BV made a joint effort to revise and align their respective numbers. In recent years,
a working group on renewable energy statistics (AGEE-stat) on behalf of the German Federal
Ministry for Environment (BMU) has endorsed these numbers and condensed them into the overall
statistics. With the rules of the Directive 2009/28/EC (RES-Directive) taking effect, the statistics on
heat pumps now are compiled by the Federal Statistical Office (StatBA), for the time being based
upon the same sources as before.
The total number of all heat pumps including non-geothermal systems reached about 460,000 in
2012, producing 7.2 TWh of renewable heat (BMU according to AGEE-stat 2013). Geothermal heat
pumps constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pumps used for space heating and
cooling. The number of geothermal systems reached 265,000 at the end of 2012, a considerable
increase compared to 244,000 geothermal heat pumps in 2011 (Fig. 4). Brine/water systems are the
most common installations with a share of about 85 % of the geothermal heat pumps (Ganz et al.,
2013).
Page 4 / 15

Geothermal heat pumps still constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pump systems
used for space heating and cooling, however, sales figures of ground source heat pumps have
decreased in the last five years (Fig. 5).
Market figures of the German Heat Pump Association (BWP 2013) show that the share of air
coupled systems in total heat pump sales increases continuously, while that of geothermal systems
goes down. From a peak of about 85 % of geothermal heat pumps in 1998 the decrease is
accelerating steadily, reaching a low of only 37 % in 2012. According to BWP, the reasons for the
decreasing interest in ground source heat pumps are various:
- high cost for drilling, partly arising from imposed official requirements for geothermal
boreholes
- lower cost for installation for air source units and low prices of imported air-source heat pumps
- lack of appropriate support measures and incentives (cf. chapter 4.2),
- complicated approval practices
500
450

air
water

number of heat pump units x 1000

400

brine

350
300
250
200
150
100
50

20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12

Figure 4: Development of the heat pump market in Germany since 2000 (BMU according to
AGEE-stat 2013)

number of GSPH sold annually in Germany

35000

30000

brine/water
(ground)

34450
31890

water/water 28600
(water)
26810

25000

24500
24400
22000

20000

15000

10000

13250
9250
7350

5000

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 5: Annual number of new ground source heat pumps (data from BWP 2013; from
2010 on, the distinction between water and brine heat pumps was no longer made by BWP)
Page 5 / 15

According to the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-stat), the heating capacity
of the stock number of 244,000 geothermal heat pumps amounted to about 3,000 MW t in 2011 and
reached 3,200 MWt in 2012 by 265,000 units. Assuming an average COP of 4 to 4.5 (GZB 2010,
Miara et al. 2011), the geothermal contribution of the heating capacity can be estimated with about
2,250 MWt in 2011 and 2,400 MWt in 2012.
Using an average runtime of 1950 full load hours, the total heat produced by geothermal heat
pumps can be estimated with 5 TWh in 2011 and 5.5 TWh in 2012. The renewable share of the
produced heat amounted to 3,870 GWh in 2011 and 4,170 GWh (357 ktoe) in 2012, as to the
methodology used by BWP, GtV-BV and AGEE-stat in the past.
For EU statistical purposes, the renewable (geothermal) contribution to the heating capacity from
now on should be calculated according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC Renewable Energy,
Annex VII, by using the equation [1].
In Germany, DIN 4710 states a number of climatic zones for design of heat and cooling systems.
However, for application of 2013/114/EU, the overall map as shown in figure 3 seems to be
applicable. For Germany, located in the average climate zone therein, the default values for H HP
and SPF given in 2013/114/EU are as follows: HHP is considered as 2070 h/year (a rather high
value), and SPF for Ground-Water and Water-Water heat pumps as 3.5 (this value is more on the
low side for Germany). Then the full calculation is:
Qusable = 3200 MW * 2070 h/yr = 6624 GWh/yr

[15]

(so following this rule, Qusable will be estimated considerably higher than the value of 5500 GWh/yr
calculated by AGEE-stat).
ERES = 6624 GWh/yr * (1 1 / 3.5) = 4731 GWh/yr

[16]

The pure geothermal contribution from ground source heat pump systems in Germany thus can be
estimated to be 4.73 TWhth (406 ktoe) in 2012, according to the new EU calculation rule.
A first check with the data for Germany revealed that using the default values in Decision
2013/114/EU seems to result in a higher amount of renewable energy produced..
It is also possible to calculate the amount of CO2-emmissions saved by using ground source heat
pumps instead of natural gas burners, still the most popular heat source in Germany (fig. 6). Using
the emission factors of 0.25 g/kWh for natural gas and 0.6 g/kWh for the electricity in Germany,
and assuming the (low) average SPF of 3.5 as given by Eurostat, the total emission reductions
would amount to about 590 Kt in 2012, or ca 38 % compared to the same heat provided by natural
gas.
CO2-emissions reduced through GSHP (Kt CO 2/a)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 6: Annual reduction of CO2-emissions due to GSHP in Germany (calculated after data
from BWP 2013, see text)
Page 6 / 15

2.2.

Greece

According to Greek legislative framework (Common Ministerial Decree No.

D6/oik.5825/09.04.2010 and Law 3851/04.06.2010) the official solution for the calculation of Eres
in Greece for heating and/or cooling is given by the same Eq. [1].
Furthermore it is mentioned that only heat-pumps with a SPF above 1,15 * 1/ are taken into
account. The value of SPF for GSHPs in Greece is considered greater than 3,3, until the value of
be determined in Greek legislative framework.
The map of Climate condition areas and the subparagraph 3.5 of the European Commission
Decision of 01-03-2013 do not allow for an exact quantification of the climatic zones within the
Greek territory. It is clear however, that the city of Athens belongs to the warm climate area as the
reference city for that area.
On the other hand, according to Greek legislative framework (Common Ministerial Decree no.
D6/Boik.5825_09-04-2010) Greece is divided into 4 climatic zones as shown in Figure 7. In the
same Decree and for the purposes of energy labeling of the buildings, ground source heat pumps are
considered to have a COP value of 4.3, while conversion factors for final/primary energy and for
greenhouse gas emissions are defined as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Conversion factors for final/primary energy and for greenhouse emissions for Greece and
Romania
Energy Source

Conversion factors to
primary energy

Gas emission per energy unit

(KgCO2/kWh)

Greece

Romania

Greece

Romania

Natural gas

1,05

1,10

0,196

0,202

Heating oil

1,10

Electrical energy

2,90

Biomass

1,00

0,264
2,50

0,989

0,701

---

Figure 7. The climatic zones of Greece according to the Greek legislative framework
It is worth noting that the prospects for the development of applications of GSHPs in Greece are
significant. Today (2013) there are around 1200 GSHP systems installed in Greece with an
estimated overall capacity of around 100 MWth, corresponding to 61 MWth open loop, 30 MWth
Page 7 / 15

vertical closed loop and 9 MWth horizontal closed loop (Andritsos et al 2013), as shown in Figure
8. Based on these figures and considering the action plan for GSHPs market development in Greece
drafted by CRES in the framework of the GEOPOWER project (CRES, 2012), it is reasonable to
assume that a target of 30.000 GSHP systems installed corresponding to 330 MWth total capacity is
feasible for the year 2020.
In Greece, several financial incentive schemes are in place supporting shallow geothermal
applications. It is emphasized that there is a national program in the framework of energy upgrade
of existing homes, which is called Saving at Home and from this program the installations of
GSHPs in the buildings can be subsidized. Furthermore there are several other programs providing
subsidies of up to 100% of the value (from 30%) under the National Strategic Reference
Framework (NSRF) such as: Green Schools, Energy Upgrading of Tertiary Sector buildings,
such as hotels Bioclimatic upgrades in public buildings, Building the future etc.
Due to the dual mode of operation of GSHPs (heating and cooling) from the ATES and BTES
systems, these applications are a sound technology in Greece. It is worth noted that there are more
private buildings than public buildings in Greece, which are nZEB and with SPF values around 6.
Table 2: Installed GSHP systems in Greece and EU at present and prediction for 2020.

Country

Installed
GSHPs for
the year
2013

The Market of
GSHPs from
2013 to 2020

Installed
GSHPs for the
year 2020

Installed
MW(th) for the
year 2020

Greece

1.200

28.800

30.000

330

Total number of 27
Countries in EU*

1.213.300

1.172.800

2.386.100

29.500

* estimated based on EGEC (2012) and EGEC (2013)

Figure 8. Existing GSHP applications in Greece (2013)

2.3.

Romania

In Romania, according to Directive 2010/31/EC transposed into national legislation by Law No.
159/2013 on the energy performance of buildings, with effect from July 2013, all buildings to be
sold or rented, all new buildings and all the old buildings that are seriously renovated and owned by
public authorities or frequented by the public are subject to energy audit and energy certification.
This provision is valid also for serious renovations of the old blocks of flats and old single family
dwellings built in the period 1950-1990 that belong to individuals and that are seriously renovated,
with financial support from the State, according to Law 238/2013.
Page 8 / 15

The energy certification of buildings is done by energy auditors for buildings they are
independent specialists, authorized by the ministry (MDRAP-Ministry of Regional Development
and Public Administration). They have the duty to energy audit and to issue a certificate of energy
performance of the analysed building. The energy performance of buildings, in accordance with
Directive 2010/31/EC and Law 159/2013, shall be established by declaring the buildings energy
class based on the calculation of several synthetic indicators such as:
1. Specific annual consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources of energy;
2. Specific annual emission of greenhouse gases equivalent CO2;
3. Specific annual consumption of renewable energy produced on or near the building.
The performance certificate of the building, in case of major intervention, records the energetic state
of the building before and after major intervention, and it is sent to MDRAP. MDRAP has the task
of processing and centralize the primary statistical data nationwide.
From climatic point of view, Romania is divided into five climatic zones, with respect to the
outdoor design temperature for heating purposes.
From the point of view of using the GSHPs for heating and/or cooling, Romania can be divided into
two geothermal zones:
-

Zone I that needs both heating in winter time and cooling in summer time, and

Zone II that needs only heating in winter time.

These zones are presented in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Climatic zones and climatic geothermal zones for Romania

By applying the Decision 2013/114/EU from March 1st 2013, to the specific climatic conditions of
Romania, the Qusable factor H and the Qusable factorAC were calculated for several major cities across the
whole territory of Romania. Their values are presented in Table 3.
Page 9 / 15

The Qusable factor H is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for heating at
rated capacity Prated_H; Pdesign_H [kW].
The Qusable factorAC is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for cooling at
rated capacity Prated_AC; Pdesign_AC [kW].
Table 3. Qusable factor H and Qusable factorAC for representative cities across Romania
City

Qusable factor H

Qusable factor AC

[h/yr]

[h/yr]

Bucuresti

2.129

1.767

Timisoara

1.894

1.900

Craiova

1.900

1.815

Galati

1.815

2.296

Constanta

1.664

2.302

AVERAGE OF GEOTHERMAL ZONE I

1.881

2.019

Cluj Napoca

2.332

1.340

Case analysis for the GSHP report methodology

A single family residential building from Bucharest (located in Geothermal Climate Zone I
presented in Figure 8), built before 1990 and having a heated surface Ac = 336m, is accepted into a
rehabilitation major program provided by aw No. 238 / 2013, with financial support from the State,
to transform the technical system of the building into an energy efficient system (system defined by
Directive 2012/27/EC).
The energy auditor has established the following data, based on monthly invoices issued by the
supplier of natural gas and based on the appreciation of the annual electricity consumption for the
circulation pump/pumps of the heating fluid for the building and for the preparation of domestic hot
water:
- the annual gas consumption:
[17]

Qgaz = 65.790 kWh/yr;

- the annual energy consumption:

Edriving = 1.714 kWh/yr

[18]

Total annual consumption of final energy:

67.504 kWh/yr

[19]

Total annual consumption of primary energy:

76.654 kWhpe/yr

[20]

(for conversion factors 1,1 kWhpe/kWhnatural gas and 2,5 kWhpe/kWh for electricity, in the European
Union)
Greenhouse gas emissions equivalent

CO2 = 14.492 kgCO2/yr

[21]

(for the specific factors of Romania: 0,202 kgCO2/kWh for natural gas and 0,701 kgCO2/kWh for
electricity measured at the final consumer).
Based on these data, the energy auditor has determined that the actual size of the energy required to
cover the annual heat loss of the building and domestic hot water preparation, which needs to be
generated by the new technical system is:
Qusable = 48.967 kWh/yr

[22]

- of which the DHW preparation is

- the heating-ventilation part of the building is

5.134 kWh/yr

[23]

43.833 kWh/yr.

[24]

Page 10 / 15

If we take into account the provisions of European Commission Decision of 1 March 2013,
knowing the value of Qusable, we can find the thermal capacity of the geothermal heat pump/pumps
to be installed with the formula:
Prated=Qusable/Hhp [kW] where:
[25]
Hhp=Qusable factor H=2.129 kWh/kW [h/yr]

[26]

according to the value from the table 3.

Based on the average statistical climate data specific to Romania, knowing the variation of the
heating capacity of heat pumps during the heating period, on specific time intervals, the heating
load duration curve is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. The heating load duration curve

Usually the professional catalogs of the heat pump suppliers mention the COP values as function of
the EWT (Entering Water Temperature) and LWT (Leaving Water Temperature). For the case
considered, one can make an assessment of SPFH1 values close to reality, on time intervals, in
conjunction with outside air temperature on which depend the values of thermal losses of the
building. If on the first three time intervals of the year, one considers that SPF H1 = 4 4.4 and for
the rest of the year SPFH1 = 5 5.5 (the building's water equipments being on low temperature:
LVT = 35C), the electricity consumption of the heat pump/pumps can be calculated on each
interval, which leads to find the value of the annual electricity consumption
EHW_hp = 12.576 kwh/yr

[27]

So, one can calculate the value:

ERES = Qusable - 12.576 = 36.391 kWh/yr
and the value:
Page 11 / 15

[28]

SPFH1 = 3,9

[29]

If we consider, however, that the geothermal heating plant consumes more electricity than the value
"EHW_hp", one must perform a statistical evaluation of the entire E driving value of the system needed
to determine its energy label (S = 100 Qusable/CCEdriving.) in accordance with the requirements of
Commissions Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 of the European Commission with effect
from 2015:
Edriving = ES_fan/pump + EHW_hp + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump
[30]
For a carefully designed and well-operated facility, the report:
(ES_fan/pump + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump)/EHW_hp

[31]

has the value of (0,050,08) EHW_hp

By noting with 'b' the range (0.050.08) one can write:
Edriving = (1+b) EHW_hp = 1,05 12.576 = 13.205 kWh/yr

[32]

So, one can determine:

the annual energy consumption from non-renewable energy sources, for heating the building and
preparing DHW: 13.205 kWh/yr
[33]
the

annual primary energy

DHW = 13.205 CC

consumption

for

heating

the

building

and

preparing
[34]

where CC = 2.5 according to EC Decision of March 1, 2013 and Directive 2012/27/CE for the first
reporting stage. After 2020, each EU country, according to NREAP achievements of obligations
assumed on the electricity from E-RES will determine the value of the factor CC.
Therefore, the current value of Eq. (34) is:

33.013 kWhpe/yr

[35]

Greenhouse gas emissions - equivalent CO2:

9.257 kgCO2/yr

[36]

With these values, thus determined, one can calculate the specific indicators (for the surface
SC=336m) required by the Building Energy Performance Certificate, as per the model presented in
Figure 11.
Since the conditions specified in the law (Law no. 238/2013) are satisfied, meaning:
- the annual specific heat consumption for heating is lower than 100 kWhep/m.yr;
- the renewable energy production on location (with the value of 108 kWh/m.yr) is higher
than the non-renewable energy consumption (98kWh/m.yr);
- the specific index of emission equivalent CO2 is by 37% lower than the initial;
the investment will be promoted with the financial support of the state and the building will be
declared energy efficient.
On completion of the intervention, during the signing of the reception documents for the building,
the energy auditor for buildings will provide the energy performance certificate to the Reception
Commission of the local public administration. Further on, this energy performance certificate
due to the responsability of the local public administration, will be transmitted in maximum 30 days
to the competent ministry (MDRAP) for financial support.

Page 12 / 15

Figure 11. Energy performance certificate of the building under review

It is possible to prove that there is a direct connection between the energy performance of a building
and the SPF of geothermal system, showing the way towards the new buildings with almost zero
energy consumption (NZEB).
Starting from Eq. [30] and using the CC conversion factor of Edriving into primary energy, one can
write the numeric indicator of the energy performance of the building (PEC) in the form:
PEC = Edriving x CC/Sc [kWhpe/m.yr]
[37]
or:

PEC = (1+b)Ehw_hp x CC/Sc [kWh/m.yr]

[38]

Considering the data presented in Fig. 1, it yields:

PEC = (1+b) x Qusable x CC/Sc x SPFH1 (kWhpe/m.yr)

[39]

Equation [39] provides the following information:

1. PEC is the better as the SPFH1 is higher. SPFH1 greatly increases in BTES and ATES systems. If
we look at FHP Bosch heat pump performance for EWT = 12C and LWT = 35C we obtain COP =
5.3. This value allows us to evaluate that SPFH1 = 5 if EWT > 12C all year long. Increasing the
value of SPFH1 from 3.9 to 5 is substantial. PEC decreases from 98 kWh/m.yr to the value76
kWh/m.yr
2. PEC is the better as the b value is lower. This value decreases if:
-

Water is circulated In the geothermal system, not a glycol based mix having a higher
viscosity;

The circulation pumps are variable speed type and the water flows rates are correlated
with the thermal load of the building by a BMS, SCADA or DDC system;

3. PEC is the better as the Qusable is lower, that means the building is better insulated.
Page 13 / 15

3.PEC is the better as the CC value is lower. Romania, through an ambitious program to promote
wind energy in the region of Dobrogea, very generous in terms wind, has realized by 2013 half of
NREAP task of ERES. Unfortunately, due to the influence of "green certificates", the electricity price
increased to final consumer (population and industry), which determined the government to slow
down the program until 2018. A ERES share of 23% (data from 2013) in the energy label of energy
production in Romania may modify, in our opinion, the CC value from 2.5 kWh pe/kWh to about 1.9
kWhpe/kWh at the end of the first reporting period.
3. General conclusions
The European legislation framework with regard to the use of energy from renewable sources needs
to clarify the calculation method of the energy recovered by the reversible heat pumps working in
cooling mode as a large area of the European continent experiences climatic conditions requiring
air conditioning.
Member states especially the newly admitted members must make efforts to build up reliable
data bases, which should be able to provide comprehensive information about the heat pump
systems installed in each country.
It is presumed that the record of the contribution of heat pumps with regard to the energy captured
from renewable sources and to the recovered energy will be done by statistical methods, using a
harmonized European method based on reliable data bases.
4. References
AGEE-Stat (2013): Development of renewable energy sources in Germany 2011 - graphics and
tables. - Bundesministerium fr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) according to
AGEE stat, Berlin, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de
BWP (2013): Press release on sales figures 2012, with basic sales figures, Bundesverband
Wrmepumpe e.V., (German Heat Pump Association), Berlin, http://www.waermepumpe.de
EU (2009): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing
Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, 2009/28/EC, OJEU L140 pp. 16-62
EU (2010): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy
performance of buildings, 2010/31/EU, OJEU L153, pp. 13-35
EU (2012): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy
efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC
and 2006/32/EC, 2012/27/EU, OJEU L315, pp. 1-56
EU (2013): Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 establishing the guidelines for Member States
on calculating renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuant
to Article 5 of Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2013/114/EU,
OJEU L62, pp. 27-35
Ganz, B., Schellschmidt, R., Schulz, R. & Sanner, B. (2013): Geothermal Energy Use in Germany.
- Proc. EGC 2013, paper CUR-13, 16 p., Pisa
Andritsos N, Arvanitis A, Dalabakis P, Karytsas C, Mendrinos D, Papachristou M, (2013):
Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Greece, European Geothermal Congress 2013 Pisa,
Italy, 3-7 June.
CRES (2012): GSHP market development in Greece Action Plan, 29 p., page 25.
EGEG (2012): Geothermal market report 2012, 2nd edition, December 2012, 56 p., page 29.
EGEC (2013): EGEC market report 2013/2014, 3rd edition, December 2013, 72 p., page 43.
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Gazette of Hellenic Republic 407B/9.04.2010. Decree number D6/B/oik. 5825 Adoption of the
Rules of the Energy Performance of Buildings
Gazette of Hellenic Republic 85A/4.06.2010. Law 3851 on Accelerating Development of
Renewable Energy to address climate change and other provisions on Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Climate Change jurisdiction.
Geotrainet Training Manual for Designers of Shallow Geothermal Systems delivrable of the
IEE/07/581/S12.499061 Project Geo-Education for a sustainable geothermal heating and cooling
market

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