Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
este the
- pronunat [z] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu o consoan sau semi-consoan
the ball [ z bO-l]
the window [z `wind\u ]
- pronunat [zi] - n faa cuvintelor care ncep cu o vocal
the eye [zi ai]
the apple [zi `Epl]
singular:
the girl [z g|l] - fata
the boy [z Boi] - biatul
the tree [z trI] - copacul
the cat [z kEt] - pisica
plural:
the girls [z g|lz] - fetele
the boys [z Boiz] - bieii
the trees [z trIz] - copacii
the cats [z kEts] - pisicile
2.
ARTICOLUL
NEHOTRT
este :
- a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [ `dog]- un cine
a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete
a flower [ `flau\]- o floare
a year [\ `ji\] - un an
- an pronunat [n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:
an apple [n `Epl]- un mr
an eye [n `ai] - un ochi
an ear [n `i\]- o ureche an idea [n ai`dia]- o idee
Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :
- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :
a good teacher - un profesor bun
a big house - o cas mare
a book of proverbs - o carte de proverbe
a house on fire - o cas n flcri
a little tea - puin/destul ceai
- n unele structuri :
a tobacconist's - o tutungerie
a baker's - o brutrie
a greengrocer's - un aprozar
a blue - eyed girl - o fat cu ochi albatri
a confectioner's - o cofetrie
a jeweller's - un magazin de bijuterii
Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:
a hundred - o sut
a thousand - o mie
ARTICOLUL
ZERO
- Gen
- masculin
- feminine
- neutru
Substantivul are :
- singular
- Numar - plural
- Caz - Nominstiv
- Genitiv
- Dativ
- Acuzativ
- Vocativ
feminin (feminine)
(she - ea)
actress - actri
spinster - celibatar
barmaid - barmani
girl - fat
bride - mireas
sister - sor
dad/daddy - tati/tticu
earl - conte
father - tat
gentleman - domn
god - zeu
grandfather - grandpa - bunic
hero - erou
husband - so
king - rege
lad - flcu
landlord - proprietar
man - brbat
master - stpn
monk - clugr
nephew - nepot
papa/daddy - tata
policeman - poliist
prince - prin
salesman - vnztor
sir - domn
son - fiu
tutor - tutore
uncle - unchi
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
air - aer
ball - minge
book - carte
box - cutie
bread - pine
building - cldire
bus - autobuz
crocodile - crocodil
error - greeal
fish - pete
flag - drapel
flute - flaut
fork - furculi
glory - glorie
helicopter - elicopter
honour - onoare
house - cas
impression - impresie
indifference - indiferen
kangaroo - cangur
land - pmnt
legend - legend
light - lumin
march - mar
medal - medalie
microbe - microb
minaret - minaret
monkey - maimu
mouse - oarece
mushroom - ciuperc
mam/mammy - mami
countess - contes
mother - mam
gentlewoman - doamn
goddess - zei
grandmother - grandma - bunic
heroine - eroin
wife - soie
queen - regin
lass - fat
landlady - proprietreas
woman - femeie
mistress - stpn
nun - clugri
niece - nepoat
mamma/mammy - mama
policewoman - poliist
princess - prines
saleswoman - vnztoare
madam - doamn
daughter - fiic
governess - guvernant
aunt - mtu
comun (common)
(he/she - el/ea)
associate - asociat/asociat
architect - arhitect/arhitect
artist - artist/artist
beginner - nceptor/nceptoare
author - autor/autoare
child - copil/copil
buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare
client - client/client
companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare
cook - buctar/buctreas
cousin - verior/verioar
customer - client/client
customs officer - vame/vame
dancer - dansator/dansatoare
doctor - doctor/doctori
dreamer - vistor/vistoare
driver - ofer/oferi
dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare
economist - economist/economist
engineer - inginer/inginer
examiner-examinator/examinatoare
fighter - lupttor/lupttoare
friend - prieten/prieten
guest - musafir/musafir
interpreter - interpret/interpret
journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist
owner - posesor/posesoare
painter - pictor/pictori
parent - printe
masculin (masculine)
(he - el)
boy friend - prieten
brother - in - law - cumnat
bull - taur
cock - coco
dog - cine
drake - roi
father - in - law - socru
fisherman - pescar
fox - vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy - igan
grandson - nepot
horse - cal
host - gazd
lion - leu
lord - domn
man-servant - servitor
Mr. - domnul
negro - negru
ox - bou
peasant - ran
pirate - pirat
postman - pota
schoolboy - colar
soldier - soldat
son - in - law - ginere
steward - stevard
tom cat - pisoi
turkey cock - curcan
usher - plasator
waiter - chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
net - plas
novel - roman
number - numr
occupation - ocupaie
ocean - ocean
oil - ulei
page - pagin
panic - panic
part - parte
pear - par
petal - petal
piano - pian
pig - porc
pot - oal
root - rdcin
scorpion - scorpion
shark - rechin
sparrow - vrabie
sphere - sfer
stage - scen
stick - b
7
feminin (feminine)
(she - ea)
girl friend - prieten
sister - in - law - cumnat
cow - vac
hen - gin
bitch - cea
duck - ra
mother - in - law - soacr
vixen - vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc
granddaughter - nepoat
mare - iap
hostess - gazd
lioness - leoaic
lady - doamn
maid - servant - servitoare
Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna
negress - negres
cow - vac
peasant woman - ranc
-
schoolgirl - colri
-
sun - soare
tea - ceai
telephone - telefon
etc.
spouse - so/soie
successor - succesor/succesoare
superintendent - supraveghetor/
supraveghetoare
theorist - teoretician/teoretician
weaver - estor/estoare
welder - sudor/sudori
worker - muncitor/muncitoare
writer - scriitor/scriitoare
PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Clasificare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
3. Plurale strine
Greceti:
analysis - analyses - analiz - analize
axis - axes - ax - axe
basis - bases - baz - baze
crisis - crises - criz - crize
Latineti:
agendum - agenda - agend - agende
alga - algae - alg - alge
aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii
bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili
candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre
10
12
13
D.
A.
V.
singular
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
of the boy - the boy's - al, a, ai, ale biatului
of the girl - the girl's - al, a, ai, ale fetei
(to) the boy - biatului
(to) the girl - fetei
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
-
plural
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
of the boys - the boys' - al, a, ai, ale bieilor
of the girls - the girls' - al, a, ai, ale fetelor
(to) the boys - bieilor
(to) the girls - fetelor
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
-
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
singular
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
of a boy - a boy's - al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl - a girl's - al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy - unui biat
(to) a girl - unei fete
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
boy ! - biete !, biatule !
girl ! - fat !
plural
boys - biei
girls - fete
14
singular
a table - o mas
the table - masa
of a table - al, a, ai, ale unei mese
of the table - al, a, ai, ale mesei
to a table - unei mese
to the table - mesei
a table - o mas
the table - masa
-
plural
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
of tables - de mese
of the tables - al, a, ai, ale meselor
to tables - la/unor mese
to the tables - meselor
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
-
Relative
who - care ; the boy who knows you - biatul care te cunoate
whose - al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror
the boy whose father ... - biatul al crui tat ...
the boy whose mother ... - biatul a crui mam ...
the boy whose parents ... - biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... - fata ai crei prini
the boys whose father ... - bieii al cror tat ...
the boys whose mother ... - bieii a cror mam ...
the boys whose fathers ... - bieii ai cror tai
the boys whose parents ... - bieii ai cror prini
the girl whose mother ... - fata a crei mam ...
the girl whose father ... - fata al crei tat ...
the girls whose mother ... - fetele a cror mam
the girls whose father ... - fetele al cror tat
the girls whose parents ... - fetele ai cror prini
the girls whose mothers ... - fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... - fetele ai cror tai
the house whose colour ... - casa a crei culoare
the house whose roof ... - casa al crei acoperi
the houses whose colour ... - casele a cror culoare
the houses whose roof ... - casele al cror acoperi
the houses whose colours ... - casele ale cror culori
the houses whose roofs ... - casele ale cror acoperiuri
the tree whose leaf ... - copacul a crui frunz
the tree whose leaves ... - copacul ale crui frunze
the trees whose leaves ... - copacii ale cror frunze
The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. - Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu.
The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. - Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.
to whom - cruia, creia, crora
the boy to whom you recommend the book - biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea
the girl to whom you recommend a book - fata creia i recomanzi o carte
the boys to whom you recommend a book - bieii crora le recomanzi o carte
the girls to whom you recommend a book - fetele crora le recomanzi o carte
whom - pe care
the boy whom you see - biatul pe care l vezi
the girl whom you see - fata pe care o vezi
the boys whom you see - bieii pe care i vezi
the girls whom you see - fetele pe care le vezi
that/which - care, pe care
16
17
19
1. Comparaia Sintetic/Regulat
gradul pozitiv
big
mare
dry
uscat
easy
uor
fat
gras
20
comparativ de
superioritate
bigger
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the biggest
cel mai mare
the driest
cel mai uscat
the easiest
cel mai uor
the fattest
cel mai gras
very big
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
great
mare, mre
happy
fericit
hard
tare, dur
hot
fierbinte
kind
amabil
long
lung
nice
plcut/drgu
short
scurt/scund
small
mic/modest
strong
tare
tall
nalt
thick
gros
thin
subire/slab
greater
mai mare
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
the greatest
cel mai mare
the happiest
cel mai fericit
the hardest
cel mai tare
the hottest
cel mai fierbinte
the kindest
cel mai amabil
the longest
cel mai lung
the nicest
cel mai plcut
the shortest
cel mai scurt
the smallest
cel mai mic
the strongest
cel mai tare
the tallest
cel mai nalt
the thickest
cel mai gros
the thinnest
cel mai subire
very great
foarte mare
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more abject
Mai josnic
more abrupt
Mai abrupt
more active
mai activ
More amiable
mai prietenos
more attractive
mai atrgtor
more beautiful
mai frumoas
More curious
Mai curios
more foolish
mai prost(esc)
more huge
mai imens
more severe
mai sever
More sincere
Mai sincer
More skilled
mai priceput
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
very abject
foarte josnic
very abrupt
foarte abrupt
very active
foarte activ
very amiable
foarte prietenos
very attractive
foarte atrgtor
very beautiful
foarte frumoas
very curious
foarte curios
very foolish
foarte prost(esc)
very huge
foarte imens
very severe
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
sociable
sociabil
unfit
nepotrivit
unjust
injust/nejust
urbane
manierat
untidy
dezordonat
More sociable
mai sociabil
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
More urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
very sociable
foarte sociabil
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie
analitic se ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very,
extremely, awfully, quite etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
Mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
More strange
stranger
Mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
Mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
good/well
bun/bine
bad/ill
ru
little
puin/mic
much/many
mult/muli
22
comparativ de
superioritate
better
mai bun/bine
worse
mai ru
less
mai puin/mic
more
mai mult/muli
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the best
cel mai bun/bine
the worst
cel mai ru
the least
cel mai puin/mic
the most
cel mai mult/cei mai
very good/well
foarte bun/bine
very bad/ill
foarte ru
very little
foarte puin/mic
very much/many
foarte mult/muli
old
btrn/vechi
near
aproape
late
trziu
far
older/elder
mai btrn/ vechi
nearer
mai aproape
later
Mai trziu
latter - ultimul
din doi
farther/further
departe
in
n interior
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
out
n exterior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
up
sus
upper
mai sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
fore
n fa
former
Mai n fa
muli
the oldest/eldest
cel mai btrn/ vechi
the nearest
cel mai aproape
the latest
cel mai trziu
the last - ultimul
the farthest/
furthest
cel mai departe
the inmost
cel mai n interior/
luntric
the innermost luntric la maximum
the outermost
cel mai n exterior
the utmost,
uttermost - n
exterior la maximum
the upmost
cel mai (de) sus
the uppermost - sus
la maximum
the nethermost
cel mai de dedesubt
the hindmost
cel mai din spate
the hindermost ultimul din spate
the foremost
cel mai din
fa/dinainte
the first - primul
very old
foarte btrn/vechi
very near
foarte aproape
very late
foarte trziu
very far
foarte departe
5. Comparativul de egalitate
Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... - tot aa de .... ca ..../la fel de... ca ....
as interesting as ... - la fel de interesant ca ...
as near as ... - la fel de aproape ca ...
as beautiful as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as old as ... - la fel de btrn/vechi ca
as beautifully as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as strange as ... - la fel de ciudat/straniu ca ...
Unele astfel de comparative de egalitate au devenit idiomuri:
as quick as thought - iute ca gndul
as swift as an arrow - iute ca sgeata
as sweet as honey - dulce ca mierea
as white as snow - alb ca zpada etc.
6. Comparativul de inferioritate
Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative:
23
7. Comparativul de intensitate
Const din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se traduc prin structura din ce n ce
mai .
better and better - din ce n ce mai bine
less and less - din ce n ce mai puin()/mic()
worse and worse - din ce n ce mai ru
fewer and fewer - din ce n ce mai puini/puine
more and more - din ce n ce mai mult
bigger and bigger - din ce n ce mai mare/mari etc.
more and more interesting - din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/ interesante
more and more important - din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/ importante
more and more beautifully - din ce n ce mai frumos
more and more carefully - din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.
by far more important (than) ...- cu mult mai important (ca/dect) ...
by far more beautifully (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect) ...
by far more carefully (than) ...- cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal better (than) ...- cu mult mai bine (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal worse (than) ...- cu mult mai ru (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more (than) ...- cu mult mai mult (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal less (than) ...- cu mult mai puin (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal older (than) ...- cu mult mai btrn/vechi (ca/dect) ...
a good/great deal earlier (than) ...- cu mult mai devreme (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal later (than) ...- cu mult mai trziu (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal easier (than) ...- cu mult mai uor (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more difficult (than) ... - cu mult mai dificil (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more beautiful (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more interesting (than) ...- cu mult mai interesant (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more important (than) ...- cu mult mai important (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more beautifully (than) ...- cu mult mai frumos (ca/dect)...
a good/great deal more carefully (than) ...- cu mult mai atent/prudent (ca/dect)...
10. Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)
the earlier, the better - cu ct mai devreme, cu att mai bine
The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme, cu att mai bine.
The more you learn, the more you forget. - Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult.
the later, the worse - cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru
The later you arrive, the worse it is. - Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.
The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. - Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai
muli bani va ctiga.
His flat is a little cheaper than yours. - Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu.
Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. - Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu.
Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. - Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.
25
POZITIV
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
SUPERLATIV ABSOLUT
SUPERIORITATE
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
More sweet - natured
mai bun la suflet
more short - sighted
mai miop
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
the most sweet -natured
cel mai bun la suflet
the most short -sighted
cel mai miop
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
very sweet- natured
foarte bun la suflet
very short-sighted
foarte miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. - John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. - Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. - El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
Pronumele este partea de vorbire care nlocuiete un substantiv (o fiin, un obiect etc.).
Clasificare:
1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns)
2. Interogative (the Interrogative Pronouns)
3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns)
4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns)
5. Demonstrative (the Demonstrative Pronouns)
6. Impersonale/Generale (the Impersonal/General Pronouns)
7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)
8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns)
9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns)
10. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns
27
29
Our daughter is not here but theirs is. - Fiica noastr nu este aici, dar a lor este.
Our sons don't study German but theirs do. - Fiii notri nu studiaz germana, dar ai lor studiaz.
31
You've got much money, but I haven't got any. - Tu ai bani muli, dar eu n-am nici sfan. - Tu ai bani muli, dar eu nu
am deloc.
somebody - cineva ; cineva ?
I can see somebody at the gate. - Pot s vd pe cineva la poart .
Do you see somebody ? - Vezi pe cineva ?
anybody
A. - oricine - I can ask anybody. - Pot ntreba pe oricine.
I. - cineva - Do you see anybody ? - Vezi pe cineva ?
N. - nimeni - I cannot ask anybody. - Nu pot ntreba pe nimeni.
nobody - nimeni
I see nobody. - Nu vd pe nimeni.
something - ceva ; ceva?
I see something. - Vd ceva.
Do you see something ? - Vezi ceva ? (Cnd rspunsul este afirmativ).
anything
- orice - I buy anything.- Cumpr orice.
- orice?; ceva? - Are you going to buy anything? - Ai de gnd s cumperi ceva/orice?
- orice ; nimic - I'm not going to buy anything. - N-am de gnd s cumpr nimic.
nothing - nimic
I bought nothing. - Nu am cumprat nimic.
someone [`s{mw{n] - careva, cineva
You must ask someone. - Trebuie s ntrebi pe careva.
anyone
- oricare - You may/can ask anyone. - Poi ntreba pe careva/ oricine.
- oricare? - Can I ask anyone? - Pot ntreba pe oricare/careva?
- oricare - I cannot ask anyone. - Nu pot ntreba pe oricare/ nimeni.
no one - nobody - nimeni;
none- not one/any - nici unul/una
You can ask no one. - Nu poi ntreba pe nimeni.
everybody - toi, toat lumea, fiecare
I saw everybody laughing. - I-am vzut pe toi rznd.
everything - totul, tot
He can understand everything. - Poate nelege tot.
somebody else - altcineva
I see somebody else. - Vd pe altcineva.
anybody else
- oricine altcineva - Give it to anybody else! - D-i-o oricui altcuiva !
- oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? - Puteai juca cu oricine altcineva ?
- nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. - N-am fost vzut de nimeni altcineva.
nobody else - nimeni altcineva
Nobody else can do it. - Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face.
something else - altceva
We must buy something else. - Trebuie s cumprm altceva.
anything else - orice altceva:
They may do anything else. - Ei pot face orice altceva.
nothing else - nimic altceva
I saw nothing else. - N-am vzut nimic altceva.
personal.
numrul singular
N.
G.
D.
A.
I - eu
my - meu
mine - al meu
(to) me - mie
me - pe mine
you - tu
your - tu
yours - al tu
(to) you - tie
you - pe tine
he - el
his - lui
his - al lui
(to) him - lui
him - pe el
she - ea
her - ei
hers - al ei
(to) her - ei
her - pe ea
it - el/ea
its - lui/ei
its - al lui/ei
(to) it - lui/ei
it - pe el/ea
numrul plural
N.
G.
D.
A.
we - noi
you - voi/dv.
they - ei/ele, dnii/dnsele
our - nostru
your - vostru/dv.
their - lor, dnilor/dnselor
ours - al nostruyours - al vostru/dv.
theirs - al lor, al dnilor/dnselor
(to) us - nou
(to) you - vou/dv.
(to) them - lor, dnilor/dnselor
us - pe noi
you - pe voi/dv.
them - pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele
Este partea de vorbire prin care se exprim un numr de obiecte/fiine etc. sau ordinea acestora.
Clasificare:
1. Cardinale (Cardinal Numerals)
2. Colective (Collective Numerals)
3. Ordinale (Ordinal Numerals)
4. Distributive (Distributive Numerals)
5. Fracionare (Fractional Numerals)
6. Adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals)
7. Multiplicative (Multiplicative Numerals)
8. Nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals)
9. Exprimarea orei
10.Uniti de msur (Measures)
35
36
Semnele Matematice
+ plus - and - plus; empty set- mulime vid; minus - minus; pi [ pai ] - 3,14; multiplied - nmulit; angle - unghi
: divided by - mprit la; ' - minute - minut; " - second - secund; - equal to - egal cu; - not equal to - neegal cu,
diferit de; log - logarithm - logaritm; < less than - mai mic dect/ca; integral (of) - integral; > more than - mai mare
dect/ca;
triangle - triunghi; less than or equal to - mai mic sau egal cu; infinity - infinit; more than or equal to - mai mare sau
egal cu; square root - rdcin ptrat; ll - parallel to - paralel cu; perpendicular to - perpendicular pe; % - Percentage
Sign - la sut (procent); 5 % - five per cent - cinci la sut - 5 la sut; 5.5 % - five point five per cent - cinci virgul cinci
la sut.
% - five and a half per cent - cinci i jumtate la sut
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tens of - zeci de
hundreds of - sute de
9. Exprimarea orei
Ct este ceasul/ora? (What time is it?, What's the time?)
minute - minut
quarter - sfert
half - jumtate
watch - ceas de mn
past - i
clock - ceas de perete
to - fr
face - cadran
long hand - orar
alarm clock - ceas detepttor
short hand - minutar
second hand - secundar
It is five (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i cinci (minute).
It is ten (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i zece (minute).
It is a quarter past twelve. - Este doisprezece i un sfert.
It is half past twelve. - Este doisprezece i jumtate.
It is a quarter to one. - Este unu fr un sfert.
It is ten (minutes) to one. - Este unu fr zece (min.).
It is two o'clock. - Este ora dou.
it is fast - grbete, o ia nainte, merge nainte
it is slow - ntrzie, rmne/merge n urm
My watch is five minutes slow. - Ceasul meu merge/rmne cu cinci minute n urm.
Your watch is five minutes fast. -Ceasul tu o ia nainte cu cinci minute.
My watch keeps a good time. - Ceasul meu merge bine.
His watch goes wrong. - Ceasul lui merge greit/prost.
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Aspectul
Exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii.
n limba englez exist dou aspecte:
1. Aspectul Comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general , o aciune terminat sau o aciune de scurt
durat.
I play tennis. - Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
2. Aspectul Continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. - Joc tenis (acum).
Diateza
Realizeaz relaia dintre subiect i complementul direct.
Exist trei diateze:
1. Activ
2. Pasiv
3. Reflexiv.
Diateza Activ
Aciunea subiectului se ndreapt asupra complementului direct.;
The boy is reading the lesson. - Biatul citete lecia.
Diateza Pasiv
Aciunea svrit de subiectul logic se rsfrnge asupra subiectului gramatical.
The lesson is read by the boy. - Lecia este citit de biat.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c n limba englez Diateza Pasiv se formeaz cu verbul auxiliar to
be + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat (adic a III-a form de baz a verbului de conjugat). Verbul
to be se conjug, iar verbul de conjugat la participiul trecut nu-i modific forma.
Diateza Reflexiv
Aciunea se rsfrnge asupra autorului ei, adic asupra subiectului.
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Modul
Este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i anume dac aciunea este real,
sigur, ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale (Non - Finite Forms).
CLASIFICAREA VERBELOR
1. Auxiliare
2.
Modale
Regulate
3. Principale
INFINITIV PREZENT
TRECUT
SIMPLU
was / were
had
did
should
would
let
could
might
PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
to be
been
- a fi
to have
had
- a avea
to do
done
- a face
shall
- trebuie s
will
- a vrea
to let
let
- a lsa
can (to be able to)
- a putea, a ti
may (to be permitted / allowed to)
- a avea voie s (a-i fi permis s)
must (to have to) (to be obliged to) (must)
- trebuie,
(a trebui s) (a fi obligat s)
shall
should
- a trebui s,
a se cuveni s
will
would
- a dori, a vrea
ought to
(ought to)
- ar trebui s
dare
- a ndrzni
need
need
- obinuia s
to be to
was, were to
been to
- a urma s
used to
- obinuia s
to ask
asked
asked
- a ntreba
to like
liked
liked
- a-i plcea
to answer
answered
answered - a rspunde
to use
used
used
- a ntrebuina
etc.
to go
- went
- gone
- a merge
to see
etc.
- saw
Neregulate
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- seen
- a vedea
4. Auxiliar - Modale
shall
will
can
should
would
could etc.
1. Verbele Auxiliare
Ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin
instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical.
Eu am o carte - Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte,
verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed
citit o carte, n care verbul a poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
2. Verbele Modale
Dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale speciale.
I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg
n exemplul I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii aciunii. Verbul can implic
nuana capabilitii i permisiunii, iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. - El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent, fie pentru
trecut, fie pentru participiul trecut, situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitival
to i nu folosesc aceast particul dup ele (excepii: used to, ought to)
. Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul propoziiei. Verbele auxiliare i
modale din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii gramaticieni includ verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o
singur categorie - aceea de verbe speciale. Ele formeaz negativul prin simpla adugare a negaiei not dup ele i
interogativul i schimb locul cu subiectul n propoziie .
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile disjunctive.
I am not at home. - Eu nu sunt acas.
I cannot go. - Eu nu pot merge.
Verbele auxiliare i modale contribuie la formarea ntrebrilor disjunctive (Tag/Tail Questions), cele care se traduc
n limba romn prin: nu-i aa ?, aa-i ?
You are at home, aren't you ? - Eti acas, nu-i aa ?
You are not at home, are you ? - Nu eti acas, nu-i aa ?
He learns English, doesn't he ? - nva englezete, nu-i aa ?
Tot ele particip la formularea rspunsurilor scurte ale ntrebrilor generale. ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot
primi rspunsuri scurte: da, nu.
"Are they at home " ? "Yes"; "Yes, they are". - Sunt ei acas ? Da. ; Da, sunt.
Particip la completarea structurii and so...
"They are in the park"."And so are we". - Ei sunt n parc. i noi.
"Paul can speak English"."And so can Alice". "And so can we". - Paul tie s vorbeasc englezete. i Alice (tie).
i noi (tim).
"Paul cannot ski". "Neither can we". - "We can't either". - Paul nu tie s schieze. Nici noi (nu tim).
"They saw the house". "But I didn't". - Ei au vzut casa. Dar/ns eu nu. Dar eu n-am vzut-o.
Verbele auxiliare i cele modale, mult folosite n vorbire, se ntlnesc i n limbajul care exprim o surpriz (mai ales
neplcut).
"He won't come with us". - El nu va veni cu noi.
"Oh, he won't, won't he" ? - Zu (dom'le) ? - Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?- John nu-i poate da banii astzi.
- Nu mai spune !; Cum aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a singular i nu au aspectul
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continuu.
A. MODUL INDICATIV
Este modul aciunilor reale i cuprinde toate timpurile.
Acestea sunt :
1.Prezentul (The Present Simple)
2.Prezentul Perfect (The Present Perfect)
3.Trecutul (The Past Tense)
4.Mai Mult Ca Perfect (The Past Perfect)
5.Viitorul Simplu (The Future Simple)
6.Viitorul Anterior (The Future Perfect)
7.Viitorul n Trecut (The Future In The Past)
8.Viitorul Apropiat (The Near Future / The Future Of Intention)
1. PREZENTUL (THE PRESENT TENSE)
Este forma I de baz a verbelor. Exprim aciuni generale repetate, stri, un obicei prezent etc. Se folosete i n
propoziiile condiionale de tipul I. Normal timpul prezent coincide cu momentul vorbirii.
Se folosete pentru a exprima :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Se folosesc Adverbele:
EVERY
/DAY
/THUESDAY
ONCE A /WEEK
TWICE A /MONTH
USUALY/FREQUENTLY - de obicei
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
NEVER - niciodat
OFTEN - adesea , mai mereu
SELDOM - uneori
SOMETIMES - din cand n cnd
N ||
I ||
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S + V1 + s
+ es (III sg)
( dont/doesnt )
S + do
+ not + V1
does (III sg)
Do
+ S + V1
Does(III sg)
- Yes,I do.
I - N ||
Do (dont)
+ S + V1 (Dont you)
Does (doesnt) (III sg)
Do you not
- No,I dont
Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu : I am reading. - Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. - Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to - a urma/trebui s - a fi s;
I am to read. - Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc; We are at home. - Noi suntem acas.
They are in the park. - Ei/Ele sunt n parc.
TO HAVE - a avea
I have - I've - I have got [got] - I've got - eu am
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - tu ai
he/she/it has - he's/she's/it's - he/she/it has got - he's/she's/it's got - el/ea are
we have - we've - we have got - we've got - noi avem
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - voi avei
they have - they've - they have got - they've got - ei/ele au
N ||
I have not (I haven't) - I have not (haven't) got - eu nu am
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - tu nu ai
he/she/it has not (he/she/it hasn't) - he/she/it has not (hasn't) got - el/ea nu are
we have not (we haven't) - we have not (haven't) got - noi nu avem
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - voi nu avei
they have not (they haven't) - they have not (haven't) got - ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have - I don't have - eu nu am
you do not have - you don't have - tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have - he/she/it doesn't have - el/ea nu are
we do not have - we don't have - noi nu avem
you do not have - you don't have - voi nu avei
they do not have - they don't have - ei/ele nu au
I ||
have I? - have I got? - do I have? - eu am ? - am e ?
have you? - have you got? - do you have ? - tu ai ? - ai tu?
has he/she/it? - has he/she/it got? - does he/she/it have? - el/ea are?
have we? - have we got? - do we have? - noi avem? - avem noi?
have you? - have you got? - do you have? - voi avei? - avei voi?
have they? - have they got? - do they have? - ei/ele au? - au ei/ele?
I - N ||
have I not? - haven't I? - have I not (haven't I) got? - do I not (don't I) have? - eu nu am? - eu n-am ? - nu am eu ?
A ||
44
have you not? -haven't you? -have you not (haven't you) got? - do you not (don't you) have? - tu nu ai - tu n-ai? - nu
ai tu ?
has he/she/it not ? - hasn't he/she/it? - has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? - does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? - el/ea nu are ? - nu are el/ea ?
have we not? - haven't we? - have we not (haven't we) got? - do we not (don't we) have ? - noi nu avem ? - noi navem ? - nu avem noi ?
have you not ? - haven't you ? - have you not (haven't you) got ? - do you not (don't you) have ? - voi nu avei ?- voi
n-avei ?- nu avei voi ?
have they not ? - haven't they ? - have they not (haven't they) got ? - do they not (don't they) have ? - ei/ele nu au ? nu au ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO HAVE
1. verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect
I have come for two hours. - Am venit de dou ore.
I had come for two hours. -Venisem de dou ore.
2. verb modal: to have to - must - trebuie
I must sing. - I have to sing. - Eu trebuie s cnt. - Eu am de cntat.
He had to learn every day. - El trebuia s nvee n fiecare zi.
3. verb principal: a) to have - to possess - a avea/poseda
We have a house. - We possess a house. - Avem o cas. - Posedm o cas.
They have had that house for ten years. - Ei au casa aceea de zece ani.
b) to have - a mnca, a bea, a servi, a se distra etc.
We have breakfast at eight o'clock. - Servim micul dejun la ora opt.
TO DO - a face
A ||
I do- eu fac
we do - noi facem
you do - tu faci
you do - voi facei
he/she/it does - el/ea face
they do - ei/ele fac
N ||
I do not do (I don't do) - eu nu fac
we do not do (we don't do) - noi nu facem
you do not do (you don't do) - tu nu faci
you do not do (you don't do) - voi nu facei
he/she/it does not do (doesn't do) - el/ea nu face
they do not do (they don't do) - ei/ele nu fac
I ||
do I do ? - eu fac ?
do we do? - noi facem ?
do you do ? - tu faci ?
do you do ? - voi facei ?
does he/she/it do? -el/ea face ?
do they do? - ei/ele
I N ||
do I not do ? - don't I do ? - eu nu fac ? - nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? - don't you do ? - tu nu faci ? - nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? - doesn't he/she/it do? - ea/el nu face? - nu face el/ea?
Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce. Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut
totui pentru motive practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? - nelegi ?
He does not understand. - El nu nelege.
2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)
I do like grammar. - mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. - Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) - Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT
La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
CAN - to be able to- a putea, a ti, a fi n stare s
A|| I can (swim) - I am able to (swim) - eu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s (not) etc.
N || I cannot (swim) - I can't (swim) - I am not able to (swim) - I aren't able to (swim) - eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare
45
s (not) etc.
I || Can I (swim) ? - Am I able to (swim) ? - pot/tiu eu s (not) ? - sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? - Can't I (swim) ? - Am I not able to (swim) ? - Aren't I able to (swim) ? - eu nu tiu/pot s
(not) ? - eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can - to be able to - to know how to - to have the ability/power/skill to - a putea/ti - a fi n stare s - a ti cum s
I can speak five languages. - tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.
He cannot speak French. - El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park. - Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park. - Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park. - Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true. - Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty. - Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
He can't have said that. - El nu poate s fi spus asta. - Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please? - Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ? - Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ? - Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se prefer may.
can - may - to be free to - to have permission to - to be allowed/permitted to - a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea
s
You can/may use my umbrella. - Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. - I am free to swim in that lake. - Pot nota n lacul acela. - Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea - (can't - be forbidden/ prohibited to)
cannot - to be incapable/unable to - a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. - Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. - Nu poate fi ora ase.
MAY - to be permitted/allowed to- a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/ ngduit s
A || I may (go) - I am permitted/allowed to (go) - eu am voie/pot s (merg) - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) - I am not permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu am voie s (merg) - mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
(merg) etc.
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? - am I permitted/allowed to (go)?-eu am voie/pot s (merg)? - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg)
etc.
I-N || May I not (go) ? - am I not permitted/allowed to (go) ? - eu nu am voie/nu pot s (merg) ? - mie nu-mi este
permis/ ngduit s (merg)? etc.
Verbul MAY exprim:
a) - permisiunea n prezent "May I come in" ? - Pot intra , Pot s intru ?; "Yes, you may." - Da, poi; "Yes, of course" -Da, desigur -Da,
bineneles.
"You may leave if you like," John said. - Poi pleca dac doreti, zise el.
devine n vorbire indirect:
John said that I might leave if I liked. - John said that I was allowed to leave if I liked. - John a zis c pot pleca dac
doresc. - John a zis c-mi este ngduit s plec dac doresc.
- interdicia se exprim prin may not:
You may not use my umbrella. - Nu poi folosi umbrela mea.
b) posibilitatea:
He may come late if the traffic's heavy. - El poate veni trziu dac circulaia este intens.
He may have come yesterday. - Este posibil ca el s fi venit ieri.
She may be learning her lessons. - Ea poate i nva leciile.
He may not be able to pay his rent. - Poate c el nu este n stare s-i plteasc chiria.
c) probabilitatea / incertitudinea sau curiozitatea:
What may he be ? - Ce poate fi el ?
I may have left my umbrella on the train. - Probabil/Poate mi-am uitat umbrela n tren.
He may come . - Probably he comes. - El poate veni. - Probabil el vine.
ntrebrile referitoare la posibilitate se formuleaz cu ajutorul verbului can nu al lui may.
46
Can he have lost his way ? - Se poate ca el s se fi ratcit ?- Este posibil ca el s se fi rtcit ?
d) o urare:
May you live long ! - S trieti !
May your dreams come true ! - S i se mplineasc visurile/dorinele !
MUST- to have to - trebuie
A ||
I must (speak) - eu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc
N ||
I must not (speak) - I mustn't (speak) - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc.
I ||
Must I (speak) ? - trebuie eu s (vorbesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Must I not (speak) ? - mustn't I (speak) ? - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) ? etc.
Verbul MUST exprim:
a) obligaia / necesitatea:
You must learn permanently. - Tu trebuie s nvei permanent.
You must learn. - You have to learn. - You have (you've) got to learn.
ntre must i have to exist ns urmtoarea deosebire: must exprim o obligaie/necesitate pornit din partea
subiectului (I must go to bed because I am very sleepy. - Trebuie s merg la culcare pentru c mi este foarte somn.)
Have to exprim o obligaie impus subiectului din afar, deci o obligaie extern (You have to be there at eight o'clock.
- Tu trebuie s fii acolo la ora opt.)
You must not cross now. - You are not allowed / permitted to cross now .- Tu nu trebuie s traversezi acum - N-ai voie
s traversezi acum.
Must he go now? - Has he to go now?- Does he have to go now? - Trebuie el s plece / mearg acum ?
- must not exprim interdicia:
"You must not interrupt me", he said. - Nu trebuie s m ntrerupi, a zis el.
devine n vorbirea indirect:
He said that I mustn't interrupt him. - El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup. sau :
He said that I didn't have to interrupt him. - El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup.
b) probabilitatea:
He must know me. - Probabil / poate (c ) m cunoate. - Trebuie s m tie.
Being late they must be at home. - Fiind trziu probabil c sunt acas.
You must have paid a lot of money for this car.- Probabil c ai pltit muli bani pentru maina aceasta. - Trebuie s fi
pltit muli bani pentru maina aceasta.
SHALL - se cade/cuvine/merit s, trebuie s
I shall (intervene) - eu se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
You shall (intervene) - tu se cade/cuvine s (intervii)
He/she shall (intervene) - el/ea se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
We shall (intervene) - noi se cade/cuvine s (intervenim)
You shall (intervene) - voi se cade/cuvine s (intervenii)
They shall (intervene) - ei/ele se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
N ||
I shall not (intervene) - I shan't (intervene) - eu nu se cade s (intervin) - eu nu trebuie s (intervin) etc.
I ||
Shall I (intervene) ? - se cade/trebuie s (intervin) eu ? - s (intervin) eu ? etc.
I - N ||
Shall I not (intervene) ? - Shan't I (intervene) ? - eu s nu (intervin) ? - eu nu trebuie s (intervin)? etc.
A ||
47
You ought to tell her the truth. - Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth. - S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old. - Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission. - Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
He knew he ought to help us. - tia c trebuie s ne ajute.
DARE - a ndrzni, a se ncumeta
(exist ns i verbul principal to dare - dared/durst - dared - a ndrzni)
A || La afirmativ verbul dare se conjug n maniera verbelor principale: I dare - eu ndrznesc; you dare - tu
ndrzneti
he/she/it dares - el/ea ndrznete etc.
N || I dare not go - I daren't go - I don't dare (to) go - eu nu ndrznesc s merg etc.
I || Dare I go ? - do I dare (to) go? - ndrznesc eu s merg ? - eu ndrznesc s merg ? etc
I-N || Dare I not go ? - don't I dare (to) go? - nu ndrznesc eu s merg ? - eu nu ndrznesc s merg? etc .
- dare (to) - to be brave enough to - a ndrzni - a fi suficient de curajos pentru a
I dare go there alone. - ndrznesc s merg acolo singur.
- dare - to take the risk of - a ndrzni, a risca s, a nfrunta
They dare all the dangers. - Ei nfrunt toate pericolele.
- dare - to provoke somebody into a demonstration of courage
Dare you jump over that fence ? - ndrzneti s sari peste gardul acela ?
- dare + say - ndrznesc s spun
I dare say you can't swim across that lake. - ndrznesc s spun c nu poi traversa lacul acela not.
NEED - a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go - I needn't go - eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I || Need I go ? - este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N || Need I not (needn't I) go ? - nu este nevoie s merg eu ?- eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something. - Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present. - Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything. - Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet. - nc nu este nevoie s plec.
- NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said. - - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el. devine n vorbire
indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me. - El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
48
TO BE TO - a fi/trebui/urma s
You are to be there at six o'clock. - S fii acolo la ora ase. - Trebuie/Urmeaz s fii acolo la ora ase.
What am I to do now ? - Ce urmeaz/trebuie s fac eu acum ?
What is to be done now ? - Ce este de fcut acum ?
I should have told you if we had been to go there. - i-a fi spus dac noi ar fi fost s mergem acolo.
TO HAVE GOT TO - trebuie (folosit mult n limbajul colocvial american)
I have got to go now. - Acum trebuie s plec.
n exemplul I will learn the lesson (Vreau s nv lecia) verbul will se pronun accentuat, punndu-se astfel n
eviden valoarea sa semantic.
n exemplul You will learn the lesson (Tu vei nva lecia) verbul will este auxiliar i se pronun fr accent. n
schimb verbul learn care urmeaz dup el se pronun accentuat.
n exemplul He may never come (El poate s nu vin niciodat) verbul may exprim o nuan de
posibilitate/ndoial: El poate veni, dar suntem lsai s credem c mai degrab nu va veni.
He may never come. - It is possible that he will never come.
Concluzie:Verbele can, may, must, shall, will, need, ought to se ntlnesc urmate fie de infinitiv scurt prezent, fie
de infinitiv scurt perfect.
He may have come. - E posibil ca el s fi venit.
He must have been rich. - El trebuie s fi fost bogat.
She can have gone on the trip. - Ea poate s fi mers n excursie.
DIATEZA ACTIV
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
2.
Aciuni temporare.
Se folosesc Adverbele :
A || S + be
+ V1 _ing
la Prez.
NOW - acum
RIGHT NOW - chiar acum
AT PRESENT - n prezent
AT THE MOMENT - la acest mo..
IN THIS MOMENT - n acest mo..
I - N ||
- No. He isnt.
50
ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE SEEN - a fi vzut
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
51
I ||
I-N ||
NEGATIV
(N)
I am - eu sunt etc.
I am not - eu nu sunt
I can (go) - eu pot s I cannot (go) - I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) - eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
I go - eu merg etc
I do not go - I don't go eu nu merg etc.
INTEROGATIV
(I)
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
Am I ? - eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? - pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Am I not ? - eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? - Can't I
(go)? - eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
Do I not go ? - Don't I go ? eu nu merg ? etc.
Do I go ? - eu merg ?
- etc.
52
1.
Aciuni care au loc n Trecut (intr-o perioada nedeterminat din trecut) i ale cror consecine sunt resimite i n
Prezent
Este numit Timpul Vieii Tense of life
/ TWO DAYS
/ THREE MONTHS Exprim durata unei aciuni.
/ TWO WEEKS
I have known him for 25 years.
/ SEVEN YEARS
JUST - tocmai
ALREADY - tocmai
YET - nc
RECENTLY - recent
TODAY - astzi
/ WEEK
THIS / WEEK END
- acest / YEAR
2.frecventative
EVER - vreodat
53
NEVER - niciodat
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
III. cu :
HOW LONG ?
- ct timp ?
HOW MUCH ?
- ct de mult ?
HOW MANY ?
- ct de muli ?
A ||
S + have
+ V3
I have know him since 1982.
has (III sg)
Vb. Reg. + d
+ ed
( havent/hasnt )
N || S + have
+ not + V3 I have not done this exercise.
has (III sg)
I ||
Have
Has (III sg)
I - N ||
+ S + V3
Havent
+ S + V3
Hasnt (III sg)
Have + S + not + V3
Has (III sg)
La forma Aff. cnd Subiectul este exprimat prin Pronume Personal se folosete adesea forma contras :
I ve met him today.
You ve met him today.
He s (has) met him today. /
She s (has)met him today. /
AUXILIARE LA TIMPUL
Verbele auxiliare nu se conjug la Present Perfect . Verbele to be, to have i to do se pot conjuga la acest timp
atunci cnd ele sunt verbe principale, aa cum se vede mai jos:
TO BE - a fi
A ||
I have been - I've been - eu sunt - eu s
you have been - you've been - tu eti
he/she/it has been- he's/she's/it's been - el/ea este - el/ea i/e
we have been - we've been - noi suntem
you have been - you've been - voi suntei
they have been - they've been - ei/ele sunt
N ||
I have not been - I haven't been - eu nu sunt - eu nu-s
you have not been - you haven't been - tu nu eti
he /she/it has not been - he/she/it hasn't been - el/ea nu este - el/ea nu-i - el/ea nu e
we have not been - we haven't been - noi nu suntem
you have not been - you haven't been - voi nu suntei
they have not been - they haven't been - ei/ele nu sunt - ei/ele nu-s
I ||
54
O aciune care a nceput n Trecut si s-a terminat recent sau doar s-a terminat.
Trecut)
/DAY/
/ MORNING /
/AFTERNOON/
LONG
56
I - N || Havent
+ S + been + V1_ing?
Hasnt (III sg)
Havent you been cooking all week-end long?
- No, I havent been cooking all week-end long.
TO PLAY - a se juca
A ||
2.
57
Did + S + V1
I N ||
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A ||
I was - eu am fost, eu eram
we were - noi am fost, noi eram
you were - tu ai fost, tu erai
you were - voi/dv. ai fost, voi/dv. erai
he/she/it was - el/ea era/a fost
they were - ei/ele au fost, ei/ele erau
N ||
I was not - I wasn't - eu nu am fost - eu nu eram
you were not - you weren't - tu nu ai fost - tu nu erai
he/she/it was not - he/she/it wasn't - el/ea nu a fost - el/ea nu era etc.
I ||
was I ? - eu am fost? - eu eram ?
were you ? - tu ai fost? - tu erai ?
was he/she/it ? - el/ea a fost ? - el/ea era ? etc.
I N ||
was I not ? - wasn't I ? - eu nu am fost ? - eu nu eram ?
were you not ? - weren't you ? - tu nu ai fost ? - tu nu erai ?
was he/she/it not ? - wasn't he/she/it ? - el/ea nu a fost ? - el/ea nu era? etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
I had - eu am avut, eu aveam
we had - noi am avut, noi aveam
you had - tu ai avut, tu aveai
you had - voi/dv. ai avut, voi/dv. aveai
he /she/it had - el/ea a avut, el/ea avea
they had - ei/ele au avut, ei/ele aveau
N ||
I had not - I hadn't - eu nu am avut - eu n-am avut - eu nu aveam etc
I ||
had I? - eu am avut?, eu aveam? etc.
I N ||
had I not ? - hadn't I ? - eu nu am avut ? - eu nu aveam ? etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
A ||
I did - eu am fcut, eu fceam
we did - noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did - tu ai fcut, tu fceai
you did - voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
he/she/it did - el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
they did - ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N ||
I did not do - I didn't do - eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I ||
Did I do? - eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N ||
Did I not do? - didn't I do? - eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
A ||
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural, precum i pentru formarea
modului condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional. El l poate nlocui pe should la
pers. I sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct i la modul condiional.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
COULD
A ||
N ||
I ||
I N ||
59
biei.
b) - dorin n trecut He would go on the trip. - El dorea s mearg n excursie.
NEED
Se folosete la negativ i interogativ urmat de infinitiv fr particula to. Needn't urmat de infinitiv perfect exprim
c s-a petrecut ceva nenecesar.
You needn't have gone there. - Nu era necesar/nevoie s fi mers acolo.
I knew I need not repeat the question. - tiam c nu e nevoie s repet ntrebarea.
You needn't have cooked our dinner because we are going to dine out with friends tonight. - Nu era necesar s fi
pregtit cina pentru c vom cina cu prietenii n ora disear.
He didn't need to get up so early. - It was not necessary for him to get up so early. - Nu era necesar/nevoie ca el s se
scoale aa devreme.
N ||
I need not (go) - I needn't (go) - eu nu era nevoie s (merg) etc.
I ||
Need I (go) ? - eu era nevoie/necesar s merg ? - era necesar s (merg)? etc.
I - N ||
Need I not (go)? -needn't I (go)? - eu nu era necesar/nevoie s (merg)? - n-aveam eu nevoie s
(merg) ?
USED TO - WOULD
A nu se confunda acest verb cu verbul principal regulat to use - used - used - a ntrebuina, a folosi. Se traduce n
limba romn prin timpul imperfect, iar sensul i este dat de verbul principal pe lng care funcioneaz n propoziie.
A ||
I used to (play) - I would (play) - eu jucam - eu obinuiam s (joc)
You used to (play) - you would (play) - tu jucai - tu obinuiai s (joci)
He/she used to (play) - he/she would (play) - el/ea juca - el/ea obinuia s (joace) etc
N ||
I use(d)n't to (play) - I wouldn't (play) - eu nu obinuiam s (joc) etc
I ||
Use(d) I to (play) ? - would I (play) ? - obinuiam eu s (joc) ? etc
I-N ||
Use(d)n't I to (play) ? - wouldn't I (play) ? - eu nu obinuiam s (joc) ? etc
- to be used to - a fi obinuit/nvat cu/s
He was used to their dogs. - El era obinuit/nvat cu cinii lor.
He was used to catch fish. - El era nvat/obinuit s prind pete.
- to get used to - a se nva/obinui cu
We got used to these working conditions. - Trebuia s ne obinuim cu aceste condiii de munc.
There used to be some tents on this ground last summer, use(d)n't there ? - Erau nite corturi pe terenul acesta vara
trecut, nu-i aa ?
- didn't use to - este form colocvial; use(d)n't to este forma literar
Alte structuri modale:
had better - mai bine s
We had better arrived there earlier than later. - Mai bine s ajungem acolo mai devreme dect mai trziu.
would rather ... than...- a prefera s ... dect s ...
I would rather walk than take a taxi. - A prefera s merg pe jos dect s iau un taxi.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SEE - SAW - SEEN (verb principal neregulat)
A ||
I saw- eu am vzut, eu vedeam
you saw - tu ai vzut, tu vedeai
he/she/it saw - el/ea a vzut, el/ea
vedea
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
vedeau
I did not see - I didn't see - eu nu am vzut
you did not see - you didn't see - tu nu ai vzut
he/she/it did not see - he/she/it didn't see - el/ea nu a vzut etc.
did I see ? - eu am vzut ? - am vzut eu ? etc.
did I not see ? - didn't I see ? - eu nu am (n-am) vzut ? etc.
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
3.
4.
5.
6.
Aciuni repetate n trecut care ne deranjau.
She was always ringing me up late at night. Ea ntotdeauna m suna trziu n noapte
7.
61
Se folosesc Adverbele:
A ||
S+
(was / were)
be (past) + V1_ing
WHILE - n timp ce
AS ca, la fel ca, la fel de
/ YESTERDAY
AT THIS TIME / LAST MONTH
/ LAST YEAR
He was teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
We were waiting for him when he arrived.
(wasnt/ werent )
He wasnt teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
S + be (past) + not + V1_ing We werent reading, when he arrived.
N ||
(Was / Were)
Was he teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday ?
Be (past)
+ S + V1 _ing Were you waiting for him when he arrived ?
I ||
I - N ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
A ||
62
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
O aciune care s-a petrecut naintea altei aciuni trecute exprimata prin verb la Trecutul Simplu
Everybody had left when the bomb exploded. Toata lume aplecase cand bomba explodase.
2.
3.
63
4.
5.
Se folosete cu referire la o aciune care nu a avut loc i este repetat., dup : I WISH ; IF ; IF ONLY
If I had known. Daca a fi tiut.
Had + S + V 3 (ed)
I N || Hadnt + S + V 3 (ed)
Hadn't I done ?
TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done - eu fcusem
we had done - noi fcusem
you had done - tu fcusei
you had done - voi fcusei
he/she/it had done - el/ea fcuse
they had done - ei/ele fcuser
N ||
I had not done - I hadn't done - eu nu fcusem etc.
I ||
had I done ? - eu fcusem ? - fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not done ? - hadn't I done ? - eu nu fcusem ? - nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
MODALE LA TIMPUL
64
nou
vou v
- lor
N ||
avusesem
I ||
fusese
I - N ||
nu
(joc) ? etc.
we had been permitted/allowed to (play) - noi avusesem voie s (jucm) - noi putusem s (jucm) ne fusese permis/ngduit s (jucm)
you had been permitted/allowed to (play) - voi avusesei voie s (jucai) - voi putusei s (jucai) fusese permis/ngduit s (jucai)
they had been permitted/allowed to (play) - ei/ele avuseser voie s (joace) - ei/ele putuser s (joace)
le fusese permis/ngduit s (joace)
I had not been permitted/allowed to (play) - I hadn't been permitted/allowed to (play) - eu nu
voie s (joc) - nu putusem s (joc) - mie nu-mi fusese permis/ngduit s (joc) etc.
Had I been permitted/allowed to (play) ? - avusesem eu voie s (joc) ? - putusem eu s (joc)? - mi
mie permis/ngduit s (joc) ? etc.
had I not been permitted/allowed to (play) ? - hadn't I been permitted/ allowed to (play) ? - eu
avusesem voie s (joc) ? - eu nu putusem s (joc) ? - nu-mi fusese mie permis/ngduit s
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I had had to (play) - eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) - tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) - el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) - noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) - voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) - ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N ||
I had not had to (play) - I hadn't had to (play) - eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I ||
had I had to (play) ? - trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not had to (play) ? - hadn't I had to (play) ? - eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? - nu trebuise eu s (joc) ?
etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE - SPOKEN
I had spoken - eu vorbisem
we had spoken - noi vorbisem
you had spoken - tu vorbisei
you had spoken - voi vorbisei
he/she had spoken - el/ea vorbise
they had spoken - ei/ele vorbiser
N ||
I had not spoken - I hadn't spoken - eu nu vorbisem etc.
I ||
had I spoken ? - eu vorbisem ? - vorbisem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not spoken? - hadn't I spoken? - eu nu vorbisem? - nu vorbisem eu? etc.
A ||
O aciune nceput n Trecut care a continuat pna la un moment dat, cnd a intervenit ceva care a ntrerupt-o sau
a avut un anumit efect asupra ei.
Everyone had been sleeping for hours when the bomb exploded.
Toat lumea dormea de cteva ore cnd bomba a explodat.
2.
I ||
65
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE-SPOKEN
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO BE ASKED - a fi ntrebat
I had been asked - eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked - tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked - el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked - noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked - voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked - ei/ele fuseser ntrebai/ntrebate
N ||
I had not been asked - I hadn't been asked - eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I ||
had I been asked ? - eu fusesem ntrebat ? - fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not been asked ? - hadn't I been asked ? - eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? - nu fusesem eu ntrebat ?
etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. - Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba romn, care este la prezent se
traduce n limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he had been waiting for us for five minutes.
A ||
2.
O aciune Probabil
3.
4.
O Sugestie
Se folosesc Adverbele:
TOMORRO - mine
THE DAY AFTER TOMORRO poimine
MINUTES
NEXT
/ HOURS
- urmtoarele
DAYS
IN A FEW / WEEKS
- n cteva
MONTHS
YEARS
A ||
66
( ll )
S + will /shall + Vinf
(wont/shant)
We wont come back tomorrow.
N || S + will/shall + not + Vinf We shant be there when he arrives.
I ||
Will/Shall
I N ||
+ S + Vinf
TO HAVE
I shall/will have - I'll have - eu voi avea - eu o s am
you will have - you'll have - tu vei avea - tu o s ai
he/she/it will have - he'll/she'll/it'll have - el/ea va avea - el/ea o s aib
we shall/will have - we'll have - noi vom avea - noi o s avem
you will have - you'll have - voi vei avea - voi o s avei
they will have - they'll have - ei/ele vor avea - ei/ele o s aib
N ||
I shall/will not have - I shan't/won't have - eu nu voi avea - n-o s am
you will not have - you won't have - tu nu vei avea - tu n-o s ai
he/she/it will not have - he/she/it won't have - el/ea nu va avea - n-o s aib etc.
I ||
shall/will I have ? - eu voi avea ? - voi avea eu ? - eu o s am ? etc.
I - N ||
shall/will I not have ? - shan't/won't I have ? - eu nu voi avea ? - nu voi avea eu ? - eu n-o s am ? - no
s am eu ? etc.
A ||
TO DO
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
fac
A ||
I shall/will be able to (swim) - I'll be able to (swim) - eu voi putea/ti s (not) - eu fi voi n stare s (not)
you will be able to (swim) - you'll be able to (swim) - tu vei putea/ti s (noi) - tu vei fi n stare s (noi)
he/she/it will be able to (swim) - he'll/she'll/it'll be able to (swim) - el/ea va putea/ti s (noate) - el/ea va fi n stare s
(noate)
we shall/will be able to (swim) - we'll be able to (swim) - noi vom putea/ti s (notm) - noi vom fi n stare s (notm)
you will be able to (swim) - you'll be able to (swim) - voi vei putea/ti s (notai) - voi vei fi n stare s (notai)
they will be able to (swim) - they'll be able to (swim) - ei/ele vor putea/ti s (noate) - ei/ele vor fi n stare s (noate)
N ||
I shall/will not be able to (swim) - I shan't/won't be able to (swim) - eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) - eu nu voi fi n stare
s (not)
you will not be able to (swim) - you won't be able to (swim) - tu nu vei putea/ti s (noi) - tu nu vei fi n stare s (noi)
he/she/it will not be able to (swim) - he/she/it won't be able to (swim) - el/ea nu va putea/ti s (noate) - el/ea nu va fi
n stare s (noate) etc.
I ||
shall/will I be able to (swim) ? - eu voi putea/ti s (not) ? - eu voi fi n stare s (not) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be able to (swim) ? - shan't/won't I be able to (swim) ? - eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) ? - eu nu voi fi n
stare s (not) ? - eu n-o s fiu n stare s (not) ? etc.
MAY-MIGHT - 0 - TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
A ||
I shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu voi avea voie s (merg) - eu voi putea s (merg) - mie mi va fi
permis/ngduit s (merg) - eu o s pot s (merg)
you will be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu vei avea voie s (mergi) - tu vei putea s (mergi) - ie i va fi permis/ngduit
s (mergi) - tu o s poi s (mergi)
he/she/it will be permitted/allowed to (go) - el/ea va avea voie s (mearg) - el/ea va putea s (mearg) - lui/ei i va fi
permis/ngduit s (mearg) - el/ea o s poat s (mearg)
we shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go) - noi vom avea voie s (mergem) - noi vom putea s (mergem) - nou ne va fi
permis/ngdui s (mergem) - noi o s putem s (mergem)
you will be permitted/allowed to (go) - voi vei avea voie s (mergei) - voi vei putea s (mergei) - vou v va fi
permis/ngduit s (mergei) - voi o s putei s (mergei)
they will be permitted/allowed to (go) - ei/ele vor avea voie s (mearg) - ei/ele vor putea s (mearg) - lor le va fi
permis/ngduit s (mearg) - ei/ele o s poat s (mearg)
N ||
I shall/will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - I shan't/won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) - eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) - eu nu voi putea s (merg) - mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) - eu n-o s am voie s (merg)
you will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - you won't be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu nu vei avea voie s (mergi) - tu
nu vei putea s (mergi) - ie nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mergi) - tu n-o s ai voie s (mergi)
he/she/it will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - he/she/it won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) - el/ea nu va avea voie s
(mearg) - el/ea nu va putea s (mearg) - lui/ei nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg) - el/ea n-o s aib voie s (mearg)
etc.
I ||
shall/will I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - eu voi avea voie s (merg) ? - voi avea eu voie s (merg) ? - mi va fi mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? -eu o s pot (merge) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - shan't/won't I be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? - eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) ? - eu nu voi putea s (merg) ? - eu nu voi putea (merge) ? - mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
MUST - MUST - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I shall/will have to (go) - I'll have to (go) - eu va trebui s (merg) - eu o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will have to (go) - you'll have to (go) - tu va trebui s (mergi) - tu o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will have to (go) - he'll/she'll/it'll have to (go) - el/ea va trebui s (mearg) - el/ea o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
we shall/will have to (go) - we'll have to (go) - noi va trebui s (mergem) - noi o s trebuiasc s (mergem)
you will have to (go) - you'll have to (go) - voi va trebui s (mergei) - voi o s trebuiasc s (mergei)
they will have to (go) - they'll have to (go) - ei/ele va trebui s (mearg) - ei/ele o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
N ||
68
I shall/will not have to (go) - I shan't/won't have to (go) - eu nu va trebui s (merg) - eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will not have to (go) - you won't have to (go) - tu nu va trebui s (mergi) - tu n-o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will not have to (go) - he/she/it won't have to (go) - el/ea nu va trebui s (mearg) - el/ea n-o s trebuiasc s
(mearg) etc.
I ||
shall/will I have to (go) ? - eu va trebui s (merg) ? - va trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
shall/will I not have to (go) ? - shan't/won't I have to (go) ? - eu nu va trebui s (merg) ? - nu va trebui eu s (merg) ? eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg) ? etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
TO SPEAK
I shall/will speak - I'll speak - eu voi vorbi - eu o s vorbesc
you will speak - you'll speak - tu vei vorbi - tu o s vorbeti
he/she will speak - he'll/she'll speak - el/ea va vorbi - el/ea o s vorbeasc
we shall/will speak - we'll speak - noi vom vorbi - noi o s vorbim
you will speak - you'll speak - voi vei vorbi - voi o s vorbii
they will speak - they'll speak - ei/ele vor vorbi - ei/ele o s vorbeasc
N ||
I shall/will not speak - I shan't/won't speak - eu nu voi vorbi - eu n-o s vorbesc
you will not speak - you won't speak - tu nu vei vorbi - tu n-o s vorbeti
he/she will not speak - he/she won't speak - el/ea nu va vorbi - el/ea n-o s vorbeasc etc.
I ||
shall/will I speak ? - eu voi vorbi ? - voi vorbi eu ? - eu o s vorbesc ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not speak ? - shan't/won't I speak ? - eu nu voi vorbi ? - nu voi vorbi eu ? - eu n-o s
vorbesc
? - n-o s vorbesc eu ? etc.
A ||
Plants and animals will always need rain. - Plantele i animalele vor avea totdeauna nevoie de ploaie.
Will you need any help ? - Vei avea tu nevoie de vreun ajutor ?
What will you need ? - De ce vei avea nevoie ? - Ce v va trebui ?
A ||
1.
2.
O aciune sigur din Viitor planificat din timp. Se folosesc Adverbe de timp.
Ill be staying in my new house this time next month. Voi sta n noua mea casa pe timpul acesta luna
viitoare.
( ll )
S + will /shall + V _ing
(wont/shant)
N || S + will/shall + not + V _ing
I ||
Will/Shall
+ S + V _ing
TO BE ADMIRED
I shall/will be admired - I'll be admired - eu voi fi admirat - eu o s fiu admirat
you will be admired - you'll be admired - tu vei fi admirat - tu o s fii admirat
he/she/it will be admired - he'll/she'll/it'll be admired - el/ea va fi admirat() - el/ea o s fie
admirat()
we shall/will be admired - we'll be admired - noi vom fi admirai - noi o s fim admirai
you will be admired - you'll be admired - voi vei fi admirai - voi o s fii admirai
they will be admired - they'll be admired - ei/ele vor fi admirai/admirate - ei/ele o s fie
admirai/admirate
N ||
I shall/will not be admired - I shan't/won't be admired - eu nu voi fi admirat - eu n-o s fiu admirat
etc.
I ||
shall/will I be admired? - eu voi fi admirat? - voi fi eu admirat? - eu o s fiu admirat? - o s fiu eu
admirat?
I-N ||
shall/will I not be admired ? - shan't/won't I be admired ? - eu nu voi fi admirat ? - nu voi fi eu
admirat ?
- eu n-o s fiu admirat ? - n-o s fiu eu admirat ? etc.
A ||
(shant /wont)
N || S + shall/ will + not + have + V 3
I ||
(Shant /Wont)
Shan't/Won't I have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
I N || Shall/ Will + S + not + have + V 3 Shall/Will I not have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME - a veni
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
Exprim o actiune n plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare . Este un timp rar folosit. (Se traduce cu Viitorul
71
S + should/would + V 1
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
I shouldn't/wouldn't come - Eu nu voi veni
N || S + should/ would + not have + V 3
I should/would not come - Eu nu voi veni
I ||
Should/Would + S + V 1
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
I N || Should/Would + S + not + V 1
A ||
72
TO COME - a veni
I should/would come - eu voi veni
you would come - tu vei veni
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
S + should/would + be + V _ing
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
N || S + should/ would + be + not + V _ing
I ||
Should/Would + S + be + V _ing
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
Shouldn't/Wouldn't I be going? - Eu nu voi merge ? etc.
I N || Should/Would + S + not + be + V _ing
Should/Would I be not going? - Eu nu voi merge ? etc.
VIITORUL APROPIAT (THE NEAR FUTURE - THE FUTURE OF INTENTION)
Exprim o aciune ce urmeaz s aib loc la scurt timp dup ce a fost anunat. Se traduce i prin viitor.
Se formeaz cu construcia to be going to (a avea de gnd s - a inteniona s) din care verbul to be se conjug
la Prezent, Past Tense i Past Perfect, mpreun cu infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
1) I am going to play tennis. - Am de gnd s joc tenis ; voi juca tenis.
2) I was going to play tennis. - Aveam de gnd s joc tenis.
3) I had been going to play tennis. - Avusesem de gnd s joc tenis.
ALTE MODALITII DE EXPRIMARE A VIITORULUI
a) prin intermediul adverbelor de timp care conin ideea de viitor
They are coming tomorrow, not tonight. - Ei vin (vor veni) mine, nu disear.
b) cu ajutorul verbului to be to - a urma s
When are they to be married ? - Cnd urmeaz ei s se cstoreasc ?
They are to be married in August. - Ei urmeaz s se cstoreasc n august.
What are you to do after that ? - Ce vei face dup aceea ?
What was I to do ? - Ce era s fac ? - Ce aveam de fcut ? - Ce trebuia s fac ?
I did not know what they were to do. - Eu nu am tiut ce urma s fac ei.
We are to pay the cost of the ticket. - Urmeaz s pltim costul biletului.
c) cu construcia/structura to be about to - a fi pe punctul de a, a fi gata s
They are about to leave. - Ei sunt gata s plece. - Sunt gata de plecare. - Sunt pe punctul de plecare. - Ei stau s plece.
73
A ||
N ||
I ||
1.
A exprima o intenie care a fost deja planificat nainte de momentul vorbirii. - Intenia de a cumpra ceva.
We are saving up because we are going to buy a house.
Noi economisim deoarece avem de gnd sa cumprm o cas.
( n trecut ne-am hotrt, acum economisim, vom cumpra n viitor. )
2.
A prezice un Eveniment viitor pentru care avem nite semne evidente in Prezent. - Cum ar fi ploaia.
There are many clouds in the sky. Its going to rain.
Sunt muli nori pe cer. E posibil s plou.
( n trecut norii s-au adunat,acum i vedem, va ploua n viitor )
S + be + going to + V1
(Vinf)
S + be + not + going to + V1
Be + S + going to + V1
(Vinf)
(Vinf)
74
TO HAVE - a avea
if I had - dac eu a avea
if you had - dac tu ai avea
if he/she/it had - dac el/ea ar avea
I ||
had I - s am eu - de-a avea eu
had you - s ai tu - de-ai avea tu
had he/she/it - s aib el/ea, de-ar avea
el/ea
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
75
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
76
A ||
I ||
N ||
etc.
I-N ||
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) - dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) - dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) - dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
had I to (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) - s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) - de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) - de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) - s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) - de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
if I had not to (go) - if I hadn't to (go) - dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg)
had I not to (go) - hadn't I to (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I ||
should I (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N ||
if I should not (go) - if I shouldn't (go) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) - shouldn't I (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - 0
A ||
if I would (go) - dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) - dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) - dac el/ea ar vrea s
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
N ||
A ||
if I were singing - dac eu a cnta
if you were singing - dac tu ai cnta
if he/she/it were singing - dac el/ea ar
cnta
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
I ||
ei/ele
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
I ||
78
if I had not had - if I hadn't had - dac eu nu a fi avut - dac eu n-a fi avut etc.
had I not had - hadn't I had - s nu fi avut eu - de n-a fi avut eu etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done - dac eu a fi fcut
if we had done - dac noi am fi fcut
if you had done - dac tu ai fi fcut
if you had done - dac voi ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done - dac el/ea ar fi fcut
if they had done - dac ei/ele ar fi fcut
had I done - s fi fcut eu - de-a fi fcut eu
had we done - s fi fcut noi - de-am fi fcut noi
if I had not done - if I hadn't done - dac eu nu a fi fcut - dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
had I not done - hadn't I done - s nu fi fcut eu - de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
putut noi s
A ||
I ||
80
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
81
A ||
fi
TO BE - a fi
I should/would be - I'd be - eu a fi
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
A ||
TO HAVE - a avea
I should/would have - I'd have - eu a avea
you would have - you'd have - tu ai avea
he/she/it would have - he'd/she'd/it'd have - el/ea ar avea
we should/would have - we'd have - noi am avea
you would have - you'd have - voi ai avea
they would have - they'd have - ei/ele ar avea
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
A ||
face
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
s
(merge) noi
82
he/she/it could (go) - he/she/it would be able to (go) - el/ea ar putea s (mearg) - el/ea ar putea
el/ea ar fi n stare s (mearg)
we could (go) - we should/would be able to (go) - noi am putea s (mergem) - noi am putea (merge) am fi n stare s (mergem)
you could (go) - you would be able to (go) - voi ai putea s (mergei) - voi ai putea (merge) - voi ai fi
stare s (mergei)
they could (go) - they would be able to (go) - ei/ele ar putea s (mearg) - ei/ele ar putea (merge) ei/ele ar
fi n stare s (mearg)
N ||
I could not (go) - I couldn't (go) - I should/would not be able to (go) - I shouldn't/wouldn't be able
to
(go) - eu nu a (n-a) putea s (merg) - eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
I ||
could I (go) ? - should/would I be able to (go) ? - a putea eu s (merg) ? - a putea eu (merge) ? - a fi
eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
could I not (go) ? - couldn't I (go) ? - should/would I not be able to (go) ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I be
able
to (go) ? - eu nu a putea s (merg) ? - n-a putea s (merg) eu ? - eu nu a fi n stare s
(merg) ? - n-a fi eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea. n acest caz could - might.
n limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 - TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
I might (go) - I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu a avea voie s (merg) - eu a putea s
(merg) - mie mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu ai avea voie s (mergi) - tu ai putea s
(mergi)
- ie i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergi)
he/she/it might (go) - he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go) - el/ea ar avea voie s (mearg) el/ea
ar putea s (mearg) - lui/ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
we might (go) - we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - noi am avea voie s (mergem) - noi
am
putea s (mergem) - nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - voi ai avea voie s (mergei) - voi ai
putea s
(mergei) - vou v-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) - they would be permitted/allowed to (go) - ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg) - ei/ele ar
putea
s (mearg) - lor le-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
I might not (go) - I mightn't (go) - I should/would not be permitted/allowed to (go) - I shouldn't /
wouldn't be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu a avea voie s (merg) - eu nu a putea s
(merg) - mie nu
mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I ||
might I (go) ? - should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - a avea eu voie s (merg) ? - a putea
eu
s (merg) ? - a putea eu (merge) ? - mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
might I not (go) ? - mightn't I (go) ? - should/would I not be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? shouldn't/
wouldn't I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (merg) ? nu a (n-a) putea eu s
(merg) ? - nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? - mie nu mi-ar fi
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I should/would have to (go) - I'd have to (go) - eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it would have to (go) - he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) - el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) - we'd have to (go) - noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they would have to (go) - they'd have to (go) - ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have to (go) - I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have to (go) ? - eu ar trebui s (merg) ? - ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not have to (go) ? - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? - n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
I should (go) - eu ar trebui s (merg)
you should (go) - tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it should (go) - el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should go - noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you should (go) - voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they should (go) - ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should not (go) - I shouldn't (go) - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) - eu n-ar trebui s (merg), etc.
I ||
should I (go) ? - ar trebui eu s (merg) ?, etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) ? - shouldn't I (go) ? - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? - n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul should se foloseste dup how , why i when.
How should they know ? - De unde s tie ei ?
A ||
83
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
A ||
TO DARE - a ndrzni
I should/would dare - I'd dare - eu a ndrzni - eu m-a ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - tu ai ndrzni - tu te-ai ncumeta
he/she would dare - he'd/she'd dare - el/ea ar ndrzni - el/ea s-ar ncumeta
we should/would dare - we'd dare - noi am ndrzni - noi ne-am ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - voi ai ndrzni - voi v-ai ncumeta
they would dare - they'd dare - ei/ele ar ndrzni - ei/ele s-ar ncumeta
I should/would not dare - I shouldn't/wouldn't dare - eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni - eu nu m-a ncumeta
N ||
etc.
I ||
I - N ||
ncumeta
N ||
etc.
I ||
I - N ||
distra ?
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should/would (pers. I singular i plural) i would (pers. a II-a i a III-a singular si plural)
plus infinitivul perfect al verbului de conjugat i se traduce prin optativ perfect n limba romn.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO BE - WAS - BEEN - a fi
I should/would have been - eu a fi fost
we should/would have been - noi am fi fost
you would have been - tu ai fi fost
you would have been - voi ai fi fost
he/she/it would have been - el/ea ar fi fost
they would have been - ei/ele ar fi fost
N ||
I should/would not have been - I shouldn't/wouldn't have been - eu nu a (n-a) fi fost etc.
I ||
should/would I have been ? - eu a fi fost ? - a fi fost eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have been ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have been ? - eu nu a (n-a) fi fost ? - nu a
(n-a)
fi fost eu ? etc.
A ||
A ||
N ||
86
I ||
I-N ||
eu ?
A ||
N ||
(n-a)
I ||
I - N ||
(n-a)
87
MUST - O - O - TO HAVE TO
I should/would have had to (go) - eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
you would have had to (go) - tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
he/she/it would have had to (go) - el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
we should/would have had to (go) - noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
trebuit
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A ||
I should have (come) - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come) - el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
we should have (come) - noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come) - ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N ||
I should not (shouldn't) have (come) - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
should I have (come) ? - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ?
etc.
I - N ||
should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ? - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - nu trebuia (nu
se
cuvenea) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
WILL - WOULD - O
I would have (come) - eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) - tu voiai s fi (venit)
he/she/it would have (come) - el/ea voia s fi (venit)
we would have (come) - noi voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) - voi voiai s fi (venit)
they would have (come) - ei/ele voiau s fi (venit)
N ||
I would not (wouldn't) have (come) - eu nu voiam s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
would I have (come) ? - voiam eu s fi (venit) ? etc.
I - N ||
would I not (wouldn't I) have (come) ? - eu nu voiam s fi (venit) ? etc.
A ||
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii - tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come - el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come - noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim - noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii - voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come - ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N ||
I ought not (oughtn't) to have come - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I ||
ought I to have come ? - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N ||
ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ?
etc.
A ||
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? - i-a spus
el/ea ie de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu
s fi fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. - Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you. - Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. - S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. - Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne
ajute.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
A ||
N ||
88
TO READ - a citi
I should/would have read - eu a fi citit
we should/would have read - noi am fi citit
you would have read - tu ai fi citit
you would have read - voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read - el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read - ei/ele ar fi citit
I should/would not have read - I shouldn't/wouldn't have read - eu nu a fi citit - eu n-a fi citit etc.
I ||
I - N ||
a (n-
TO BE SEEN - a fi vzut
I should/would have been seen - eu a fi fost vzut()
you would have been seen - tu ai fi fost vzut()
he/she/it would have been seen - el/ea ar fi fost vzut()
we should/would have been seen - noi am fi fost vzui/vzute
you would have been seen - voi ai fi fost vzui/vzute
they would have been seen - ei/ele ar fi fost vzui/vzute
N ||
I should/would not have been seen - I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen - eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost
vzut() etc.
I ||
should/would I have been seen ? - eu a fi fost vzut() ? - a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have been seen ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ? - eu nu a (eu n-a) fi
fost
vzut() ? - nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
A ||
N ||
90
CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
INFINITIV
Prezent
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
aspectul comun
look (privi)
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
I saw him not only play the guitar but also dance. - L-am vzut nu numai cntnd la chitar ci i dansnd.
He wanted him to do it, not me. - El a vrut ca el s-o fac, nu eu.
Do you wish them to stay or to leave ? - Vrei ca ei s stea sau s plece ?
He taught me to swim. - El m-a nvat s not.
They warned me not to come late. - M-au avertizat s nu vin trziu.
I cannot allow/permit her to do that. - Nu-i pot ngdui/permite ei s fac asta.
All the neighbours thought her to be a communist. - Toi vecinii o presupuneau/ bnuiau pe ea a fi comunist.
I declared myself to be against war. - M-am declarat a fi contra/mpotriva rzboiului.
Did you teach him to drive the car ? - L-ai nvat s conduc maina ?
I did not deny her to be beautiful and to sing beautifully. - N-am negat c ea este frumoas i cnt frumos.
Do you know him to be honest ? - l tii pe el a fi (ca fiind, c este) cinstit ?
B. ACUZATIV CU INFINITIV SCURT
Dup verbe ca: to feel (a simi), to hear (a auzi), to let (a lsa), to make (a face), to notice (a observa), to see (a
vedea), to watch (a privi/viziona), se folosete infinitiv scurt cnd sunt folosite la diateza activ, i infinitiv lung dac sunt
la diateza pasiv.
I felt the wind blow. - Am simind vntul suflnd.
Did you hear him say that ? - L-ai auzit spunnd-o ?
Why don't you let me solve the problem by myself ? - De ce nu m lai s rezolv problema singur ?
Who makes you laugh ? - Cine te face s rzi ?
I noticed him enter (into) the bookshop. - L-am zrit intrnd n librrie.
They saw us buy some books. - Ne-au vzut cumprnd nite cri.
You can watch us swim. - Poi s ne priveti notnd.
He was heard to say something. - El a fost auzit zicnd ceva.
Someone was heard to sing a song. - Cineva a fost auzit cntnd un cntec.
He was allowed to do what he wanted. - A fost lsat s fac ce vrea.
C. CONSTRUCIA/STRUCTURA "FOR" + PRONUME / SUBSTANTIV N ACUZATIV + INFINITIV
It is easy for him to understand. - Pentru el este uor de neles. - Lui i este uor s neleag.
Este de fapt tot acuzativ cu infinitiv, dar este precedat de prepoziia for.
Se folosete dup structurile impersonale there is (este, se afl/gsete), there are (sunt, se afl/gsesc), here is
(iat), here are (iat), it is early (este devreme), it is easy (este uor), it is difficult (este greu), it is important (este
important), it is late (este trziu), it is necessary (este necesar), it is right (este drept/just), it is wrong (este
nedrept/nejust/greit) etc.
Here are some books for me to read. - Iat nite cri pentru mine s citesc.
It is too early for us to go to the station. - Este prea devreme pentru noi s mergem la gar.
Was it too late for you to learn that language ? - Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there. - Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
It is better for you to leave now. - Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. - Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII IT IS EASY FOR ME TO LEARN
A ||
It is easy for me to learn. - Mie mi este uor s nv.
It is easy for you to learn. - ie i este uor s nvei.
It is easy for him to learn. - Lui i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for her to learn. - Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for it to learn. - Lui/Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for us to learn. - Nou ne este uor s nvm.
It is easy for you to learn. - Vou v este uor s nvai.
It is easy for them to learn. - Lor le este uor s nvee.
N ||
It is not (isn't) easy for me to learn. - Mie nu-mi este uor s nv. etc.
I ||
Is it easy for me to learn ? - mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
I - N ||Is it not (isn't it) easy for me to learn ? - Nu-mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
It was easy for me to learn. - Mie mi-a fost uor s nv.. It had been easy for me to learn. - Mie mi fusese uor s
nv.
It would be easy for me to learn. - Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.
D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
92
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. - Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. - Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul
propoziiei.
by me - de (ctre) mine
by us - de (ctre) noi
by you - de (ctre) tine
by you - de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it - de (ctre) el/ea
by them - de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? - de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano ? - Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by ? - De (ctre) cine s-a
dorit s cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. - Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se
prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. - Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. - Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. - S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. - El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de
tenis...
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII I AM KNOWN TO BE LA PREZENT
A ||
I am known to be... - se tie/cunoate c eu sunt... - eu sunt cunoscut a fi... - eu sunt cunoscut ca fiind...
you are known to be... - se tie/cunoate c tu eti... - tu eti cunoscut a fi... - tu eti cunoscut ca fiind..
he is known to be... - se tie/cunoate c el este... - el este cunoscut a fi... - el este cunoscut ca fiind...
she is known to be... - se tie/cunoate c ea este... - ea este cunoscut a fi... - ea este cunoscut ca fiind...
it is known to be... - se tie/cunoate c el/ea este... - el/ea este cunoscut() a fi.. - el/ea este cunoscut() ca fiind...
we are known to be... - se tie/cunoate c noi suntem cunoscui ca fiind...
you are known to be... - se tie/cunoate c voi suntei cunoscui ca fiind...
they are known to be... - se tie/cunoate c ei/ele sunt cunoscui ca fiind...
N || I am not known to be... - eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt cunoscut ca fiind... etc.
I || am I known to be...? - eu se tie/cunoate c sunt...? - se cunoate/tie c eu sunt...? - sunt eu cunoscut ca fiind...? etc.
I - N || am I not known to be...? - eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt... ? - nu sunt eu cu-noscut a fi...? - eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
fiind...? etc.
I was known to be... - se tia/cunotea c eu sunt... - eu eram cunoscut a fi... - eu eram cunoscut ca fiind...
I had been known to be... - se tiuse/cunoscuse c eu sunt... - eu fusesem cu-noscut a fi...
if I were known to be... - dac s-ar ti/cunoate c eu sunt....
if I had been known to be... - dac s-ar fi tiut/cunoscut c eu sunt... - dac eu a fi fost cunoscut ca fiind...
1.6.3.2. MODUL PARTICIPIU (THE PARTICIPLE MOOD)
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
prezent seeing - vznd
beeing seen - fiind vzut
speaking - vorbind
Participiu
trecut seen - vzut
seen - vzut
spoken - vorbit
perfect having seen - vznd
having been seen - fiind vzut
having spoken - vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar pentru unele verbe are forme
pentru diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul to be, care se conjug, formeaz, aa cum s-a artat, aspectul
continuu al verbelor.
93
You must have your hair cut. - Trebuie s-i scurtezi/tunzi prul.
1.6.3.3. MODUL GERUNZIU (THE GERUND MOOD)
Este un substantiv verbal, i seamn ca form cu participiul.
His coming was expected. - Venirea lui era ateptat.
Seeing is believing. - Faptul de a vedea (vzutul) nseamn a crede.
Gerund
prezent
perfect
diateza activ
seeing - vznd
having seen - dup ce a vzut
diateza pasiv
being seen - fiind vzut
having been seen - dup ce a fost vzut
We aren't sated with fishing and swimming, are we ? - Noi nu suntem plictisii / stui de pescuit i not, nu-i aa ?
to see to - a avea grij de, a se ocupa de
See to making some tea, will you ? - Vezi / ocup-te s faci nite ceai, te rog.
to succeed in - a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart. - El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for - a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming. - Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of - a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip. - Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming - venirea mea
my being late - ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. - El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us! - S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning. - i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here. - mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) - arta de a (tri)
astonishment at - uimire fa de
confidence in - ncredere n
dependence on - dependen fa de
disappointment at - dezamgire la
experience in - experien n
fear of - team de
idea of - idee de a
interest in - interes fa de
risk of - riscul de a
mode of (living) - modul de a (tri)
surprise at - surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce fie prin gerunziu, fie printr-un substantiv, fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches. - Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee. - El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so. - Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ? - Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ? - Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? - i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ? - A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri diferite, nu-i aa ?
Any work needs correcting. - Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing. - mi place notul nu alpinismul.
Some women hate fishing. - Unele femei detest pescuitul.
A ||
mas.
N || There will not be (there won't be) a book on the table. - Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas. - Nu se va afla (n-o
s se
afle) o carte pe mas.
There will not be (there won't be) two books on the table. - Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas. - Nu se vor
afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there be a book on the table ? - Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ? - Se va afla (o s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there be two books on the table ? - Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? - Se vor afla dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu va fi o carte pe mas ? - Nu se va afla o carte pe
mas ?
Will there not (won't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? - Nu se vor
afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor anterior (The Future Perfect)
There will (there'll) have been a book on the table. - Va fi fost o carte pe mas. - Se va fi aflat o carte pe mas.
There will (there'll) have been two books on the table. - Vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) have been a book on the table. - Nu va fi fost o carte pe mas. - Nu se va fi aflat o
carte pe
A ||
97
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. - Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Will there have been a book on the table ? - Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? -Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? - Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? - Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe
mas ?
I ||
A ||
There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table. - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? - Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? - Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there not be two books on the table ? - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must - to have to - trebuie s - a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. - Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Must there be a book on the table ? - Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe
mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
N ||
o
98
afle
I ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. - Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. - Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. - Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. - Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. - El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A ||
A ||
A ||
99
There would have been two books on the table. - Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
There would not have been a book on the table. - Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas. - Nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
There would not have been two books on the table. - Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Would there have been a book on the table ? - Ar fi fost o carte pe mas ? - S-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas ?
Would there have been two books on the table ? - Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas? - S-ar fi aflat dou cri pe
mas ?
I - N || Would there not have been a book on the table ? - Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas? - Nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe
mas ?
Would there not have been two books on the table ? - Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas ?
N ||
A ||
N ||
mas.
A ||
mas.
N || If there had not been a book on the table. - Dac n-ar fi fost o carte pe mas. - Dac nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe
mas.
If there had not been two books on the table. - Dac n-ar fi fost dou cri pe mas. - Dac nu s-ar fi aflat dou
cri pe
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. - Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? - Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. - Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. - El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
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1.6.
Adverbul (lat : ad - lng, verbum - verb - cuvnt) determin un verb, un alt adverb sau un adjectiv.
1.7.1. CLASIFICARE
1.7.1.1. ADVERBE DE MOD (ADVERBS OF MANNER)
Adverbele de mod rspund la ntrebarea how ? - cum ?
upside-down - cu faa n jos, somehow - cumva, willingly - bucuros, fluently - fluent/curgtor, by chance - din
ntmplare, accidentally - accidental, beautifully - frumos, deliberately - deliberat, completely - complet, extremely extrem, fast - iute, hardly - greu/abia, how - ct/cum, little - puin, much - mult, rather - cam, scarcely - abia, very foarte, well - bine, badly - ru, unawares - deodat/pe neateptate, quickly - repede, fast - iute, slowly - lent/rar/ncet,
aloud - tare/cu voce tare
1.7.1.2. ADVERBE DE TIMP (ADVERVBS OF TIME)
Adverbele de timp rspund la ntrebarea when ? - cnd ?
101
afterwards - dup aceea, daily - zilnic, early - devreme, formerly - odinioar, immediately - imediat, meanwhile - ntre
timp, never - niciodat, now - acum, presently - imediat, yearly - anual, recently - recent, sometimes - uneori, soon curnd, yesterday - ieri, often - adesea, late - trziu, then - atunci, always - totdeauna, last month - luna trecut, before nainte, after - dup, today - azi/astzi, just - tocmai/abia, at present - n prezent, at last - n cele din urm/n fine, by
now - pn acum, already - deja, still - nc, once - odinioar/cndva, when - cnd, just now - chiar acum, so far - pn
aici/acum, sooner or later - mai curnd sau mai trziu etc.
1.7.1.3. ADVERBE DE LOC (ADVERBS OF PLACE)
Adverbele de loc rspund la ntrebarea where ? - unde ?
behind - n spate, far - departe, here - aici, near - aproape, there - acolo, inside - n interior, upstairs - la etaj, along de-a lungul, up and down - n sus i n jos, here and there - ici i colo, abroad - n strintate, under - dedesubt,
somewhere - undeva, nowhere - nicieri, niciunde, anywhere - oriunde, everywhere - pretutindeni, southwards - ctre
sud, homeward - spre/ctre cas, where - unde etc.
1.7.1.4. ADVERBE DE CAUZ (ADVERBS OF CAUSE/REASON)
Adverbele de cauz rspund la ntrebarea why ? - de ce ?
that is why - iat de ce, therefore - pentru acest motiv, de aceea, for the reason that - pentru motivul c etc.
1.7.1.5. ADVERBE DE SCOP (ADVERBS OF PURPOSE)
Adverbele de scop rspund la ntrebarea for what purpose? - cu ce scop?
for this purpose - cu acest scop, for the mere purpose of - pentru simplul motiv de a, etc.
1.7.1.6. ADVERBE DE CANTITATE /GRAD (ADVERBS OF QUANTITY)
Adverbele de cantitate /grad rspund la ntrebrile how much ? - ct ?, how little ? - ct de puin ? etc.
almost - aproape/aproximativ, enormously - enorm, entirely - n ntregime, little - puin, much - mult, quite chiar/total, really - ntr-adevr/cu adevrat, so - astfel/aa, sufficiently - suficient, enough - destul/suficient, too prea/suficient, very - foarte etc.
ALTE ADVERBE :
especially - mai ales, n special
at most - cel mult
precisely - precis
exactly - exact
at latest - cel mai trziu
also - de asemenea
even - chiar
at earliest - cel mai devreme
at least - cel puin
only - numai, doar
however - totui, cu toate acestea
consequently - ca urmare
surely - sigur
of course - desigur
at any rate - n orice caz
at worst - n cel mai ru caz
to amuse - a amuza
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusement - amuzare
amusingly - amuzant
amusive - hazliu
amusingness - amuzare
attraction - atracie
attractingly - atrgtor
to attract - a atrage
-
attractive - atrgtor
attractibility - atracie
to brighten -
brightly - luminos
brightly - strlucitor,
a lumina, a nviora
brilliance - strlucire
brilliantness - splendoare
care - grij
carefully - cu atenie
carefulness - atenie
careless - neglijent
carelessly - neglijent
to change - a schimba
changeableness - nestatornicie
changeable - schimbtor
changeably - schimbtor
changeless - neschimbat
changed - schimbat
to cloud - a innora
cloudiness - nnourare
cloudy - noros
cloudily - nebulos
cloudlessly - clar
cloudlessness - senintate
clouded - noros
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to compare - a compara
compare/comparison - comparaie
VERB
comparative - comparativ
SUBSTANTIV
comparably - comparativ
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
comparable - comparabil
comparatively - comparativ
comparation - comparaie
compared - comparat
comparability - comparabilitate
to continue - a continua
continuity - continuitate
continuous - continuu
continuously - continuu
continued - continuat
to deepen - a adnci,
deep - adnc
to disagree - a displace
disagreeably - neplcut
to hope - a spera
hope - speran
hopefully - promitor
hopelessness - disperare
liveliness - vioiciune, animaie
hopeless - disperat
livable - cu care se poate tri
hopelessly - fr speran,
life - via
livelong - trainic
to open - a deschide
open - deschis
openly - deschis
opener - deschiztor
to pain - a durea
pain - durere
painful - dureros
painfully - dureros
painfulness - durere
to taste - a gusta
taste - gust
tasty - gustos
tastily - gustos
tasteful - gustos
tastefully - cu gust
tasteless - fr gust
tastelessly - fr gust
to tidy - a ordona
tidiness - ordine
tidily - ordonat
to use - a folosi
-
usefully - util
uselessly - inutil
lively - vioi
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
SUPERIORITATE
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
much - mult
near - aproape
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
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COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
gratefully - recunosctor
willingly - bucuros
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c
verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black - a fi negru
to be cold - a fi frig
to be bloody - a fi afurisit
to be concise - a fi concis
to be careful - a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard - a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de
cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul
comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. - Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. - Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. - John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. - Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. - Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. - Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. - Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau
adverbelor.
very well - foarte bine
quite right - perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. - Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) - dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. - I-am vzut dup aceea.
again - din nou, iar, iari ; once more - nc o dat
I saw him again. - L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again - very often - mereu - foarte adesea
You must try again and again. - Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always - totdeuna, ntotdeauna
I am always at home on Sundays. - Sunt totdeauna acas duminica.
The sun always rises in the east. - Soarele rsare totdeauna n est.
You must always remember these rules. - Trebuie s-i aminteti mereu aceste reguli.
Before - nainte; at an earlier time - ntr-un moment anterior
I had read that book before. - Citisem cartea aceea nainte.
ever - vreodat
Do you ever go to see them ? - Te duci vreodat pe la ei ?
Have you ever tried ? - Ai ncercat vreodat ?
never - niciodat; at no time - on no occasion - cu nici un prilej
I have never tried. - N-am ncercat niciodat.
I never go to seeaside alone. - Nu merg niciodat singur la mare.
He is never at home after eight o'clock. - El nu este niciodat acas dup ora opt.
I can never understand what he says. - Nu neleg niciodat ce zice el.
Never do things by halves .( prov.) - S nu faci niciodat lucrurile pe jumtate.
Never too old to learn. (prov.) - Nu suntem niciodata prea btrni s nvm.
0ften - adesea; many times - de multe ori
I often go to see them . - Merg adesea pe la ei.
How often do you visit them ? - Ct de des i vizitezi ?
104
above - deasupra
alongside - unul lng altul, alturi
at - la
beneath - sub; mai jos de
by - de, de ctre, prin
inside - nuntru
notwithstanding - cu toate c
opposite - peste drum de, vizavi
round - n jurul
to - la, ctre
within - n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
The planets move around the sun. - Planetele se mic n jurul soarelui.
to sail around the world - a naviga n jurul lumii
in a voyage around the world - ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii
to sit around the table - a edea n jurul mesei
She had a scarf around her neck. - Ea avea o earf n jurul gtului.
He showed us around the house. - Ne-a prezentat casa lui. - Ne-a condus prin casa lui.
around (adv.) - de jur mprejur etc.
Is an island a land with water all around ? - Este o insul un uscat/pmnt nconjurat de ape ?
Winter will soon be around again. - Iarna se va instala din nou.
We could have fruit all the year around. - Am putea avea fructe tot timpul anului.
to have a wall all around - a avea un zid de jur mprejur
Come around to see us tomorrow ! - Trecei/Venii mine pe la noi !
at - la etc.
at noon - la prnz
at my command - la ordinul meu, la comanda mea
at day break - la revrsatul zorilor, n zori
at the age of - la vrsta de
at that time - la/pe vremea aceea
at the same time - n acelai timp
at random - la ntmplare, haotic
at first - la nceput
to be at school - a fi la coal
at last - n cele din urm, n final
at what time ? - la ce or ?
to be at smb.'s mercy - a fi la mila cuiva
at one/two etc. o'clock - la ora unu/dou etc.
at the end of a book - la sfritul unei cri
at any moment - n orice clip
at the end of the week - la sfrtul sptmnii
before (prep.) - nainte de etc.
two days before Easter - (cu) dou zile nainte de Pati
to come before the fixed time - a veni nainte de ora
since before the war - de dinainte de rzboi
fixat
before the war - nainte de rzboi
before (adv.) - nainte
I've met him before - l-am cunoscut (mai) nainte
the day before - cu o zi nainte
before long - soon - curnd
before (conj.) - nainte
You must eat smth. before you go. - Trebuie s mnnci ceva nainte de a pleca.
Tell him now before you forget. - Spune-i acum nainte de a uita.
That happened in the year 55 B.C. (B.C. - Before Christ) - Asta s-a ntmplat n anul 55 nainte de Christos.
behind (prep.) - n spatele
to hide behind a tree - a se ascunde dup un copac - a se ascunde n spatele unui copac
to hide behind the door - a se ascunde dup u
to come out from behind the door - a iei de dup u
behind (adv.) - n spate, n urm, napoia etc.
to attack from behind - a ataca din spate
to be behind with one's work - a fi n urm cu lucrul
to fall on one's behind - a cdea pe spate
below (prep.) - sub ,dedesubt
The sun goes below the horizon. - Soarele se deplaseaz sub orizont.
a leg broken below the knee - un picior fracturat sub genunchi
below sea level - sub nivelul mrii
to be below fifty - a fi sub cincizeci de ani
below the average - sub nivelul mediu
below (adv.) - sub, dedesubt
We could see the lake below. - Puteam s vedem lacul dedesubt.
He lived in the room below. - El locuia n camera de dedesubt.
here below - on earth - pe pmnt
beneath (prep.) - dedesubt, sub
beneath one's dignity - sub demnitatea cuiva
beside - by the side of - lng, alturi de
a small park beside the river - un prcule lng ru
to live beside the sea - a tri lng mare, a locui pe rmul mrii
besides (prep.) - pe lng
besides this - pe lng asta/aceasta.
besides (adv.) - moreover - in addition to - n plus, pe deasupra
He is tired and besides, away from home. - Este obosit i n plus, departe de cas.
between (prep.) - ntre
109
puin
without (prep.) - fr
not to succeed without money - a nu reui fr bani
to come without delay - a veni fr ntrziere
to escape without damage - a scpa nevtmat
to come without doubt - a veni fr ndoial
to be without help - a fi fr ajutor, a fi lipsit de ajutor
It goes without saying. - Se nelege de la sine.
to do smth. without success - a face ceva fr succes
They passed without saying a word. - Ei au trecut fr a spune vreun cuvnt.
I cannot speak German without mistakes. - Nu pot vorbi germana fr greeli.
1.8.2. VERBE CU PREPOZIII OBLIGATORII
to accuse smb. of smth. - a acuza pe cineva de ceva
to agree on - a fi de acord asupra
to approve of smth. - a aproba ceva
to ask smb. for smth. - a cere cuiva ceva
to be acquainted with smth.-a fi obinuit cu ceva
to be angry with smb. - a fi suprat pe cineva
to be astonished at - a fi uimit/uluit de
to be characteristic of - a fi caracteristic pentru
to be concerned with - a fi preocupat de
to be crazy about - a fi nebun dup
to be dependent on/upon - a fi dependent de
to be different from - a fi diferit de
to be good at - a fi bun la, a se pricepe la
to be grateful to - a fi recunosctor fa de
to be of opinion that - a fi de prere c
to be on the move - a fi n micare
to be independent of - a fi independent de
to be intent on - a fi absorbit de
to be jealous of - a fi gelos pe
to be polite to - a fi politicos/civilizat cu
to be proud of - a fi mndru de
to be seized with - a fi prins de
to be sorry for - a-i prea ru pentru; a-i cere scuze
to be surprised at - a fi surprins de
to beg for - a ceri/implora
to belong to - a aparine
to boast of - a se luda/fli cu
to call for - a cere, a necesita
to call at a place - a trece printr-un loc
to compare to/with - a compara cu
to conceal from - a se ascunde de
to contribute to - a contribui la
to cure of - a vindeca de
to defend from - a apra de
to die of - a muri de
to do without - a se lipsi de, a face fr
to embark on - a o porni ntr-o direcie;
to feed on - a hrni cu
to forgive for - a ierta pentru
to go to - a merge la, a se duce la
113
de
not so . . . as . . . - nu aa de . . . ca . . .
Your house is not so big as I thought. - Casa ta nu este aa mare cum am crezut.
as . . . as - la fel de ...ca.., tot aa de ca....
She sang the song as beautifully as she could. - Ea a cntat cntecul ct a putut de frumos.
so much as - aa de mult ct/ca
I do not like tennis so much as he does. - Mie nu-mi place tenisul aa de mult ct lui.
so far as - n msura n care
You will buy the house so far as you can afford it. - Vei cumpra casa n msura n care i poi permite.
1.9.1.2.4. CONJUNCII DE CAUZ (CONJUNCTIONS OF CAUSE)
Conjuncii de cauz introduc subordonatele cauzale.
because - for the reason that - pentru c, pentru motivul c , deoarece , ntruct
I bought the ball because it was cheap. - Am cumprat mingea pentru c era ieftin.
seeing that - vznd c
Seeing that it was raining I entered the house. - Vznd c plou am intrat n cas.
since - ntruct, deoarece, cci
Since it is raining, I must take my umbrella. - ntruct plou, trebuie s-mi iau umbrela.
now that - acum c, deoarece
Now that I have come I shall/will drink a cup of coffee. - Acum c am venit, voi bea o ceac cu cafea.
1.9.1.2.5. CONJUNCII DE SCOP (CONJUNCTIONS OF PURPOSE)
Conjunciile de scop introduc subordonatele finale.
in order to/that - cu scopul de a, ca s
We have come to school in order to learn. - Am venit la coal ca s nvm.
lest (+ should) - ca s nu
Turn on the light lest you should knock your head against smth. ! - Aprinde lumina ca s nu te loveti cu capul de
ceva !
so that - aa nct, ca s
Turn on the light so that I can see better ! - Aprinde lumina ca s pot vedea mai bine !
1.9.1.2.6. CONJUNCII CONCESIVE (CONJUNCTIONS OF CONCESSION)
Conjunciile concesive introduc subordonatele concesive.
though - although - dei, cu toate c
I shall/will go there although it is late. - Voi merge acolo dei este trziu.
even if - chiar dac
I shall go there even if it is very late. - Voi merge acolo chiar dac este foarte trziu.
however (much) - orict de (mult)
You must buy it however much it costs. - Trebuie s-o cumperi indiferent ct de mult cost.
no matter how - nu conteaz ct/cum, indiferent ct/cum
You must read it no matter how borring it is. - Trebuie s-o citeti indiferent ct de plictisitoare este.
Boring as it is you must read it. - Plictisitoare aa cum este trebuie s-o citeti.
in spite of - n ciuda
He succeeded in spite of all the difficulties that he came across. - El a reuit n ciuda tuturor dificultilor pe care le-a
ntmpinat.
in spite of the fact that - n ciuda faptului c, dei, chiar dac
They failed in spite of their efforts. - Au euat n ciuda eforturilor lor.
notwithstanding - dei, n ciuda/pofida faptului c
They failed notwithstanding the efforts they made. - Ei au dat gre n ciuda/ pofida eforturilor pe care le-au fcut.
1.9.1.2.6. CONJUNCII CONDIIONALE (CONJUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONAL)
Conjunciile condiionale introduc subordonatele condiionale.
if - dac
I shall not come if I don't have time. - Nu voi veni dac nu voi avea timp.
if only - doar/numai dac
I shall come if only I have time. - Voi veni doar dac voi avea timp.
on condition that - cu condiia c
I shall come on the condition that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
provided that - cu condiia c
I shall come provided that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
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which - care
Which book I must buy is a mystery. - Care carte trebuie s-o cumpr este un mister.
which of - care dintre
Which of us will travel by train is a secret. - Care dintre noi va cltori cu trenul este secret.
1.9.1.2.11. CONJUNCII COMPLETIVE (OBJECT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
that - c
You did not tell me that you would come earlier. - Nu mi-ai spus c vei veni mai devreme.
Conjuncia that se poate omite: I knew you were very busy. - tiam c eti foarte ocupat.
1.9.2. ALTE CUVINTE DE LEGTUR
for instance - for example - de exemplu/pild
one - o dat
One, you would have more spare time. - O dat, ai avea mai mult timp liber.
two - doi, n al doilea rnd
Two, you would be better paid. - Doi, ai fi mai bine pltit.
Secondly, and far more importantly . . . - n al doilea rnd, i mult mai important . . .
and to conclude . . .- i n ncheiere
first / firstly - n primul rnd, mai nti
second / secondly - n al doilea rnd
third / thirdly - n al treilea rnd
to conclude - n ncheiere / concluzie
for a start - pentru nceput
I want to begin by saying that. - Vreau s ncep prin a spune (spunnd) c.
Another thing is that . . . - Alt lucru este c . . .
Which is far more important. - Care este cu mult mai important.
There is still another thing. - Mai este nc un lucru.
The final thing I must say is . . . - Ultimul lucru pe care trebuie s-l spun este . . .
The second/third reason is . . . - Al doilea/treilea motiv este . . .
Also, it's not . . . - De asemenea, nu este . . .
You didn't read that book. - I didn't read it either. - Neither did I. - Tu nu ai citit cartea aceea. - Nici eu n-am citit-o.
"You are in a hurry." "Indeed we are." - Voi v grbii. Ne grbim, ntr-adevr; Da, aa este; Sigur c da.
That reminds me of . . . - Asta mi amintete de . . .
By the way. - By the by. - Apropo.
In a word, briefly. - ntr-un cuvnt, pe scurt.
My conclusion is that . . . - Concluzia mea este c . . .
That is. - That is to say. - Adic
This is another way of putting it. - Aceasta este un alt fel/mod de a-l spune/ exprima.
Such an example would be . . . - Un astfel de exemplu ar fi
As a result...- consequently... - Ca urmare; n consecin...
The consequence was that . . . - Consecina/urmarea a fost c . . .
The consequence of his being late was that . . . - Consecina/urmarea ntrzierii lui a fost c . . .
in other words - cu alte cuvinte
in that case - n cazul acela
if so - dac e aa
if not - dac nu
I would rather say - a spune/zice mai degrab
a way of putting it - un fel de a spune
a better way of putting it - un fel mai bun de a zice
It would be better to . . . - Ar fi mai bine s. .
on the one hand / side - pe de o parte; on the other hand / side - pe de alt parte
on the contrary - dimpotriv
by contrast - prin contrast
Of course, he . . .- Desigur, el . . .
He is , of course.... - El este, desigur...
it is true that - este adevrat c
There is little doubt about that. - Este puin ndoial n privina aceasta/aceea.
There is no doubt about that. - Nu este nici o ndoial n acest sens.
The truth is that . . . - Adevrul este c . . .
He will even read it. - El o va i citi. - El chiar o va citi.
"He likes to spend his holidays at the seaside". "So do we". - Lui i place s-i petreac vacana la mare. i nou.
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"We are at the seaside". "So am I". - Noi suntem la mare. i eu.
"He can speak French". "So can we". - El tie s vorbeasc franuzete. i noi.
"He cannot speak French". "Neither can we"; "We can't either". - El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete. Nici noi.
the first reason - primul motiv, prima cauz
the first suggestion - prima sugestie
He feels so bad today. - El se simte aa (de) ru azi/astzi.
I do not feel that bad. - Eu nu m simt aa (de) ru.
I expected it to be this big. - M-am ateptat s fie aa de mare.
in the same way as - n acelai fel ca
much similar to - mult asemntor cu
The girl other than Jane. - Alt fat dect Jane; Alt fat n afar de Jane.
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2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn - mpreun, cu; taxis - aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul
propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
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AFTER - DUP
to look after smth./smb. - a avea grij, a se ngriji de ceva/cineva
WITHOUT - FR
to do without - a se lipsi/dispensa de - a se descurca fr
to ask smb. smth. - a ntreba pe cineva ceva
to interfere between - a se amesteca ntre
to look like smb. - a semna cu cineva
to look like smth. - a semna cu ceva
to move smth. near smth. - a muta ceva lng ceva
to pass oneself off as - a se da/prezenta drept
to transform smth. into smth. else - a transforma ceva n altceva
to pass smb./smth. - a trece de cineva/ceva
n limba romn aceste complemente prepoziionale au ca echivalent complementul indirect n acuzativ care
rspunde la ntrebrile: cu cine?, cu ce?, la cine?, la ce?, fr cine? etc.
2.1.4.4. Complementul circumstanial de loc (The Adverbial of Place)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de loc.
William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey, on the coast of Sussex. - William Cuceritorul a debarcat la Pevensey, pe
coasta Sussex-ului.
We are at home. - Noi suntem acas.
English is spoken all over the world. - Engleza este vorbit n toat lumea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: where ? - unde ?, from where ?, where...., from? - de unde ?, how far ? - ct de
departe ?, pn unde ? etc.
2.1.4.5. Complementul circumstanial de timp (The Adverbial of Time)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de timp.
I was at home yesterday. - Yesterday I was at home. - Ieri eram acas.
I have never seen him there. - Nu l-am vzut pe el niciodat acolo.
We have lived in Craiova for twenty five years. - Locuim n Craiova de douzeci i cinci de ani.
Rspunde la ntrebarea when ? - cnd ?
2.1.4.6. Complementul circumstanial de mod (The Adverbial of Manner)
Se exprim prin adverbe de mod.
Alice sings beautifully. - Alice cnt frumos.
The children were playing happily. - Copiii se jucau fericii.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: how ? - cum ?, how much ? - ct, ct ?, in what way ? - n ce fel ?, how many times ? de cte ori ?
2.1.4.7. Complementul circumstanial de cauz (The Adverbial of Cause)
Exprim cauza aciunii svrite de subiect i exprimat prin predicat.
I couldn't come because of the rain. - N-am putut veni din cauza ploii.
We arrived late on my account. - Am ajuns trziu din cauza mea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: why ? - de ce ?, for what reason ? - din ce cauz/motiv ?, on what account ? - din ce
cauz ?, on whose account ? - din cauza cui ? - din a cui cauz ?
2.1.4.8. Complementul circumstanial de scop/final (The Adverbial of Purpose)
Reprezint materializarea scopului subiectului propoziiei n care se afl.
He only works for money. - El muncete numai pentru bani.
He worked hard to make a good impression and to get much money. - A muncit mult/ serios ca s fac o bun
impresie i s ctige bani muli.
This device is used for various purposes. - Acest dispozitiv este folosit n/pentru diverse scopuri.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: for what purpose(s) ? - cu ce scop(uri) ?, for what ? - what... for ? - pentru ce ?
2.1.4.9. Complementul circumstanial concesiv (The Adverbial of Concession)
They have come in spite of the bad weather. - Ei au venit cu toat vremea rea.
They played tennis in spite of my refusal not to play. - Ei au jucat tenis n pofida refuzului meu de a juca.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: in spite of whom /what ? - n pofida/ciuda cui ?
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She was singing as beautifully as her sister, Alice was. - Ea cnta la fel de frumos cum cnta sora ei, Alice.
Tomorrow we shall work more than we worked yesterday. - Mine vom munci mai mult dect am muncit ieri.
Subordonata circumstanial de mod rspunde la ntrebrile: how? - cum?, how beautifully ? - ct de frumos ?,
how much ? - ct de mult ?, how little ? - ct de puin ?, how big ? - ct de mare ? etc.
She cooks the breakfast exactly as her mother did. - Ea pregtete micul dejun exact cum fcea mama ei.
2.2.10. Propoziia subordonat cauzal (The Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason)
Este n fraza respectiv un complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng termenul su regent care este un verb sau
un adverb din regenta sa.
I didn't meet them there because I was late. - Nu i-am ntlnit acolo pentru c am ntrziat.
Se leag de regenta sa prin conjuncii sau adverbe relative ca: because - pentru c, for the reason that - pentru
motivul c, seeing that - vznd c, on the ground that - din cauz c, owing to the fact that - datorit faptului c, as cci, since - ntruct, on account that - din cauz c etc.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: why ? - de ce ?, on what account ? - din ce cauz, for what reason ? - din ce motiv/cauz ?
etc.
Seeing that they did not come I went home. - Vznd c ei nu vin am plecat acas.
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late. - Eu nu am venit pentru faptul c era prea trziu.
2.2.11. Propoziia subordonat final (de scop) (The Adverbial Clause of Purpose)
Corespunde n fraza respectiv unui complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa,
respectiv pe lng termenul su regent.
You must get up earlier, so that you can meet him at the station. - Trebuie s te scoli mai devreme ca s-l poi
ntmpina pe el la gar.
We got up early, so that we should not be late for school. - Ne-am sculat de-noapte ca s nu ntrziem de la coal.
He must turn on the light lest he should knock himself against something in the darkness. - El trebuie s aprind
lumina ca s nu se loveasc de ceva pe ntuneric.
Subordonata final se leag de regenta sa prin conjunciile i adverbele relative: in order that - cu scopul de a, so
that - aa nct, that - nct/c, lest (+ should) - ca s nu, for fear that - de team s nu, on purpose to - cu scopul de a.
I shall go to England so that I can learn English well. - Eu voi merge n Anglia ca s pot nva englezete bine.
n limba englez un mare numr de subordonate finale se realizeaz cu ajutorul modului infinitiv, dei se tie
c infinitivul nu este un mod personal.
We go to school to learn. - Mergem la coal s nvm. - Mergem la coal pentru a nva.
We go to church to pray. - Mergem la biseric pentru a ne ruga. - Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They came here on purpose to borrow money from us. - Ei au venit aici cu scopul de a mprumuta bani de la noi.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: on what purpose ? - cu ce scop ?, for what reason ? - pentru care motiv ?, for what ? what.. for ? - pentru ce ?
2.2.12. Subordonata concesiv (The Adverbial Clause of Concession)
Se introduce prin conjunciile: though, although - dei, cu toate c, however - orict de, whoever - indiferent cine,
in spite of - n ciuda /pofida, even if/though - chiar dac, whichever - indiferent care, no matter who - indiferent cine,
no matter whose - indiferent al, a, ai, ale cui ?, no matter by whom - no matter who(m)... by - indiferent de cine, no
matter why - indiferent de ce, no matter how - indiferent cum , no matter when - indiferent cnd, no matter where indiferent unde
Though it is late we shall sit and watch the football match. - Dei este trziu noi vom sta i vom privi meciul de fotbal.
We shall watch the football match although it is late. - Noi vom privi meciul de fotbal dei este trziu.
Late as it is we shall watch the football match. - Trziu aa cum este noi vom privi meciul de fotbal. - Aa trziu cum
este noi vom privi meciul de fotbal.
You should be waiting for him even if it were late. - Ar trebui s-l atepi chiar dac ar fi trziu.
n acest ultim exemplu se observ n subordonat folosirea modului subjonctiv prin care se exprim o situaie ireal
sau o presupunere.
You should have been waiting for him even if it had been late. - Ar fi trebuit s-l atepi chiar dac era trziu.
We shall go to see them even if it is rather early. - Mergem pe la ei dei este cam devreme.
I buy it however expensive it is. - l /O cumpr indiferent ct este de scump().
I should buy it however expensive it were. - A cumpra-o indiferent ct ar fi ea de scump. - L-a cumpra indiferent
ct ar fi de scump.
If they're poor, at least they're honest. - Dac sunt sraci cel puin sunt cinstii.
2.2.13. Propoziia consecutiv (The Adverbial Clause of Result or The Consecutive Adverbial Clause)
Exprim rezultatul/urmarea/consecina aciunii din propoziia regent.
Alice was so beautiful that everybody was admiring her. - Alice era aa/att de frumoas nct toat lumea o admira.
His explanation was so clear that each of us understood it - Explicaia lui a fost aa de clar nct fiecare dintre noi a
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neles-o.
He never goes to the seaside but spend a lot of money. - El nu merge niciodat la mare fr s cheltuiasc muli bani.
Such was the force of his argument that everybody agreed with him. - Aa mare a fost fora argumentului su c toat
lumea a fost de acord cu el.
Se introduce prin conjunciile: so... that... - aa de... nct/c, that - c/nct
He was so clever that everybody admired him. - El era aa/att de detept c/nct toat lumea l admira.
2.2.14. Propoziia subordonat condiional (The Adverbial Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause)
Reprezint condiia nfptuirii/ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta sa. Se leag de regenta sa cu ajutorul conjunciilor
condiionale : if - dac, on condition that - cu condiia c, providing/provided that - cu condiia c, suppose/supposing
that - presupunnd c - dac, unless - dac nu, cu condiia c nu , whether... or not - dac... sau nu, as soon as - de
ndat ce - dac, as long as - ct timp - dac, in case - n caz c - dac
Exist trei tipuri de condiionale, clasificare fcut n raport cu posibilitatea realizrii/ ndeplinirii aciunii din
regenta respectiv.
a) Subordonata condiional tip I condiie real i posibil, iar verbul din regenta sa este la viitor. Locul lor
n fraz se poate schimba.
If I have time I shall read this book. - Dac voi avea timp voi citi aceast carte.
I shall read this book if I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte dac voi avea timp.
I shall not read this book unless I have time. - Nu voi citi aceast carte dac nu voi avea timp.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte cu condiia c voi avea timp.
Remind him of his promise in case he forgets. - Amintete-i de promisiunea lui n caz c uit.
I'll remind you of your promise in case you forget. - i voi aminti de promisiunea ta n caz c uii.
I'll not be waiting for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
I'll not wait for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede c aciunea din condiional probabil/ posibil se va ndeplini.
b) Subordonata condiional tip II condiie ireal i improbabil, dar nu imposibil.
I should read this book if I had time. - Eu a citi aceast carte dac a avea timp.
Se observ c n exemplul de mai sus verbul este la modul condiional, timpul prezent, iar n regent verbul
este modul subjonctiv, timpul prezent. n aceast situaie condiia devine probabil. n acest caz aciunea din regent
pare mai degrab s nu se realizeze sau presupunerea din regent pare s fie n contradicie cu realitatea ori faptele
cunoscute.
He would buy this palace if he had money. - El ar cumpra acest palat dac ar avea bani.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy. - Dac el ar fi/ trebui/ urma s mearg ntr-o
cltorie n jurul lumii ar fi foarte fericit.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world. - El ar fi foarte fericit dac ar fi s
plece/mearg ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii.
c) Subordonata condiional tip III condiie imposibil
n situaia aceasta verbul din regent este la modul condiional perfect, iar cel din regent este la modul
subjonctiv perfect. Condiiile sunt trecute, sunt deci imposibil de ndeplinit.
If I had had time I should have read the book. - Dac a fi avut timp a fi citit cartea.
sau:
I should have read the book if I had had time. - Eu a fi citit cartea dac a fi avut timp.
I should have spoken to that Englishman if I had been able to speak English. - A fi vorbit cu englezul acela dac a fi
tiut englezete.
sau:
Had I been able to speak English I should have spoken to that Englishman. - S fi tiut eu s vorbesc englezete a fi
vorbit cu englezul acela.
If you treat us kindly, we'll do anything for you. - Dac ne tratezi (ne vei trata) amabil vom face orice pentru tine.
If you listened to us, you wouldn't make mistakes. - Dac tu ai asculta de noi n-ai face greeli.
If you ever have any trouble, let us know. - Dac avei/ai vreodat vreo suprare, d-ne de tire.
If it were to rain, you would get wet. - Dac ar fi s plou, v-ai uda.
Should you change your mind, let me know. - Dac s-ar ntmpla s te rzgndeti, d-mi de veste.
Give it back to him, or I'll tell your mother. - D-i-l napoi c altfel i spun mamei tale.
2.2.15. Subordonata condiional concesiv (The Alternative Conditional Concessive Clause)
He will pay for everything, whether he likes it or not. - El va plti pentru tot, chiar dac i place sau nu.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard. - Oriunde (indiferent unde) trieti, trebuie s munceti serios/mult.
Wherever you lived, you'd have to work hard. - Oriunde ai locui/tri ar trebui s munceti mult.
2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. n limba
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englez timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte
timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaz folosirea anumitor timpuri n subordonatele lor.
Exist n acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut i aplicat.
Regula I: Dac n regent verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense n subordonat se poate folosi
orice timp.
Regula II: Dac n regent verbul este la trecut n subordonat el trebuie s fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute
ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past.
Regula III: Dac verbul din regent este la viitor n subordonatele condiionale i temporale, el trebuie s fie la
Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar dac subordonata este completiv direct verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENT
I. Verbul este la prezent
SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
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form de propoziii subordonate poart numele de vorbire indirect sau stil indirect. S-a transformat astfel vorbirea
direct n vorbire indirect.
"What is your name ?" he asked me. - Cum te cheam ? m ntreb el.
devine:
He asked me what my name was. - El m ntreb cum m cheam.
Exist un mare numr de verbe cu ajutorul crora se realizeaz trecerea de la vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect.
Printre acestea sunt:
to say (a zice /gri), to ask (a ntreba), to admit (a admite /ncuviina), to acknowledge (a recunoate), to agree (a fi de
acord), to answer /reply (a rspunde), to think (a gndi /crede), to tell (a spune), to wonder (a se mira) etc. Ele se
numesc verbe introductive. Iat concret cum se face transformarea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect:
a) "I am at home" he says.
b) "I am at home" he said.
Dac verbul introductiv este la prezent, aa cum se vede n varianta a) verbul din vorbirea direct care prin transformare
ajunge predicatul subordonatei, nu-i va modifica timpul, ci i-l va menine astfel:
"I am at home" he says. devine: He says (that) he is at home.
Propoziia regent este He says, iar propoziia he is at home este subordonat. n varianta b) transformarea se face
astfel:
"I am at home" he said. devine: He said that he was at home.
Verbul said, n vorbirea indirect, verbul regentei, este la Past Tense. Vom aplica concordana timpurilor. Astfel verbul
am trece i el la Past Tense. n cazul b) timpurile verbelor din vorbirea direct transformndu-se dup cum urmeaz:
The Present
devine
The Past Tense
The Past Tense i The Present Perfect
devin
The Past Perfect
The Future
devine
The Future in the Past
Tot n aceast situaie se mai produc urmtoarele schimbri:
I
you
we
my
your
mine
yours
this
today
yesterday
last month
two/three days ago
here
now
today
he/she
I/we
they
his/her
my/our
his/hers
mine
that
that day
the day before or the previous day
the month before
two/three days before
there
then
yesterday or that day
our
me
you
us
ours
yours
these
last week
last night
last year
on this day
tonight
tomorrow
their
him/her
me/us
them
theirs
ours
those
the week before
the night before
the year before
on that day
that night
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said.
They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their
garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was
able to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I
came earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
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what? - ce?
what else? - mai ce?, ce mai?, ce altceva?
about what? - what... about? - despre ce?
about what else? - despre mai ce?, despre ce altceva?
after what? - what... after? - dup ce?
after what else? - dup mai ce? - dup ce altceva?
at what? - what.. at? - la ce?
at what else? - la mai ce?, la ce altceva?
because of what? - din cauza cui?
because of what else? - din cauza mai cui?, din ce alt cauz?
before what? - nainte de ce?, n faa a ce?
before what else? - n faa mai cui?, n faa a ce altceva?
by what? - what... by? - de ce?, prin ce?
by what else? - de ce altceva?, prin ce altceva?
far from what? - departe de ce?
far from what else? - departe de ce altceva?
from what? - what... from? - din ce?, de la ce?
from what else? - din ce altceva?, din mai ce?
near what? - lng ce?
near what else? - lng ce altceva?, lng mai ce?
of what? - what... of? - despre ce?
of what else? - despre ce altceva?
past what? - dincolo de ce?
past what else? - dincolo de ce altceva?, dincolo de mai ce?
through what? - what... through? - prin ce?
through what else? - prin ce altceva?
with what? - what... with? - cu ce?
with what else? - cu ce altceva?
without what? - what... without? - fr ce?
without what else? - fr ce altceva?, fr mai ce?
when? - cnd?
when else? - cnd altcndva?, mai cnd?
from when? - de cnd?
from when else? - de cnd altcndva?, de mai cnd?
since when? - de cnd?
since when else? - de cnd altcndva?
till/until when? - pn cnd?
where? - unde?
where else? - unde mai?, mai unde?, unde altundeva?
where abouts? - pe unde?
from where? - de unde?
from where else? - de unde altundeva?
which? - care?
about which? - which... about? - despre care?
about which of them? - despre care din/dintre ei/ele?
after which of us/you/them? - dup care dintre noi/voi/ei /ele?
after which (boy)? - dup care (biat)?, dup al ctelea biat?
among which (trees)? - ntre/printre care (copaci)?
among which of them? - ntre care dintre ei?
(Which one of us is he looking at? - La care dintre noi privete el?)
before which of us? - n faa cruia/creia/crora dintre noi?
between which of them? - ntre care dintre ei/ele?
beyond which (house)? - dincolo de care (cas)?
beyond which of them? - dincolo de care dintre ei/ele?
far from which (place)? - departe de care (loc)?
for which of us/you/them? - pentru care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
from which of us/you/them? - de la care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
near which of us/you/them? - lng care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
near which of the lakes? - lng care dintre lacuri?
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books through.
Prin cine altcineva poi primi cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine altcineva pot primi eu cri.
"With whom will you go on the trip"? he asked me. - "Who(m) will you go on the trip with"? he asked me. He
asked me with whom I should go on the trip. - He asked me who(m) I should go on the trip with.
Cu cine vei merge n excursie? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cu cine voi merge eu n excursie.
"Shall I tell you a novel"? he asked me. He asked me if he should tell me a novel.
S-i povestesc un roman? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac s-mi povesteasc un roman.
"Where is the boy you spoke to?" he asked me. He asked me where the boy I had spoken to was.
Unde este biatul cu care ai vorbit? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat unde este biatul cu care am vorbit.
"Do you know that three and three make six"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew that three and three
make six.
tii c trei plus trei fac ase? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac tiu c trei plus trei fac ase.
"I dreamed that I was flying" he said. He said (that) he had dreamed that he had been flying.
Am visat c zbor, a zis el. El a zis c a visat c zboar. etc.
2.4.3. ntrebrile disjunctive (The Tag/Tail Questions)
Se traduc n limba romn prin ntrebrile: aa-i, nu-i aa sau nu?
Ele se formeaz cu ajutorul unuia dintre urmtoarele verbe: be, do, have, shall, will, can, may, must, need, ought
to, dare
You are at home, aren't you? - Eti acas, nu-i aa?
You are not at home, are you? - Nu eti acas, nu-i aa?
He was at home, wasn't he? - Era acas, nu-i aa?
He was not at home, was he? - El nu era acas, nu-i aa?
He will not be at home, will he? - El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
He will be at home, won't he? - El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
Ele pot avea fie intonaie cobortoare i n acest caz nu se ateapt o confirmare sau o infimare din partea
interlocutorului fie o intonaie urctoare i n cazul acesta ntrebarea trebuie s primeasc rspuns (afirmativ sau negativ).
De fapt ele sunt nite comunicri formate din dou pri. Dac prima parte este afirmativ, a doua parte este
obligatoriu negativ i invers. La formarea lor se mai ine seam, dup cum s-a vzut n exemplele prezentate, de timpul i
aspectul verbului primei pri a comunicrii.
They saw us in the street, didn't they ? - Ei ne-au vzut (pe noi) pe strad, nu-i aa ?
They did not come by bus, did they ? - Ei nu au venit cu autobuzul, nu-i aa ?
We have lived here for ten years, haven't we ? - Locuim aici de zece ani, nu-i aa ?
You ought to learn, oughtn't you ? - Se cuvine s nvei, nu-i aa ?
He can't answer the question, can he ? - Nu poate s rspund la ntrebare, nu-i aa ?
I could come earlier, couldn't I ? - Eu puteam (a putea) veni mai devreme, nu-i aa ?
She daren't go there alone, dare she ? - Ea nu are curaj s mearg acolo singur, nu-i aa ?
You said they could come, didn't you ? - Ai/Ai spus c pot veni, nu ?
2.4.4. Cteva reguli de ortografie i punctuaie n limba englez
Punctul (The Full Stop)
Punctul se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor afirmative.
We like tennis very much. - Ne place tenisul foarte mult.
Semnul ntrebrii (The Question Mark)
Semnul ntrebrii se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor/frazelor interogative.
What is your name ? - Cum te cheam ?
Who is the boy who brought this book ? - Cine este biatul care a adus cartea aceasta ?
Semnul exclamrii (The Exclamation Mark)
Semnul exclamrii se folosete dup:
a) propoziiile imperative:
Go and fetch a doctor! - Du-te i adu un doctor!
b) propoziiile care conin o mirare n care se exprim admiraia fa de ceva/ cineva:
How beautiful she is! - Ce frumoas este ea !
How beautiful she is singing! - Ce frumos cnt ea!
c) dup interjecii:
"Hush! Hush!" said the Rabbit.
Dou puncte (The Collon)
Dou puncte se aeaz cnd urmeaz o enumerare, se introduce un citat sau urmeaz cuvintele cuiva (vorbire
direct).
He said that he saw things like: books, pencils and pens. - El a zis c a vzut lucruri cum ar fi: cri, creioane i
stilouri.
137
That's what he said: "Read these books and you will find out interesting things"! - Iat ce a zis el: Citete aceste
cri i vei afla lucruri interesante!
One can visit the following cities: Cluj, Rome and London. - Se pot vizita urmtoarele orae: Cluj, Roma i Londra.
Punctul i virgula (The Semicolon)
Punctul i virgula are semnificaia unei pauze mai mari dect cea realizat cu ajutorul punctului. Se folosete mai
rar.
"I've told you once -I tell you again; We're not at home" - -i-am spus o dat -i spun din nou; nu suntem acas.
Virgula (The Comma)
Virgula desparte cuvinte sau propoziii cu aceeai valoare sintactic
John, Bill and Nick are good friends. - John, Bill i Nick sunt prieteni buni.
Ea se folosete:
a) dup adverbe de afirmaie sau negaie:
No, he said. - Nu, a zis el.
Yes, they answered. - Da, au rspuns ei.
b) Dup adverbe ca: indeed (ntr-adevr), however (totui), too (de asemenea), of course (desigur):
Of course, he is right. - Desigur, el are dreptate.
c) n frazele alctuite prin coordonare:
They went home, ate a little, took the ball and began to play football. - Au mers acas, au mncat puin, au luat
mingea i au nceput s joace fotbal.
d) ntre subordonatele de acelai fel:
He talked to me about the books that he read, that he had to read and that he liked to read. - Mi-a vorbit despre
crile pe care le-a citit, pe care trebuie s le citeasc i pe care i plcea s le citeasc.
n numerele lungi, virgula are n limba englez rolul punctului n limba romn.
1, 000, 000 - 1. 000. 000
Linia de desprire (The Dash)
Linia de desprire marcheaz o idee nedeterminat sau o pauz lung, asemntoare cu aceea redat prin punct, iar
uneori preia locul virgulei:
"This will bring them here -when"? - -Asta i va aduce aici -cnd?
"It's -it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. - -Este -este o zi foarte frumoas! zise o voce timid (de) lng
ea.
Liniua de unire i de desprire (The Hyphen)
Se mai numete cratim. Apare n cuvintele compuse:
up -to -date - modern
kind - hearted - bun la suflet
a sewing - machine - o main de cusut
Ghilimelele (The Inverted Commas)
Ghilimelele n limba englez marcheaz vorbirea direct:
"I've not made up my mind", he said. - - Nu m-am hotrt, zise el.
2.4.5. Desprirea cuvintelor n silabe
Cuvintele compuse se despart n respectivii componeni:
Monday - Mon/day
textbook - text/book
schoolboy - school/boy
understand - under/stand
Prefixele i sufixele se despart de cuvintele la care se gsesc ataate:
understanding - under/stand/ing
scholarship - scholar/ship
misunderstanding - mis/under/stand/ing looked - look/ed
improvement - improve/ment
smaller - small/er
Terminaia s la plural, sau la persoana a treia a verbelor sau de la genitivul sintetic nu se poate separa /despri de
cuvntul respectiv.
speaks - speaks
the girls' - the girls'
boys - boys
the boy's - the boy's
Iar acum, n final, celor ce doresc s-i fac o imagine mai cuprinztoare asupra regulilor de punctuaie, le propun s
rsfoiasc lucrri ale prozatorilor englezi, americani, australieni etc. Acolo vor putea gsi exemple edificatoare.
138
I
Present
Infinitive
to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to beg
to begin
to bend
to beset
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to dig
139
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
I
Present
Infinitive
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
II
Past Tense
done
drawn
dreamed/ dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
III
Past Participle
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
doing
drawing
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
IV
Present
Participle
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
leaping
learning
140
a face/svri/ executa/nfptui
a trage/ ntinde/ remorca, a trasa; a distila
a visa, a-i nchipui, crede/ gndi
a bea, a sorbi, a suge
a conduce maina; a circula
a locui/ tri/ domicilia/ slui
a mnca, a lua/ servi masa, a se hrni cu
a cdea/pica, a se prbui
a (se) hrni, a alimenta, a nutri
a simi/resimi/ percepe, a pipi
a (se) lupta/ bate, a disputa, a purta rzboi
TRADUCERE
to leave
to lend
left
lent
left
lent
leaving
lending
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
let
lay
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
letting
lying
lighting
losing
making
meaning
meeting
I
II
Present
Past Tense
Infinitive
to melt
melted
to misgive misgave
to mislay
mislaid
to mislead
misled
to mistake
mistook
to misunder- misunderstood
stand
to mow
mowed
to outride
outrode
to outrun
outran
to overcast overcast
to overcome overcame
to overdo
overdid
to overeat
overate
to overfeed overfed
to overlie
overlay
to overrun
overran
to oversee
oversaw
to overset
overset
to oversleep overslept
to overtake overtook
to overthrow overthrew
to partake
partook
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
141
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
III
Past Participle
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
IV
Present
Participle
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
selling
sending
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
I
Present
Infinitive
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
142
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
II
Past Tense
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
III
Past Participle
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen/ swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
IV
Present
Participle
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling
swimming
swinging
taking
teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
thrusting
treading
unbending
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
I
Present
Infinitive
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
143
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
unbinding
undergoing
underselling
understanding
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
II
Past Tense
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
III
Past Participle
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
undertaking
undoing
upsetting
waking
IV
Present
Participle
wearing
weaving
wedding
weeping
winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding]
withstanding
writing