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Beginners Introduction to ASP.NET

sudhirmangla, 19 Oct 2004
4.58 (91 votes)
An article giving basic introduction to ASP.NET ,Underlying technologies and Advantages of ASP.NET over asp

Introduction
I have seen many tutorials on ASP.NET but most of them starts with coding and writing your first ASP.NET Program. But here I
has written this tutorial for explaining why there is a need for ASP.NET when classy ASP is working fine and what are the
underlying technology behind ASP.NET, What programming model ASP.NET Provides to programmers. Now let us get started.
ASP.NET is the new offering for Web developers from the Microsoft .It is not simply the next-generation of ASP; in fact, it is a
completely re-engineered and enhanced technology that offers much, much more than traditional ASP and can increase
productivity significantly.
Because it has evolved from ASP, ASP.NET looks very similar to its predecessorbut only at first sight. Some items look very
familiar, and they remind us of ASP. But concepts like Web Forms, Web Services, or Server Controls gives ASP.NET the power to
build real Web applications.

Looking Back : Active Server Pages (ASP)

Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting technology. ASP is a technology that Microsoft created to ease the
development of interactive Web applications. With ASP you can use client-side scripts as well as server-side scripts. Maybe you
want to validate user input or access a database. ASP provides solutions for transaction processing and managing session state.
Asp is one of the most successful language used in web development.

Problems with Traditional ASP

There are many problems with ASP if you think of needs for Today's powerful Web applications.
1. Interpreted and Loosely-Typed Code
ASP scripting code is usually written in languages such as JScript or VBScript. The script-execution engine that Active
Server Pages relies on interprets code line by line, every time the page is called. In addition, although variables are
supported, they are all loosely typed as variants and bound to particular types only when the code is run. Both these
factors impede performance, and late binding of types makes it harder to catch errors when you are writing code.
2. Mixes layout (HTML) and logic (scripting code)
ASP files frequently combine script code with HTML. This results in ASP scripts that are lengthy, difficult to read, and
switch frequently between code and HTML. The interspersion of HTML with ASP code is particularly problematic for
larger web applications, where content must be kept separate from business logic.

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3. Limited Development and Debugging Tools

Microsoft Visual InterDev, Macromedia Visual UltraDev, and other tools have attempted to increase the productivity of
ASP programmers by providing graphical development environments. However, these tools never achieved the ease of
use or the level of acceptance achieved by Microsoft Windows application development tools, such as Visual Basic or
Microsoft Access. ASP developers still rely heavily or exclusively on Notepad.
Debugging is an unavoidable part of any software development process, and the debugging tools for ASP have been
minimal. Most ASP programmers
resort to embedding temporary Response. Write statements in their code to trace the progress of its execution.
4. No real state management
Session state is only maintained if the client browser supports cookies. Session state information can only be held by
using the ASP Session object. And you have to implement additional code if you, for example, want to identify a user.
5. Update files only when server is down
If your Web application makes use of components, copying new files to your application should only be done when the
Web server is stopped. Otherwise it is like pulling the rug from under your application's feet, because the components
may be in use (and locked) and must be registered.
6. Obscure Configuration Settings
The configuration information for an ASP web application (such as session state and server timeouts) is stored in the IIS
metabase. Because the metabase is stored in a proprietary format, it can only be modified on the server machine with
utilities such as the Internet Service Manager. With limited support for programmatically manipulating or extracting
these settings, it is often an arduous task to port an ASP application from one server to another.

Introducing ASP.NET
ASP.NET was developed in direct response to the problems that developers had with classic ASP. Since ASP is in such wide use,
however, Microsoft ensured that ASP scripts execute without modification on a machine with the .NET Framework (the ASP
engine, ASP.DLL, is not modified when installing the .NET Framework). Thus, IIS can house both ASP and ASP.NET scripts on the
same machine.

Advantages of ASP.NET
1. Separation of Code from HTML
To make a clean sweep, with ASP.NET you have the ability to completely separate layout and business logic. This makes
it much easier for teams of programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently. This makes it much easier for teams of
programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently.
2. Support for compiled languages
developer can use VB.NET and access features such as strong typing and object-oriented programming. Using compiled
languages also means that ASP.NET pages do not suffer the performance penalties associated with interpreted code.
ASP.NET pages are precompiled to byte-code and Just In Time (JIT) compiled when first requested. Subsequent requests
are directed to the fully compiled code, which is cached until the source changes.
3. Use services provided by the .NET Framework
The .NET Framework provides class libraries that can be used by your application. Some of the key classes help you with
input/output, access to operating system services, data access, or even debugging. We will go into more detail on some
of them in this module.
4. Graphical Development Environment
Visual Studio .NET provides a very rich development environment for Web
developers. You can drag and drop controls and set properties the way you do in Visual Basic 6. And you have full
IntelliSense support, not only for your code, but also for HTML and XML.
5. State management
To refer to the problems mentioned before, ASP.NET provides solutions for session and application state management.
State information can, for example, be kept in memory or stored in a database. It can be shared across Web farms, and

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state information can be recovered, even if the server fails or the connection breaks down.
6. Update files while the server is running!
Components of your application can be updated while the server is online and clients are connected. The Framework will
use the new files as soon as they are copied to the application. Removed or old files that are still in use are kept in
memory until the clients have finished.
7. XML-Based Configuration Files
Configuration settings in ASP.NET are stored in XML files that you can easily read and edit. You can also easily copy
these to another server, along with the other files that comprise your application.

ASP.NET Overview
Here are some point that gives the quick overview of ASP.NET.
ASP.NET provides services to allow the creation, deployment, and execution of Web Applications and Web Services
Like ASP, ASP.NET is a server-side technology
Web Applications are built using Web Forms. ASP.NET comes with built-in Web Forms controls, which are responsible for
generating the user interface. They mirror typical HTML widgets like text boxes or buttons. If these controls do not fit
your needs, you are free to create your own user controls.
Web Forms are designed to make building web-based applications as easy as building Visual Basic applications

ASP.NET Architecture
ASP.NET is based on the fundamental architecture of .NET Framework. Visual studio provide a uniform way to combine the
various features of this Architecture.

Architecture is explained form bottom to top in the following discussion.

1. At the bottom of the Architecture is Common Language Runtime. NET Framework common language runtime resides on
top of the operating system services. The common language runtime loads and executes code that targets the runtime.
This code is therefore called managed code. The runtime gives you, for example, the ability for cross-language
integration.
2. .NET Framework provides a rich set of class libraries. These include base classes, like networking and input/output
classes, a data class library for data access, and classes for use by programming tools, such as debugging services. All of
them are brought together by the Services Framework, which sits on top of the common language runtime.
3. ADO.NET is Microsofts ActiveX Data Object (ADO) model for the .NET Framework. ADO.NET is not simply the migration
of the popular ADO model to the managed environment but a completely new paradigm for data access and
manipulation.
ADO.NET is intended specifically for developing web applications. This is evident from its two major design principles:
1. Disconnected DatasetsIn ADO.NET, almost all data manipulation is done outside the context of an open
database connection.
2. Effortless Data Exchange with XMLDatasets can converse in the universal data format of the Web, namely XML.

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4. The 4th layer of the framework consists of the Windows application model and, in parallel, the Web application model.
The Web application model-in the slide presented as ASP.NET-includes Web Forms and Web Services.
ASP.NET comes with built-in Web Forms controls, which are responsible for generating the user interface. They mirror
typical HTML widgets like text boxes or buttons. If these controls do not fit your needs, you are free to create your own
user controls.
Web Services brings you a model to bind different applications over the Internet. This model is based on existing
infrastructure and applications and is therefore standard-based, simple, and adaptable.
Web Services are software solutions delivered via Internet to any device. Today, that means Web browsers on computers,
for the most part, but the device-agnostic design of .NET will eliminate this limitation.
5. One of the obvious themes of .NET is unification and interoperability between various programming languages. In order
to achieve this; certain rules must be laid and all the languages must follow these rules. In other words we can not have
languages running around creating their own extensions and their own fancy new data types. CLS is the collection of the
rules and constraints that every language (that seeks to achieve .NET compatibility) must follow.
6. The CLR and the .NET Frameworks in general, however, are designed in such a way that code written in one language can
not only seamlessly be used by another language. Hence ASP.NET can be programmed in any of the .NET compatible
language whether it is VB.NET, C#, Managed C++ or JScript.NET.

Quick Start :To ASP.NET

After this short excursion with some background information on the .NET Framework, we will now focus on ASP.NET.

File name extensions

Web applications written with ASP.NET will consist of many files with different file name extensions. The most common are listed
here. Native ASP.NET files by default have the extension .aspx (which is, of course, an extension to .asp) or .ascx. Web Services
normally have the extension .asmx.
Your file names containing the business logic will depend on the language you use. So, for example, a C# file would have the
extension .aspx.cs. You already learned about the configuration file Web.Config.
Another one worth mentioning is the ASP.NET application file Global.asax - in the ASP world formerly known as Global.asa. But
now there is also a code behind file Global.asax.vb, for example, if the file contains Visual Basic.NET code. Global.asax is an
optional file that resides in the root directory of your application, and it contains global logic for your application.

All of these are text files

All of these files are text files, and therefore human readable and writeable.

The easiest way to start

The easiest way to start with ASP.NET is to take a simple ASP page and change the file name extension to .aspx.

Page Syntax
Here is quick introduction of syntax used in ASP.NET

Directives
You can use directives to specify optional settings used by the page compiler when processing ASP.NET files. For each directive
you can set different attributes. One example is the language directive at the beginning of a page defining the default
programming language.

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Code Declaration Blocks

Code declaration blocks are lines of code enclosed in <script> tags. They contain the runat=server attribute, which tells ASP.NET
that these controls can be accessed on the server and on the client. Optionally you can specify the language for the block. The
code block itself consists of the definition of member variables and methods.

Code Render Blocks

Render blocks contain inline code or inline expressions enclosed by the character sequences shown here. The language used
inside those blocks could be specified through a directive like the one shown before.

HTML Control Syntax

You can declare several standard HTML elements as HTML server controls. Use the element as you are familiar with in HTML and
add the attribute runat=server. This causes the HTML element to be treated as a server control. It is now programmatically
accessible by using a unique ID. HTML server controls must reside within a <form> section that also has the attribute
runat=server.

Custom Control Syntax

There are two different kinds of custom controls. On the one hand there are the controls that ship with .NET, and on the other
hand you can create your own custom controls. Using custom server controls is the best way to encapsulate common
programmatic functionality.
Just specify elements as you did with HTML elements, but add a tag prefix, which is an alias for the fully qualified namespace of
the control. Again you must include the runat=server attribute. If you want to get programmatic access to the control, just add
an Id attribute.
You can include properties for each server control to characterize its behavior. For example, you can set the maximum length of
a TextBox. Those properties might have sub properties; you know this principle from HTML. Now you have the ability to specify,
for example, the size and type of the font you use (font-size and font-type).
The last attribute is dedicated to event binding. This can be used to bind the control to a specific event. If you implement your
own method MyClick, this method will be executed when the corresponding button is clicked if you use the server control
event binding shown in the slide.

Data Binding Expression

You can create bindings between server controls and data sources. The data binding expression is enclosed by the character
sequences <%# and %>. The data-binding model provided by ASP.NET is hierarchical. That means you can create bindings
between server control properties and superior data sources.

Server-side Object Tags

If you need to create an instance of an object on the server, use server-side object tags. When the page is compiled, an instance
of the specified object is created. To specify the object use the identifier attribute. You can declare (and instantiate) .NET objects
using class as the identifier, and COM objects using either progid or classid.

Server-side Include Directives

With server-side include directives you can include raw contents of a file anywhere in your ASP.NET file. Specify the type of the
path to filename with the pathtype attribute. Use either File, when specifying a relative path, or Virtual, when using a full virtual
path.

Server-side Comments

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To prevent server code from executing, use these character sequences to comment it out. You can comment out full blocks - not
just single lines.

First ASP.NET Program.

Now let us have our First ASP.NET program.
Lets look at both the markup and the C# portions of a simple web forms application that generates a movie line-up dynamically
through software.

Markup Portion
Web form application part 1 -- SimpleWebForm.aspx
<% @Page Language="C#" Inherits="MoviePage" Src="SimpleWebForm.cs" %>
<html>
<body background="Texture.bmp">
<TITLE>Supermegacineplexadrome!</TITLE>
<H1 align="center"><FONT color="white" size="7">Welcome to
Supermegacineplexadrome!</FONT></H1>
<P align="left"><FONT color="lime" size="5"><STRONG>
<U>Showtimes for <%WriteDate();%></U>
</STRONG></FONT></P>
<FONT size="5" color="yellow"><%WriteMovies();%></FONT>
</body>
</html>
And this is where the C# part of a web forms application comes in.

Web form application part 2 - SimpleWebForm.cs

using System;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
public class MoviePage:Page
{
protected void WriteDate()
{
Response.Write(DateTime.Now.ToString());
}
protected void WriteMovies()
{
Response.Write("<P>The Glass Ghost
Response.Write("<P>Untamed Harmony
"6:55 pm</P>");
Response.Write("<P>Forever Nowhere
Response.Write("<P>Without Justice
}

(R) 1:05 pm, 3:25 pm, 7:00 pm</P>");

(PG-13) 12:50 pm, 3:25 pm, " +
(PG) 3:30 pm, 8:35 pm</P>");
(R) 12:45 pm, 6:45 pm</P>");

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Execution Cycle :
Now let's see whats happening on the server side. You will shortly understand how server controls fit in.
A request for an .aspx file causes the ASP.NET runtime to parse the file for code that can be compiled. It then generates a page
class that instantiates and populates a tree of server control instances. This page class represents the ASP.NET page.
Now an execution sequence is started in which, for example, the ASP.NET page walks its entire list of controls, asking each one
to render itself.
The controls paint themselves to the page. This means they make themselves visible by generating HTML output to the browser
client.

Execution Process
We need to have a look at whats happening to your code in ASP.NET.

Compilation, when page is requested the first time

The first time a page is requested, the code is compiled. Compiling code in .NET means that a compiler in a first step emits
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) and produces metadataif you compile your source code to managed code. In a
following step MSIL has to be converted to native code.

Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL)

Microsoft intermediate language is code in an assembly languagelike style. It is CPU independent and therefore can be
efficiently converted to native code.
The conversion in turn can be CPU-specific and optimized. The intermediate language provides a hardware abstraction layer.
MSIL is executed by the common language runtime.

Common language runtime

The common language runtime contains just-in-time (JIT) compilers to convert the MSIL into native code. This is done on the
same computer architecture that the code should run on.
The runtime manages the code when it is compiled into MSILthe code is therefore called managed code.

ASP.NET Applications and Configuration

Overview
Like ASP, ASP.NET encapsulates its entities within a web application. A web application is an abstract term for all the resources
available within the confines of an IIS virtual directory. For example, a web application may consist of one or more ASP.NET
pages, assemblies, web services configuration files, graphics, and more. In this section we explore two fundamental components
of a web application, namely global application files (Global.asax) and configuration files (Web.config).

Global.asax
Global.asax is a file used to declare application-level events and objects. Global.asax is the ASP.NET extension of the ASP
Global.asa file. Code to handle application events (such as the start and end of an application) reside in Global.asax. Such event
code cannot reside in the ASP.NET page or web service code itself, since during the start or end of the application, its code has

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not yet been loaded (or unloaded). Global.asax is also used to declare data that is available across different application requests
or across different browser sessions. This process is known as application and session state management.
The Global.asax file must reside in the IIS virtual root. Remember that a virtual root can be thought of as the container of a web
application. Events and state specified in the global file are then applied to all resources housed within the web application. If,
for example, Global.asax defines a state application variable, all .aspx files within the virtual root will be able to access the
variable.
Like an ASP.NET page, the Global.asax file is compiled upon the arrival of the first request for any resource in the application.
The similarity continues when changes are made to the Global.asax file; ASP.NET automatically notices the changes, recompiles
the file, and directs all new requests to the newest compilation. A Global.asax file is automatically created when you create a new
web application project in the VS.NET IDE.

Application Directives
Application directives are placed at the top of the Global.asax file and provide information used to compile the global file. Three
application directives are defined, namely Application, Assembly, and Import. Each directive is applied with the following syntax:
<%@ appDirective appAttribute=Value ...%>

Web.config
In ASP, configuration settings for an application (such as session state) are stored in the IIS metabase. There are two major
disadvantages with this scheme. First, settings are not stored in a human-readable manner but in a proprietary, binary format.
Second, the settings are not easily ported from one host machine to another.(It is difficult to transfer information from an IISs
metabase or Windows Registry to another machine, even if it has the same version of Windows.)
Web.config solves both of the aforementioned issues by storing configuration information as XML. Unlike Registry or metabase
entries, XML documents are human-readable and can be modified with any text editor. Second, XML files are far more portable,
involving a simple file transfer to switch machines.
Unlike Global.asax, Web.config can reside in any directory, which may or may not be a virtual root. The Web.config settings are
then applied to all resources accessed within that directory, as well as its subdirectories. One consequence is that an IIS instance
may have many web.config files. Attributes are applied in a hierarchical fashion. In other words, the web.config file at the lowest
level directory is used.
Since Web.config is based on XML, it is extensible and flexible for a wide variety of applications. It is important, however, to note
that the Web.config file is optional. A default Web.config file, used by all ASP.NET application resources, can be found on the
local machine at:
\%winroot%\Microsoft.Net\Framework\version\CONFIG\machine.config

Summary
ASP.NET is an evolution of Microsofts Active Server Page (ASP) technology. Using ASP.NET, you can rapidly develop highly
advanced web applications based on the .NET framework. Visual Studio Web Form Designer, which allows the design of web
applications in an intuitive, graphical method similar to Visual Basic 6. ASP.NET ships with web controls wrapping each of the
standard HTML controls, in addition to several controls specific to .NET. One such example is validation controls, which
intuitively validate user input without the need for extensive client-side script.
In many respects, ASP.NET provides major improvements over ASP, and can definitely be considered a viable alternative for
rapidly developing web-based applications.

Points of Interest
I has write this tutorial to share my Knowledge of ASP.NET with you. You can find more articles and software projects with free
source code on my web site http://programmerworld.net .

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History
Date Posted: June 27, 2003

License
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves.
If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here

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About the Author
sudhirmangla
Web Developer
India

I am a B.E in Information Technology form Lingaya's Institute of Managemant and Technology Faridabad, India.
I has worked on VC++, MFC, VB, Sql Server. Currently I am working on .net, C# and ASP.net
I keeps my free source code projects and articles at website http://programmerworld.net

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