V. P.

Singh
Vishwanath Pratap Singh (25 June 1931 27 Novem- person dierent from other politicians. He took a rm
ber 2008), Indian politician and government ocial, was position regarding issues of corruption and secular fabric
the Prime Minister of India (198990) and the 41st nom- of the Indian state.
inal Raja Bahadur (ruler) of the northern kingdom of
Manda.

2 Minister for Finance (1984-87)

and Defence (1987)

Vishwanath Pratap Singh is known for trying to improve

the lot of Indias lower castes as a Prime Minister. Singh
was renowned for his obsession with honesty and his willingness to sacrice oce.[2]

Called to New Delhi following Rajiv Gandhi's mandate

in the 1984 General Elections, Singh was appointed to
the post of Finance Minister, where he oversaw the gradual relaxation of the License Raj (governmental regulation) as Gandhi had in mind. During his term as Finance
Minister, he oversaw the reduction of gold smuggling by
reducing gold taxes and giving the police a portion of
the conscated gold. He also gave extraordinary powers
to the Enforcement Directorate of the Finance Ministry,
the wing of the ministry charged with tracking down tax
evaders, then headed by Bhure Lal. Singhs eorts to reduce governmental regulation of business and to prosecute tax fraud attracted widespread praise.[9]

Early career

Singh was born in the Rajput zamindar (traditional

landlord) family ruling the kingdom of Manda on 25
June 1931.[3][4] He obtained his education from Colonel
Brown Cambridge School, Dehra Dun and studied at
Allahabad and Pune universities.[5]

Singh became a Member of the Legislative Assembly of

Uttar Pradesh in 1969 as a member of the Indian National
Congress (Congress Party). He won election to the Lok
Sabha in 1971 and was appointed a Deputy Minister of Following a number of high-prole raids on suspected
Commerce by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974. He evaders including Dhirubhai Ambani and Amitabh
Bachchan Gandhi was forced to sack him as Finance
served as the Minister of Commerce in 197677.[6]
Minister, possibly because many of the raids were conHe was appointed by Indira Gandhi as the Chief Minister ducted on industrialists who had supported the Congress
of Uttar Pradesh in 1980, when Gandhi was re-elected af- nancially in the past.[10] However, Singhs popularity
ter the Janata interlude.[7] As Chief Minister (198082), was at such a pitch that only a sideways move seemed to
he cracked down hard on dacoitry, a problem that was have been possible, to the Defence Ministry (in January
particularly severe in the rural districts of the south-west 1987).[11]
Uttar Pradesh. He received much favorable national publicity when he oered to resign following a self-professed Once ensconced in South Block, Singh began to invesfailure to stamp out the problem, and again when he per- tigate the notoriously murky world of defence procuresonally oversaw the surrender of some of the most feared ment. After a while, word began to spread that Singh
possessed information about the Bofors defence deal (the
dacoits of the area in 1983.
infamous
arms-procurement fraud) that could damage
He resumed his post as Minister of Commerce in 1983.[8] Gandhis reputation.[12] Before he could act on it, he was
A pivotal gure in the Indian politics, V.P. Singh was re- dismissed from the Cabinet and, in response, resigned his
sponsible for bravely managing the coalition of the Left memberships in the Congress Party (Indira) and the Lok
and BJP against Rajiv Gandhi to dethrone him in the Sabha.[13]
1989 elections. He is remembered for his magnicent
act that he played in 1989 that changed the course of Indian politics by becoming the Prime Minister of India and
making the backwards and Dalits eligible for electoral 3 Formation of Janata Dal
politics. But unlike other Prime Ministers who came after
him and made compromises, Singh acted boldly by issu- Together with associates Arun Nehru and Arif Mohaming an arrest warrant against L.K. Advani midway through mad Khan, Singh oated an opposition party named Jan
his rath yatra of Bharatiya Janata Party. By inducing con- Morcha.[14] He was re-elected to Lok Sabha in a tightly
dence in his people through his actions and not just mere contested by-election from Allahabad, defeating Sunil
words, Singh had successfully established himself as a Shastri.[15][16] On 11 October 1988, the birthday of the
1

4 PRIME MINISTER (1989-90)

original Janata coalitions leader Jayaprakash Narayan,

Singh founded the Janata Dal by the merger of Jan Morcha, Janata Party, Lok Dal and Congress (S), in order to
bring together all the centrist parties opposed to the Rajiv Gandhi government, and VP Singh was elected the
President of the Janata Dal. An opposition coalition of
the Janata Dal with regional parties including the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam, Telugu Desam Party, and Asom
Gana Parishad, came into being, called the National
Front, with VP Singh as convener, NT Rama Rao as President, and P Upendra as a General Secretary.[17]

Karunanidhi, NT Rama Rao, and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta. The Janata Dal also shared power in Kerala under EK Nayanar and in Rajasthan under Bhairon Singh
Shekhawat (supporting the Bharatiya Janata Party government from outside). VP Singh decided to end the Indian armys unsuccessful operation in Sri Lanka where
Rajiv Gandhi, his predecessor, had sent it to combat the
Tamil separatist movement.[22]

In a meeting in the Central Hall of Parliament on 1 December, VP Singh proposed the name of Devi Lal as
Prime Minister, in spite of the fact that he himself had
been clearly projected by the anti-Congress forces as the
'clean' alternative to Rajiv Gandhi and their Prime Ministerial candidate. Devi Lal, a Jat leader from Haryana
stood up and refused the nomination, and said that he
would prefer to be an 'elder uncle' to the Government,
and that Singh should be Prime Minister.[18][19] This last
part came as a clear surprise to Chandra Shekhar, the former head of the erstwhile Janata Party, and Singhs greatest rival within the Janata Dal. Shekhar, who had clearly
expected that an agreement had been forged with Lal as
the consensus candidate, withdrew from the meeting and
refused to serve in the Cabinet.

Benazir Bhutto to start a border war with India.[25][26][27]

4.2 Tussle with Reliance group

VP Singh faced his rst crisis within few days of taking oce: terrorists kidnapped the daughter of his Home
Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir). His government agreed to
the demand for releasing militants in exchange; partly to
3.1 National Front coalition government
end the storm of criticism that followed, he shortly thereafter appointed Jagmohan Malhotra, a former bureaucrat,
The National Front fought 1989 General Elections afas Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, on the insistence of
ter coming to an electoral understanding with Bharatiya
the Bharatiya Janata Party.[23]
Janata Party and the Left Front (the two main oppositions) that served to unify the anti-Congress vote. The In Punjab, Singh replaced the hard-line Siddhartha
National Front, with its allies, earned a simple majority Shankar Ray as Governor with another former bureauin the Lok Sabha and decided to form a government. The crat, Nirmal Kumar Mukarji, who moved forward on
Bharatiya Janta Party under the leadeship of Atal Bihari a timetable for fresh elections. Singh himself made a
Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani and the Left Front led much-publicised visit to the Golden Temple to ask forby EMS Namboodiripad of the Communist Party of In- giveness for Operation Blue Star and the combination of
dia (Marxist) and Indrajit Gupta of the Communist Party events caused the long rebellion in Punjab to die down
[24]
of India declined to serve in the government, preferring markedly in a few months.
to support the government from outside.
VP Singh also thwarted the eorts of Pakistan under

4.1 Mandal Commission report

Singh himself wished to move forward nationally on social justice-related issues, which would in addition consolidate the caste coalition that supported the Janata Dal
in northern India, and accordingly decided to implement
the recommendations of the Mandal Commission which
suggested that a xed quota of all jobs in the public sector be reserved for members of the historically disadvantaged so-called Other Backward Classes.[28] This decision led to widespread protests among the upper caste
youth in urban areas in northern India. OBC reservation
Singh was sworn in as Indias prime minister on 2 De- (less creamy layer) was upheld by the Supreme Court in
cember 1989.[20]
2008.[29][30]

Prime Minister (1989-90)

Singh held oce for slightly less than a year, from 2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990. After state legislative elections in March 1990, Singhs governing coalition
achieved control of both houses of Indias parliament.[21]
During this time, Janata Dal came to power in ve Indian states under Om Prakash Chautala (Banarsi Das
Gupta, Hukam Singh), Chimanbhai Patel, Biju Patnaik,
Laloo Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav, and
the National Front constituents in three more under M

In 1990, the government-owned nancial institutions like

the Life Insurance Corporation of India and the General
Insurance Corporation stonewalled attempts by the Reliance group to acquire managerial control over Larsen
& Toubro. Sensing defeat, the Ambanis resigned from
the board of the company. Dhirubhai, who had become
Larsen & Toubros chairman in April 1989, had to quit
his post to make way for D. N. Ghosh, former chairman
of the State Bank of India.

4.3

Ram temple issue and the fall of the of Rajiv Gandhi (May 1991) during the election campaign, and he later retired from active politics.[42][43] He
coalition

spent the next few years touring the country speaking

Meanwhile, the Bharatiya Janata Party was moving its about matters related to issues of social justice and his
own agenda forward. In particular, the Ram Janmab- artistic pursuits, chiey painting.
hoomi agitation, which served as a rallying cry for sev- In 1992, Singh was the rst to propose the name of the
eral radical Hindu organisations, took on new life. The future President KR Narayanan as a (eventually successparty president, LK Advani, with Pramod Mahajan as ful) candidate for Vice President. Later the same year in
aide, toured the northern states on a rath a bus con- December, he led his followers to Ayodhya to oppose the
verted to look like a mythical chariot with the intention karseva proposed by LK Advani, and was arrested before
of drumming up support.[31] Before he could complete he could reach the site; the Masjid was demolished by the
the tour by reaching the disputed site in Ayodhya, he was karsevaks a few days later.
arrested on Singhs orders at Samastipur on the charges
of disturbing the peace and fomenting communal tension. In 1996 the Congress party lost the general elections and
The kr-seva (demolition of the mosque and construction VP Singh was the natural choice of the winning United
of the temple) proposed by Advani on 30 October 1990 Front (Singh was one of the forces behind the broad
United Front coalition) for the post of Prime Minister.
was prevented by stationing troops at the site.[32][33][34]
But he declined the oer made to him by communist vetThis led to the Bharatiya Janata Partys suspension of sup- eran Jyoti Basu, Bihar strongman Lalu Prasad Yadav and
port to the National Front government.[35] VP Singh faced almost all leaders of the Janata family.[44]
the vote of no condence in the Lok Sabha saying that he
occupied the high moral ground, as he stood for secu- Singh was diagnosed with cancer in 1998 and ceased his
larism, had saved the Babri Masjid at the cost of power public appearances. When his cancer went into remisand had upheld the fundamental principles which were sion in 2003, he once again became a visible gure, espechallenged during the crises. What kind of India do you cially in the many groupings that had inherited the space
want?" he asked of his opponents in Parliament, before once occupied by his Janata Dal. He relaunched the Jan
with politician-turned-actor Raj Bablosing the vote 142346;[36][37][38] only a portion of the Morcha in 2006[45]
bar
as
President.
After Jan Morcha drew a blank in
National Front remaining loyal to him (see below) and the
the
2007
UP
elections,
Raj Babbar joined the Congress,
Left front supported him in the vote.
and Singhs elder son Ajeya Singh (Ajeya Pratap Singh)
Singh resigned on 7 November 1990.[39]
took over the reins of the party in anticipation of the
2009 General elections.[46] Ajeya Singh then contested as
Jan Morcha candidate from Fatehpur, but lost to Rakesh
4.4 The Chandra Shekhar government
Sachan of the Samajwadi Party. The Jan Morcha was renamed as the National Jan Morcha in June 2009.[47] A
Chandra Shekhar immediately seized the moment and month later, the Jan Morcha merged with the Indian Naleft the Janata Dal with several of his own supporters (in- tional Congress.[48]
cluding Devi Lal, Janeshwar Mishra, HD Deve Gowda,
Singh was placed under arrest in Ghaziabad as he and
Maneka Gandhi, Ashoke Kumar Sen, Subodh Kant Sahis supporters were proceeding towards a hauling where
hay, Om Prakash Chautala, Hukam Singh, Chimanbhai
prohibitory orders under Section 144 had been imposed
Patel, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Yashwant Sinha, VC
to join the farmers agitating against the acquisition of land
Shukla, and Sanjay Singh) to form the Samajwadi
at Dadri by the Anil Ambani-owned Reliance Industries
Janata Party/Janata Dal (Socialist).[40] Although Chandra
and demanding adequate compensation.[49] Later, Singh
Shekhar had a mere 64 MPs, Rajiv Gandhi the leader of
and CPI General Secretary AB Bardhan[50] were again
the Opposition, agreed to support him on the oor of the
arrested on the UP border when they were proceeding
House; so he won a condence motion and was sworn in
to Dadri. However, Singh and Babbar were later able to
[41]
Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted
as Prime Minister.
evade the police, reaching Dadri on 18 August 2006, and
for this motion were disqualied by the speaker Rabi Ray.
ploughing the land in solidarity with the farmers.[51][52]
He lasted only a few months before Gandhi withdrew support and fresh elections were called. He tried his best to Although V.P. Singh was one of the shrewdest Indian
politicians of his time, he failed to foresee that his
get support till the last minute but failed.
shabby deal with Devi Lal, the powerful chief minister
of Haryana, would be his undoing. The country could
somehow accept Devi Lals appointment as deputy prime
5 United Front coalition and later minister, as an unavoidable part of the political game.
But the almost simultaneous swearing-in of his son, Om
years
Prakash Chautala, as Haryanas chief minister not in
the states capital but in Delhi as part of the secret unVP Singh contested the new elections but his party was
derstanding between Singh and Lal was a tad too much.
relegated to the opposition chiey due to the assassination

For, most Indians knew that both father and son were extremely high-handed and not overburdened with scruples.
Indeed, Chautala had got away often with fraud and violence because of his fathers formidable clout. Though
ensconced in the chief ministers chair, Chautala was not
a member of the state assembly. One of his cohorts vacated his seat for the chief minister to win. The rigging
of the election there was so egregious and brazen that
even the prime ministers most loyal supporters were appalled; people in general were furious. There was no alternative to forcing Chautala to resign. But Lal, who believed that it was only because of his grace that Singh was
prime minister, was enraged. He tendered his own resignation. However, by assuring the father that Chautala
would be back as chief minister after a suitable interval,
the prime minister managed to defuse the situation.

REFERENCES

7 Death
VP Singh died after a long struggle with multiple
myeloma (bone marrow cancer) and renal failure at
Apollo Hospital in Delhi on 27 November 2008.[54][55]
He was cremated at Allahabad on the banks of the River
Ganges on 29 November 2008, his son Ajeya Singh lighting the funeral pyre.[56]

8 Cultural legacy
8.1 Films
Juliet Reynolds, an art critic and a close friend of
Singh, made a short documentary on him, titled The
Art of the Impossible (45 minutes long), and covers
his political and artistic career.[57]

As already underscored, all this crude manoeuvring for

personal power was taking place against the backdrop of
a grave national crisis a Pakistan-backed virulent insurgency raging in Kashmir that lasted a long time. Iron Suma Josson made another lm on Singh titled One
ically, it was touched o by the kidnapping of the daughMore Day to Live.[58]
ter of the Kashmiri leader, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed,
whom Singh had appointed home minister, the only Muslim to hold charge of this powerful portfolio so far (Rise 8.2 Books
of V.P. Singh, IE, February 2). When Chautalas sec GS Bhargava: Peristroika in India: VP Singhs Prime
ond coronation took place some months later, the crisis
Ministership, Gian Publishing House, New Delhi,
escalated. Three cabinet ministers resigned. But the gov1990.
ernment stumbled on.
Grim and growing domestic challenges demanded all the

attention Singh could devote. One of these was caused

by his own failure to make good on his boast all through

the election campaign that he would expose the beneciaries of the Bofors bribes within 15 days of coming to
power. He couldnt do it even after 15 weeks, when the

public began to taunt him. Indeed, he couldnt do so even

by the end of his tenure, which ended in just 11 months.
Incidentally, the Bofors bribes amounted to Rs 64 crore,
a huge sum in those days.
8.3

Madan Gaur: VP Singh: Portrait of a Leader, Press

and Publicity Syndicate of India, 1990.
Seema Mustafa: The Lonely Prophet: VP Singh, a
Political Biography, New Age international, 1995.
Ram Bahadur Rai: Manjil se Jyada Safar (in Hindi),
2005.

Other books connected to VP Singh

The State As Charade: V.P. Singh, Chandr

Shekhar and the Rest by Arun Shourie, Publisher:
South Asia Books

Personal life

Singh married Princess Sita Kumari, the daughter of the

Raja of Deogarh-Madaria, Rajasthan, on 25 June 1955.
It was an arranged marriage. He was 24 (He turned 24
on that day), and she was 18. Kumari was a Sisodia Rajput descended from Rana Pratap of Udaipur. The couple
had two sons. Ajay Singh (born 1957) is a chartered accountant in New York, and Abhai Singh (born 1958) is
a doctor at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in
New Delhi.[53]

IK Gujral: Matters of Discretion: An Autobiography,

Hay House, India, 519 pages, Feb. 2011. ISBN
978-93-8048-080-0. Distributors: Penguin books,
India.
R Venkataraman: My Presidential Years, HarperCollins/Indus, 1995. ISBN 81-7223-202-0.
P Upendra: Gatham Swagatham.

9 References
[1] VP Singhs wife to get Rs 1 lakh for defamation. The
Times of India. Retrieved 9 January 2016.

[2] Obituary VP Singh Mark Tully The Guardian, 3 December 2008

[3] Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in
Bihar Ashwani Kumar Anthem Press, 2008
[4] Zee News
[5] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[6] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[7] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[8] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[9] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[10] In May 1985, Singh suddenly removed the import of
Puried Terephthalic Acid (PTA) from the Open General
License category. As a raw material this was very important to manufacture polyester lament yarn. This made
it very dicult for Reliance Industries under Dhirubhai
Ambani to carry on operations. Reliance was able to secure, from various nancial institutions, letters of credit
that would allow it to import almost one full years requirement of PTA on the eve of the issuance of the government
notication changing the category under which PTA could
be imported.
[11] In India, economic gains and new perils. New York Times.
(2 March 1987). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[12] Indian Government Lodges First Charges In Weapons
Scandal. New York Times. (23 January 1990). Retrieved
14 September 2011.
[13] Turmoil and a Scandal Take a Toll on Gandhi. New York
Times. (24 August 1987). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[14] Is the Raja Ready for War, or Losing His Steam?. New
York Times. (8 October 1987). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[15] Gandhi foes face test of strength. New York Times. (13
June 1988). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[16] Gandhi Is Finding Out Fast How Much He Had to Lose.
New York Times. (3 July 1988). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[17] New Opposition Front in India Stages Lively Rally. New
York Times. (18 September 1988). Retrieved 14 September 2011.

[18] Man in the News; V. P. Singh: Low-key Indian in highanxiety job New York Times report. New York Times
(3 December 1989). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[19] Indian opposition chooses a Premier. New York Times. (2
December 1989). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[20] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[21] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[22] Obituary VP Singh Mark Tully The Guardian, 3 December 2008
[23] Kashmir Ocials Under Attack For Yielding to Muslim
Abductors. New York Times. (15 December 1989). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[24] Indias Premier Oers Concessions to Sikhs. New York
Times. (12 January 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[25] India Asserts That Pakistan Is Preparing for Border War.
New York Times. (15 April 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[26] India and Pakistan Make the Most of Hard Feelings. New
York Times. (22 April 1990). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[27] India, Stymied, Pulls Last Troops From Sri Lanka. New
York Times. (25 March 1990). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[28] Mandal vs Mandir.
[29] Armative Action Has Indias Students Astir. New York
Times. (22 August 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[30] Premier of India in appeal on riots. New York Times. (27
September 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[31] Hindu fundamentalist threatens Indias government over
temple. New York Times. (18 October 1990). Retrieved
14 September 2011.
[32] India Sends Troops to Stop Hindu March. New York
Times. (26 October 1990). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[33] India ready to bar Hindu move today New York Times
report. New York Times. (30 October 1990). Retrieved
14 September 2011.
[34] Toll in India clash at Mosque rises. New York Times. (1
November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[35] Indias Prime Minister Loses His Parliamentary Majority
in Temple Dispute. New York Times. (24 October 1990).
Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[36] Indias cabinet falls as Premier loses condence vote, by
142346, and quits New York Times report. New
York Times (8 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September
2011.

[37] A Test of Principles in India New York Times Editorial. New York Times. (8 November 1990). Retrieved 14
September 2011.
[38] A Question Unanswered: Where Is India Headed?. New
York Times. (11 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[39] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[40] Dissidents Split Indian Prime Ministers Party. New York
Times. (6 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[41] Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier. New York Times.
(10 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[42] For India, Will It Be Change, Secularism or a Right
Wing?. New York Times. (24 April 1991). Retrieved 14
September 2011.
[43] Ex-Darling of India Press Finds Himself Ignored New
York Times report. New York Times (14 May 1991). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[44] V.P. Singh. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc.,
2014. Web. 8 May. 2014 <http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/545849/VP-Singh>.
[45] V. P. Singh, Raj Babbar launch new Jan Morcha
[46] An irreparable loss: Mayawati
[47] National Jan Morcha plans farmers meet in Delhi
[48] Jan Morcha merges with Congress. The Hindu. (25 July
2009). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[49] V. P. Singh arrested on way to Reliance plant
[50] V. P. Singh, Bardhan held on U. P. border
[51] V. P. Singh, Raj Babbar spring a surprise at Dadri
[52] Jan Morcha plans `Nyaya Yatra'
[53] Singh, Khushwant (11 April 2013). Plane to Pakistan.
Malicious Gossip. HarperCollins Publishers India. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
[54] V. P. Singh passes away
[55] Pandya, Haresh. (29 November 2008) V. P. Singh, a
leader of India who defended poor, dies at 77 New York
Times report. New York Times.. Retrieved 14 September
2011.
[56] V. P. Singh cremated
[57] The Raja, Up, Close and Personal. Indian Express. (21
January 2001). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
[58] Suma Josson. Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Retrieved 14
September 2011.

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links
Prime ministers oce
Speech opposing the India-US nuclear deal Part I on
YouTube Part II on YouTube, Oct. 2007.

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

V. P. Singh Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._P._Singh?oldid=703542401 Contributors: Docu, Vzbs34, Andrewman327, Hjr,

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Addbot, George Sharma, Sunny singh9128, OlEnglish, Luckas-bot, Yobot, E2v, TestEditBot, Tempodivalse, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot,
Bachushabeer, Blackknight12, LlywelynII, Puthussery, Materialscientist, GB fan, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Unbiasedpov, J04n, ArtOfTheImpossible, Omnipaedista, Atul2242, Civ DC, FrescoBot, Devkumar Pukhraj, Reynolds-karanjai, Goswamivijay, Gopaljirai, Redrose64,
Princeofdark07, T Singh, MastiBot, , Full-date unlinking bot, Jethwarp, Diannaa, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, GoingBatty, The Madras, Locavorous, Yaqubi.tk, Jonathansammy, , ClueBot NG, Lamp089, Kkrishnav, Sarasin20, Helpful Pixie Bot, MKar, Erbrijesh86, MusikAnimal, Wikipakasia, Ricordisamoa, Dav subrajathan.357, YFdyh-bot,
Tow, BigJolly9, Varunpalacharla, Mogism, Jackninja5, Crazybunga, Carlboucher, VIAFbot, Rajendrakumardbg, Ramize84, Telfordbuck,
Durga Destroyer, ArmbrustBot, Rohit 2307, Abhi0022, Nidhishunnikrishnan, Skr15081997, SinghRahul22, KappatD, AhmedtheEditor,
Ujjwalendu, A.SUBAN SHARIFF, Vreswiki, Terabar, Rubbish computer, Teacher1943, Sqizcm, KasparBot, Capankajsmilyo, Inderdevar,
Yaurz39, Haxxorsid, Jaywardhan009 and Anonymous: 144

11.2

Images

File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
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File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Unbalanced_scales.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0