DR.

IMRAN HAFEEZ

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Introduction to deep foundations

Classifications of deep foundations
Introduction to pile foundations
Uses of pile foundations
Classifications of pile foundations
Pile installation methods
Pile Spacing
Negative Skin Frictions

Introduction
It is a foundation unit that provides support for a
structure by the toe resistance (end resistance) in a
competent soil or rock at some depth below the
structure and/or by the shaft resistance (skin
resistance) in the soil or rock in which it is placed

Depth/Width >4
Vertical load transfer
Axial crushing
Wide load spread

Figure 1-1 End bearing piles

Figure 1-2 Friction or cohesion pile

CLASSIFICATION OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

The types of deep
foundations are
Pile
Pier
Caissons
Well-foundation
Sheet Piles

Caisson
Caissons or well
foundations are
heavier in section
and they are sunk
to the required
depth.

Sheet Pile

Well Foundation

Pile Foundations
A timber, steel or reinforced concrete post usually vertical,
used as a structural element for transferring the loads at
the required depth in the deep foundations is called PILE.
These are the long slender members either driven or castin-situ and may be subjected to vertical or later or vertical
plus lateral loads.

Different steps of pile Execution

Percusion boring process using a tripod

Preparation of reinforcement

Lowering of reinforcement

Different steps of pile Execution

Lowering of tremmy

Pouring of concrete

Different steps of pile Execution

Preparation of pile cap

Pile load test

Pile Boring Methods

USE OF PILES:
Piles may be used for the following purposes,
1. End Bearing or compressive strength: To transfer the load
through a soft soil to a suitable bearing stratum by means
of end bearing of the piles.
2. Scour depth. To transfer the load through Water, for any
hydraulic structure because in this case, we have to keep
the foundation at the scour depth below the bed level.
For River Ravi Scour depth is 30 to 35m below the bed.
So if we go for the shallow foundation, we will have to
make an open pit, coffer dam diversion of River etc. and it
is highly uneconomical.
3. Tension or Uplift: For a very tall structure (tower), even if
the Soil is very good, but here the overturning is the
problem. So either make the base very large (Thick raft) or
make deep foundation.

USE OF PILES:
4) Vibration Control: if a machine is generating high
vibrations, then to absorb the vibrations either
make a massive block or the next choice is deep
foundation, But Massive black is very expensive. e.g.
At Terbela the shaft of Turbine is 2m and when it
runs, it creates a lot of vibrations in the area.
5) Compaction Piles: In order to compact the granular
soils and to increase their bearing capacity, piles are
used (compaction Piles).
6) Rapid Construction: Piles can also be used if the
time schedule has much importance.

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES:
With respect to:
1.Mode of construction
2.Material of construction
3.Material of load
4.Function of pile
5.Shape
6.Size

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MODE OF CONSTRUCTION:

1. Pre-cast (Driven Piles )

2. Cast in-situ Piles (Bored Piles)
Under sized Bore.(It is feasible because of less noise ,
under sized hole is dug and full size pile is driven, (NABWI
MOSQUE PILES).

By driving the piles, the soil is displaced so type is

a) High volume displaced piles (vol. almost equal to vol.of
pile).
b) No volume displaced piles.
c) Low volume displaced piles.

Full Displacement

Partial Displacement

No Displacement

Partial Displacement Pile

In summary, the main benefits of Partial
Displacement Piles are:
Increased unit shaft friction allows shorter or fewer
piles to be used for the same loads as compared to
drilled shafts, auger cast piles or driven piles.
Reduced volume of excavated soils over
conventionally drilled piles such as drilled shafts and
auger cast piles.
High production rate, results in schedule acceleration

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MATERIAL OF

CONSTRUCTION:

1) Timber piles: (Trunk of a Wooden tree, the

oldest pile)
2) Concrete pile
3) Steel pile
4) Composite pile: (Certain portion by one
material and certain portion by other
material)

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T MATERIAL OF LOAD:

Some times skin friction is predominant and

sometimes the End bearing so
1) Frictional Pile
If major part is taken by the shaft of pile. When
very Weak soils of large depths are available.
2) End Bearing Pile
When a soil layer of reasonable strength is
available at a reasonable depth.
3. Combination of Two.

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T FUNCTION OF PILE:

1) Compression pile: (To resist the comp. load)
2) Tension pile or Anchor pile
3) Compaction pile: (granular soil i.e. very loose sand
can be compacted by driving the piles at one
place, then are pulled out and driven at the next
place, in this way sand is densified).
4) Fender piles: (Used near sea-part to protect the
Harbour, just to absorb the impact of floating
objects)
5) Batter piles: (Provided at an inclination their
stability is more against overturning).
6) Sheet piles.(To reduce seepage or to provide lateral
stability).

Fender Piles

To protect Water front structure against impact

from ships or other floating objects.

Anchor Piles:
To provide anchorage against horizontal pull
from sheet piling walls or other pulling forces.

Batter piles:
To resist large horizontal or inclined forces.

Compaction Piles
In order to compact the granular soils and to
increase their bearing capacity, piles are used
(compaction Piles).

Fundex Pile
The Fundex pile is a true full section cast in place reinforced
concrete pile, installed by torque and down pressure, completely
free of vibration and with no pile driving noise. It is a true soil
displacement pile over its full pile length. Fundex piles are usually
designed for a 40 to 125 ton service capacity.

Soldier Piles
Soldier piles, also known as king piles or Berlin walls, are constructed of
wide flange steel H sections spaced about 2 to 3 m apart and are
driven prior to excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal
timber sheeting (lagging) is inserted behind the H pile flanges

Secant Wall Piles

Secant pile retaining walls
are formed by a series of
interlocking drilled shafts
and can be used where high
water
tables
and/or
unstable ground conditions
occur. Secant walls are
installed by high torque
fixed mast rigs. Typically, 36
diameter shafts are installed
at 30 centers, although this
is varied depending on
retained height and soil
properties.
Shafts
are
typically installed through a
concrete guide wall that
serves as a template to
maintain proper alignment
and pile overlap.

Typical uses of secant walls

Intake structures
Below grade holding tanks
Cut and cover tunnels
Basement construction

Suction Piles

Suction piles are used underwater to secure

floating platforms. Tubular piles are driven into the
seabed (or more commonly dropped a few meters
into a soft seabed) and then a pump sucks water
out at the top of the tubular, pulling the pile further
down.
The proportions of the pile (diameter to height) are
dependent upon the soil type: Sand is difficult to
penetrate but provides good holding capacity, so
the height may be as short as half the diameter;
Clays and muds are easy to penetrate but provide
poor holding capacity, so the height may be as
much as eight times the diameter. The open nature
of gravel means that water would flow through the
ground during installation, causing 'piping' flow
(where water boils up through weaker paths
through the soil). Therefore suction piles cannot be
used in gravel sea beds

Adfreeze Piles
In high latitudes where the ground is
continuously frozen, adfreeze piles are
used as the primary structural foundation
method.
Adfreeze piles derive their strength from
the bond of the frozen ground around
them to the surface of the pile.
Adfreeze pile foundations are particularly
sensitive in conditions which cause the
permafrost to melt. If a building is
constructed improperly, it will heat the
ground below resulting in a failure of the
foundation system

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T SHAPE:

1. Round Piles
2. Square Piles
3. Octagonal Piles
4. I-Shaped Piles
5. Straight Piles
6. Tapered Piles
7. Bell-Bottom Piles
8. Screw Piles

Steel piles cross-sections

a) X- cross-section

b) H - cross-section

c) steel pipe

CLASSIFICATION W.R.T SIZE:

1. Large Dia Pile:
( > 24)
2. Small Dia Pile:
( > 6 to 24)
3. Micro Dia Pile:
(= 4 to 6)
(These are used for specific projects i,e
for Repair ).
1. Root Pile(Rectangular) Used for
special projects i,e for under
pressing, Repair).
If > 24 then These are called as
pier
Micropiles, also called mini piles, are
often used for underpinning

Pile Driving Methods

In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design,

installation Methods and installation equipment
should be carefully selected.
If installation is to be carried out using pile-hammer,
then the following factors should be taken in to
consideration:
the size and the weight of the pile
the driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve
the design penetration
the available space and head room on the site
the availability of cranes and
the noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality

Pile driving methods (displaced piles)

Methods of pile driving can be categorized as

follows:
Dropping weight
Explosion
Vibration
Jacking (restricted to micro-pilling)
Jetting

Drop hammers
A hammer with approximately the weight of the pile is raised a
suitable height in a guide and released to strike the pile head.
This is a simple form of hammer used in conjunction with light
frames and test piling, where it may be uneconomical to bring
a steam boiler or compressor on to a site to drive very limited
number of piles.
Different Types of hammers:
Diesel hammer
Hydraulic hammer
Steam hammer (Single or double acting)
Vibratory pile driver
Mobil ram

Pile driving using hammer

Under-reamed Piles
An underreamed pile is a bored cast-in-situ pile of
short length which is provided with a bulb or
underream at the bottom.
These piles have been found to be very effective in
expansive soils if the bulbs are established in the
non-swelling soil below.
The top soil which is susceptible to considerable
volume change due to moisture variation is normally
confined to a depth of about 3m.
Under load bearing walls these piles are established
at regular intervals along its center line.

Pile Spacing
Too close piles causes overlapping of pressure bulbs.
Piles should be spaced so that the bearing capacity
of group is not less than bearing capacities of
individual piles in group.
According to vesic ,the optimum spacing should be in
range of 3d to 3.5d.
For compaction piles used for densifying loose
deposits of sands, the spacing of 2.5d may be used.

Negative Skin Friction

The fill above the original soil in which the pile group
is established will settle with time under its own
weight. This will exert a drag on the pile on account
of the friction existing at the interface between the
pile and the soil. Since this adds to the load on the
pile, instead of resisting it, it is called negative skin
friction
Being the extra load it must be taken into account in
design.

 Group action is usually interpreted in terms of two

indices:
Group efficiency .

Group settlement ratio.

 EFFICIENCY RATIO:

It is the average load per pile to the load at failure of a

comparable single pile
SETTLEMENT RATIO:

It is the ratio of settlement of the group and a

comparable single pile when average load per pile is same
as that of the single pile.

Davisson Failure Criterion

Pile failure is defined as the load when the
total deformation total equals the sum of,
(1) The pile shortening (elastic) of the entire
pile length L in inches, plus,
(2) A 0.15" offset, and plus
(3) The pile diameter D divided by 120 (if D is
in inches) or
total

PL
D
elastic 0.15" D
0.15"
AE
120

Example
What is the defined failure (of axial deformation) total
of a precast concrete pile using the Davisson Failure
Criterion, with an equivalent diameter D =14", a length
L =28 feet, supporting a design load Qall = 50 tons? The
test will be taken to 3 (that is, 3Qall). The elastic
modulus of the concrete pile is 3,000 ksi. (L =28 feet =
336
inches)

Solution
Quk FS (Qall ) 3 50ton 150tons 300kips
total classic
total

(Quls )
D
14'
"
0.15

0.15
120
Ac Ec
120
"

4(300k )(336in )
"
"

0
.
15

0
.
117
0.485in
2
( )(14in ) (3,000ksi)

Therefore, the expected pile axial deformation under 300 kips should be 0.485 inches.
If the deflection is less, the pile has successfully passed the test.
However, if the pile attains that deformation before the 3 Qall
load is reached, the pile is deemed to have failed.

Selection of Pile
Selection of type, length and capacity of
pile is based on two parameters
a. Soil conditions
b. Magnitude of load
Before the actual construction begins,
pile load tests must be made to verify
the design values and the foundation
design must be revised according to the
test results.

Factors effecting the selection of pile

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Length of pile in relation to the load and type of soil

Character of structure
Availability of materials
Type of loading
Factors causing deterioration
Ease of maintenance
Estimated costs of types of piles, taking into account
the initial cost, life expectancy and cost of
maintenance.
8. Availability of funds