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MECHANICS II
2015-2016 SPRING
MM302 1
V u vj wk
CS V dA t CV dV 0
The values of the mass fluxes at each of six faces of the control volume may be
obtained by using a Taylor series expansion of the density and velocity
components about point O. For example, at the right face,
x dx
2
2
2
dx 1 dx
2
x 2 x 2! 2
and similarly,
dx
x dx
2
x 2
u dx
u x dx u
2
x 2
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dx
dx
x dx
2
x 2
x 2
u dx
u dx
u x dx u u
x 2
2
x 2
V
dA.
CS
Table. Mass flux through the control surface of a rectangular differential control volume
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u v w
CS V dA x y z dxdydz
The rate of change of mass inside the control volume is given by
d
V
dxdydz
t CV
t
Therefore, the continuity equation in rectangular coordinate is
u v w
0
x
y
z
t
Since the vector operator, , in rectangular coordinates, is given by
j k
x
y
z
V
0
t
V 0
2. For a steady flow, the partial derivatives with respect to time are
zero, that is _________.
Then, .
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Example: For a 2-D flow in the xy plane, the velocity component in the y
direction is given by
v y2 x2 2 y
a) Determine a possible velocity component in the x direction for
steady flow of an incompressible fluid. How many possible x
components are there?
b) Is the determined velocity component in the x-direction also valid
for unsteady flow of an incompressible fluid?
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kt
V axi bxyj e
Determine the rate of change of the density at point x=3 m, y=2 m and
z=2 m for t=0.
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V vr er v e vz ez
To evaluate
V dA , we must consider the mass flux through each of
CS
the six faces of the control surface. The properties at each of the six
faces of the control surface are obtained from Taylor series expansion
about point O.
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Table. Mass flux through the control surface of a cylindrical differential control volume
The net rate of mass flux out through the control surface is given by
v v
v
V
CS dA vr r r r r z z drddz
The rate of change of mass inside the control volume is given by
dV
rdrddz
t CV
t
In cylindrical coordinates the continuity equation becomes
vr r
vr v
vz
r
r
0
r
z
t
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Dividing by r gives
vr
r
vr 1 v vz
0
r
r
z
t
or
1 (rvr ) 1 ( v ) ( vz )
0
r r
r
z
t
1
er
e ez
r
r
z
e
er
Note : r e and er
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11
0
x y
If a continuous function ( x, y, t ) , called stream function, is defined such that
and
u v 2 2
0
x y xy yx
Streamlines are tangent to the direction of flow at every point in the flow field.
Thus, if dr is an element of length along a streamline, the equation of streamline is
given by
udy vdx 0
Substituting for the velocity components of u and v, in terms of the stream
function
dx
dy 0
x
y
(A)
dx
dy
x
y
(B)
Comparing equations (A) and (B), we see that along instantaneous streamline
= constant. In the flow field, 2-1, depends only on the end points of
integration, since the differential equation of is exact.
d 0
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12
2
2
For a unit depth, the flow rate across AB is Q y udy y
y2
y1
dy
y
dy . Therefore,
y
dy d 2 1
1
y
x2
x1
x1
Q vdx
dx
x
x2
x1
dx
x
. Therefore,
dx d 2 1
2
x
Thus, the volumetric flow rate per unit depth between any two
streamlines, can be expressed as the difference between
constant values of defining the two streamlines.
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13
rvr v
0
r
1
r
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15
Translation
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field
V
V
V
V
dV p
dx p
dy p
dz p
dt
x
y
z
t
Dividing both sides by dt, the total acceleration of the particle is
obtained as
dV p V dx p V dy p V dz p V
ap
Since
then
dx p
dt
u,
dt
dy p
dt
x dt
v
and
y dt
dz p
dt
z dt
dV p
V
V
V V
ap
u
v
w
dt
x
y
z t
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16
DV
derivative, it is denoted the symbol
.
Dt
Thus,
DV
V
V
V V
ap u
v
w
Dt
x
y
z
t
ap
DV
Dt
total
accelaration
of a particle
V
V
V
u
v
w
x
y
z
convective
acceleration
V
t
local
acceleration
V
V
V
u
v
w
(V )V
x
y
z
Thus,
V
DV
a p (V )V
Dt
t
u v w
Dt
x
y
z t
Dv
v
v
v v
ayp
u v w
Dt
x
y
z t
Dw
w
w
w w
a zx p
u
v
w
Dt
x
y
z t
r
r
r
z
t
V V V VrV
V V
a p Vr
Vz
r
r
r
z
t
V V Vz MM302
V V
a z p Vr z
Vz z 1 z
r
r
z
t
rp
17
2
V ( x, y, z, t ) x 2 xyj 3ztk
Determine
a) the acceleration vector,
b) the acceleration of the fluid particle at point P(1,2,3) at time
t = 1 sec.
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