THE LIBRARY

OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES

The

RALPH

D.

REED LIBRARY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES,
(2ik O f

C'ALIF.

Stephen Rook

(RETURN TO)

STEPHEN

Dictionary of Scientific

Terms

A DICTIONARY OF
SCIENTIFIC TERMS
PRONUNCIATION, DERIVATION, AND DEFINITION OF
TERMS IN BIOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, ANATOMY,
CYTOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY

BY
I.

F.

HENDERSON,

M.A.

AND

W.

D.

HENDERSON,

M.A., B.Sc.,PH.D.,F.R.S.E.

ROOK

OLIVER AND BOYD

EDINBURGH: TWEEDDALE COURT
LONDON: 33 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G.
I92O

Uttrary

STEPHEN ROOK

PREFACE
Tins compilation was undertaken

as

it

was thought desirable

should be available to students and scientists, an

up-to-date work somewhat on the lines of Stormonth's Manual
It contains
of Scientific Terms (1879, republished 1903).
that there

definitions

hundred

of about

ten

thousand

lately coined expressions,

terms,

many

of

including several
which have not

The work is expected to

hitherto appeared in a dictionary.
supply a want felt by many students and other readers of
the Biological Sciences, as the usual handy-sized dictionary
contains comparatively few purely scientific terms. The subjects selected for

treatment are Biology and

its allies,

Anatomy,

and
Botany, Zoology, Embryology, Cytology, Physiology
some terms in Bacteriology and Palaeontology are included.
In a first edition of a book of this kind, errors of omission are
;

have convenient access to each textone subject, as it makes its appearance

Suggestions for additions will be welcomed and noted for future
use, and should be accompanied by the name of the work in
which the original definition is to be found derivation offers
no difficulty as a rule, but pronunciation might be indicated by
inevitable, as few people

book and

treatise,

even

in

coiners of entirely new terms.

In the etymological section, Greek words have been trans-

and medical students are seldom acquainted

with that language, and on the advice of an authority on
Greek, the transliteration of certain combinations of letters

literated, as science

represents
original

the

sound

rather than

hence the frequent

the exact

occurrence

of

letters of

such words

the
as

brangchia, hydor, etc.

This work was begun by Mr J. H. Kenneth, who compiled

most of the primary lists from which the whole has been
elaborated.
Mr Kenneth had completed upwards of three

751937

PREFACE

vi

hundred terms when ill-health prevented his continuing the

work, and it was handed over to the present authors.
We have to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professor
J. H. Ashworth of Edinburgh University, who has very kindly
read over the manuscript and given us some suggestions for
additions.
I.

ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT,
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL.

F.

H.

NOTE

AS

TO PRONUNCIATION

IT has seemed expedient in

many

cases to give alternatives, as different

centres of learning have different types of pronunciation

again, as

it is

usage which determines correct pronunciation, and the terms are not
everyday words, it will be long before a term which lends itself equally
well to two

As

to

methods

will

be fixed down to one.

many anatomical and

other purely Latin terms, students will

probably follow the type of pronunciation, English or Continental,

learned at school ; in the latter case, the second alternative or some
modification of

it

will

be employed.

Those who can

readily pronounce
pronounce the combination
in Greek, will naturally introduce that sound into such words as
branchial, brachycnemic ; although the k sound has been adopted in

ch as in loch,

this

as

in

and who have so learned

to

other dictionaries, the other

is

not to be regarded as

incorrect.

The sound-symbols have been made as simple as possible, only the

broader differences of vowel-sounds having been included. A general
indication of pronunciation, rather than a critically exact reproduction,
is

what

is wanted for the average reader of scientific works.

In the case of words which have not previously appeared in a

dictionary,

and

whose pronunciation

etymological or other rules,

preference.

it

is

not

clearly

indicated

by

remains for the coiner to indicate his

SOUND-SYMBOLS USED
fate.

a.

adv.

e.g.

anat.
bact.

biol
bot.

cyt.

Ar.

A.S.

But.
F.

Ger.

Gk.
I

eel.

It.

IN

PRONUNCIATION

A DICTIONARY OF

SCIENTIFIC TERMS
ABAabactinal

ABO(abak'tinal,

a.

abakti'nal)

Gk. aktis, ray.]

ab, from
Appl. the area of an echinoderm
body without tube-feet and in which
the madreporite is usually included
abambulacral antambulacral opp.
[L.

actinal (zoo/.).
abambulacral (ab'ambula'kral) a. [L.
abt from ; ambulare, to walk.]
Appl. the area of an echinoderm
body remote from that on which
the tube-feet are found (zoo/.).

abaxial (abak'slal)

a.

[L. ab,

from

Pert, that surface of

any structure which is remote or
turned away from the axis (biol.).
axis,

axle.]

abaxile (abak'sil) a. [L. ab, from

axis, axle.]
Appl. an embryo in
which the axis has not the same
direction as the axis of the seed

(dot.}.

abbreviated (abre'vlated)
to ;
brevis,
curtailed.

short.]

a.

[L. ad,

Shortened

two horizontal and

imaginary

lumbar

(2), inguinal (2), epigasumbilical, hyppgastric (anat.).

abdominal ribs, ossifications occurring in the fibrous tissue between
skin and muscles of certain reptiles

(2),

tric,

(zoo/.).

abdominal ring,

one of two openings

of the abdominal
muscles through which passes the
cord
in
the male, and the
spermatic
round ligament in the female
the

in

(abdo'men,
[L. abdomen, belly.]

ab'domen)

n.

The belly ; in
vertebrates, the part of the body
containing the digestive organs ; in
Arthropods and certain Polychaets,
the posterior part of the body ; in
Synascidians, part of the zooid
below the thorax (zoo/., anat.).
abdominal (abdom'Inal) a. [L. abPert, abdomen
domen, belly.]
appl. structures, organs, or parts of
situated
organs
in, on, or closely
related to, the abdomen.
abdominal pores, single or paired
;

fasciae

inguinal ring (anat.}.

abducens

(abdu'se'nz) n.

[L. abducere,
sixth cranial

to lead away.] The

nerve supplying the rectus externus
which turns the eyeball outwards
(anat.).

abduct (abdukt')

v.

[L. abducere, to

lead away.] To draw away from

the median axis (phys.}.

abductor (abduk'tor)

n.

[L. abducere,

A muscle that
away.]
a limb or part outwards

lead

to

abdomen

lines, viz.,

two vertical
hypochondriac

draws
(anat.).

aberrant (abeYant) a. [L. aberare, to

wander away.] Appl. species with
characteristics not strictly in accord-

ance with the type (bot.,

abiogenesis (abiqje'n'gsis)
not

bios, life

zoo/.).
n.
[Gk. a,

genesis, birth.]

The

production of living from non-living

matter
archegony ;
autogony
;

spontaneous generation (oio/.).

abiology (ablol'oji) n. [Gk. a, not
bios,

life

logos,

discourse.]

The

is

study of non-living things ; anorganology.

abomasum (aboma'zum, abom'azum)
n.
omasum, paunch.]
[L. ab, from
The read or fourth chamber of the
stomach of ruminants (zoo/.).
aboral (abo'ral) a. [L. ab, from os,

abdominal regions, nine areas into

which the abdomen is divided by

Away from, or
mouth.]
opposite to, the mouth.
abort (abort') v. [L. abortus, prc-

openings leading from the coelom

to the exterior, in Cyclostomes
certain other fishes (zoo/.).

abdominal

reflex,

and

contraction of ab-

dominal wall muscles when the skin

over the side of the
stimulated (phys.).

abdomen

oris,

ACC-

ABOmature birth.] To be arrested in

development to be born prema;

turely

(biol.)

abortion (abor'shun) n. [L. abortus,

premature birth.] Premature birth
arrest of development of an organ

abranchiate
without

(abrang'kiat) a.

brangchia,

gills.]

[Gk.

a,

Without

gills (zool.).

abrupt (abrupt') a. [L. ab, from rumAppearing as if

pere, to break.]
;

broken, or cut

off,

at the extremity.

abruptly-acuminate, having a.broad

extremity, as a leaf, from which a
point arises

having the main

epipodium not winged,
but bearing a number of secondary
axes which are winged (bot.).

axis of the

absciss (ab'sls) a. [L. abscindere, to

cut off.] Appl. layer of cells just
outside the cork-layer, to whose
disorganization the fall of the leaf

due

(bot).

abscission (absish'un) n. [L. abscinThe separation

dere, to cut off.]
of parts (dot.).

absorption

(absorp'shun)

absorbere, to suck

in.]

n.

The

[L.
intus-

susception of fluid by living cells

the passage of nutritive
or tissues
material through living cells (biol.,
;

phys.).
n.
[L.
(abstrik'shun)
abstringere, to cut off.] The process of detaching spores (conidia)
by the rounding off of the tips of
the sporophores, as in mildews (bot.).

abstriction

abterininal (abter'mmal) a. [L. ab,

from terminus, end.] Going from
the end inwards (phys.).
abysmal (abiz'mal) a. [Gk. abysses,
bottomless.] Pert, depths of the
ocean.
abyssal (abis'al) a.
[Gk. abysses,
Pert, depths of the
bottomless.]
ocean appl. organisms or material
;

usually found there (biol.).

acanaceous (akana'shus) a.
[Gk.
akanos, thorn.] Bearing thorns or
prickles, as leaves (bot.).

acantha (akan'tha)
thorn.]

Prickle

[Gk. akantha,
A substance like chitin,
strontium sulphate, forming the
skeleton of the Radiolarians (phys.).
acanthion (akan'thion) n. [Gk. akanthorn.]

tha, thorn.]

The most prominent

point on the nasal spine (anat.).

acanthocarpous (akan'thokar'pus) a.
[Gk. akantha, thorn karpos, fruit.]
Having the fruit covered with spines
or prickles.
;

acanthocephalous

n.

[Gk. akantha,
(bot.) ;
spinous

process (zool).

acanthaceous (akantha'shus) a. [Gk.

akantha, thorn.] Bearing prickles.

(akan'thokef'alus,

[Gk. akantha, thorn kephWith a hooked proale, head.]

boscis (zool.).
-sef-) a.

acanthocladous

(hot.).

abruptly-pinnate,

is

acanthin

(akan'thin) n.

(akan'thoklad'us)

a.

[Gk. akantha, thorn klados, branch.]

Having spiny branches,
acanthocyst (akan'thosist) n.
[Gk.
akantha, thorn ; kystis, bladder.]
sac containing lateral or reserve
;

stylets in Nemerteans (zool.).

acanthophore (akan'thofor) n.

[Gk.
akantha, thorn pherein, to bear.]
A conical mass, the basis of the
;

median

Nemerteans (zool.).
acanthosphenote (akan'thosfe'not) a.
[Gk. akantha, thorn sphen, wedge.]
Appl. an echinoid spine made up of
solid wedges separated by porous
stylet in

tissue (zool.).

acanthozooid (akan'thozo'oid) n. [Gk.

akantha, thorn soon, animal eidos,
form.] The tail part of the proscolex of Cestodes as distinguished
from the body or cystozooid (zool.).
acapnia (akap'nia) n. [Gk. akapnos,
without smoke.]
Diminution or
want of carbon dioxide (phys.).
acaulescent (akoles'ent) a.
[Gk. a,
without kaulos, stalk.] Having a
shortened stem (bot.).
;

accelerator (aksgl'erator) n. [L. accelerare, to hasten.]

Appl. muscle
or nerve which increases the rate
of action (phys.).
acceptor (aksep'tor) n. [L. accipere,
to accept.] A body or substance
which receives and unites with
another substance or gas intro-

duced

(phys.).

accessorius (akseso'rius)

n.
[L. acmuscle aiding
cedere, to go to.]
in the action of another ; the

spinal

accessory or eleventh cranial nerve

(anat.).

accessory (akseVori)

a.

[L. accedere,

ACCto

go

ACIAdditional or accom-

to.]

panying.
accessory bud,

bud

an additional

axillary

(bot.).

accessory chromosome, a chromosome found in the sex-cells of various

animals which by its peculiar behaviour and the stage it appears at,
is considered by some authorities
to be the factor that determines sex.
accessory nerve, the eleventh cranial
nerve (anat.).
accessory pancreatic duct, Santorini's duct (anat.).
accommodation (akomoda'shun) n.
[L. ad, to

commodus,

The

fitting.]

adjustment of the eye for receiving

clear images of objects at different
distances (phys.).
accrescent (akres'ent) a. [L. accrescere, to increase.] Appl. plants that
continue to grow after flowering, or
calyx continuing to grow after pollination

(bot.).

accretion

(akre'shun)
scere, to increase.]
external addition of

n.

[L.

accre-

Growth by the

new matter

in

protozoology, agglomeration (biol.).

accumbent (akum'bent) a.
[L. accumbere, to lie on.] Appl. embryo
with
their
cotyledons
edges
having
turned towards the radicle, as in
Cruciferae (bot.).
acentrous (asen'trus) a. [L. a, without
centrum, centre.] With no
vertebral centra and with persistent notochord, as in certain
;

fishes (zoo/.).
acephalous (akef'alus, -sef-) a.

[Gk.

not ; kephale, head.] Having no

structure comparable to the head,
as in some molluscs (zool.).
a,

acerate (as'grat)

a.

[L. acer, sharp.]

Needle-shaped pointed at one end,

;

appl.

monaxon

or oxeote spicules

acervulus cerebri,

minute grains of
a calcareous nature in the pineal
of
the
brain (anat.).
gland, etc.,
acetabulum (asgtab'ulum) n.
[L.
The
acetabulum, vinegar - cup.]
socket for the head of the femur,
situated at the junction of the
ilium, ischium, and pubis, all of
which may or may not take part in
its formation (anat.) ; in
insects,
the cavity of the thorax formed by
the epimeron, sternum, and occasionally epigastrium, in which the
the large poslegs are inserted
terior sucker in leeches ; one of
the cotyledons of the ruminant
placenta the sucker on the arms
of a Cephalopod (sool.).
acheilary (akl'lan) a. [Gk. a, without
cheilos,
lip.]
Having the
labellum undeveloped, as in some
orchids (bot.).
achene (aken')
.
[Gk. a, not ;
chainein, to gape.]
monospermal seed-vessel which does not
open or crack (bot.).
Achillis tendo (Skills ten'do) n.
[Achilles, hero of the Iliad, who
had a vulnerable heel ; L. tendo,
The hamstring
the
tendon.]
united strong tendon of the gastrocnemiusand solaeus muscles (anat.).
;

achlamydeous

(ak'lamid'eus) a.
[Gk.
without; chlamys, cloak.] Having
neither calyx nor corolla (bot.).
achromatin (akro'matin) n. [Gk. ,
a,

without ; chroma, colour.]

The
non-staining ground substance and
linin of the nucleus (cyt.).

achromatinic (akro'matin'ik) a. [Gk.

a, without
chroma, colour.] Pert.
achromatin, or resembling achromatin in its properties (cyt.).
;

acicular (aslk'ular) a.
[L. acicula,
small needle.] Like a needle in

shape

(zool.).

acerose (as'eros)

a.
[L. acer, sharp.]
slender, with a sharp
point as a pine-leaf (bot.).
acervuline (aseYviilin) a. [L. acervus,
Irregularly
heaped toheap.]
gether, appl. foraminiferal tests

Narrow and
;

(zool.).

acervulus (aser'vulus)

n.
[LL. dim.
of acervus, heap.] A small heap
or cluster
especially of sporo;

genous mycelium

(bot.).

sharp-pointed

aciculum (aslk'ulum)

n.

(bot.).

[L. acicula,

small needle.]
One of the stiff
basal setae in the parapodium of

a worm (zool.).
acinaciform (aslnas'iform)
acinaces,

sword

short

a.
;

[L.

forma,

like a sabre or
;
appl. leaf (bot.).
acinarious (aslna'rlus) a. [L. acinus,
berry.] Having globose vesicles,

shape.]
scimitar

as

Shaped

some Algae

(bot.).

ACT-

ACIacinus (as'fnus)
[L. acinus, berry.]
One of the pulpy drupes composing
the fruit of bramble or raspberry
the sac-like termination of
(hot.}
a branched gland (anat.).
acoelomate (ase'lomat) a,
[Gk. a,
without
koilos, hollow.]
Appl.
animals not having a true body
.

cavity.

acoelomatous,acoelous, acoelomate.
acontia (akon'tia, akon'shia) n. plu.
small
akontion,
[Gk.
javelin.]
Threadlike processes of the mesenteric filaments armed with stinging
cells, in Actinians (zoo/.').
acotyledon (a'kotlle'don)
[Gk. a,
without
kotyledon, a cup-shaped
A
without
a cotyhollow.]
plant
ledon (hot.}.
acquired character, a modification
or mutilation, due to disease or to
use or disuse of a special organ or
organs, which has actually made its
appearance during the lifetime of
.

the individual

(biol.).

acraspedote (akras'pgdot) a. [Gk. a,

without
kraspedon, an edge or
;

border.]

Having no velum

acrobryous (ak'robrl'us) a.
tip

bryein, to swell.]

the tip only

Growing

at

(dot.).

a.

[Gk.

akros, tip ; karpos, fruit.]

Having
the fructification terminating the
axis (bot.).

acrocoracoid (ak'rokSr'akoid) n. [Gk.

akros, tip ; korax, crow
eidos,
A process at the dorsal
shape.]
end of the coracoid in birds (zoo!.).
acrocyst (ak'roslst) n. [Gk. akros, tip
;

The spherical
bladder.]
gelatinous cyst formed by the gonowhen
it
phore,
projects after migration on the blastostyle beyond the
mouth of the gonotheca, for the
completion of the maturation of the

kystis,

generative cells

in

(zool.).
a.

acrodont (ak'rodont)

[Gk. akros,
odous, tooth.]
tip ;
Appl. teeth
which are ankylosed by their base
to the summit of a parapet of bone
(anat.).

(bot.).

acromial (akro'mial)

a.
[Gk. akros,
Pert.
shoulder.]
the acromion, appl. artery, process,
etc.
(anat.).
ligament,
acromio-clavicular (akro'mio-klavik'ular) a.
[Gk. akromion, shouldersummit ; L. claviculus, dim. of
clavts, key.] Appl. ligaments covering the joint between the acromion
and the clavicle (anat.).

summit

omos,

acromion (akro'mion) n. [Gk. akros,

The
summit
omos, shoulder.]
;

ventral prolongation of the spina

scapulae (anat.}.
acropetal (ak'ropeVal)

summit

a.

[Gk. akros,

L. petere, to seek.]

Appl.

leaves or flowers developing from

an axis so that the youngest arise
nearest the apex (bot.).

acrorhagus (akrora'gus) n. [Gk. akros,

summit rhax, grape.] A tubercle

on the margin of certain Actinians,
containing nematocysts (zool.).
;

acrosarc (ak'rosark) n.
sarx,

[Gk. akros,

flesh.]

pulpy

berry resulting from the union of

ovary and calyx (bot.).
acrosome (ak'rosom) n. [Gk. akros,
tip ; sotna, body.]
Body at the apex
of a spermatozoon, the apical body
(zool.).

acrospire (ak'rospir)

summit

The

speira,

n.

[Gk. akros,

something twisted.]

shoot or sprout, being

spiral, at the end of a germinating
seed (bot.).
acrospore (ak'rospor) n. [Gk. akros,
The spore at
tip ; sporos, seed.]
the end of a sporophore (bot.).
actinal (ak'tmal, aktfnal) a.
[Gk.
aktis, ray.] Appl. area of an echinoderm body in which the tube-feet
are situated
appl. the oral area
with tentacles in Actinaria (zool.).
actine (ak'tln) n. [Gk. aktis, ray.] A
first

star-shaped spicule

(zool.).

actinenchyma

n.
(ak'tlngng'kima)
[Gk. aktis, ray ; en, in
chein, to
Cellular tissue having a
pour.]
;

aerodrome (ak'rodrom), acrodromous

stellate

(akrSd'romus) a. [Gk. akros, tip

dromein, to run.] Appl. leaf with
nerves converging at its point (bot.).
acrogenous (akr6j'6nus) a. [Gk. akros,

actinoblast

Increasing

genos, offspring.]

growth at the summit or growing

point

summit

(zool.).

[Gk. akros,

acrocarpous (ak'rokar'pus)

tip

appearance

(bot.).

(aktln'oblast) n.
[Gk.
The
ray
blastos, bud.]
mother-cell from which a spicule

aktis,
is

developed

(zool.).

ADE-

ACTactinocarpous (ak'tinokar'pus) a. [Gk.

aktis, ray
karpos, fruit.]
Appl.
plants with flowers and fruit radially
arranged (bot.).
actinodrome (aktm'b'drom) a.
[Gk.
dramas, a running.]
aktis, ray
;

Veined palmately (hot.}.

a.
actinogonidial
(ak'tinogonid'ial)
gonos, offspring.]
[Gk. aktis, ray
Having radiately arranged genital
organs as in Stelleroids (zool.).
actinoid (ak'tinoid) a. [Gk. aktis, ray
;

eidos, shape.]
Rayed, star-shaped.
actinomere (aktin'omer) n. [Gk. aktis,

ray

ment

meros, part.]

radial seg-

(zool.}.

morphous

a.

(ak'tinomor'fus)
[Gk.
morphe, shape.] Appl.
flowers which can be divided into
like halves by a vertical section
through the centre ; radiosymmetrical.
actinost (ak'tinost) n. [Gk. aktis, ray
Basal bone of the
os/eon, bone.]
;

fin-rays in Teleosteans (zool.}.

(aktin'ostom) n.
[Gk.
The
aktis, ray
stoma, mouth.]
five-rayed oral aperture of the star;

fish (zool.}.

(ak'tinotrlk'ium)
;

n.

(zool.}.

actinotrocha (ak'tfnotro'ka) n. [Gk.

Freeaktis, ray
trochos, wheel.]
swimming larval form of Phoronis
;

(zool.}.

ray.]

(aktin'ula)

n.

[Gk.

aktis,

A larval stage in some Hydroin

which a coelenteron,

medusae,
mouth, and tentacles are formed,
and cell differentiation has taken
place before the larva is set free
from the parent form (zool.}.

aculeate (aku'leat)

a.
[L. aculeus,
thorn.]
Having prickles
or sharp points (bot.}.
aculeiform
a.
(akule'iform)
[L.
aculeus, prickle ; forma, shape.]
Formed like a prickle or thorn

prickle,

(bot.}.

aculeus

point.]

Drawn

point

tapering

a.

[L.

out into
(bot.}

acumen.
a long
pointed

(zool.}.

acuminiferous (akummlf'e'rus) a. [L.

acumen, point
ferre, to carry.]
;

Having pointed tubercles (zoo/.}.

acuminulate (ak'umm'ulat) a.
[L.
acuminulus, dim. of acumen, point.]
Having a very sharp tapering point.
acute (akut')#.

[L. acutus, sharpened.]

Ending in a sharp point.
acyclic (asik'llk) a. [Gk. a, without
Appl. flowers in
kyklos, circle.]
which the series of floral leaves are

arranged

in

(aku'leus)

n.

[L.

a spiral

opp. cyclic

(**}
adamantoblast (adaman'toblast) n.
Gk. blastos,
[L. adamas, diamond
;

bud.]
thelial

cell

layer

of the internal epiof the mammalian

enamel organ, columnar in shape

in many of the
the enamel cell
lower forms the enamel organ con-

sists

only of such cells

aculeus,

(zool.}.

adambulacral

a.
(ad'ambula'kral)
ad, to
ambulare, to walk.]
ossicles
or
structure
Appl.
adjacent
to the ambulacral areas in Echino-

[L.

[Gk. aktis, ray

thrix, hair.]
delicate unjointed horny fibre of
mesoblastic origin found at the
edge of all the fins in adult Teleostomes, probably homologous with
the ceratotrichia of Elasmobranchs

actinula

(bot.}

sting (zool.}.

acuminate (aku'minat)

actinostome

actlnotrichium

prickle growing from

actinomorphic (ak'tinomor'f Ik), actinoaktis, ray

prickle.]

the bark, as in the rose

derms

(zool.}.

n.

adaptation (adapta'shun)

[L. ad,

aptare, to fit.] The process by

which an organism becomes fitted
a structure or
to its environment
to

habit fitted for some special environment the fitting of cutaneous and
other sensations to a point when
discomfort ceases, as the physiological zero in the case of adapta;

tion to temperature (phys.}.

adduction (aduk'shun) n. [L. ad, to

ducere^

to lead.]

The movement

towards the median axis (phys.}.

adductor (aduk'tor) n. [L. ad, to
ducere, to lead.] Any muscle which
brings one part towards another

(anat.}.

adeciduate (adesld'uat)
away from df, from
;

fall.]

Not

falling,

a.
;

[L.
cadere,

or

a,

to

coming

(bot.)
evergreens
away,
appl.
appl. placenta (zool.).
adelocodonic (ad'61okod6n'lk, ade'I6kod6n'lk) a.
[Gk. adelos, con-

ADR-

ADEcealed;

the

Appl.

kodon, bell.]

undetached medusome of certain

Gymnoblastea, which degenerates
after discharging ripe sexual cells,
as opp. the free or phanerocodonic

gonophore or medusome (zoo/.).

adelomorphic (ad'elomor'fik, ade'a.

I6m6r'(ik)

cealed
in

adelos,

[Gk.

morphe, shape.]

form appl. central

cells of peptic

glands

(anat.).
(adel'fus)

adelphous

con-

Indefinite

adel-

a.

[Gk.
Joined together in
bundles (hot.} used in compounds
monadelphous and diadelphous,

phos, brother.]

which

Condition of
haerere, to stick.]
being united to, or separate from,
one another, appl. elements of a
whorl (bot.}.
adhesive cells, Glandular or specialized cells found in various animals;
on the tentacles of Ctenophores, on
the epidermis of certain Turbelon the pedal disc of
larians,

Hydra,

etc.

adipose (ad'Tpos) a. [L. adeps,

Pert, or designating animal

fat.]

fat

fatty (phys.}.
adipose tissue, the special animal
tissue for the formation and storage

see.

adenocheiri (ad'gnokl'n, -re) n. plu.

cheir, hand.]
[Gk. aden, gland
Elaborate
accessory
copulatory
organs, outgrowths of the atrial
walls in the turbellarian genus
;

Artioposthia

adenodactyli

(zool.}.

(ad'Snodak'till,

-le)

n.

[Gk. aden, gland ; daktylos,

Adenocheiri, which see
finger.]

plu.

(zoo/.).

adenoid
gland

(ad'gnoid) a.
[Gk. aden,
or
Pert,
shape.]
etdos,

resembling a gland pert, or resembling lymphoid tissue.

;

adenophore

(ad'enofor') n.

[Gk. aden,

gland pherezn, to carry.] The stalk

of a nectar gland (bot.}.
adenophyllous (ad'enb'fil'Cis) a. [Gk.
aden, gland phyllon, leaf.] Bearing glands on the leaves (hot.}.
;

adenopodous (adenop'odus)

a.

[Gk.
aden, gland pous, foot.] Bearing
glands on the peduncles (bot.}.
;

adenostemonous

(ad'enostgrn'onus) a.
steinon, a spun
[Gk. aden, gland
Having glands on the
thread.]
;

stamens

(bot.}.

adesmy

(adgs'mi) n. [Gk. adesmos,

break or division
unfettered.]
in an organ usually entire (bot.}.
adetopneusic (ad'gtopnu'sik) a. [Gk.
adetos, free ; pnein, to breathe.]

or
dermal
Having
papulae
occurring beyond the
abactinal surface, as in certain of
the Stelleroids (zool.}.

branchiae

adherent (adhe'rgnt)
haerere, to

[L. ad, to ;
Pert, union of

a.

stick.]

parts which are normally separate,

as calyx and ovary adnate (dot.}.
adhesion (adhe'zhun) n. [L. ad, to ;
;

adminicula (ad'mimk'ula) n. plu. [L.

adminiculum, support.] Spines of
certain pupae, assisting in wriggling

motion (zoo!.).
adnate (adnat') a.

[L. ad, to ; gnatus,

born.] Pert, or designating the condition of being closely attached to
the side of the petiole or stalk, as
in the case of stipules or leaves
designating the condition of the

anther when its back is attached

throughout its whole length to the
filament, or to its continuation the
connective (bot.}.

adnexa

[L. ad, to

(adngk'sa) n. plu.

Certain structures
or parts of structures closely related

nectere, to bind.]

to

any organ

(anat.}.

adnexed (adneksf)
nectere, to bind.]

stem only

a.

to

[L. ad,

Reaching to the

(bot.}.

adoral (ado'ral) a. [L. ad, to

os,
mouth.] Near the mouth, or pert.
;

the

mouth

ad-radius
radius,

(zoo!.).

[L. ad, to ;
in

(adra'diiis) n.

The radius
midway between

radius.]

the
Coelenterates
perradius and the interradius, a
radius of the third order (zool.).
adrectal (adrgk'tal) a.
[L. ad, to ;
Near to or
rectum, rectum.]
with
rectum
closely connected
(zool.}.

adrenal (adre'nal)

a.
[L. ad, to ;
renes, kidneys.]
Suprarenal.
adrenalin (adre'nalTn), adrenaline
(adre'nalin, adre'nalen) n.
[L. ad,
to ; renes, kidneys.]
crystalline

substance obtained from suprarenal

extract (phys.}.

adrostral (adros'tral)

a.

[L. ad, to

ADSrostrum, beak.] Near to or closely

connected with the beak or rostrum
(zool.).

adsorption (iidsorp'shun) n. [L. ad,

The conto
sorbere, to suck in.]
centration of a substance in solution
in a liquid on a surface in contact
with the surface of another phase
the adhesion of molecules to solid
bodies (phys.).
aduncate (adung'kat) a. [L. aduncus,
bent in the
hooked.] Crooked
form of a hook.
a.
advehent (ad've'he'nt)
[L. advehere, to carry to.]
Appl. veins,
;

same as

afferent (anat.).
adventitious (advgntish'iis) a. [L. ad,
to
venire, to come.] Accidental ;
appl. organs arising in abnormal
;

positions

aecidiospores
[L. aecidium, cup ; Gk. sporos, seed.]
The spores contained in an aecidium or clustercup (bot.).
(esld'iosporz', as-) n. plu.

aecidium (estd'ium, as-) n. [L. aecidium, cup.] A cup-shaped structure

simple

sporophores,

bearing rows of spores (bot.).

aegithognathous (e'jlthog'nathus,
glthogna'thus)

a.

[Gk.

aegithos,

of palate found in the Carinatae

(zool.).

aerial (ae'rtal) a. [L. aer, air.] Inhabiting the air ; appl. roots grow-

ing above ground, e.g. from stems

of ivy, for purposes of climbing
;

also to small bulbs appearing in

the axils of the leaves of certain

plants
bios,

n.

[Gk.

aer,

air

An organism which

grows only in the presence

oxygen appl. bacteria.

of

aerobic (a'erob'ik) a.
[Gk. aer, air
bios, life.]
Thriving only in abundance of oxygen (bact.).
aerocyst (a'grb'sTst) n. [Gk. aer, air

kystis,

bladder.]

of Algae (bot.).
aerophyte (a'6roflt)

An

air

vesicle

[Gk. aer, air

phyton, plant.] A land-plant growing attached to another plant ; an
epiphyte.

An

insect body or in bird-bone (zool.).

aerostatic (a'Srostat'ik), a. [L. aer,
air

Pneumatic

stare, to stand.]

containing air-spaces
aerotaxis (a'grotak'sls)

(zool.).

[Gk. aer,
air
The
taxis,
arrangement.]
movement of bacteria and other
.

micro-organisms towards or away

from oxygen (phys.).
aerotropism (aerot'ropizm) n.
[Gk
aer,

air

to

trepein,

The

turn.]

reaction of plants to gases

(bot.).

(es'thaslt)
[Gk. aissensation
kytos, hollow.]
A sensory cell of primitive animals,
aesthesia (gsthe'zla) n. [Gk. aisthesis,

aesthacyte

n.

thesis,

Sensibility.

sensation.]

(eVtlval,

summer.]
summer.

aestas,

pert,

Produced

aestivation (eVtiva'shun)

summer.]

uus, pert,

which the

a.

estl'val)

[L.
in,

or

[L. aestiin

n.

The mode

parts of the
flower are disposed in the flowerbud ; praefloration torpor during
summer as in the case of some
animals.
different

aethalium

(etha'llum, ath-) n.

An

aithahs, soot.]

[Gk.
aggregation of

form a compound
plasmodia
in Mycetozoa.
to

fruit

aetiology (etI61'6jl) n.
[Gk. aitia,
cause logos, discourse.] A branch
of biology dealing with causes.
afferent (af'erent) a. [L. afferre, to
bring.]
Appl. nerves carrying impulses to the nervous centres appl.
blood-vessels carrying blood to any
particular organ or set of organs
;

(anat.).

[L. affinis, related

Relationship similarity in all
essential organs (biol.).
a.
aflagellar
a,
[Gr.
(a'flajgl'ar)
without ; L. flagelluni, a whip.]

affinity (afm'itl) n.

(bot.).

life.]

[L. aer, air ;

air-sac in

n.

stand.]

a'-

hedge - sparrow
gnathos,
jaw.]
With maxillo - palatines separate,
vomers forming a wedge in front
and diverging behind appl. a type

aerobe (a'eYob)

to

stare,

aestival

(hot.}.

containing

aerostat (a'grostat)

n.

to.]

Without a flagellum, a whip-like

appendage in certain unicellular
organisms
appl. the end of a
trypanosome not furnished with a
;

flagellum (zool.}.
afterbirth
(af'terberth)
aefter,
forth.]

behind

n.

[A.S.

to

bring

Placenta and foetal

mem-

beran,

branes expelled after the young

born

(anal!.).

is

AFIaftershaft

.
(af'tershaft)
[A.S.
small
;
shaft.]
in
the
down
neighbourhood

behind

aefter,
tuft of

of the superior umbilicus in the

in certain
feathers of most birds
birds (e.g. moas, emu, cassowary)
;

second

vane, which, usually

but sometimes of equal
length to the vane proper, arises
near the superior umbilicus (zool.}.
shorter,

agametes (ag'amets)

n. plu.
[Gk. a,
without ; games, marriage.] Amoebulae which develop directly into
adults without syngamy (zool.}.
agamic (agam'lk) a. [Gk. a, without

games, marriage.] Asexual

to a parthenogenic race
cryptogamic (bot.}.

agamobium
a,

(biol.}

games, marriage

The

genesis

appl.

n.

(ag'amS'bium)

without

life.]

[Gk.
bios,

asexual stage in metathe sporophyte

;

(zool.}

(bot.}.

agamogenesis
without

a,

genesis,
genesis.

(ag'amqje'n'e'sis) n.

games,

birth.]

games, marriage
Appl. asexual re;

production.
aganiogony (ag'amog'oni) n. [Gk. a,
without ; games, marriage genes,
offspring.]
Schizogony, or reproduction without sexual process
;

(biol.}.

agamont (ag'amont)

n.

[Gk.

games, marriage

a,

with-

on, being.]

schizont, or that stage which

gives rise to agametes (biol.}.
(ag'amus) a. See agamic.
agglomerate (agl8m'6rat) a. [L. ad,
to ; glomus, ball.] Clustered, as a
head of flowers.

agamous

agglutination (aglootina'shun)
ad,

to

glutinare,

to

[L.

The

glue.]

forming of clumps or floccules by

bacteria distributed in a

and

their

mobility

simultaneous

medium,
loss

of

(bact.}.

agglutinin (agloot'inm)
to

glutinare,

stance which

is

to

n.

glue.]

[L, ad,

sub-

supposed to cause

agglutination (phys.}.

aggregate

(ag'rggat) a.
[L. ad, to ;
collect into a flock.]
in a cluster (bot., zool.}.

gregare, to

Formed

aggregate
from the

fruit,

formed
gynoecium

fruit

apocarpous

of a single flower, as the raspberry.

aggregation (agrgga'shun) n. [L. ad,
The
to ;
gregare, to collect.]
peculiar movement of the prototentacles
in
the
of
the
cells
plasm
or tendrils of sensitive plants, which
being due to previous contact, causes
the tentacle or tendril to bend
towards the point where the stimulus

was applied

(phys.}.

n.
[L. aggressus,
toxic substance pro-

aggressin (agres'm)
attacked.]

duced

pathogenic

by

organisms

inhibiting the defensive reactions

of the host (phys.}.

aglossate (aglos'-at) n. [Gk. a, without ; glossa, tongue.] Having no

tongue

(zool.}.

agnathostomatous

(agnath'ostonY[Gk. a, without ; gnathos,

jaw ; stoma, mouth.] Having the
mouth unfurnished with jaws, as in
the lamprey (zool.}.
atus) a.

agnathous
without

a.

(ag'amojSngt'ik)

[Gk. a, without
genesis,

[Gk.

marriage
Partheno-

generation.]

agamogenetic

out

ALA

no jaw

a.

(agnath'us)

[Gk.

a,

Having

gnathos, jaw.]

(zool.}.

agrostology

n.

(ag'rostol'ojl)

agrostis, grass

logos,

[Gk.

discourse.]

That part of botany dealing with

the systematic treatment of grasses
(bot.}.

air-bladder (ar'-blad'er) n. [L. aer,

The
air; A.S. bleedre, bladder.]
swim-bladder, an air-sac formed by
an outgrowth from the alimentary
canal in many fishes (zool.}.
thin-walled cavities in the
air-cells,
ethmoidal labyrinth
numerous
cavities in the mastoid (anat.}.
;

spaces filled with air and

connected with the lungs, which

air-sacs,

increase the respiratory coefficient,

and probably lessen the

specific

gravity in birds.

akaryote (aka/iot) n. [Gk.

a,

karyon, nut, nucleus.]

which the nucleoplasm

without

cell

in

has not
collected together to form a nucleus a non-nucleated cell (cyt.}.
akinete (^'kinet', aVinet) n. [Gk. a,
not
kinein, to move.] A resting
cell in certain green Algae, which
will later reproduce (bot?).
;

ala

(a'la)

n.

[L.

ala,

winglike projection,

wing.] Any
of vomer

e.g.

ALA
the lateral petal of a
the mempapilionaceous flower
branous expansion on some seeds
(anat.)

or fruits
alar (a'lar)
like

a.

[L. ala, wing.] Wing;

axillary (bot.) ;
etc.
cartilages,

alae

ligaments,

(anat.).

alary (a'l&rT)
Wing-like.

a.

[L.

wing.]

ala,

because of inequality of angles

(zool.).

albescent (albeVgnt)
to

grow

to

grow

a,

[L. albescere,

whitish.

Growing

white.]

albicant (al'bikant)

albinism

a.

[L.

albicare,

Becoming

white.]

(al'bimzm)

n.

white.

[L.

albus,

The absence of pigmentawhite.]

tion (zoo!.) ; state of having colourless

chromatophores.

albino

(albino,

n.

albe'no)

[Sp.

white, from L. albusl\ A

person with congenital deficiency

albino,

of pigment in the skin, hair, and

eyes (anat.)
any animal with a
deficiency on its body
a plant with colourless
(zool.)
;

similar

chromatophores,

due

to

absent

chloroplasts or undeveloped chro-

moplasts

[Gk. alexein, to
substance in the
bacteria
destroys

n.

off.]

which

blood
(Phys.).

algin (al'jin) n. [L. alga, seaweed.]

A substance of a gelatin character
obtained from certain Algae (phys.).
algoid (al'goid) a. [L. alga, plant
Gk. eidos, shape.] Pert, resembling
or of the nature of an Alga (bot.).

nutritive material stored in

the embryo (bot.).

albumin (albu'mln)

n.
[L. albumen,
white of egg.] A protein occurring
in blood serum, milk, and many
animal and vegetable tissues (phys.).

albuminous (albu'minus)

algology

a.

[L. albu-

men, white of egg.] Pert, having,

or of the nature of, albumen or
albumin.

alburnum (albur'num) n. [L. albus,

white.]
Sapwood or splintwood,
the soft white substance between
inner bark (cambium) and true
wood (duramen) ; the outer young
wood of a dicotyledonous stem
(bot.).

alecithal (aleVithal) a. [Gk. a, with

out ; lekithos, yolk.]
Appl. ova
with little or no yolk (zool.).

aleurone (alu'ron) n. [Gk. aleuron,

flour.]
Appl. proteid grains found

[L. alga, sea-

(algol'oji) n.

Gk. logos, discourse.] The

study of seaweeds or Algae (bot.).
alima (al'ima)
[Gk. halimos, pert.
A larval stage of certain
sea.]

weed

Crustacea,

alimentary
to

e.g. Squilla (zool.).

(al'Ime'n'tari) a.
[L. alere,

functions

the

Pert,

nourish.]

nutritive

canal,

appl.

tract,

system, etc.
alisphenoid (al'isfe'noid) . [L. a/a,
Gk. sphen, wedge
eidos,
wing
The wing-like portion of
form.]
the sphenoid forming part of the
cranium.
;

alitrunk (al'itrungk)

n.

[L. ala,

wing

truncus, trunk.] The thorax of an

insect when fused with the first
segment of the abdomen.
allantois (Slan'tois) n.
[Gk. alias,

sausage.]

(bot.).

albumen (albu'men) n. [L. albumen,

white of egR.] The white of egg
(zool.)

alexin (aleVsin)

Broad-

(a'lat) a.

[L. ala, wing.]

lipped, appl. shells ; appl. a spicular
system in Calcarea which is sagittal

in general protoplasm and used as

reserve food-materials (bot.).

ward

(bot.).

pert,

appl.

alate

ALL-

An

embryonic organ, a
arising from the

membranous bag

posterior part of the alimentary

in the higher vertebrates,
and acting as an organ of respiration or nutrition or both, and
usually uniting with the chorion

canal

(emb.).

allassotonic

a.

(alas'otfin'ik)

allassein, to

[Gk.

change tonos, strain.]

Induced by stimulus, appl. movements of grown plants.
allelomorph (ale'lomorf) n. [Gk. allelon, one another
morphe, form.]
In Mendelian inheritance one of
of
alternative
characters
any pair
;

(biol.).

alliaceous (alta'shus) a. [L. allium,

Pert, the allium or garlic
garlic.]
family
having a smeN or taste
;

like garlic (bot?).

allogamy
other

(alfig'aml)

(biol.).

n.

[Gk. allos,
Cross-

gamos, marriage.]

fertilization,

as

opp.

autogamy

ALLalloiogenesis (al'oiojen'esis) n. [Gk.

alloios, different
genesis, descent.]
The alternation in a life-history of
a sexual and a non-sexual form
alternation of generations (biol.}.
;

a.

allopelagic (al'opelaj'ik)
other pelagos, sea.]

[Gk. allos,

Pert, organ-

isms found at any depth of the sea

uninfluenced by heat or cold (biol.}.
alloplasmatic (al'dplasmat'ik) a. [Gk.
allos, other
plasma, something
moulded.] Appl. the differentiated
of
cell
protoplasm (cyt.).
portion
;

alloplast

n.

(al'oplast)

[Gk. allos,

other

; plastos, formed.]
morphological cell-unit of more than one

kind of tissue
alluvial
to

(cyt.}.

(alu'vial, aloo-) a.

wash

deposits

[L. alluere,
in

or found

to.]

Pert,

laid

down by running

water (pal.}.
alsinaceous (alsina'shiis) a.
[Gk.
alsine, chickweed.]
Appl. a polypetalous

corolla

where

intervals

occur between the petals, as in the

chickweed

(bot.}.

alteration
the
theory,
explains
electromotive forces of nerve and
in
the chemical
musclebyalterations
composition of the tissue at the
cross-section (phys.}.
alternate (alter'nar, olteVnat) a. [L.
alternus, one after another.] Appl.
leaves or branches occurring at
different levels on opposite sides of
the stem (bot.}.

alternation of
occurrence in

two or more

the
life-history of

generations,

one

different

forms

differ-

ently produced, as in the polypoid

and medusoid stages of Hydroids
(biol.}.

alternation of parts, it is the general

rule that leaves of the different
whorls alternate in position with
each other, sepals with petals,
stamens with petals (tot.).
alternlplnnate (alteYnipin'at, 61-) a.
[L. alternus, one after another ;
pinna, wing.]
Appl. leaflets or
pinnae arising alternately on each
side of the mid-rib (hot}.
altrices

AMP-

10

n.

plu.
[L. altriX) nourishes] Appl. birds
whose young are hatched in a very
immature condition (zool.}.
alula (al'ula) n. [L. alula, dim. of
(altrl'sez,

al'trlsgz)

ala, wing.]
off from the

small lobe separated

wing-base on its pos-

in certain insects

terior

edge
wing of birds

false

(zool.}.
(alve'dla) n.
[L.

alveola
alveolus, a
small cavity.] A pit on the surface
of an organ (bot.}.
alveolar (alve'olar) a.
[L. alveolus,
a small pit.] Pert, a tooth socket
or alveolus

appl. artery, nerve,

process, canal, in connection with
the jaw-bone (anat.) ; appl. a par;

ticular stage in protoplasm ; and to

small cavities in the lungs (zool.} ;

alveolar point see prosthlon.

alveolate (alve'olat) a. [L. alveolatus,
Deeply pitted or honeypitted.]

combed.
alveolus (alve'olus)
[L. alveolus,
A tooth socket or
a small pit.]
small pit or depression (anat.) the
pyramidal ossicle supporting a tooth
in the sea-urchin (zool.}.
alveus (al'veus) n. [L. alveus, cavity.]
A thin white layer on the ventricular
surface of the hippocampus (anat.}.
amacrine (am'akrin) a. [Gk. a, not
.

makros, long
cells occurring

fs, fibre.]
in the inner

Appl.
nuclear

layer of the retina (anat}.

ambidextrous (am'bidgk'strus) a.

[L.

Able
ambo, both
dexter, right.]
to use both hands with equal ease.
;

ambiens (am'bignz)

n.
[L. ambire, to
thigh muscle in cergo round.]
tain birds, the action of which causes
the toes to grasp the perch (zool.}.

ambiparous (amblp'arus) a.

[L. ambo,
both; parere, to beget.]
Appl.
buds as they contain the beginnings
of both flowers and leaves (hot.}.
ambisporangiate
(am'blsporan'jTat)
a.
Gk. sporos,
[L. ambo, both
;

seed
with

anggeion, box.] Appl. plants

both
bearing
sporophylls

megasporangia and microsporangia

(bot.).

ambital (am'bital) a. [L. ambire, to

go round.] Appl. interambulacral
and antambulacral plates of Asteroids

the outer skeleton of

Ophiuroids

(zool.}

arm

of

ambitus (am'bitus) n. [L. ambire, to

The outer edge or
go around.]
margin of a thing the outline of
an echinoid shell viewed from the
;

apical pole

(zool.}.

AMBamboceptor

n.

(am'bose'p'to'r)

[L.

An
ambo, both
capere, to take.]
antibody or specific immune body
necessary for the ferment-like action
;

of the complement on a toxin

a red blood corpuscle (phys.}.

ambulacra (am'bula'kra)

n.

plu.

or

to

walk.]

to

[L. ambulare,
lacral plates,

Ambu-

walk.]

i.e.
plates through
which the tube-feet protrude (zool.}.
ambulacriform (ambulak'riform) a.
walk
to
forma,
[L. ambulare,
shape.] Having the form or appearance of ambulacra (zool.}.
;

n.
ameliflcation
(amel'ifika'shun)
[M.E. amell, enamel L.facere, to
Formation
of
tooth-enamel
make.]
;

(anat.}.

(ameToblast) n.
[M.E.
Gk. blastos, bud.]
amell, enamel
A columnar or hexagonal cell about
five times as long as it is broad, an
;

cell

enamel-forming

a cell of the

internal epithelium of the

enamel

(anat.}.

amentaceous (amgnta'shus) a. [L.

amentum, a thong.] Appl. plants
bearing aments or catkins (bot.).
amentiferous (amgntlferus) a.
[L.
amentum, a thong ferre, to carry.]
Amentaceous.
amentum (amen'tum) n. [L. amentum,
a thong.]
A catkin, consisting of
a bracted axis bearing unisexual
;

flowers as in the poplar

and willow

(**>
ametabolic (amSt'abol'ik)
insects

a.

[Gk.

a,

metabole, change.] Appl.

that do not pass through

any marked metamorphosis (zool.}.

amicron (amik'ron)' n. [Gk. a, with-

out ; mikros, small.] An element

so small that even the ultramicroscope can only indicate it as a
diffuse illumination in the track of
the beam ; cf. submicron (phys.}.

amlcronucleate (ami'kronu'kleat)
[Gk.

a,

without

mikros, small

a.

L.

nucleus, kernel.]
Appl. fragments
of certain Protozoa in which there
is

no micronucleus

(zool.}.
(amito'sis) n.
[Gk. a,

amitosis
without
Cell-division
mitos, thread.]
and cleavage of the nucleus with;

[Gk.

(am'onltlf'e'rus)

a.

Amman,

Jupiter; L. ferre, to
Containing the fossil re-

carry.]

(pal.}.

amoeba

(ame'ba) n. [Gk. amoibe, exchange.] A protozoon in which the

shape is subject to constant alterations due to the formation and
retraction of pseudopodia (zool.}.

amoebifonn (ame'biform) a.
[Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
amoibe, change
Shaped like or resembling an
amoeba (biol.}.
amoebocyte (ame'boslt)
[Gk.
;

change
kytos,
hollow.]
Any cell having the shape or proan
amoeba, especially
perties of
certain cells in the coelom of Echinoderms a leucocyte (zool.}.
amoibe,

aineloblast

without

out the thread-like formation of the

nuclear material (cyt.}.

ammonltiferous

mains of Ammonites
[L.

Locomotor
tube-feet of Echinoderms (zool.}.
ambulacralia (am'bulakra'lia) n. plu.
ambulare,

organ

AMP-

11

amoeboid (ame'boid) a. [Gk. amoibe,

change eidos, shape.] Resembling
an amoeba in shape or in properties
;

(zool.}.

amoebula (ame'bula)
change.]
protozoan

pseudopodia

amorphous

n.

[Gk. amoibe,

The swarm-spore of a
when furnished with
(zool.}.
a.

[Gk. a,
Indeterminate, or of irregular form.

without

(am&r'fus)

morphe, shape.]

amphiarthrosis (am'fiarthro'sls) n.
arthron, joint.]
[Gk. amphi, both
A slightly movable articulation, as
a symphysis or syndesmosis (anat.}.
amphiaster (am'ftas'te'r) n.
[Gk.
The
aster, star.]
amphi, both
two asters connected by the
achromatic
in
formed
spindle
;

mitotic cell division

amphibious

(cyt.).
a.

[Gk.

(amfib'ius)

amphi, both

for life either

bios,

life.]

on land or

Adapted
in

water

(biol.}.

amphiblastic (am'fiblas'tlk) a. [Gk.

amphi, both blastos, bud.] Having
unequal segmentation, appl. telolecithal ova with complete segmen;

tation (biol.}.

amphiblastula (am'fiblas'tula) n. [Gk.

amphi, both blastos, bud.] Stage
in
the development of certain
sponges, in which the posterior
end of the embryo is composed
;

of granular archaeocytes, and the

anterior end of flagellate cells (zool.}.

AMPamphibollc (am'fibol'ik) a.
[Gk.
ballein, to throw.]
amphi, both
Capable of turning backwards or
;

forwards, as the outer toe of certain

birds (zool.).

ainphlcarpous (am'fikar'pus) a. [Gk.

amphi, both
karpos, fruit.] Producing fruit of two kinds (bot.).
;

ampbicoelous

(am'fise'lus) a.
;
koilos, hollow.]

[Gk.

Conamphi, both
cave on both surfaces appl. vertebrae with the anterior and posterior
surfaces of the centra hollow (zoo/.}.
;

amphicondylous

(am'fikon'dilus)

[Gk. amphi, both

two

Having

a.

kondylos, knob.]

occipital

condyles

to
pnein,
amphi, both ;
[Gk.
breathe.]
Having both gills and
lungs throughout the life-history
also appl. the condition in most
dipterous larvae of an open anterior
and posterior pair of spiracles with
the intermediate pairs closed (zool.).
;

amphipodous (amfip'odus)

a.
[Gk.
From
pous, foot.]
Amphipoda, an order of Crustacea,
of which the anterior three pairs
of abdominal appendages are more

amphi, both

some

of

gemmules

freshwater

sponges (zoo/.).
amphigastria (am'figas'tria) n. plu.
[Gk. amphi, both gaster, stomach.]
Ventral
rudimentary leaves of
;

foliose liverworts (dot.).

amphigony

n.
(amfig'oni)
[Gk.
;
gonos,
offspring.]
Sporogony or reproduction involving two individuals ; cf. mono-

both

both

(am'fikar'ion) n.
;
karyon, nut.]

[Gk.

An

amphi,
amphinucleus, a type of nucleus
characterized by a large karyosome, in reference to the supposed
encapsuling of the kinetic nucleus
by the trophic nucleus (cyt.).
(am'fimlk'sis)

n.

[Gk.

mixis, mingling.]
amphi, both
The mingling of paternal and
maternal characteristics by the
union of the male and female
pronucleus in fertilization (biol.).
;

amphiodont

(am'ftodont)

n.

[Gk.

amphi, both odous, tooth.] Appl.

an intermediate state of mandible
development in stag-beetles (zool.).
amphiont (am'fiSnt) n. [Gk. amphi,
both
A zygote or
on, being.]
sporont formed by the coming
of
two
individuals
together
(zool.).
;

amphiplatyan

(am'fiplat'ian) a.

[Gk.

Flat
amphi, both
platys, flat.]
on both ends
appl. centra of
;

vertebrae

(zool.).

amphipyrenin (am'fiplre'mn)
amphi, both

Pyren,

n.

stone

[Gk.
of a

The substance of which

fruit]
the nuclear membrane in a cell is
composed

(biol.).

ampb.irb.inal

(am'firl'nal)

amphi, both

a.

rhis, nose.]

[Gk.

Having

two nostrils (zool.).

amphisarca (am'ffsar'ka)

n.
[Gk.
both ; sarx, flesh.]
superior indehiscent many-seeded
fruit with pulpy interior and woody
exterior (bot.).

amphi,

amphispermous

gony (zool. ).
amphikaryon

amphimixis

strongly developed for swimming,

the remaining three pairs being
adaptedforjumping, hence, having
and for
feet both for walking

swimming

(zool.).

amphidisc (am'fidisk) n. [Gk. amphi,

both ; diskos, round plate.] Grapnelshaped spicules protecting the

amphi,

AMP-

12

(zool.).

amphipneustous

(am'flpnus'tus)

a.

(am'fispSr'mus) a.
sperma, seed.]
[Gk. amphi, both
the
seed
Having
closely surrounded
by the pericarp (bot.).
;

ampbispore
amphi,

n.
(am'fispor')
[Gk.
;
sporos, seed.]

both

reproductive spore which functions

as a resting spore in certain Algae
(bot.).

ampbisternous (am'fisteYnus) a. [Gk.

sternon, the breast.]
amphi, both
Appl. a type of sternum structure
in the Atelostomata (zool.).
;

amphistomatic

(am'fistomat'ik)

a.

[Gk. amphi, both ; stoma, mouth.]

Having stomata on both surfaces,
appl. certain types of leaves

amphistomous (amfis'tomus)

(bot.).

a.
[Gk.
amphi, both stoma, mouth.] Having a sucker at each end of the
body, as in certain worms (zool.).
amphistylic (am'fistil'ik) a.
[Gk.
amphi, both stylos, pillar.] Having the lower jaw connected with
the skull by both hypid and quadrate, or by both hyoid and palatoquadrate (zool.).
;

AMPamphithecium

n.

(auifithe'shiuuij

[Gk. amphi, both ; thekion, box.]

The peripheral layer of cells in the
sporangia of mosses (bot.).

amphitoky (amfit'oki) n.

[Gk. amphi,

Parthenotokos,
birth.]
genetic reproduction of both males
and females (zoo!.).
amphitriaene (am'fitrl'en) n.
[Gk.
amphi, both triaina, trident.] A
double trident-shaped spicule (zool.).
amphitrocha (amfit'roka) n.
[Gk.
A
trochos, wheel.]
amphi, both
free-swimming annelid larva with

both

two rings of cilia (zool.).

amphitropal (amfit'ropal)
both
amphi,
trope,

a.

[Gk.

turning.]

inverted, with the

the middle of one side

Having the ovule

hilum

ANA-

13

in

(Ad*).

amplectant

a.
[L.
(amplek'tant)
Clasping
amplecti, to embrace.]
or winding tightly round some
support, as tendrils in certain

plants (bot.).
(ampleVsikol) a.
[L.
amplecti, to embrace caulis, stem.]
Clasping or surrounding the stem,
as the base of a leaf (dot.).

amplexlcaul

ainyelinic
without

a.

(amielin'ik)

[Gk.

myelos, marrow.]
non-medullated nerve-fibres

a,

Appl.

(anat.).

(amig'dala) n.
[L. from
Gk. amygdale, almond.] One of
the palatal tonsils ; a rounded lobe
at the side of the vallecula of the

amygdala

cerebellum
amyloplast

amylum,

(anat.).

(am'iloplast')

starch

Gk.

n.

[L.
plastos,

formed.] A leucoplast or colourless

starch-forming granule in plants
(bot.).

amyloplastid, amyloplast.
amylum (am'ilum) n. [L. amylum,
Starch.

starch.]

anabiosis (an'ablo'sis) n. [Gk. ana,

up ; bios, life.] Resuscitation after
apparent death ; power of revivification as seen in certain Tardigrada
(zool.).

anabolism (anab'olizm) n.
up ballein, to throw.]
;

[Gk. ana,

The con-

structive chemical processes going

on in living organisms whereby foodmaterial is transformed into protoplasm (phys.).

[L. ampliatus,

anacrogynous (anakroj'mus) a. [Gk.

an, not akros, apex ;gyne, female.]
Appl. certain liverworts in which

wider.]
Having the outer
edge of the wing prominent, as in
certain insects (zool.).

the archegonia or female reproductive bodies do not arise at or

near the apex of a shoot (bot.).

ampliate (am'pliat)

a.

made

ampulla

(ampool'a,

-pul'-)

n.

[L.

ampulla, flask with

narrow neck

and globular body.]

membran-

ous vesicle

of the dilated
tubule in the mammary gland ; the
dilated portion at one end of each
of the semi-circular canals of the
ear (anat.) the internal reservoirs
on the ring canal of the watervascular system in Echinoderms
the terminal vesicle of sensory
canals of Elasmobranchs (zool.) ;
the submerged bladder of Utri;

part

cularia (bot).
ampullaceal (ampula'seal)

a.

[L.

ampulla,
flask.]
Flask-shaped,
appl. arachnid spinning glands

which furnish silk for foundations,

lines, and radii (zool.).
ampullaceous (ampula'shus) a. [L.
ampulla,

flask.]

Flask-shaped.

ampullary (ampool'ari,

-pul'-) a.

[L.

ampulla, flask.] Pert, or resembling

an ampulla (anat.).

anacromyoldlan (anak'romioid'ian) a.
akros, apex
[Gk. ana, up
mys,
;

With

muscle.]

the

syringeal

muscles attached -at the dorsal

ends of the bronchial semi-rings
(zool.).

anaerobe (ana'Srob)

[Gk. an, withAn organism capable of living in the absence

of free-oxygen ; appl. bacteria.
anaesthesia (angsthe'zla) n. [Gk. an,
without
Inaisthesis,
feeling.]
out

aer, air

n.

bios, life.]

sensibility (phys.).

anagenesis (an'aje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk. ana,

again genesis, birth.] Regenera;

tion of tissues (phys.).

(a'nal) a.
[L. anus, anus.] Pert.
or situated at or near the anus ;

anal

appl. posterior median unpaired

ventral fin of fishes, margin and
nerve of insect wing, posterior ventral scute of reptiles (zool.).

analogues (an'a!6gz)

n.

analogia, proportion.]

plu.

[Gk.

Organs of

ANAplants or animals with

similar function but of dissimilar
different

origin

AND-

14

(biol.}.

anamorphosis

(an'amor'fosis) n.
[Gk.
ana, again ; morphe, form.] The
evolution from one type to another
through a long series of gradual

changes
anangian

(biol.}.

anaxial (anak'sial)
out; axis, axis.]
axis (biol.}.

a.

[Gk.

a,

Having no

with-

distinct

anchor

ancora,
(ang'kor) n.
[L.
The
anchor - shaped
anchor.]
spicule found in the skin of Holothurians (zool.}.
n.
anchylosis
[Gk.
(ang'kilo'sis)

(anan'jian) a.
[Gk. a,
anggeion, vessel.] Appl.
without a vascular system.

The union
angkylosis, stiffness.]
of two or more bones or hard parts
to form one part, e.g. of bone to
bone, or tooth to bone (zool.}.

(an'afaz) n.
[Gk. ana, up ;
A stage in
appearance.]
mitosis during the divergence of
the daughter-chromosomes (biol.}.

anconeal (angko'neal) a. [L. ancon,

elbow.] Pert, the elbow (anat.}.
anconeus (ang'kone'us) n. [L. ancon,
Small extensor muscle
elbow.]
situated over the elbow (anat.}.
androconia (an'droko'nia) n. plu.

without

worms

(zool.}.

anaphase
phasis,

anaphylaxis (an'afilak'sis)
[Gk.
Conana, up
phylax, guard.]
dition of being hypersensitive to a
serum, caused by the first or sensitizing dose (phys.}.
anapophysis (an'apofisis) n. [Gk.
phyein, to
ana, up ; apo, from
.

A small dorsal projection

rising near the transverse processes
in lumbar vertebrae (anat.}.
grow.]

anarthrous (anar'thrus)
without

a.

[Gk.

a,

[Gk.

house.]

ramifications of the leaf- veins (bot.}

union of blood-vessels arising from
a common trunk union of nerves
formation of a network or mesh-

work

(anat.}.

anatomy

(anat'omi) n.

[Gk. ana, up

tome, cutting.] The science that

treats of the structure of plants and
of animals ; the structure of a plant

or of an animal.

anatriaene

up

(an'atrl'en) n.
triaina, a trident.]

oikos,

n.

[Gk.

house.]

The

organs of a
stamens taken col-

reproducing

plant

the

lectively (bot.}.

androgonidia (an'drogomd'ia)

n. plu.
[Gk. aner, man ; gonos, offspring.]
Male sexual elements formed after
repeated divisions of parthenogonidia of volvox (sool.}.

androgynal

a.
[Gk.
gyne, woman.] Hermaphrodite; bearing bothstaminate
and pistillate flowers in the same

(androj'Inal),

man

aner,

bunch (bot.}.
androgynary (andrqj'inari) a. Having
flowers with stamens and pistils
developed into petals

(bot.}.

androgynism (andrqj'imzm) n.
aner, man
gyne, woman.]

[Gk.

The

condition of bearing both stamens

[Gk. ana,

triaene

with backwardly directed cladi or

branches (zool.}.
anatropal
(anat'ropal), anatropous
a.

man

flowers

(bot.).

androecium (andre'shuim)
male

from simple substances (biol.}.

anastomosis (anas'tomo'sis) n. [Gk.
ana, up stoma, mouth.] Union of

Having perfect male

on different plants
aner,

arthron, joint.]

dust.]

androdioecious
a.
(an'drodle'shus)
oikos,
[Gk. aner, man
dis, two

Having

konia,

sexually attractive scent in certain

butterflies (zool.}.

distinct joints (zool.}.

anastates (an'astats) n. plu. [Gk.
ana, up ; stanein, to make to
The various materials
stand.]
that arise owing to metabolism in
a cell, in the formation of complex

no

man

aner,

Modified wing-scales producing a

[Gk. ana, up
(anat'ropus)
Inverted, appl.
trepein, to turn.]
ovules with the hilum and microand
close
the chalaza
together
pyle
at the other end (bot.).
;

and pistils hermaphroditism (bot.}.

androandrogynous (androj'inus),
;

gynal.

androphore

(an'drofor) n.
[Gk. aner,
Stalk
pherein, to carry.]
the
stamens
the
supporting
(bot.}
stalk carrying the male gonophores
in the Siphonophora (zool.}.

man

androphyll

man

(an'drofil) n.

phyllon,

leaf.]

[Gk. aner,

The

leaf

ANDthe
the
microspores
bearing
microsphorophyll (bot.).
androsporangium (an'drosporan'jmm)
n.
[Gk. aner, man scores, seed
anggeion, box.] A sporangium con;

taining the androspores

androspore

man

aner,

(hot.}.

n.
(an'drospor')
;
seed.]
sporos,

[Gk.

An

asexual zoospore which gives rise

male dwarf plant
to a small
(bot.).

anemophily (an'gmof'ili) n.
[Gk.
anemos, wind
philein, to love.]
Plant-fertilization by the agency
of wind (bot.).
anemotropism (an'emot'ropizm) n.
to
trepein,
[Gk. anemos, wind
Orientation of the body
turn.]
with regard to wind (zool.).
;

anenterous (anen'terus)
without

a.

[Gk.

a,

Having

enteron, gut.]
tract (zoo/.).

bones of the lower jaw

most

in

vertebrates (zool.}.
angulo-splenial (ang'gulosple'nial)
[L. angulus, corner ; splenium, a
The bone in Amphibia
patch.]
forming most of the lower and inner
the
of
mandible (zool.).
part
a.
angustifoliate
(anggus'tifo'llat)
[L. angustus, narrow
folium, a
With
narrow
leaves
leaf.]
(bot.}.
.

angustirostrate (anggus'tlros'trat) a.
rostrum, a
[L. angustus, narrow
With narrow beaks or
beak.]
snouts (zool.).
;

animal pole, in many ova the yolk

is more or less aggregated at one
pole, and as a result the segmentation at that pole is retarded
at the
other pole, which is called the
animal pole, the segmentation is
more rapid and usually results in
;

some form

no alimentary

anfractuose (anfrak'tuos) a. [L. anfractus, a bending.] Wavy, sinuous

(bot.).

of overgrowth on the
lower, retarded, or vegetable pole
(emb.).

anion (anl'on) n. [Gk. ana, up ion,

going.] A negatively-charged particle or ion which moves up towards
;

angienchyma

(an'jJeng'kTma) n.
[Gk.
anggeion, vessel engchein, to pour.]
Vascular tissue (bot.).
;

n.
[Gk.
(an'jioblast)
vessel ;
blastos,
bud.]
of the cells from which the

angioblast
anggeion,

One

ANI-

15

lining of the blood-vessels

derived

is

the anode or positive pole

(fihys.).

anisocarpous (anisokar'pus) a.
a, not
isos, equal
karpos,
;

[Gk.
fruit.]

Having the number of carpels

than that of the other

less

whorls

floral

(**}

(emb.).
a.

angiocarpous (an'jiokar'pus)
anggeion,

vessel

Having the
cavity

karpos,

fruit

[Gk.
fruit.]

enclosed

in

(an'jlol'ojl) n.

\G\a.anggeion,

vessel

logos, discourse.]

The ana-

tomy

of the circulatory

and lym-

phatic systems

angiospermous

(anat.).
a.

(an'jiosper'mus)

anggeion, vessel; sperma, seed.]

Sik.
having seeds in a closed case, the

ovary (oof.).
angiosporous (an'jfospo'rus)

[Gk.

;
sporos, seed.]
anggeion,
Having spores contained in a theca
or spore capsule (bot.}.

(an'jiostom'atus)

vessel

a.

stoma,

anggeion,
[Gk.
Narrow - mouthed, appl.
mouth.]
a certain order of Molluscs, and
to a sub-order of snakes with nondistensible

mouths

angular (ang'gular)
corner.]

One

of

(zool.).
.

[L. angulus,

the

anisohela (amsoke'la)

n.
[Gk. a,
not
A
isos, equal ; chele, claw.]
chela with the two parts unequally
developed (zool.).
a.
anisodactylous
(anTsodak'tTlus)
[Gk. a, not ; isos, equal
daktylos,
three
finger.] Having unequal toes,
toes forward, one backward
refers
to an old classification of birds
;

a.

vessel

angiostomatous

(zool.}.

(bot.}.

angiology

anisocercal (amsoser'kal} a. [Gk. a,

not
isos,
kerkos, tail.]
equal
With lobes of the tail-fin unequal

membrane

(zool.}.

anisogamous (anisog'amus)

a.
[Gk.
equal
gamos, marriage.]
Appl. a conjugation in
which the gametes or conjugating
bodies are differentiated in some

a,

not

manner

isos,

(biol.).

between
conjugation
sharply differentiated gametes.

anisogamy,

anisognathous
isog'nathtis)

(an'fsogna'thus,
a.

[Gk.

a,

not

an'isos,

ANI; gnathos, jaw.]

Having the
teeth in the upper and lower jaws
unlike (sool.}.

equal

anisomerous (amsom'erus)

a.
[Gk.
equal ; meros, part.]
Having unequal numbers of parts
in the floral whorls (hot.).
anisopleural (anisoploo'ral) a. [Gk.
a, not ; tsos, equal
pleura, side.]

a,

not

t'sos,

Unsymmetrical bilaterally.
anisopogonous
(anisopog'onus)
;

(A*).
anisospore (anisospor') n.
[Gk. a,
not
tsos,
equal ; sporos, seed.]
A dimorphic spore, the sexes
;

differing in size

a.

(anisostgm'onus)
equal stemon, a
spun thread.] Having the number
of stamens unequal to the number
of parts in the other floral whorls

not

t'sos,

(dot.}.

anisotropic
[Gk. a,
not tsos, equal ; trepein, to turn.]
Appl. eggs with predetermined axis
or axes (emb.).
see anchylosis.
ankylosis,
anlage (anla'ge) n.
[Ger. anliegen,
(anisotrop'ik) a.

to lie on.]
of cells in

The

accumulation
a developing embryo
first

recognizable as the commencement

of a structure, organ, or part (smb.).

annectent (aneVtSnt) a. [L. annectere,

to bind together.]
Linking, appl.
intermediate species or genera

interior (bot.}.
(an'ulat)

annulate

ments

(an'ular)

a.

[L.

annulus,

[L. annulus,
of ring-like seg-

having the colour arranged

ring-like bands or annul!, as in
;

earthworm or leech
annul!

(an'ull) plu.

annulus

(zool.).

of annulus.
n.

(an'ulus)
[L. annulus,
Any of the ring-like structures (anat.) ; the special ring in the
fern sporangium, by the action of
ring.]

which the sporangium bursts the

remains of the veil in mushrooms
;

the ring of cells in the moss capsule

whose rupture causes the opening
of the capsule (bot.)
a ring of an
;

(zool.).

anoestrum (ane'strum)

n.

[Gk. an,

The nonthe period of

breeding period
absence of sexual desire (biol.).
anomaly (anom'all) n. [Gk. a, not
homalos, even.] Any departure from
not

oistros,

gad-fly.]
;

the type characteristics

(biol.).

anomophyllous (an'omof'flus) a.
anomalos, uneven
phyllon,

[Gk.
leaf.]

With

irregularly

leaves

placed

(bot.).

anorganology (an'organol'DJl)

;/.
[Gk.
organon, instrument ; logos,
The
of
study
discourse.]
non-living
things (biol.}.
anosmatic (anosmat'lk) a.
[Gk. a,
without osme, smell.] Having no
sense of smell (phys.).

a,

not

antambulacral

Not

walk.]

(ant'ambula'kral) a.
L. ambulare, to
situated on the ambu;

lacral area (zool.).

antebrachium (an'tgbra'kTum)

n.

[L.

brachium, arm.] The

fore-arm, or corresponding portion
of the fore-limb (zool.).

ante, before

antecubital (an'tgku'bital) a.
before ; cubitum, elbow.]
to the

elbow

[L. ante,

Anterior

(zool.).

antedorsal (an'teclor'sal) a. [L. ante,

before
Situated
dorsum, back.]
in front of the dorsal fin in fishes
;

(zool.).

antemarginal

(bot.}.

a.

Composed

ring.]

[Gk. anti, against

(biol.).

annelid (an'Slid) a. [L. annulus, ring

ConGk. eidos, resemblance.]
structed of ring-like segments, as
one of the ringed worms (zool.).
annotinus (annot'iniis) n. [L. annus,
year.] A year old (bot., zool.).
annual (an'ual) a. n. [L. annus, year.]
Appl. structures or features that are
marked off or completed yearly
living for a year only (pot.).
annual ring, one of the rings seen
in sections of dicotyledons indicating the secondary growth of a year

annular

Annelid

(hot.}.

anisostemonous
a,

ring.]
Appl. certain fibrous bands
or fascia in connection with the
wrist and ankle, etc. (anat.)
appl.
certain vessels in xylem owing to
the ring-like thickenings in their

in
a.

[Gk. a, not ; tsos, equal

pogon,
beard.]
Unequally webbed with
reference to feathers (zool.).
anisopterous (anisop'tgrus) a.
[Gk.
a, not ; tsos, equal ; pteron, wing.]
seeds
;
Unequally winged
appl.

[Gk.

ANT-

16

ante,

(an'temar'jinal) a.
[L.
;
inargo, an edge.]

before

ANTsori of ferns when they lie

within the margin of the frond (dot.),
antenna (anten'a) n. [L. antenna, a
sail-yard.]
jointed feeler on the
head of an insect or crustacean

Appl.

(zool.).

antennary

(anten'arf) a.
[L. antenna,
a sail-yard.] Like or pert, or situated near an antenna (zool.).
antennule (anten'ul)
[L. dim. from
antenna] A small antenna or feeler,
specifically the first pair of antennae
in Crustacea (zoo/,).
anteposition (an'tSpdzTsh'un) n.
[L.
ante, before
ponere, to place.]
Superposition of whorls in a flower
.

typically alternating

anterior (ante'rior)
anat.)

anatomy
the axis

(dot.).

a.

[L. anterior,

Nearer the

former.]
(zool.,

ventral

head end
in

human

outwards

facing

from

(dot.).

anthela (anthe'la)

[Gk. anthein, to
cymose inflorescence
n.

bloom.] The
of the rush-family

(hot.).

anther

(an'ther) n.
The part
flower.]

antheridium (antherTd'ium)

n.
[Gk.
An
flower
idion, diml\
in
which
male
or
receptacle
organ
sexual cells are produced (dot.).
;

antherozoids (an'thSrozo'Idz)

n.

plu.

[Gk. anthos, flower ; zoon, animal.]

Male sexual cells in antheridia

n.

[Gk.

anthocyathus (an'thosl'athus) n.

[Gk.

anthos, flower ; kyathos, cup.] The

discoid crown of the trophozooid

stage in Madrepore

development

(zool.).

anthodium

(antho'dium) n.
[Gk.
anthos, flower eidos, resemblance.]
The capitulum or head of flowers
of a composite plant (dot).
;

anthogenesis

(an'thoje'n'e'sis) n.

[Gk.

anthos, flower ; gignesthai, to proIn certain aphids the produce.]

duction of both malesand females by

asexual forms (zool.).

anthophilous (anthof'ilus)

a.
[Gk.
flower ; philein, to love.]
flowers appl. certain insects either living among or feeding
on flowers (zool.).

anthos,

Fond of

anthophore

(an'thdfor) n. [Gk. anthos,

flower pherein, to bear.] Elongation of the thalamus between calyx
and corolla (dot.).
(an'thotak'sis) n.
[Gk.
taxis, arrangement.]
;

anthos, flower

The arrangement
axis

of flowers on an

(dot.).

anthoxanthine

n.
(an'thozan'thm)
[Gk. anthos, flower; xanthos, yellow.]
Yellow colouring pigment of flowers
(dot.).

anthropogenesis (an'thropojgn'gsis)

n.

[Gk. anthropos,

man

scent, origin.]

Theory of the de-

genesis, de-

scent of man.

anthropoid

(dot.).

antherozooids (an'thgrozo'oidz) n.plu.

[Gk. anthos, flower zoon, animal
Antherozoids.
eidos, resemblance.].
anthocarpous (an'thokar'pus) a. [Gk.
flower
anthos,
Appl.
; karpos, fruit.]
multiple fruits such as the straw;

berry (dot.).
anthocaulis (an'thokol'is)

(an'thropoid) a.
[Gk.
man ; eidos, resemanthropos,
man
blance.]
Resembling
appl.
;

Simian apes (zool.).

anthropology (an'thropol'qji)

n.
[Gk.
anthropos, man ; logos, discourse.]
The natural history of man.

anthropomorphous (an'thropomor'fus)
n.

[Gk.

L. caulis, stem.]
anthos, flower
The pedicle of a late trophozooid
stage of Madrepore development
;

(zool.).

anthocodia

(an'thosi'anfti)

anthos, flower ; kyanos, dark blue.]

Blue or violet colouring matter in
flowers (dot.).

anthotaxis
n.

idion, dim.
[Gk. anthos, flower
pherein, to bear.] A gametophore
bearing antheridia (dot.).

anthos,

anthocyanin

[Gk. anthos,
of the stamen

which contains the pollen (dot.).

antheridiophore (antherld'iofor)

(an'thoko'dla) n.
[Gk.
anthos, flower ; kodeia, head.] The
distal portion of an alcyonarian
zooid bearing mouth and tentacles
(zool).

ANT-

17

[Gk. anthropos, man ; morphe,

shape.] Resembling man.
antiae (an'tle, an'tla) n. plu.
[L.
Feathers at the
antiae, forelock.]
base of the bill-ridge of some birds
a.

(zool.).

antibody

n.

[Gk. anti,
A
body.]
the blood
which antagonizes toxins (phys.).

against

(an'tibod'l)

substance

A.S.

bodig,

formed

in

ANTantibrachlal

(an'tlbra'kial) a.
[Gk.
anti, against ; L. brachium, arm.]
Pert, forearm; appl. fascia, muscles,

nerves (anat.).
antibrachiuni (antibra'kTum),
brachium.

ante-

anticoagulin (an'tlkoag'tilin) n. [Gk.

L. cogere, to drive
anti, against
A substance which
together.]
prevents the coagulation of drawn
;

blood, as hirudin (phys.).

antecubital.
anticubital,

antidromy

(antid'rom!) n.
[Gk. anti,
against ; dromos, running.] Condition of
spiral
phyllotaxy with
genetic spiral changing direction

each cycle (bot.).

n.
(an'tljen)
[Gk. anti,
against; genos, birth.] Appl. substances which, when injected into
an animal, cause a series of physioafter

antigen

logico-chemical changes resulting

in the formation of antibodies in
the blood (phys.).
antlhellac (an'tihe'liks) n.
[Gk. anti,
a convolution.]
helix,
against ;
The curved prominence in front
of the helix of the ear (anat.).

antimeres (an'timerz)

n.

plu.

[Gk.

anti, against ;
meros, part.]
series of equal radial parts of the

body of a radially symmetrical

animal (zool.).
antipetalous (an'tipeYalus) a.
[Gk.
anti, against,
opposite
petalon,
With stamens in front of
petal.]
;

(dot.).

antisquama (an'tiskwa'ma)

n.
[Gk.
L. squama, scale.]
against
basal lobe next the squama of
the squama alaris or
insect wing
;

antitegula

(zool.).

antitegula (an'titeg'ula) n. [Gk. anti,

Smaller
L. tegula, tile.]
against
lobe, nearer the base of wing, than
;

alula (zool.).

antithrombin (an'tithrom'bm)

n. [Gk.
thrombos, clot.]
in
the liver
prevents clotting of the

anti, against

substance

which

formed

blood (phys.).
antitoxin (an'titok'sin) n. [Gk. anti,
against; toxikon, poison for arrows.]
A substance which develops as a
result of, and subsequently neutralthe injection of a specific
izes,
poison introduced into the animal

body

(phys.).
(an'titrag'us) n.
[Gk. anti,
he -goat.]
tragos,

antitragus
against;

opposite the tragus

of the ear (ana/.).
n.
antitrochanter
(an'tltrokan'te'r)
[Gk. anti, against ; trochanter, a

prominence

runner.] An articular surface on

the ilium in birds against which
the trochanter of the femur plays
(zool.).

antitrppal (antit'ropal) a. [Gk. anti,

Inagainst
trepein, to turn.]
verted ; appl. embryos with radicle
directed away from the hilum (bot.).
antitropous, ant t ropal.
antlia (ant'lia) n. [L. antlia, pump.]
The spiral suctorial proboscis of
the Lepidoptera (zool.).
antorbital (ant6r'bital) n. [L. ante,
before
Situated in
orbs, circle.]
front of the orbit (zool.).
;

antipodal (antip'odal) a. [Gk. anti,

against pous, foot.] Appl. group
of three cells at chalazal end of
embryo sac (bot.) appl. cone of
astral rays opposite spindle fibres
;

(cyt.).

antiseptic (an'ttsep'tik) a. [Gk. anti,

against ; sepsis, putrefaction.]
substance which destroys harmful
one
of
the
micro-organisms,
functions of gastric juice (phys.).

antispadix

spadix, a palm
against ;
branch.]
group of four modified
tentacles in internal lateral lobes
of Nautilus (zool.).

anti,

anti,

anticlinal (an'tlkll'nal) a. [Gk. anti,

Appl.
klinein, to bend.]
against
line of division of cells at right
in
to
the
apex (bot.)
quadangles
rupeds, appl. one of the lower
thoracic vertebrae with upright
spine towards which those on
either side incline (zool.).

petals

AOR-

18

(an'tispa'dlks)

[Gk.

antrum

(an'trum) n.
[L. antrum,
A cavity or sinus ; appl.
maxillary sinus, and cavity of the
pylorus (anat.).
anurous (anu'rus) a. [Gk. a, without ;
oura, tail.] Tailless.
anus (a'nus) n. [L. anus, anus.] The
posterior opening of the alimentary
canal (anat.).
aorta (aorta) n. [Gk. aorte, the great
The great trunk arteryartery.]
cavity.]

AOR-

(anat.), regurgitation (phys.).

apatetic (ap'atet'ik) a. [Gk. apatetikos, fallacious.]
Appl. misleading
coloration (zool.).

aperispermic (apeYisper'mik) a. [Gk.

a, without
peri, around
sperma,
seed.] Appl. seeds without nutritive
;

tissue

out

pe talon,

petals

a.

petal.]

a, with-

[Gk.

Having no

(bot.).

(a'pfiks) n.

The

tip

[L. apex,

summit.]

or summit, as of lungs,

heart, etc. (anat.).

aphanipterous (af'anlp'terus) a. [Gk.

aphanes, unseen
pteron, wing.]
Apparently without wings (zool.}.
n.
apheliotropism
(af'ellot'ropizm)
[Gk. apo, away; helios, sun; trepein,
;

to turn.]
Tendency to turn away
from light (biol.).
aphodal (af 'odal) a. [Gk. apo, away ;
hodos, way or path.] Appl. a type

of canal system in sponges (zool.}.

aphodus (af'ddus) n. [Gk. apo, away ;
hodos, path.] The short tube leading from the flagellate chamber to
the excurrent canal in one of the
types of canal systems in sponges
(zool.}.

out ; phyllon,
leaves (bot.}.

a.

leaf.]

(afil'l)

phyllon,

leaf.]

absence of leaves

[Gk.

a,

with-

Without foliage
[Gk. a, without
Suppression or
;

(bot.}.

(zool.}.

wanting or suppressed

in

the

(bot.}.

aplacental (ap'lasen'tal) a.
[L. a,
not
Not
placenta, flat cake.]
;

and animals (biol.).

aplanospore (aplan'ospor) n. [Gk. a,
without pianos, wandering sporos,
A non-motile resting spore
seed.]
of Algae for tiding over unfavourable
circumstances (bot.).
aploperistomatous
(ap'loper'lstom';

atus) a.

[Gk. aploos, single peri,

stoma, mouth.] Having a
peristome with one row of teeth, as
;

mosses (bot.).
aplostemonous

a.
(ap'lostem'onus)
;
stemon, a spun
Having a single row of

[Gk. aploos, single

thread.]

stamens
apneustic
without

(bot.).

[Gk. a,
(apnu'stik) a.
pneustos, breath.] With
closed tracheal system appl. aquatic larvae of certain insects (zool.).
;

apocarpous

a.
(ap'okar'pus)
[Gk.
karpos, fruit.] Having
separate or partially united carpels

apo,

away

(bot.).

(ap'osit) n.

apocyte

hollow.]

kytos,

[Gk. apo, away ;

multinucleate

a
mass of
cell,
plurinucleate
protoplasm (cyt.).
apodal (ap'odal) a. [Gk. a, without
pous, foot.] Having no feet (zool.).
;

apodema (ap'ode'ma) n. [Gk. apo,

away demas, body.] An internal
usually of thoracic segments, for muscle attachments,
found in Arthropods (zool.).
projection

apodous

apodal.
[Gk.

(ap'odus),

apogamy (apog'aml) n.
away gamos, marriage.]
ment without

apo,

Develop-

the intervention

sexual organs (bot.).

apogeotropic (ap'oje'otrSp'lk)

a.

of

[Gk.

away gaia, earth trepein, to

Having the property of turning away from the earth (bot.).

apo,

turn.]

apiculate (aptk'ulat) a.
[L. apex,
summit.] Forming abruptly to a
small tip, as a leaf (bot.}.
apilary (apilarl) a. [Gk. a, not ;
pilos, felt cap.]
Having the upper
lip

apical (ap'ikal) a. [L. apex, summit.]

At the tip or summit, appl. cell at
tip of a
growing point (bot.}
appl. aboral plates of Echinoderms

corolla

(aplan'ogamet')
pianos, wandering ;
[Gk. a, not
gamete, wife.] A non-motile conjugating germ cell in various plants

aphyllous Oftftfs)

aphylly

developing a placenta, as in Monotremes (zool.).

aplanogamete

around

(dot.}.

apetalous (apet'alib)

apex

APO-

19

which carries pure blood from the

heait for distribution to various
parts of the body through arteries
and their branches (anat.).
aortic (aor'tik) a.
[Gk. aorte, the
great artery.] Pert, the aorta appl.
arch, hiatus, isthmus, septum, etc.

apogeotropism

(ap'qjeot'ropizm)

n.

[Gk. apo, away gtiia, earth trePein, to turn.] Tendency to act

apparently contrary to law of
gravity this is, to turn away from
the earth (biol.).
aponeurosis (ap'b'nuro'sis) n.
[Gk.
apo, from ; neuron, sinew ] The
;

APOflattened tendons of certain muscles

ad,

apophyllous

[Gk. apo,
(ap'ofil'us) a.
phyllon, leaf.] Appl. the
of a single perianth whorl
they are free leaves (bot.).

parts

when

apophysis

ad, to

apopyle

a.

The

apo,

[Gk. apo, away

exhalent pore of
;

a.
[Gk.
sema, signal.] Appl.
colours which serve to

warning

away enemies

frighten

(zool.).

absence

of

n.

[Gk. apo,
The producsporos, seed.]
tion of prothalli without the intervention of spore-formation in certain

away

plants (bot.).
apostasis (apos'tasis) n.
[Gk. apo,
Term
away
stasis,
standing/]
appl. condition of abnormal growth
of axis which thereby causes a
separation of the perianth whorls
from one another (bot.).
;

apostrophe

[Gk. apo,

away
ment of

Arrange-

lateral

(apos'trofe) n.
trepein, to turn.]

chloroplasts along the

walls of cells of leaves

apothecium

(ap'othe'siiim, -shium) n.
The
;
theke, cup.]

away

[Gk. apo,

ascocarp of Lichens (bot.).

apotropous (apot'ropus) a. [Gk. apo,
away trepein, to turn.] Anatropal
and with ventrally-situated raphe
;

(bot.).

appendage

(apen'daj) n.

[L. ad, to

An organ or
pendere, to hang.]
part attached to a trunk, as a limb
(anat.).

appendicula

(up'endik'ular)

a.

apro'-

(ap'roter'b'dont,

a.

first

[Gk.

a,

without

pro-

(zool.).

The

sporogony (zool.).
apospory (apos'pori)

Havodous, tooth.]
ing no teeth on the pre-maxillae

n.
(ap'osporog'onT)
seed ;
away
sporos,

[Gk. apo,
gonos, birth.]

to

teros,

aposporogony

[L. ad,

(bot.).

terodont)

(ap'osemat'ik)

away

a.

Flattened
flattened.]
planatus,
out (bot.).
apposition (ap'ozish'un) n. [L. ad, to
ponere, to place.] The formation
of successive layers in the growth
of a cell wall cf. intussusception

aproterodont

(zool.).

aposematic

(zool.).

(ap'opil) n.

a sponge

[L. ad, to

n.

(anat.).

applanate (ap'lanat)

pyle, gate.]

[L.

pendere, to hang.] An outgrowth,

especially the vermiform appendix

moulded.]

plasmodium

a.

appendix (apen'diks)

away plasma, something

Not forming a typical

[Gk. apo,

Pert.

hang.]

pendere, to hang.] Having

a small appendage, as a stamen or
filament (bot.).

(ap'oplasmo'dial)

pendere,

(anat.).

[Gk. apo,
away phyein, to grow.] Process
from a bone, usually for muscle
attachment (anat.) ; a swelling at
the base of the capsule in some
mosses ; appl. small protuberance
at apex of an ovuliferous scale in
female cone of pine (bot.).

apoplasmodial

to

appendiculate (ap'endlk'ulat)

n.

(apof'isis)

to

appendages; appl. skeleton of limbs

as opposed to skeleton of trunk

(anat.).

away

AQU-

20

[L.

apteria (apte'ria) n. plu. [Gk. a, without; pteron, wing.] Naked or downcovered surfaces between the pterylae or feather-tracts (zool.).
[Gk. a, with(ap'terus) a.

apterous
out

wing.J
Wingless
having no wing-like exon
the
stems
or petioles
pansions
;

(zool.)

pteron,

(bot.).

apterygial (ap'terij'ial) a.
[Gk. a,
without pteron, wing.] Wingless
without fins (zool.).
;

apterygotous

(ap'terigo'tus) a.

[Gk.
a, without pterygion, dim. of pteron,
or
wing.]
Resembling
pert, the
primitive wingless insects or Apterygota (zool.).
aptychus (ap'tikiis) n. [Gk. a, without ; ptyche, fold.]
A horny or
calcareous structure, possibly an
of
Ammonites
operculum,
(zool.).
aquatic (akwat'ik, -wot-) a. [L. aqua,
water.] Pert, water
living in or
frequenting water (bot., zool.).
;

aqueduct (ak'wedukt)

n.

[L.

aqua,

water ducere, to lead.] A channel

or passage as that of cochlea, and
;

of vestibule of ear (anat.).

aqueous (a'kweus) a. [L. aqua, water.]

Watery, appl. fluid occupying the
space between the lens and the
cornea of the eye (anat.)

appl.

ARAtissue consisting of thin -walled

watery parenchymatous cells (bot.}.
arachnid (arak'md) a. [Gk. arachne,

spiders

Spider-like, pert,

spider.]
(goo/.).

(araknid'ium) n.

[Gk.
The spinning
spider.]
apparatus of a spider, including
and spinnerets
spinning-glands
arachne,

(sool.}.

arachnoid (arak'noid)

a.
[Gk. arachLike a
;
eidos, form.]
consisting of fine entangled hairs resembling a cobweb
(bot.}
appl. a thin membrane of
the central nervous system, composed of delicate connective tissue
with an endothelial covering on its
free surfaces and lying between the
dura and the pia mater (ana/.}
pert, or resembling a spider (zool.}.
arborescent (ar'bore's'e'nt) a. [L. arborescens,
growing like a tree.]
Branched like a tree (bot.}.

spider

cobweb

arboroid

(ar'boroid)

a.

[L.

arbor,

Gk. eidos, like.] Tree-like,

designating general structure of a
protozoan colony (zool.}.
arbor vitae (ar'bor vl'te, ve'ta) n. [L.
tree

arbor, tree

of

life,

-vita,

appl.

life.]

The

tree

arborescent appear-

ance of the cerebellum

arche, beginning
bios,
origin of life (biol.}.
;

life.]

The

archegoniophore (ar'kego'niofor) n.
[Gk. arche, beginning gonos, offspring pkerein, to bear.] Branches
of mosses bearing archegonia (bot.}.
;

arachnidium

ne,

ARC-

21

in vertical

section (anat.}.

arbutean (arbu'tean)

a.

[L. arbutus,

strawberry tree.] Of or pert, the

strawberry tree (bot.}.
arcade (arkad') n. [L. arcus, a bow.]
An arched channel or passage a
bony arch, as supra- and infratemporal arches in the skull (anat.}.
archaeocytes (ar'keoslts) n.plu. [Gk.
archaios, ancient
kytos, hollow.]
;

Cells arising from undifferentiated

blastomeres and ultimately giving

rise to
germ-cells and gametes
(emb.}.

archaeostomatous

(ar'keosto'm'atus) a.

[Gk. archaios, primitive

stoma,
mouth.] Having the blastopore persistent and form ing the mouth (zool.}.
arch-centra (ark'-seVtra) n. plu. [Gk.
archi, beginning, first ; L. centrum,
Centra formed by fusion
centre.]
of basal growths of primary arcualia
external to chordal sheath ; cf.
;

chordacentra
archebiosis

(zool.}.

(ar'keblo'sls)

n.

[Gk.

archegonium (ar'kego'mum)

n.
[Gk.
gonos, offspring.]
in
which
the
organ
oospheres are formed, and in which
the young plant begins its develop-

arche, beginning

female

ment

(bot.}.

archenteron (arkgn'tgron) n.
arche,
enteron,
beginning
;

[Gk.
gut.]

The

cavity of the gastrula which

forms the primitive gut of the

embryo

(emb.}.

archespore (ar'kespor) n. [Gk. arche,

The
beginning
seed.]
sporos,
tetrahedral or meristematic cell of
;

a sporangium

(bot.}.

archiamphiaster

(ar'kTam'fTas'te'r)

n.

amphi, on both
sides aster, star.] The amphiaster
the
first or second polar
forming
body in cell maturation (cyt.}.
[Gk. archi,

first

archiblast (ar'kiblast) n. [Gk. archi,

first ;
blastos, bud.]
Egg protoplasm.
archiblastic (ar'kiblas'tik) a.
[Gk.
archi, first ; blastos, bud.]
Having
total and equal segmentation (cyt.}.
archiblastula (ar'kiblas'tula) n. [Gk.
archi, first ; blastos, bud.]
Typical
hollow ball of cells derived from an
with
total
and
egg
equal segmentation

(cyt.}.

archicarp (ar'kikarp)

n.

[Gk. archi,

;
karpos, fruit.] The spirally
coiled region of the thallus of
certain fungi (bot.}.

first

archicerebrum

(ar'kise'r'e'brum)

n.

[Gk. archi, first L. cerebrum, brain.]

The primitive brain, as the supraoesophageal ganglia of higher
Invertebrates (zool.}.
;

archichlamydeous (ir'kiklamid'eus)
[Gk. archi,

first

a.

chlamys, cloak.]
petals, or having petals
entirely separate from one another
;

Having no

(bot.}.

archicoel

(i/kisel) n.
[Gk. archi,
The primary
koilos, hollow.]
body- cavity or space between v the
alimentary canal and ectoderm in
development of various groups of
animals (zoo/.}.
first

ARC.
[Gk. archi,
(arkig'onl) n.
gonos, offspring.] The first
life
of
by spontaneous generaorigin

archigony
first

tion

ARM-

22

(bio!.}.

the

[Gk.
archi, first nephros, kidney.] Appl.
the duct into which the pronephric
tubules open (emb.}.
archinephros (ar'kinef'ros) n. [Gk.
archi, first
nephros, kidney.] The
primitive kidney (emb.}.
archipallium (ar'kTpal'ium) n.
[Gk.
L. pallium, a mantle.]
archi, first
The olfactory region of the cerebral

ardellae (ardeTe)

hemispheres (phys.}.
archipterygium (ar'kipterij'ium)

areola (are'ola)

archinephric

(ar'kmef'rik)

a.

first

[Gk. archi,

pterygion,

n.

little

wing.] Type of fin in which the

skeleton consists of an elongated
segmented central axis and two
rows of jointed rays (zool.}.

architype
first

n.

(ar'kitip)

typos, type.]

[Gk. archi,

An original type
may be derived

from which others

(biol.}.

archoplasm

(ar'koplazm) n.
[Gk.
archon, ruler
plasma, something
;

The

moulded.]

the
stituting
astral
rays,

substance

con-

attraction

and

sphere,
spindle-fibres

(emb.}.

arclcentrous
arcus,

(ar'kisen'trus)

bow

centrum,

a.

[L.
centre.]

Appl. vertebral columns in which

the centra are mainly derived from
the arch tissue (emb., anat.).
arciferous (arsif'eYus) a. [L. arcus,
bow ferre, to carry.] Appl. pectoral arch of toads, etc., where the
precoracoid and coracoid are widely
separated and connected by a large
arched epicoracoid (zool.}.
arciform (ar'siform) a.
[L. arcus,
;

bow forma, shape.] Shaped

an arch or bow (zool.}.
;

arcocentrous

(ar'kb'sen'trus)

a.

like

[L.

arcus, bow centrum, centre.] Appl.

vertebral columns with inconspicuous chordal sheath and centra derived from arch tissue (zool.}.
;

arcocentrum (ar'kosSn'trum)

bow

n.

[L.

centrum, centre.]
centrum formed from parts of neural
and haemal arches (zool.}.
arcualia (ar'kua'lia) n.plu. [L. arcus,
arcus,

Small cartilaginous pieces,

dorsal and ventral, fused or free, on

bow.]

column

vertebral

fishes

of

(zool.}.

arcuate (ar'kuat) a.
Curved or shaped

[L. arcus,
like a bow.

bow.]

n. plu.

[Gk. ardein,
to sprinkle.]
Small apothecia of
certain lichens having the appearance of dust (bot.}.

area

(a'rea) n.

[L. area, ground-space.]

area

as

surface,

opaca,

area

vasculosa (smb.}.

arenaceous (arSna'shus)

a.

[L. arena,

Having the properties or

sand.]

appearance of sand

sandy.

[L. areola, dim. of

n.

small coloured
the part of
the iris bordering the pupil of the
one
of
the
small
eye (anat.} ;
spaces
or interstices of a special kind of
tissue (zool.}
the areas defined by
cracks on the surface of lichens (bot.}.
areolar (are'olar), areolate (are'olat) a.
Of or like an
[L. areola, space.]
areola, having distinct spaces or
interstices (bot.}
areolar is appl. a
kind of connective tissue with the
fibres loosely attached (zool.}.
area,

space.]

circle

round a nipple

argenteal

(arjen'teal) a._ [L. argenteus,

Appl. layer of the eye

containing calcic crystals (zvol.}.
argenteous (arjen'teus) a. [L. argenLike silver (bot.}.
teus, silvern.]
argent euin (arjgn'teum) n. [L. argensilvern.]

tum,

dermal reflecting
layer of iridocytes without

silver.]

tissue

in fishes (zool.}.
(aril'us) n.
[F.
arillo, a small hoop.]

chromatophores
aril

arillus

(ar'il),

arille,

Sp.

An additional investment
a seed after fertilization
arillode (ar'ilod) n.

Gk.

eidos,

like.]

formed on

(bot.}.

[F. arille, hoop ;

false arillus

arising from the micropyle as an

expansion of the exostome (bot.}.
arista (arls'ta) n. [L. arista, beard of
an ear of corn.] Awn long-pointed
process as in many grasses (bot.}
a bristle borne by the antenna of
;

many brachycerous

Diptera

(zool.}.

lantern (Ar'istot'lz), the

masticating apparatus of the seaurchin (zool.}.

Aristotle's

armature

(ar'matur) n.

weapons.]

[L. arma,
Anything which serves

to defend, as hairs, prickles, thorns

(bot.} ; spines, stings, etc. (zool.}.

AROarolium (an/Hum) n. [Gk. arole, proPad between the claws

tection.]
on tarsus of Orthoptera (zool.).
bundles of nonstriped muscular fibres associated
with the hair follicles, on contraction, they render the hair more
erect (p/iys.).

arrectores pilorum,

arrhenoplasm (arSn'oplazm)
[Gk.
arrenos, male
plasma, something
moulded.] Male plasm, in reference
.

to the theory that all protoplasm

consists of arrhenoplasm and thely-

plasm (diol.).
arrhenotoky (argnot'oki)
[Gk.
Protokos, birth.]
arrenos, male
duction of males parthenogenetic.

ally (zool.).

arterial

a.

(arte'rial)

[L.

arteria,

Pert, an artery, or the

system of channels by which the
blood issues to the body from the
heart
appL blood, duct, gland
artery.]

(anat.).

arterial sclerosis, hardening of the

walls of the arteries, said to contribute to natural death (phys.).
arteriole (arte'rlol) n.
[L. arteriola,
small artery.]
small or branch

artery (anat.).

artery

(ar'te"r!) n.

vessel

[L. arteria, artery.]

which conveys blood from

body (anat.).

heart to
arthritic (arthrit'ik) a. [Gk. arthron,
Pert, or at joints (anat.).
joint.]

arthrobranchiae

(aYthrobrang^kle,
-kla) n. plu.
[Gk. arthron, a joint ;
drangchia, gills.] Joint-gills, arising
at the junction of thoracic appendages with trunkof Arthropods (zool.).

arthrodia (arthro'dia)
[Gk. arthron,
A joint admitting of only
joint.]
.

gliding

movements

arthrodlal

ASC-

23

(anat.).

a.
[Gk.
Appl. the articular
connecting thoracic
with trunk, as
in

fin-rays, as in fishes

Having jointed
(zool.).

arthrospore

arthrosterigmata

[Gk. arthron, joint

ostrakon, shell.]

Having a segmented

shell (zool.).

articular (artik'ula>) a. [L. articulus,

joint] Pert, or situated at a joint
or joints ; appl. cartilage, lamellae,
surface, capsule, etc. (anat.}.

articulated

(artik'ulate'd) a.
[L. articulus, joint.]
Jointed ; separating
easily at certain points (fe&jl
articulation (irtikula'shun) n.
[L.
articulus, joint.]
joint, between

bones or segments (zool.\ or segments of a stem (dot.).

artifact (ar'tlfakt) n.
[L. ars, art;
facere, to make.] Any appearance
produced by a reagent or other
artificial

means

(biol^).

artiodactyl (ar'tiodaktil) a.
[Gk.
artios,
daktylos,
equal ;
finger.]
Having an even number of fingers
or toes (sool.)

arytenoid

n.
[Gk.
An
meros, part.]
or
somite
arthropod body-segment
(zool.).

arthropod

a.
(ar'thropod)
[Gk.
arthron, joint ; pous, foot.] Of or
pert, the Arthropoda (zool.).
arthropterous (arthr6p't6rus) a. [Gk.
arthron,
wing.]
joint ;
pteron,

[Gk.

ascidian (asld'Ian) a. [Gk. askidion,

Like an
dim. of askos, bag.]
ascidian or sea-squirt (zool.).
ascidium (asld'lum) n., ascidia (asTd'Ia)

(dot.).

a.

(arjrte'noid)

Pitcher-like,
arytaina, a pitcher.]
appl. two cartilages at the back of
the larynx, also glands, swellings,
etc. (anat.\
asci (as'I, as'kl, as'ke) n. plu. [Gk.
askos, bladder.] Membranous sporesacs of fungi within which the
ascospores are formed (dot.}.

membranes

arthron, joint

(ar'throste'rig'mata)

plu.
[Gk. askidion,
Pitcher-leaves, as in

appendages
Arthropods (zool.).
arthromere (ar'thrb'mer)

[Gk.

n.plu. [Gk. arthron, joint; sterigma,

a support] Jointed sterigmata (dot.').
arthrostracous
a.
(arthrSs'trakus)

arthron, joint.]

(arthro'dlal)

n.

(Arth'rospor)

arthron, joint ; sporos, seed.]

resting bacterial cell (hot.}.

little

bag.]

Nepenthes

(aslj'grus) a.
[Gk. askos,
L. gerere, to bear.] Bearing
asci, as certain hyphae in Fungi

ascigerous

bag

(dot.).

ascocarp (as'kokarp)

bag karpos,
;

fruit.]

n.

[Gk. askos,
protective

The

covering investing the asci

(dot.).

(ask8j'5nus) ^ a.
gignesthai, to
Bearing asci (dot.).

ascogenous
askos,

duce.]

bag

ascogonium (as'kogo'nTum)

n.

[Gk.
pro-

[Gk.

asterospondylous

askos, bag ; gignesthai, to produce.]

sac-like structure in which the

are

bodies

reproductive

a.

n.

[Gk. askos,
One of the
spores contained in an ascus (bot.).
ascus, sing, of asci, which see.
asexual (aseVsual) a. [Gk. a, without ; L. sexus, sex.] Having no
apparent sexual organs ; pathenogenetic or vegetative as appL reproduction (btol.).
to;
ad,
aspect (as'pekt) n.
[L.
Look, appearspectare, to look.]
ance, point of view (btol.).
sporos,

bursting irregularly

astragalus

aspidobranchiate

(as'pidobrang'kiat)
brangchia,
[Gk. aspis, shield
or
Pert,
resembling the
gills.]
;

group

of

Gasteropods (zool.).
asplanchnic (asplangk'nik) a.
[Gk.
a, without
splangchna, viscera.]
Without alimentary canal (zool.).
asporous (asp5'rus) a. [Gk. a, with;

out

sporos,

seed.]

Having no

spores (bot.).
assimilation (asTm'ila'shun)
to

similis, like.]

[L. ad,

nutrient
[L. ad,

socius,

fibres
(zool.} ;
appl.
connecting
white matter of interior of brain
with cortex of convolutions (phys.).
astely (Aste'H) n. [Gk. a, without
Absence of a central
stele, pillar.]
;

cylinder or axis

aster

(hot.}.

(as'tgr)
[Gk. aster, a star.]
The
achromatinic
star-shaped
structure surrounding the centrosome during mitosis ; the starof
the
shaped
arrangement

n.

chromosomes during mitosis

asterion

(cyt.).

n.
[Gk. aster,
region of the posterolateral fontaneTle where lambdoid,
and
parieto mastoid,
occipitostar.]

(aste'rion)

The

mastoid sutures meet

[Gk.
in

The

man

(anat.); a tarsal bone in Vertebrates.

astrocentre (as'trosSn'ter) n. [L. aster,
star ; centrum, centre.]
The centro-

some

(cyt.).

astrosphere

(as'trosfer) n.
[Gk. aster,
sphaira, ball.] The central
aster without the rays
the aster exclusive of the centrosome the astral sphere (cyt.).

star

mass of the

asymmetrical
a,

without

measure.]

[Gk.
(asimet'rikal) a.
syn, with ; metron,
want of symPert,

metry in the condition of having

two sides unlike or disproportionate
appl. structures or organs
which cannot be divided into
similar halves by any vertical axis
;

(biol.\

asymmetry
.

Adherence of
fellow.]
gregarines without fusion of nuclei
;

n.

bone.]

bone

n.

Conversion into

protoplasm of ingested
material (phys.).
association (aso'sia'shun)
to

(bot.).

(astrag'alus)

astragalos, an ankle
second largest tarsal

asperity (aspeViti) n.
asper,
[L.
rough.] Roughness as on certain
leaves (hot.}.

Aspidobranchiata,

(as'tSrospon'dllus)
star ; sphondylos,

aster,

without; stoma, mouth.] Not having

a mouth (zool.) without epidermic
pores or stomata (bot.).
astomous (asto'mus) a. [Gk. a, withWithout a
out ; stoma, mouth.]
stomium or line of dehiscence ;

seed.]

a.

[Gk.

vertebra.]
Having centrum with
radiating calcified plates (zool.).
astomatous (astom'atus) a. [Gk. a,

formed

(bot.).

ascospore (as'kospor)

bag

ATR-

24

ASC-

(anat.).

asteroid (as'tgroid) a. [Gk. aster, star

eidos, resemblance.]
Star-shaped ;
pertaining to the star-fish (zoou).
;

out

(asTm'gtri) n. [Gk. a, with-

syn, with;

metron, measure.]
of symmetry.
(at'avizm) n.
[L. atavus,
the
ocancestor.]
Reversion,
currence of a characteristic of a
remote ancestor not .observed in
the
more immediate ancestors
;

Want

atavism

(btol.).

atavistic (at'avls'tik) a. [L. atavus,

Pert, marked by, or
ancestor.]

tending to atavism

(btol.).

athalamous (athal'amus)
without

thalamos,

Wanting a thalamus

a.

inner

[Gk. a,
room.]

(bot.).

atlas

(at'las) n.
[Gk. atlas, a giant.]
first cervical vertebra articulating with the skull (anat.).
atokous (at'okus) a. [Gk. atokos,

The

Without offspring.
childless.]
atoll (at'61, atol') n.
[Mai. atoll.}
coral reef surrounding a

body

A
of

water
atria!

(zool.).
(a'triil) a.

[L. atrium, a central

ATRroom.] Pert, atrium ; appl. cavity,

pore, canal, siphon, lobes (zool.).
atriocoelomic (a'trloselom'ik) a. [L.
atrium, central room ; Gk. koilos,
hollow.]
Connecting the atrium
and the coelom appl. funnels, of
uncertain function, in
Cephalo;

chorda

AUT-

25

(zool.).

intestine

the plexus myentericus

(Phys.).

augmentor
to

(ogme'n'tSr) a. [L. augere,

increase.] Appl. nerves rising

from the sympathetic system and

acting on the heart, with antagothe

relation to
celerator (phys.).

nistic

vagi

ac-

atriopore (a'triopor) n. [L. atrium,

central
room
channel.]
porus,
The opening from the atrial cavity
to the exterior in Cephalochorda

aulostomatous (ol'ostom'atus)

(***),
atrioventricular (atriove'ntrik'ular) a.
[L. atrium, chamber ; ventriculus,
small cavity.] Pert, the atrioventricular structure in the heart ; appl.
bundles, groove, openings (anat.).
atrium (a'trium) n.
atrium,
[L.
chamber.] The two anterior cavities of the heart
the tympanic
cavity (anat.) a chamber surrounding the pharynx in Tunicates and

ear or hearing.
auricle (6r'lkl) n. [L. auricula, little
The external ear ; any earear.]
like lobed appendage (zool.) ; the
upper or anterior chamber on each
side of the heart (anat.).

Cephalochordates (zoo!.).
atrochal (at'rokal) a. [Gk.

a, withWithout the
;
trochos, wheel.]
preoral circlet of cilia ; appl. trochophore stage when the preoral
circlet is absent and the surface

out

is

covered

uniformly

with

cilia

(zool.).

atrophy

[Gk.

a,

without

a part or organ (biol.).

atropous (at'ropus) a. [Gk. a, without trepein, to turn.] Appl. ovule
in proper position, i.e. not inverted
;

auricula
little

n.
[L.
auricle.

auricula,

(orik'ula)

An

ear.]

auricular (ortk'ular) a. [L. auricula,

small ear.] Pert, an auricle appl.
;

artery, nerve, tubercle, vein (anat.).

auricularia (orik'ula'ria) n. [L. auriA type of larva
cula, small ear.]
found among the Holothurians
(zool.).

auriculars,

ear coverts of

n. plu.,

birds.

auriculate (orik'ulat) a. [L. auricula^

small ear.] Eared appl. leaf with
expanded bases surrounding the
stem appl. leaf with lobes separate
from rest of blade hastate-auricled
;

(dot.).

auriculo

ventricular

auricle

(6rik'ulo-vn-

Pert, or connecting the

ventricle of the heart ;

trflc'ular) a.

and

appl. bundle, valve (anat.).

(dot.).

atterminal (atteYmmal)

a.

[L.

ad,

to ; terminus, end.]
Towards a
terminal
appl. current directed
toward the thermal cross-section
;

(Phys.\
attraction

aurophore (or'ofor) n. [L. auris, ear

Gk. pherein, to bear.] An organ
projecting from the base of pneumatophore of certain Siphonophores

(zool.).

(atrak'shun)

tractus,

drawn

which

apparently

things to

it,

to.]

n.

Any

[L.

at-

structure

draws

other

as an attraction cone

autacoid
self.]

(od'itorl)

a.

to
JX. audire,

hear.] Pert, the hearing apparatus,

appl. organ, nucleus, ossicle, capsule,
canal, meatus, nerve, tentacle, etc.

Auerbach's

a gangliated
plexus,
of non-medullated nervefound
the
between
two layers
fibres,
of the muscular coat of the small

(ot'akoid)

term

n.

[Gk. autos,
including both

hormone and chalone

autoblast (ot'dblast)
self;

(cyt.).

plexus

[Gk.

stoma, mouth.] Having

a tubular mouth or snout (zool.).
aural (6^1) a. [L. auris, ear.] Pert.

(at'rofi) n.

Emaciation ;
trephein, to nourish.]
diminution in size and function of

auditory

aulos, tube

a.

blastos,

n.

bud.]

(phys.).
[Gk. autos,

An

inde-

pendent micro-organism.
autocatalysis (ot'okatal'isls)
autos,

self

loosing.]

n.

[Gk.

kata, down ; lysis, a

dissolution or re-

The

action of a cell or substance due

to the influence of a product or
secretion of its own (phys.).

autochthon (6tSk'th6n) n.

[Gk. autos,

AUTAn
chthon, the ground.]
indigenous species of plant or
animal (bioL).
autocyst (ot'osist) n. [Gk. autos, self;
self;

thick membrane
kystis, bladder.]
formed by the Neosporidia separating them from the host tissues (zoo/.).

autodermalia (ot'odermal'ia) n. plu.

[Gk. autos, self; derma, skin.]

Dermal spicules with axial cross

within the dermal membrane (zool.).
autoecious (ote'shus) a. [Gk. autos,
self;

AUX-

26

oikos,

house.]

rusts
inhabits the

Appl.

whose aecidium form

same host as the uredoform stage

Growth of one leaf upon

or out of another (bot.).
birth.]

autophyta

(ot'ofl'ta) n. plu.
[Gk.
Plants
autos, self; phyton, plant.]

which obtain food in the ordinary

way cf. saprophyta (bot.).
autoskeleton (6t'6skel'6ton) n. [Gk.
;

autos, self

skeletos, dried.]

true

skeleton formed within the animal

(zool.).

autostylic
self;

(ot'ostil'ik) a.

stylos,

[Gk. autos,

Having the

pillar.]

mandibular

arch

and

articulating
direct (zoo!.).

self-supporting,
with the skull

autotomy

(bot.).

autogamy

(otog'ami) n.

[Gk. autos,

self;
gamos, marriage.]
fertilization (biol.).

autogenesis

Self-

n.

[Gk.

autos, self; genesis, birth.]

Spon-

(6t'6jen'e'sis)

taneous generation (biol.).

autogenetic (ot'qje'net'lk) a.
autos, self

(otot'omi) n.
[Gk. autos,
tome, cutting.] Self-amputation of a part, as in certain worms
self;

and arthropods (zoo/.).

autotrophic (ot'otrof'ik) a.
food

ing

[Gk.

Reprogenesis, birth.]
ducing spontaneously, appL body;

cells.

[Gk. autos,
Procur-

self; trephein, to nourish.]

independently

;
appl.
plants which are neither sapronor
phytic
parasitic (dot.).
autotropism (6t6t'ropizm) n.
[Gk.

to
self;
turn.]
trepein,
to grow in a straight
appl. plants unaffected by
external influence (phys.).

autos,

autogeny
autogony

Autogenesis.
(otoj'gm) n.
[Gk. autos,
(otog'oni) n.
Autoself;
offspring.]
gonos,
genesis.
autolysis (otol'isis) n.
[Gk. autos,
a loosing.]
Selfself;
lysis,
digestion.
automixis (ot'omik'sis) n. [Gk. autos,
The union
self; mixis, mingling.]
in a cell of chromatin derived from

common

parentage

line

autozooid (ot'ozooid) n. [Gk. autos,

self
eidos, resemzoon, animal
blance.] An independent alcyona;

rian zooid or individual (zool.).

auxetics (oksSt'iks) n. plu.
[Gk.
term appl.
auxein, to increase.]

chemical agents which induce

division

(biol.).

autonomic (6t'6n8m'ik)

a.
[Gk. autos,
Selfnomos,
province.]
governing,
spontaneous
appL
nerves of sympathetic system and
of certain involuntary muscles, and
of secreting glands (phys.).
autonomous (oton'omus). a. Autonomic.

self;

autophagous

Tendency

a.

(6tof'agus)
autos, self; phagein, to eat.]

[Gk.

Appl.
birds capable of running about and
food
for
when
themselves
securing
newly hatched (zool.).

autophya

(6t'6ffa) n.plu.
[Gk. autos,
Elephyein, to produce.]
in the formation of a shell
secreted by the animal itself; cf.

in

leucocytes

cell-

and other

cells (cyt.\

auximone

(ok'simon) n. [Gk. auxiAn

mos,
promoting growth.]
accessory growth - stimulating or
promoting factor in the food of

plants

(biol.).

auxospore (ok'sospor) n.
to

increase

sporos,

[Gk. auxein,
seed.]

diatom which, having reached

limit of size,

by

its

bi-partition escapes

its valve, and uniting with a

similar one gives rise to a new
plant (bot.).

from

auxotonic

a.
(ok'soton'ik)
[Gk.
tonos, strain.]
;

self;

auxein, to increase

ments

Induced by growth
appl. movements of immature plants
opp.

xenophya

alassotonic

(zool.).

autophyllogeny
autos,

self;

(ot'of iloj'eni) n.

phyllon,

leaf;

[Gk.

against

genos,

(Phys.).

an

appl. contraction
increasing resistance

(bot.)

AVE-

BAC-

avenaceous (avena'shus) a.
Pert, oats

oats.]

[L. avena,

(dot.).

avicularium

[L.

avicula,

In

(avTkula'rTum) n.
dim. of avis, bird.]

Polyzoa a modified zooecium with

muscular movable attachments resembling a bird's beak (zool.).
awn (on) ;/. [Ger. ahne} chaff.] The

"beard" of grass,

axial

(ak'sial) a.

axis or

stem

grain, etc. (hot.).

[L. axis, axis.] Pert.

and communicating aborally

with the stone canal (zool.).

axial skeleton, the skeleton of the
head and trunk, as ofip. the skeleton
of the limbs (zool.).
axil (ak'sil) n. [L. axilla, arm-pit.]
The angle between a leaf or branch
and the axis from which it springs
(bot.).

axile

(ak'sil) a.

[L. axilla, arm-pit.]

Pert., situated in or belonging to

the axis ; appl. placentation (bot.).

axilemma

(ak'silSm'a) n.

[L.

axis,

axis ; Gk. lemma, husk.]

In medullated
nerve fibres, the sheath
supposed to surround the axial

cylinder (anat.).
axilla (aksll'a) n.

L. axilla, arm-pit.]

The

axopodium

(ak'sopo'dlum) n.
[Gk.
axon, axle pous, foot.] A pseudopodium with axial filament (zool.).
;

(ak'sostll) n.

axostyle

(btol.).

axial filament, the central filament

of any structure such as the stiff
radiating pseudopodia of some of
the Protozoa (zool.)
axial sinus, a nearly vertical canal
in the Echinoderms opening into
the internal division of the oral ring
sinus,

axle
One of the
ntma, thread.]
three threads of the main strand
of an infusorian stalk (zool.).
axoiiost (ak'sonost) n.
[Gk. axon,
axle ; osteon, bone.]
The basal
of
rods
portion
supporting the
dermotrichia of fin-rays (zool.).

ami-pit (anat.) an axil (bot.).

axillary (ak'silari, aksil'ari) a.
[L.
Pert, the axil
axilla, arm-pit.]
growing in the axil, as buds (bot.)
pert, the arm-pit (anat.).
axipetal (aksip'Stal) a. [L. axis, axis ;
;

[Gk. axon,a.\\&
slender flexible

pillar.]

stylos,

rod of organic substance forming a

supporting axis for the body of

many

Flagellates

(zool.).

azygobranchiate (azl'gobrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. a, without
zygon, yoke
;

brangchia, gills.] Having the gills

or ctenidia not developed on one
side (zool.).

azygomatous

(a'zlgom'atus) a.
[Gk.
without zygoma, a bar.] Without a zygoma or cheek-bone arch

a,

(zool.).

azygos

(azi'gos, az'igos) n.
[Gk. a,
An un;
zygon, yoke.]
paired muscle, artery, vein, process

without
(anat.).

azygosperm
a,

(azi'gospe'rm)

without

An

seed.]

azygospore
without

sfierma,

n.

(azl'gospor)

zygon, yoke

[Gk.

zygon, yoke
azygospore.

[Gk.

spore developed
gamete without conjugation

azygous

(azl'gus, az'Igus) a.

without

a,

sporos, seed.]
directly from a
;

(bot.).

[Gk.

a,

Unpaired.

zygon, yoke.]

Petere, to seek.]

Passing towards

the attachment of the axon, appl.

nerve impulses (phys.).
axis (ak'sis) n. [L. axis, axis.] The

main stem or

bacca (bak'a) n. [L. bacca, berry.]

A pulpy fruit (bot.).
baccate (bak'at) a. [L. bacca, berry.]
Pulpy, fleshy (bot.).
bacciferous (bakslf'grus)

central cylinder (bot.)

the fundamentally central line of a
structure
the
cervical
second
vertebra (anat.).
axis cylinder, the central tract of a
nerve fibre, the impulse transmitter

ducing (bot.).
bacciform (bak'slform) a. [L. bacca,
berry ; forma,
Berryshape.]
shaped (bot.).

axon

bacillus (basll'us) n.
[L. bacillum,
An elongated rodsmall stick.]

(ak'son) n.
[Gk. axon, axle.]
The axis-cylinder process of a multinerve-cell
polar
(anat.).

axoneme (ak'sonem)

n.

[Gk. axon,

berry

like

a.

ferre, to bear.]

bacterium

[L. bacca,

Berry-pro-

single-celled

fungus (bot.).
bacteriology (bak'tertol'ojl)

n.

[Gk.

BAC-

BAS-

28

rod ; logos, discourse.]

science dealing with the lifehistory, structure, and effects of
Bacteria.

bakterion,

The

bacteriolysin (bakte'rioli'sin) n. [Gk.

bakterion, small rod lyein, to loose.]
A substance which neutralizes the
toxicity of or destroys Bacteria
;

(phys.).

balancers

[L.
(bal'anserz) n. plu.
The
bilanx, having two scales.]
halteres or poisers of dipterous
insects (zoo!.}.

balanoid (bal'anoid) a. [Gk. balanos,

acorn; eidos, like.] Pert, barnacles;
acorn-shaped (zool.).
balausta (balos'ta) n. [Gk. balaustion,

Any

tree-blossom.]

many-seeded,

celled,

indehiscent

and with tough pericarps

baleen

many-

fruit,

(dot.}.

(balen') n.

The horny

[L. balaena, whale.]

plates attached to the

upper jaw of true whales

whale-

bone (zool.).
balm (bam) n. [L. balsamum, balsam.]
A fragrant garden plant a soothing
;

ointment (bot.).
balsamiferous (bal'samif 6rus) a. [L.
balsamum, balsam ferre, to bear.]
Producing balsam (bot.).
barb (barb)
[L. barba, beard.] One
;

thread-like structures
extending obliquely from a feather
rachis, and forming the vane (zool.}
a hooked hair-like bristle (dot.).
of delicate

barbate

(bar'bat) a.

Bearded

[L. barba, beard.]

head of various

fishes (zool.).

(barbeTat, ba/bglat) a.
With stiff
barba,
beard.]
hooked hair-like bristles (bot.).
[L.

n.

(bar'bisgl)

[L.

barba,

Small process on a feather

beard.]

barbule

(zool.).

barbula (bar'bula)

n.

[L.

barbula,

dim. of barba, beard.] Row of teeth

of the peristome of mosses (bot.).
barbule (bar'bul) n. [L. barbula, dim.
of barbat beard.] One of the small
hooked processes fringing the barbs
of a feather (zool.).
barotaxis (barbtak'sis) n. [Gk. baros,
weight taxis, arrangement.] The
reaction against a pressure stimulus
;

ganglia, ganglia connecting

with
cerebrum
other
centres
(phys.).

basal granule, a thickening at the

base of a flagellum, the centrosome,
in certain Protozoa (zool.).
basal leaf, one of the leaves produced near the base of the stem
(bot.).

basal placenta, arises from the proximal end of ovary (bot.).

basal plates,
certain
in
plates
Echinoderms, which are situated
at the top or near the top of the
stalk in Crinoids, and in Echinoids
form part of the apical disc (zool.).

basal wall, the first plane of division

of the oospores of Ferns and Mosses
(bot).

basale

(basa'le,

(basa'lia) plu.

basal'a)

.,

basalia

[L. basis, base.]

bone of variable structure arising

from the fusion of pterygiophores
and supporting fish fins (zool.).

basement membrane,

themembrane

of a gland containing the acini or

special secreting portions (anat.}.
basialveolar (ba'sTalve'olar) a.
[L.

base alveolus, hollow.] Extending from basion to centre of

basis,

alveolar arch (anat.).

basibranchial

The
arch

n.

(ba'sibrang'klal)

[Gk. basis, base

brangchia, gills.]
ventral or
basal
portion of a branchial
;

median
(zool.}.

basichromatin
n.
(ba'sikro'matin)
[Gk. basis, base
chroma, colour.]
;

barbellate

barbicel

base.]

basis,

[L.

basal

skeletal

(bot., zool.).

barbel (bfr'bel) n. [L. barbus, barbel.]

A tactile process arising from the

a.

(ba'sal)

Pert, at or near the base,

The deeply

staining substance of
nuclear network chromatin (cyt.).
baslconic sensillae, upright conical
clavate sense hairs, immovable at
their base and having thin chitinous
;

covering (zool).
basicranial (ba'sikra'nTal)
basis,

base

ated

at

a.

kranion, skull.]
the base of the
;

[Gk.
Situskull

(zool.).

basidiophore
basis, base

(basid'Iofor)
pherein, to

n.

[Gk.

bear.]

sporophore which carries basidia

(bot.).

basidlospore (bastd'iospor) n. [Gk.

base
A
basis,
sporos,
seed.]
spore or gonidium abstricted from
;

BASa

basidium

basidiogonidium

(tot.).

basipodite (baslp'odlt) n. [Gk. basis,

base pous, foot.] The second or
distal joint of the protopodite of
certain limbs of Crustacea (zool.).
;

basidium (basld'ium)

base.]

special

n.

[Gk. basis,
of certain

cell

Fungi forming spores by abstriction

(dot.},

basipterygium

(ba'sTptgrij'ium)

tt.

[Gk. basis, base

pterygion, little
wing.] A large flat triangular bone
in the pelvic fin of Teleosts, and a
bone or cartilage in other fishes
;

basidorsal (ba'sidor'sal) a. [L. basis,

base ; dorsum, back.]
Appl. a
small cartilaginous neural plate
which fuses with the neural process
in the adult (emb.).
basiflxed (ba'sifiksd) a. [L. basis,
base ; figere, to make fast.] Attached by the base ; innate, or
having the filament attached to
base of anther (tot.).
basifugal (ba'sTfu'gal, baslf'ugal) a.
[L. basis, base
fugere, to flee.]
Growing away from the base (bot.).
;

basigamous

(basTg'amus) a.
[Gk.
marriage.]
gatnos,
the oosphere reversed in

base

basis i

Having

the embryo-sac

(bot.).

basihyal (ba'sihral) n.
[Gk. basis,
base hyoeides, Y-shaped.] Broad
;

plate, the basal or median

ventral portion of the hyoid arch

median

(*).
;

and amphibians

basioccipital

base

past's,

process of the basisphenoid in

birds (zool.).

some

basisphenoid (ba'stsfe'noid) n. [Gk.

eidos,
basis, base
sphen, wedge
A cranial bone
resemblance.]
between the basioccipital and presphenoid (zool.).
basitemporal (ba'sTtem'poral) n. [L.
basis, base
temporalis, temporary.]
A broad membrane bone covering
the basisphenoidal region of the
;

skull (zool.).

basivertebral (ba'siveYtgbral) a. [L.

base ; vertebra, vertebra.]
basis,

Appl. vertebral veins emerging on

basophil (ba'sofil) a.
[Gk. basis,
base
philein, to
love.]
Appl.
leucocytes having a strong affinity
for basic dyes (phys.).
bast (bast) n. [A.S. baest, bast.] The
inner fibrous bark of certain trees
the strong fibre obtained from
;

certain trees

(anat.).

basilingual (ba'siling'gwal) a.
[L.
basis, base lingua, tongue.]
Appl.
a broad flat cartilaginous plate, the
body of the hyoid, in crocodiles,
turtles,

(zool.).

basipterygoid (ba'sYpt&tgoid) n. [Gk.

basis, base
pterygion, little wing.]

the posterior surface (anat.).

basilar (bas'ilar) a. [L. basis, base.]

Pert, or near the base appl. artery,
crest, membrane, plexus
(anat.),
plate (smb.), style (tot.).
basilic (basil'ik) a. [Gk. basilikos,
royal.]
Appl. a large vein on the
inner side of the biceps of the arm

(zoo/.).
n.

(ba'sioksTp'ital)
;

occiput,

[L.

back of head.]
or element

The median ventral bone

in

BDE-

29

the occipital region of the skull

(anat.).

phloem

(tot.).

bastard wing,

the ala spuria, consisting of three quill feathers borne

on the first digit of bird's wing

(zoo!.).

bathy limnetic (bath'ilTmngt'ik)a. [Gk.

limnetes, living in
bathys, deep
marshes.]
Living or growing in
;

the depths of lakes or marshes.

bathypelagic (bath'ipglaj'Ik) a. [Gk.
Inbathys, deep
pelagos, sea.]
habiting the deep sea (zool.).
bathy smal (bathlz'mal) a. [Gk. bathys,
deep.] Pert, the deepest depths of
the sea (zool.).
;

basion (ba'slon) n. [L. basis, base.]

The middle of the anterior margin
of the foramen magnum (anat.).
basiophthalmite (ba'slofthal'mlt) n.
[Gk. basis, base ophthalmos, eye.]
The proximal joint of the eye-stalk
in Crustaceans (zoo/.).
basipetal (basip'etal) a. [Gk. basis,
base L. petere, to seek.] Developing from apex to base appl. leaves
;

and inflorescences

(tot.).

batrachian (batra'kTan) a.
trachos, frog.]
Relating
and toads (zool.).

[Gk. bato

frogs

bdelloid (deToid) a.
[Gk. bdella,
leech eidos, resemblance.] Leechlike, or having the appearance of a
leech (zool.).
;

BEAn.
[A.S. beard, a beard.]
of the arrangements of hairs
the heads of animals which
resemble a man's beard (zool.) ;
the barbed or bristly hair-like out-

beard (herd)

Any
on

growths on grain (hot.}.

belemnoid (beTemnoid, bglem'noid) a.
[Gk. belemnon, dart eidos, resemblance.]
Shaped like a dart (zool?)
;

appl. styloid process (anat.).

bell nucleus,
a solid mass of cells,

derived from the ectoderm and lying

between the ordinary ectoderm and
the mesogloea at the apex of the
medusoid bud, which later becomes
hollow and ultimately forms the
sub-umbral cavity of the medusoid
the larger ducts
ducts,
opening at the apex of a kidney
papilla, and formed by the union
of smaller collecting tubules (anat.).

benthos (ben'thos)

n.

of

the

[Gk. benthos,

The fauna and

depths of the sea.]

bottom of the

sea

(biol.).

berry (beYi) n. [A.S. berie, berry.]

The egg of a lobster, or of a crayfish
the dark knob-like structure
on the bill of the swan (zool?) a
small, pulpy fruit (hot?).
;

betulin (bet'ulm) n. [L. betula, birch

A substance derived from
tree.]
the outer bark of the birch (phys.).

biacuminate (bl'aku'minat) a. [L. bis,

twice
acumen, point.]
Having
two tapering points (dot.).
;

biarticulate (bl'artik'ulat) a. [L. bis,

twice ;
Twoarticulus,
joint.]

jointed

(hot., sool.).

bicapsular (blkap'sular) a.
twice capsula, little box.]

[L.

(hot.}.

bicarinate (bikar'mat) a.
twice ; carina, keel.]
keel-like processes

bis,

Having

two capsules or vessels

[L.

bis,

With two

(hot.,

zool?).

bicarpellate (blkar'pe'lat) a. [L. bis,

twice ; Gk. karpos, fruit.]
With

two carpels (tot.).

blcaudate (blko'dat) a. [L. bis, twice
cauda, tail.] Possessing two taillike processes, as the wings of
Lepidoptera (zool?).
;

blcellular (blseTular)

a.

cellula, little cell.]

two cells (to/.).

bicepa

muscle with two

caput, head.]
heads or origins (anat?).
twice
a.
bicipltal (blsip'ital)
[L. bis,
caput, head.] Pert, biceps (anat?).

a groove on the
upper part of the humerus (anat.).

bicipital groove,

bicollateral (bl'kolat'eral) a.

twice

[L. bis,
latus, side.]
sides similar.

con, together

Having the two

bicolligate (blkol'igat) a.
[L. bis,
twice
cum, together
ligare, to
bind.] With two stretches of webbing on the foot (zool?).
;

biconjugate (blkon'joogat) a. [L. bis,

twice
cum, with jttgum, yoke.]
With two similar sets of pairs
;

(bot.).

a. [L. bis, twice

cornu, horn.] With two horn-like
processes (zool?).
bicostate (bikos'tat) a. [L. bis, twice

bicornute (bikor'nut)

(zool.}.

Bellini's

flora

BIE-

30

(bl'seps)

n.

[L. bis, twice

Composed
[L.

bis,

of

twice

Having two longitudinal

ridges or ribs, as in a leaf (bot.).
bicrenate (blkre'nat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
costa, rib.]

crena,
notch.]
as leaves with

margins

blscuspid (bikiis'pid)
cuspis,

Doubly

crenate,

notched

toothed

(tot.).

point.]

or points
bicuspid,

a.

[L. bis, twice

Having two cusps

(bot., zool.).

n.

premolar

tooth

(anat.).

bicuspid valve, the mitral valve of

the heart (anat.).
bicyclic (blsik'lik) a.
[L. bis, twice
Gk. kyklos, circle.] Arranged in
two whorls (bot?).
Bidder's ganglia, a collection of
;

nerve-cells in the frog, in the region

of the auriculo-ventricular groove,
whence fibres are distributed to the
rest of the heart (zool.).
Bidder's organ, a rudimentary ovary
attached to the anterior end of the
generative organs in both sexes
in the toad ; it disappears in old
females, but is large in old males

and has been known

functional

to

become

(zool.).

bidental (blden'tal)

[L. bis, twice ;

Having two teeth, or
a.

dens, tooth.]
tooth-like processes.

bidenticulate (bi'dgntik'ulat) a. [L.

bis, twice
dens, tooth.] With two
small teeth or tooth- like processes,
as some scales (zool.).
biennial (blen'ial) a. [L. bis, twice ;
;

BIFLasting

annus, year.]
years (tot.).

two

(tot.).

bifarious (blfa'rlus) a. [L. bis, twice ;

fart, to speak.] Arranged in two
rows ; one row on each side of
an axis (tot.).
bifid (bifid) a.
[L. bis, twice ; findere,
to split.]
Forked, opening with a

median

cleft (zool., tot.).

biflabellate (bfflabel'at) a.

[L.

bis,

flabellum, fan.]
Doubly
flabellate, each side of the antennal
out
flabellate
projoints sending
cesses (zool.}.
;

biflagellate

twice

a.

(blflajeTat)

flagellum, whip.]

[L.

bis,

Having

two lash-like appendages or

flag-

ella (zool., bot.).

biflex

(bl^ks)

a.

[L.

bis,

twice

to
With two
bend.]
curves.
biflorate (blflo'rat) a.
[L. bis, twice ;
flora,
flowers.]
Producing two
flowers, or bearing two flowers
flectere,

(bot.).

diploblastic

[L. bis, twice ;

latus, side.]
Having two sides
about
an
axis.
symmetrical

bilateral (bllat'eral) a.

bile (bil)

n.

bilis,

[L.

The

bile.]

secretion of the liver (phys.).

biliary (bil'iari) a.
[L. bilis, bile.]
Conveying or pert, bile (phys.).

bilicyanin

n.

(bil'isl'anin)

[L.

bilis,

A
Gk. kyanos, dark blue.]
;
blue pigment found in renal calculi
(Phys.\
bilirubin (bil'iroo'bin) n.
[L. bilis,
bile

bile
bile

ruber, red.]
reddish-yellow
(phys.).

pigment

biliverdin (bil'Tvgr'din)
bile ; F. vert, green.]

[L.

bilis,

green

bile

pigment formed by oxidation

of

bilirubin (phys.).
[L. bis, twice

bilobate (bllo'bat) a.

Gk.
two

lobos,

rounded

Having

flap.]

lobes.

bilobular (bllob'ular) a.
bis,
[L.
twice ; L. Ipbulus, dim. of lobus,

Having two

lobe.]

bilocellate

twice

locellus,

Divided

lobules.
a.

(bfloseTat)
into

[L.

bis,

dim. of locus, place.]

two

compartments

(bot.).

[L. bis, twice ;

Appl. compound leaf

bifoliate (bifo'liat) a.

folium, leaf.]
with two leaflets

(bot.).

biforin (blf'orin)
[L. bis, twice ;
An oblong raphidian
fort's, door.]
cell opening at each end (bot.).
.

bifurcate (blfur'kat) a. [L. bis, twice;

/urea, fork.] Forked
having two
;

prongs

(bot.,

zool.)

having

two

the distal V-shaped and

attached by its middle to the

joints,

proximal (zool.).
bigeininate (bijem'inat) a.
[L. bis,
twice gcminus, double.] Doublytwin-forked
paired
(bot.).
bljugate (bijoo'gat) a. [L. bis, twice
jugare, to join.] With two pairs of
;

leaflets (bot.).

corollas

(tot.).

bis,

Formed
bilaminar

a.

twice ; lamella, plate.]

of two plates ; having two
(bot., zool.).

(bllam'inar)

a.
[L. bis, twice ;
place.]
Containing two
cavities or chambers (bot.).

locus,

biloculine (bllok'ulin) a.
[L. bis,
twice loculus, little place.] Two;

chambered.
bilophodont (bllof'odont) a. [L. bis,
twice
Gk. lophos, ridge
odous,
tooth.]
Appl. molar teeth of tapir,
which have ridges joining the two
anterior and two posterior cusps
;

(zool.).

bimaculate (blmak'ulat)

a.

[L. bis,

twice ; macula, spot.]

with two spots or stains

Marked
(zool.).

bimanous (blm'anus) a. [L. bis, twice

manus, hand.] Having two hands
certain

of

the

primates

(zool.).

bimastism (blmas'tizm)

n.

[L.

bis,

twice Gk. mastos, breast.] Condition of having two mammae (zool.).

;

bilamellar (bllam'elar, bllameTar)

lamellae

bilocular (bllok'ular)

appl.

bilabiate (bila'biat) a. [L. bis, twice ;

labium, lip.] Two-lipped, as some

[L.

two plate-like layers

(zool.).

bifacial (blfa'slal, blfa'shal, blfas'yal)

a.
fades, face.]
[L. fa's, twice
Appl. leaves with distinct upper
and lower surfaces dorso-ventral

twice

BIN-

31
for

a.

twice; lamina, thin plate.]

[L.

bis,

Having

bimuscular
twice

(blinus'kular) a.

[L. bis,

musculus, muscle.]

Having

two muscles (zool.).

binary fission, the division of a cell
into two by an apparently simple

BINand cytoplasm

division of nucleus
(zool.).

binary nomenclature, see binomial

nomenclature.
binate (bi'nat) a.
[L. dint, two by
two.] Appl. leaf composed of two
leaflets ; growing in pairs (hot.}.
binodal (bino'dal) a, [L. bis, twice
nodus, nob.]
Having two nodes,
as the stem of a plant (bot.}.
binomial (blno'mial) a. [L. bis, twice
nomen, name.] Consisting of two

names

(biol.}.

binomial nomenclature, the system

of double names given to plants

and animals,
first
the generic
name, then the specific, as Felis
[L.

The

system of binomial nomenclature

(biol.}.

binuclear

a.
(blnu'klear)
nucleus, small nut.]

twice ;
two nuclei

[L.

bis,

Having

(biol.}.

binucleate, binuclear.
bioblast (bl'oblast) n. [Gk.

bios, life

blastos, bud.]
biophore (biol.}.
biocellate (blosel'at) a. [L. bis, twice
ocellus, dim. oioculus, eye.] Having
;

two ocelli (zool.}.

biochemistry (bl'dkem'Tstri)
life

chemos,

ciation

[Gk.

The
(biol.}.

[Gk.

common.] Assoof forms of life on any given

koinos,

feeding area (biol}.

.

[Gk.

The
dynamis, power.]
science of the active vital phenomena of animals (phys.}.
life

biogen

(bl'b'jen)

n.

genos, offspring.]

[Gk. bios, life

A hypothetical

vital unit (biol.}.

biogenesis (bl'qjen'gsis) n.

[Gk. bios,
The theory of
; genesis, birth.]
the descent of living matter from

life

living matter omne vivum e vivo ;

opp. abiogenesis (biol.}.
blogenetic
law,
recapitulation
theory.
biogenous (bioj'enus) a.
[Gk. bios,
life ; genos, offspring.]
Inhabiting
living organisms, as Bacteria (biol.}.

biogeny

(bloj'6ni) n.

genesis, birth.]

life.

biometrics (blomet'riks) ;/. [Gk. bios,

life
metron, measure.] The statistical study of living organisms.
;

bion

(blom'e'tri),

(bl'on) n.

biometrics.

[Gk. bion, living.]

An

independent living organism.

bionergy (blon'erji) n. [Gk. bios, life
energda, action.] Vital force.
bionomics (blonom'Tks) n. [Gk. bios,
life
The study of
nomos, law.]
organisms in relation to their
environment.
biophore (bl'ofor) n. [Gk. bios, life
:

pherein, to carry.] A hypothetical

vital unit, of which a group forms
a determinant.

(bl'oflt) n.
[Gk. bios, life
phyton, plant.] A plant which gets
sustenance from living organisms

(biol.}.

bioplasm (bl'b'plazm) n.
[Gk. bios,
life
plasma, something moulded.]
Living matter protoplasm (biol.).
;

bioplast (bl'bplast) n.

biodynamics (bl'odinam'fks)
bios,

life
graphein, to
ge, earth
The part of biology dealing
write.]
with the geographical distribution
of plants
(phytogeography) and
animals (zoogeography) ; chorology.
biological (blolqj'ikal) a.
[Gk. bios,
life ; logos, discourse.]
Relating to
the science of life (biol.}.
biology (blol'oji) n.
[Gk. bios, life
The science of
logos, discourse.]

bios,

biophyte
n.

juice.]

chemistry of living organisms

biocoenosis (bl'bseno'sis) n.
bios, life

evolution of organisms, comprising

ontogeny and phylogeny (biol.}.

biogeography (bi'ojeog'rafi) n. [Gk.

biometry

(genus) tigris (species).

binomialism (blnd'mTalTzm) n.
twice ; nomen, name.]
bis,

bios,

BIO-

32

[Gk. bios, life

The science of the
;

[Gk.

bios, life

A
plasma, something moulded.]
minute quantity of living protoof
plasm capable
reproducing itself
(biol.}.

biorgan (blpr'gan)

n.
[Gk. bios, life
organon, instrument.} An organ in
the physiological sense, not necessarily a morphological unit (biol.}.
bios (bi'os) n. [Gk. &ws,\ite.] Organic
life, plant or animal.

biostatics (bl'ostat'iks) n.
life

statos, stationary.]

[Gk.

bios,

The branch

of physiology dealing with structure

in relation to function (phys.}.
biota (blo'ta) n. [Gk. bios, life.] The
fauna and flora of a region.
biotic (blot'ik) a.
[Gk.
Pert, life ; vital (biol.}.

bios,

life.]

biotonus

[Gk.

bios,

(bl'oto'nus)

BIOlife

tonos,

The

strain.]

ratio

between assimilation and dissimilation of the biogens (phys.).

biovulate (blov'ulat) a. [L. bis, twice ;
ovum, egg.] Containing two ovules

biplicate (bip'likat)
plicare, to fold.]

bipalmate (blpal'mat) a.
[L. bis,
twice
palma, palm of the hand.]
;

Lobed with

the lobes again lobed

(bot.).

a.

[L. bis, twice

Having two

folds.

n.

bipocillus (bl'pbsil'us)
[L. bis,
twice ; pocillum, a little cup.]
microsclere with curved shaft and

cup-shaped

(bot.).

bipaleolate (blpal'eolat) a.
[L. bis,
twice ; palea, chaff.]
Furnished
with two small paleae (bot.).

expansion at

each end

(zool.).

bipolar (blpo'lar)

a.

twice

[L. bis,

Gk. polos, pivot.]

cess at each

nerve

Having a proend or pole, appl.

cells (anat.).

bipolarity (bl'polaYrti) n.
[L. bis,
twice
Gk. polos, pivot.]
The
condition of having two polar processes
the condition of having
two distinct poles, as the vegetative
;

biparietal (bl'parl'gtal) a.
[L. bis,
twice
paries, wall.]
Linking up
or connected with the two parietal
;

parere,

young

[L. bis, twice

to beget.]
Having
at a time (zool.).

two

bipennlform (blpgn'iform) a. [L. bis,

twice ;penna, feather forma, shape.]
;

Feather-shaped, with the sides of

the vane of equal size ; appl. some

muscles (anat.).
bipetalous (blpet'alus) a.
twice Gk.petalon, leaf.]
;

[L.

bis,

With two

(bot.).

bands

growing

in

[L. bis, twice

Having

pairs on paired

(bot.).

divide/]

biserial (blse'rlal) a.
series.]

series,

[L. bis, twice

Arranged

in

two

rows.
biserrate (biser'at) a. [L. bis, twice
serra, saw.]
Having marginal teeth
which are themselves notched (bot.).
;

(blsek'sual, blsek'shual) a.
[L. bis, twice ; sexus, sex.]
Having

both male and female reproductive

bipinnatlpartite
(bi'pinat'ipartlt) a.
twice
[L.
bis,
pinna, feather
partiri,

(zool.).

organs (biol.).
bistephanic (bl'stefan'lk) a. [L. bis,
twice
Gk.
crown.]
Stephanos,
Joining the two points where the
coronal suture crosses the superior

matodes

biseptate (blsep'tat) a. [L. bis, twice

septum, fence.] Having two parti-

stems

(bot.).

to

leaflets

bipinnatifid (bl'pinat'ifid) a. [L. bis,

twice
pinna, feather findere, to
With leaves segmented
cleave.]
and these segments again divided
;

biramous, biramose.
birostrate (blros'trat) a.
bis,
[L.
twice
rostrum, beak.] Furnished
with two beak-like processes.
birth pore,
the uterine pore of
Trematodes and Cestodes ; the
birth-opening of the rediae of Tre-

bisexual

of cilia (zool.).
a.

tions.

bipinnaria (bipina'ria) n.
[L. bis,
twice pinna, feather.] An asteroid larva with pre-oral and post-oral

bipinnate (blpln'at)
pinna, feather.]

in an egg (biol.).
biramose (blra'm5s) a. [L. bis, twice
ramus, branch.] Divided into two

branches.

blpectinate (blpgk'tinat) a. [L. bis,

twice ; pecten, comb.] Having the
two margins furnished with teeth
like a comb (bot., zool.).
biped (bl'ped)
[L. bis, twice ; pes,
A two-footed animal.
foot.]

petals

and animal poles

eminences (anat.).
biparous (bip'arus) a.

Bipinnatifid,

but with divisions extending nearly

to the midrib (bot.).
bipinnatisect (bl'plnat'isekt) a.
[L.
bis, twice ; pinna, feather ; secare,
to cut.]
Bipinnatifid, but with
divisions extending to the midrib
(bot.).

BIT-

33

temporal ridges (anat.).

bistipulate (blstip'ulat) a.
[L. bis,
twice
Provided
stipitla,
stem.]
with two stipules (bot?).
bistratose (blstrat'os) a.
[L. bis,
twice stratum, layer.] With cells
;

arranged

in

two layers

(bot.).

bisulcate (blsul'kat) a. [L. bis, twice

sulcus, groove.] Havingtwogrooves

(zool.).

bitemporal
twice

(bite"m'p6ral) a.
[L. bis,
temporary.]
teinporalis,

a
Appl. the two temporal bones
line joining the posterior ends of the
two zygomatic processes (attaf.).
biternate (blteVnat) a. [L. bis, twice
Ternate
terni, three by three.]
with each division itself again

blastos,

the pericarp

similar structure (bot.}.

biventer cervlcis (biven'tgr servl'sls) n.
[L. bis, twice ; venter, belly cervix,
muscle of the neck conneck.]
sisting of two fleshy broad ends
with a narrow tendinous portion in
the middle (anat.}.
biventral (blvSn'tral) a. [L. bis, twice;
venter, belly.] Appl. muscles of the
biventer type (anat.}.
bivittate (bivit'at) a. [L. bis, twice
;

With two

(bot.}

oil

re-

with two stripes

bivium

(blv'lum) n.
[L. bis, twice ;
Generally the posterior
via, way.]
in certain
ambulacral
areas
of
pair

Echinoidea the two rays between

which the madreporite lies (zool.}.
bladder (blad'er) n.
[A.S. blaedre,
;

bag.]

membranous sac

with air or fluid

filled

(bot., zool.}.

bladder-worm stage, the cysticercus

stage in tapeworms (zool.}.
blade (blad) n. [A.S. blaed, leaf.] The
part

of

the

leaf

of grasses

(bot.}.

blastaea (blaste'a) n.
[Gk. blastos,
bud.] A planaea or ciliated planula,
a hypothetical stage in evolution
(biol}.

blastelasma (blas'tglaz'ma)

n.,

blastel-

asmata

(blas'teiaz'mata) plu.
[Gk.
;
elasma, plate.] Any
layer formed after the forma-

blastos,

germ

bud

tion of the epiblast

and hypoblast

(etnb.}.

blastema (blaste'ma)

n.,

blastemata

(blaste'mata) plu.
[Gk. blastema,
bud.] The formative substance in
the primordium of an
an egg
organ (etnb.}; the thallus of a lichen
;

(bot}.

De-

bivalent (biva'lgnt, biv'algnt)

[L.
valere, to be strong.]
bis, twice
Appl. a double chromosome (cyt.}.
bivalve (bl'valv) a. [L. bis, twice
valvae, folding doors.] Consisting
of two plates or valves, as a mussel
shell (zool.} ; or a seed-capsule of

band.]

[Gk.

surrounded by

(bot.}.

individual

reproductive
a.

ceptacles

still

blastocheme (blas'tokem) n. [Gk.

ochema, vessel.] A
blastos, bud

(bot.}.

vitta,

bud; karpos,

veloping while

ternate

a.

fruit.]

blastocarpous (blas'tokar'pus)

flat

BLA-

34

BIT-

Medusae
bud

blastocoel, or

[Gk. blastos,

The

chylos, juice.]

some

in

(zool.}.

blastochyle (blas'tokll) n.

fluid in

segmentation-cavity

(zool.}.

blastocoel (blas'tosel)

bud

n.

koilos, hollow.]

[Gk. blastos,

The segmentaovum

tion-cavity of a developing
(emb.}.

blastocolla
blastos,

bud

n.

(blas'tokol'a)
; kolla, glue.]

[Gk.

A gummy

substance coating certain buds (bot.}.

blastocyst (blas'tosist)
[Gk. blastos,
bud kystis, bladder.] The germinal
.

vesicle (emb.}.
blastoderm (blas'toderm)
blastos,

bud

derma,

n.

[Gk.

skin.]

The

germinal disc (smb.}.

blastodermic vesicle, ahollow sphere
of cells, an earlystage in the development of a fertilized ovum (emb.}.
blastodisc (blas'todisk) n.

[Gk. blastos,
The germinal
diskos, disk.]
area of a developing ovum (emb.}.
blastogenesis (blas'tqjen'esls) n. [Gk.

bud

blastos,

bud

Gem-

genesis, birth.]

mation or reproduction by budtransmission of inherited

ding
characters by means of the germplasm only (biol.}.
;

blastogenic
blastos,

(blas'tqjen'ik)

bud

genos,

a.

[Gk.

offspring.]

Appl. inactive idioplasm unalterable till time and place of activity

are reached (emb.}.
n.
blastomere
(blas'tomer)
[Gk.
blastos, bud ; meros, part.]
the cells formed during the

One

of

primary

divisions of an egg (emb.}.

blastoneuropore (blas'tonu'ropor) n.
neuron, nerve
[Gk. blastos, bud
A temporary
poros,
passage.]
passage connecting blastopore and
neuropore (emb}.
blastophore (blas'tofor) n. [Gk. blastos,
;

bud \pherein,

to bear.] Embryonic
in
origin of plumule (bot.}
Alcypnaria the reproductive body, giving
rise usually to buds ; the central
part of the spermocyte mass in
;

BLAworms, which remains unchanged

through spermatogenesis (zool.}.
blastopore (blas'topor) n. [Gk. blastos,
poros, passage.] The cavity
leading into the archenteron of the

bud

gastrula

(blas'tosfer)

bud

n.

[Gk.

The

blastos,
sphatra, globe.]
blastula, a hollow ball of cells (emb.}.
blastostyle (blas'tostll) n. [Gk. blastos,
bud stylos, pillar.] In Hydrozoa,
a columniform zooid with mouth
and tentacles, or with mouth and
tentacles absent, bearing gono;

(zool.}.

blastossooid

(blas'tozo'oid)

bud

blastos,

zoon, animal

[Gk.

thick (emb.}.
blastulatlon (blas'tula'shun)
blastula, little bud.]
blastulae (emb.}.

eidos,
bud in

n.

[L.

Formation of

exudation of
bleeding of plants,
watery sap from vessels at a cut
surface, due to root-pressure (bot.}.
blended inheritance, mixed race or
descent.
n.
[A.S. blanhybrid.
blepharoblast (bleTaroblast) n. [Gk.
blepharon, eye-lid ; blastos, bud.]
See blepharoplast.

blendling (blgn'dlmg)

blepharoplast (b!6f aroplast) n. [Gk.

blepharon, eyelid plastos, moulded.]
;

A centrosome

which

is in relation
organ, as to the
of
flagellum
flagellates (zool.}.
blight (bllt) n. [A.S. blaecan, to grow
pale.]
disease-producing insect
or fungus ; a plant disease (bot.}.
blind spot, the region of the retina
of the eye where the optic nerve
enters (anat.}.
blister (blis'tgr) n. [A.S. blotvan, to
subcutaneous bubble or
blow.]
bladder filled with fluid ; a plant

to a

motor

cell

disease.

blood (blud)

The

n.

somewhat

at first

cytes

similar to lymphothe primitive haematoblasts

(phys.}.

crystals,
crystals of haemohaemin, or haematoidin,
which form when blood is shaken
up with chloroform or ether (phys.}.
blood dust, the form in which fat is
seen in blood cells, by means of

[A.S. blod,

fluid circulating in the

globin,

the ultramicroscope (phys.).

isolated
reddish
islands,
patches in the mesoderm in which
are
found
primitive erythroblasts
enclosed in a mesodermal syncytium

blood

A larval
resemblance.]
case of precocious budding in
Ascidians (zool.}.
blastula (blas'tula) n. [L. dim. of Gk.
A hollow globe of
blastos, bud.]
cells, with wall usually one layer

dan, to mix.]

blood cells,
derived by mitosis
from the ordinary mesoderm cells,
cells

blood

(etnb.}.

blastosphere

phores

BON-

35

blood.]

vascular

system of animals, distributing foodmaterial and oxygen and collecting

waste products (phys.}.

blood platelets,
colourless bodies
about one-third the size of the red
corpuscles, and nucleated when the
red corpuscles are nucleated (phys.}.
blood plates, minuteamoeboid protoplasmic bodies found in the blood,
each with a small nuclear-like
structure (phys.}.

blood serum, the fluid or plasma left

after removal of the corpuscles and
fibrin (phys.}.

blood vessel, any vessel or space in

which blood circulates
strictly
only used in regard to special
vessels with well - defined walls
;

(anat.}.

a layer of wax particles on

external surface of certain
fruits, such as grapes, peaches
the flower of a plant (bot.}.
blubber (blub'er) n. [M.E. blober, a
bubble.] The fat of whales, lying
between the outer skin and muscle

bloom,
the

layer

(zool.}.

a wood disease pro-

blue timber,

duced by fungus, causing a bluish

discoloration

body

(bot.}.

blight,
trees (bot.}.

a fungal disease of pear

body cavity,

the coelom or space in

which the viscera, etc.,

mesodermal in origin,
schizocoelic

or

development

(anat.}.

lie

is

it

and

enterocoelic

is
L

in

body cell, a somatic as distinct from

a germ cell.
body stalk, a band of mesoderm
connecting the caudal end of an
embryo with the chorion (emb.}.

bone (bon) n.

[A.S. ban, bone.]

Con-

BRA-

BOOnective tissue in which the groundsubstance is impregnated with salts

of lime (anat.).
book gill, a gill composed of delicate
leaf-like lamellae placed one over
the other like leaves of a book, as

seen in Limulus (zool).

book lung, a gill similar to a book
gill, but modified for air-breathing,
and open to the exterior only by a
small slit, as in Scorpions (zool).

booted (boot'ed)

a.

[O. F. boute, boot.]

Equipped with raised horny plates

of skin, as feet of some birds
(zool.).

bordered, pit, a form of pit developed

on the walls of tracheides, caused
by a portion of the wall remaining

unthickened (bot).
a.
bosselated
[M.E.
(bos'elated)
Covered with knobs,
bosse, knob.]
as some mollusc shells (zool.}.
bosset (bos'gt) n. [M.E. bosse, knob.]
The beginning of horn formation
in deer in the first year (zool.).
bostryx (bos'tricks) n. [Gk. bostrychos,
A cymose inflorescence with
curl.]
blooms on only one side of the axis

a.

(brak'at)

[L.

braccae,

birds
having
breeches.]
Appl.
additional feathers on legs or feet
(zool).

brachelytrous (brakel'itrus)
short
short

brachys,

Having

a.

[Gk.

wing.]
elytron,
or
elytra,
wing

covers (zool).
brachial (bra'kial) a. [L. brachium,
Pert, arm, arm-like.
arm.]
brachiate (bra'klat) a. [L. brachium,
Branched
arm.]
having opposite
paired branches on alternate sides
;

(bot).

brachiferous (brakif'erus) a.
[L.
brachium, arm ferre, to carry.]
Branched.
brachigerous, brachiferous.
brachiocephalic (brak'iokefal'ik, -sef-)
a.
Gk. kephale,
[L. brachium, arm
;

arm and head,

head.] Pert,
artery (anat).

appl.

brachiocubital (brak'ioku'bital) a. [L.

brachium, arm cubitum, forearm.]
Pert, arm and forearm (zool).
brachiolaria (brakiola'ria) n.
[L.
brachiolum, a small arm.] A larval
in
the
stage
metamorphosis of
;

certain starfishes (zool).

(bot.).

botany (bot'am) n. [Gk. botane, pasThat branch of biology

ture.]
dealing with plants.

bothridium

[Gk.
(bothrld'ium) n.
muscular cupbothros, trench.]
scolex
of
from
shaped outgrowth

a phyllidium (zool.).
bothrium (both'rium) n. [Gk. bothros,
A
sucker
a sucking
trench.]
groove of Cestoids (zool).
botryoidal (bot'rioidal) a. [Gk. botrys,
bunch of grapes.] Appl. tissue of
branched canals surrounding the
enteric canal in leeches (zool).
botryose .(bot'rios) a.
[Gk. botrys,
bunch of grapes.] Racemose ; in
the form of a bunch of grapes
Cestoids

braccate

(bot.).

bouillon (boo'yong)

[F. bouillir,
to boil.] An infusion of beef for
the cultivation of germs (phys.).
Bowman's capsule, the vesicle of an
.

excretory tubule, one side of which

projects into the other, nearly
filling the cavity (anat).
Bowman's glands (bo'manz), serous
glands in the corium of the olfactory

mucous membrane

(anat).

brachiorachidian (brak'Torakld'ian) a.
Gk. rhachis
[L. brachium, arm
;

Pert, arm and spine.

spine.]
brachium (brak'ium) n. [L. brachium, arm.] An arm or branching

structure ; the upper limb of vertebrates (zool).

brachycerous (brakis'erus) a.
[Gk.
brachys, short ; keras, horn.] Shorthorned with short antennae (zool).
;

brachycnemic (brak'ikne'mik) a.

[Gk.
short
kneme,
brachys,
tibia.]
Appl. arrangement of mesenteries
of Zoanthids
where the sixth
protocneme is imperfect (zool).
brachydont (brak'idont) a.
[Gk.
brachys, short odous, tooth.] Appl.
molar teeth with low crowns (zool).
brachyodont, brachydont.
brachyourous (brak'ioo'rus) a. Brach;

yural.

brachypleural

(brak'iploo'ral) a.

[Gk.

brachys, short \pleuron, side.] With

short pleura or side plates (zool).

brachypodous

(brakip'b'dus) a.

[Gk.

brachys, short pous, foot.] With

short legs (zool), or stalk (bot).
;

brachypterous (brakip'tgrus)

a.

[Gk.

5TEPH
BRAbrachys, short pteron, wing.] With
short wings (zool.).
brachystomatous (brak'istom'atus) a.
;

[Gk. brachys, short

stoma, mouth.]

With short proboscis

appl. certain

insects {zool.}.

brachyural

(brak'fu'ral)

a.

[Gk.

brachys, short oitra, tail.]

Having
a short abdomen usually tucked in
the thorax
appl. certain
;

below

crabs (zool.).
bract (brakt) n.
[L. bractea, thin
A floral leaf; a
plate of metal.]
modified leaf in whose axil a flower
arises (hot.)
a hydrophyllium in
Siphonophora the distal exite of
the
sixth
appendage of Apus
;

small scales developed

on the axis of cones cf.
;

ovuliferous scales (dot.).

bracteal (brak'teal) a.
[L. bractea,
thin metal plate.]
Like a bract
(hot.).

[Gk. brang-

Pert, gills.

chia, gills.]

branchiae.

branchial arch, one of the bony or

cartilaginous arches placed on the
side of the pharynx posterior to the
hyoid arch, and supporting gill

bars

(zoo/.).

branchiate

a.

(brang'kiat)

brangchia,

[Gk.

Having

gills.]

gills

(zool.).

branchicolous (brangkik'olus)
brangchia,

gills

a.

Parasitic

branchiforra (brang'kiform)
brangchia, gills

L.

[Gk.
to in-

L. colere,

on fish gills
certain Crustaceans (zool.).

habit.]

a.

appl.

[Gk.

forma, shape.]

branchihyal (brang'klhfal)

a.
[Gk.
brangchia, gills hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
One of the elements of a branchial
;

arch (zool.).
branchiocardiac (brang'ktokar'diak) a.
[Gk. brangchia, gills kardia, heart.]
;

bracteate (brak'teat)
thin metal plate.]

a.

[L. bractea,

Having

bracts

(JWL).

bracted,

branchiae (brang'kiak) a.
branchial,

Gill-like (sool.).

(zool.\
bract scales,

directly

BRE-

37

Pert, gills and heart

appl. vessel
given off ventrally from the ascidian
heart (zool.).
;

branchiomere (brang'klomer) n.

bracteate.

bractelform (brakte'iform) a.
[L.
bractea, metal plate forma, shape.]
;

Bracteal.

bracteolate (brak'te6lat)#. [L. bractea,

metal plate.]
Appl. flowers with
bracteoles (bot.).
bracteole (brfxk'teol) n. [L. bractea,
metal plate.] Secondary bract at
the base of flower (bot.).
bracteose (brak'teos) a. [L. bractea,
metal plate.]
With many bracts
(bot.).

[Gk.
meros, part.] A
brangchia, gills
branchial segment (zool., emb).
branchiopallial (brang'klopal'lal) a.
L. pallium,
[Gk. brangchia, gills
mantle.] Pert, gill and mantle of
;

Molluscs (zool.).
branchiostegal (brang'klos'tggal) a.
stege, roof.]
[Gk. brangchia, gills
With or pert, a gill cover appl.
;

membrane,

rays, etc. (zool.).

branchiostege

(brang'klostej') n.

stege,
brangchia, gills
The
branchiostegal
;

bracteole.
bractlet,
brain (bran) n. [M.E. brayne, brain.]
The centre of the nervous system
the mass of nervous matter in
vertebrates at the anterior end of
the spinal cord, lying in the skull
;

invertebrates, the supraoesophageal or suprapharyngeal ganglia

in

[Gk.

covering.]

membrane

(zool.).

branchiostegite (brang'klos'tgglt)
stege, roof.]
[Gk. brangchia, gills
.

The expanded

lateral portion of the

carapace forming the gill cover in

certain Crustaceans (zool.).
branchireme (brang'klrem) n. [Gk.
L. remus, oar.]
brangchia, gills
A branchiate limb any of the
locomotory and respiratory limbs
of a Branchiopod (zool.).
;

branch (bransh) n. [It. branca, claw.]

A bough a principal outgrowth
from a stem or axis (bot.) a prin;

cipal division of an artery, vein, or

nerve (anai.).
branchia (brang'kia)

brand (brand)
burn.]

.,

branchiae

(brang'kle, -kia), plu.

[Gk. brangGills (zool.).
chia, gills.]

n.

[A.S. beornan, to

A fungus producing a burnt

appearance on leaves of trees (tot.).

[Gk. bregma,
(brgg'ma) n.

bregma
fore

part of head.]

That part of

BREthe skull where frontals and parietals

meet

(anat.).

brevicaudate

(breVik&'dat)
;
cauda, tail.]
short tail (zool.).
brevifoliate
(breVifo'liat)
brews, short folium, leaf.]
short leaves (bot.).
brevis, short

a.

[L.

With a
[L.

Having

breviped (breVipe"d)
legs

a.
[L. brevis,
Having short
pes, foot.]
appl. certain birds (zool.).

(breVipfin'at) a.
penna, feather.]

brevipennate
brevis, short

short wings

(zool.).

[L.

With

(anat.).

brochidodromous (brok'idod'romus)

a.

[Gk. brochos, loop dromein, to run.]

Appl. nerves in leaves when they
form loops within the blade (bot.).
;

bronchia (brong'kiS)
brongchos, tube.]
or branches of

n.

The

plu.
[Gk.
subdivisions

each

bronchus

(anat.).

bronchial (brSng'klal) a. [Gk. brongPert, the bronchi.

chos, windpipe.]
n.
bronchiole
[Gk.
(brong'klol)
A small
brongchos,
windpipe.]
terminal branch of the bronchi
(anat.).

bronchopulmonary (brong'kopuTmonarl) a.

[Gk. brongchos, windpipe ;

L. pulmo, lung.] Pert, bronchi and

lungs (anat.).
;

(anat.).

bronchovesicular

(zool.).

a brown, rounded mass

degenerate organs
in some Polyzoa (zool.).
of

compacted

Brownian movements, the passive

vibratory movements of fine granules when suspended in a fluid,

brown

funnels,

single

of

pair

organs on dorsal aspect of posterior

end of pharynx, opening posteriorly

and anteriorly

into the atrium,

into

the coelom, supposed to be accessory excretory organs in Amphioxus

bryology (brlol'oji) n.
[Gk. bryon,
moss; logos, discourse.] The science
dealing with mosses (bot.).
bryophyte (bri'ofit) n. [Gk. bryon,

moss phyton, plant.] Any of the

mosses or liverworts (bot.).
;

(bri'ozo'on) n.

bryozoon

moss
so

[Gk. bryon,
A Polyzoon,
moss-like appear-

zoon, animal.]

named from the

ance (zool.).
buccal (buk'al) a. [L. bucca, cheek.]
Belonging to the cheek or mouth
(anat.).

buccinator (buk'sina'tor) n. [L. buccina, trumpet.] A broad thin muscle

of the cheek (anat.).
buccolablal (buk'ola'bial) a. [L. bucca,
cheek
Pert, the
labium, lip.]
;

mouth

cavity

and

lips (anat.).

buccolingual (buk'oling'gwal) a. [L.

bucca, cheek lingua, tongue.] Pert.
cheeks and tongue (anat.)
bucconasal (biik'ona'zal) a. [L. bucca,
cheek nasus, nose.] Pert, cheek
and nose appl. membrane (anat.).
;

bronchotracheal (brong'kotra'keal) a.
L.
brongchos,
[Gk.
windpipe
Pert, bronchi
trachea, trachea.]

and trachea

plates
by overlapping
attached to the bases of the thoracic limbs in certain Crustacea

(zool.).

brevirostrate (breViros'trat) a.
[L.
brevis, short rostrum, beak.] With
short beak or bill, of birds (zool.).
brevissimus oculi, the obliquus inferior, the shortest muscle of the

eye

formed

brown body,
a.

brevillngual (breViling'gwal) a. [L.

short ;
tongue.]
erems,
lingua,
With short tongue (zool.).
short

BUL-

38

(brfing'kove'sik'ular)

[Gk. brongchos, windpipe ; L.

Pert, bronchial
tubes and the lung cells (anat.).

a.

vesicula, little sac.]

bronchi
.,
(brfing'kus)
(brong'kl, -ke) plu.
[Gk. brongchos,

bronchus

Tubes connecting the

windpipe.]
trachea with the lungs (anat.).
brood pouch, a sac-like cavity into
which the eggs or embryos are
placed, in which they pass a stage
of their development ; a space

buccopharyngeal

(buk'ofaYinje'al,
[L. bucca, cheek ;
Pert, cheeks
throat.]
G\a.pharyngx,

-f&rin'jeal)

a.

and pharynx (anat.).

bud (bud) n. [M.E. budde,

bud.]

rudimentary shoot, or flower (bot.)

any outgrowth which will develop
directly into an exact replica of the
structure or organism from which
;

it grew out (zool.).

budding (bud'fng) n. [M.E. budde,
bud.] A method of reproduction

seen

in

many

primitive animals

(zool.).

bulb (bulb)

n.

[L.

bulbus,

globular

BULA

part resembling a bulb

a specialized underground
fleshy leaves which
afford it nourishment during development (bot.~).
bulbar (bul'bar) a. [L. bulbus, globular
root] Pert, a bulb or a bulb-like

root]

(anat.}

CAE-

39

bud with thick

part ; generally appl. paralysis from

a disease of the medulla oblongata
(anat.).

bulbiferous (bulblfgrus) a. [L. bulbus,

bulb ;ferre, to carry.] Bulb-bearing
(bot.\

bulbil (bul'bll) n. [L. bulbus, bulb.]

A large and fleshy axillary bud
which may fall and produce a new
plant, as in some lilies (dot.}.

in

Lepidoptera and Turbellarians

(zoo/.).

bursicule (buYsikiil)

bursa, purse.]

butyrinase

n.
[L. dim. of
small sac (zoo/.).

(bu'tlrinas) n.

[L. butyrutn,

An enzyme occurring in
blood serum (phys.}.
byssal (bls'al) a.
[Gk. byssos, fine
Pert, the byssus (zoo/.).
flax.]
byssus (bis'us) n. [Gk. byssos, fine
The tuft of strong filaments,
flax.]
secreted in a gland of certain bivalve Molluscs, by which they attach
themselves to one another and to
butter.]

rocks, etc. (zoo/.)

bulbonuclear (buTbonu'klear) a. [L.

bulbus, bulb nucleus, kernel.] Pert.
medulla oblongata and the nuclei of
;

the cranial nerves (anat.).

bulbous (bul'bus)

a.

[L. bulbus, bulb.]

Like a bulb
developing
bulb having bulbs (oof.).
;

from a

bulbus

(bul'bus) n.

[L. bulbus, bulb.]

The

knob-like part found in connection with various nerves (anat.}.

bulla (bool'a, bul'a) n.
[L. bulla,
water-bubble.] Appl. the rounded
the
bones
formed
by
prominence
of the ear
the tympanic bulla
;

(anat.).
a.
[L. bulla, waterBlistered-like
puckered
bubble.]
like a savoy-cabbage leaf (oot.).

bullate (bool'at)

bunodont (bu'nodont)

a.
[Gk. bounos,
odous, tooth.]
Having
molar teeth with low conical cusps

mound

(zoo/.).

bunoid (bu'noid) a.
[Gk. bounos,
mound.]
Appl. cusps of cheekteeth, low and conical (zoo/.).
a.
bunolophodont (bu'nolof'6d6nt)
[Gk. bounos,
odous,

mound

tooth.]

lophos, crest

Between bunodont

and lophodont
cheek-teeth

in structure, appl.

(zoo!.).

bunoselenodont (bu'nosSle'nodSnt)

a.

[Gk. bounos, mound selene, moon

odous, tooth.]
Having the internal
cusps bunoid, the external selenoid
;

appl. cheek-teeth (zoo/.).

(bur'sa) n.
[L. bursa, purse.]
sac-like cavity ; a sac rilled with
viscid fluid at joints to prevent
friction (anat.).

bursa

bursa copulatrix,

a genital pouch

cachalots (kash'alot) n.
lote, the sperm whale.]

[Sp. cacha-

The sperm

whale (zoo/.).
cadophore (kad'ofor) n. [Gk. kados,
urn pherein, to bear.J A dorsal
;

in

process

the

of

certain

free-

swimming Tunicates on which the

buds are borne

(zoo/.).

caducibranchiate

(kadu'sibranglclat)

[L. caducus, from cadere, to

With
fall; Gk. brangchia, gills.]

a.

temporary gills (zoo/.).

caducous (kadu'kus) a. [L. caducus,
from cadere, to fall.] Pert, parts
that fall off very early, e.g. calyx
(tot).

caecum (se'kum) n.

[L. caecus, blind.]

A blind diverticulum or pouch

from

some part of the alimentary canal

(anat., zoo/.).

Caenogaea

(se'nqje'a) n.

[Gk. kainos,

recent;^, land.] Azoogeographical

region under which is included the
Nearctic, Palearctic, and Oriental
regions; cf. Bogaea; also spelt
Cainogea.
caenogenesis (se'nqje'n'e'sTs) n. [Gk.
recent
birth.]
kainos,
genesis,
;

The non-phylogenetic processes

in

the development of any individual

(zool.}.

Caenozoic (senozo'ik)

a.

[Gk. kainos,
the geological era from Mesozoic to recent
times ; also Calnozolc.

recent

zoe,

life.]

caespitose (seVpTtos)

Pert,

a.

[L. caexpus.

CAL-

CAL-

40

Pert,
turf;
having
closely matted stems (bot).

turf.]

calamistrum (karamis'trum)

n.

low,

beyond the general surface

project

(bot., zool.).

[L.

A
calamistrum, a curling iron.]
comb-like structure on the hind
limbs of certain spiders (zool.).
calamus (kal'amus) n. [L. calamus,
a reed.J The quill of a feather

callus (kal'us)

[L. callus, callous

n.

A growth of shell - like

skin.]
material within the umbilicus of a
shell (zool.)
the soft tissue that
forms over the cut or damaged
surface of any stem or branch
;

(bot.).

(zool).

calcaneum (kalka'neum)

The

n.

[L. calx,

a large bone in
heel.]
the tarsus which forms the heel and
represents the fibulare in lower
a process on the metaforms
heel

tarsus of birds (anat., zool).

calcar (kal'kar) n. [L. calcar, a spur.]
hollow prolongation or tube at
the base of a sepal or petal (hot.} ;
a spur-like process on the leg or
wing of birds which is not a digit

caloricity
to

n.

(kalb'rls'iti)

be

In

warm.]

projects vertically

upwards

The dome or
bald.]
of the skull (anat.).

(kalka'reus) a.
Growing
limy.]

[L.

on
carius,
derived from decomposition of
careous rocks (hot.).
calcariform (kalkar'iform)
a spur ; forma,
calcar,

lime

[L.

shape.]

[L. calx,

Containing

Abnormal

n,

anthemon, a

development

calyciform (kalis'iform) a. [L. calyx,

a calyx forma, shape.] .Calyx-like
in shape (bot).
calycine (kal'Ism) a.
[L. calyx, a
Pert, a calyx
calyx.]
cup-like
;

(bot.,

zool).

calyculus, a
little calyx.]
An epicalyx (bot) ;
any of the cup-shaped cavities in
a coral ; a theca in a Hydroid

calycle

(kalslfika'shun) n.
[L.
The
facere, to make.]
deposition of lime salts in a tissue
;

(kal'ikl)

n.

[L.

(zool).

(biol.).

calcigerous (kalsij'erus) a. [L. calx,

lime ; gerere, to carry.] Producing
or containing lime salts (biol).
calcivorous (kalsiv'orus) a. [L. calx,
lime ; vorare, to devour.]
Appl.
plants which live on limestone
(bot.).

a.
calyptoblastic
(kalip'toblas'tik)
[Gk. kalyptos, hidden
blastos, a
bud.] Pert. Hydroids in which the
reproductive persons or gonophores
are enclosed in a gonotheca (zool)
;

calyptobranchiate (kalTp'tobrang'klat)
a.
[Gk. kalyptos, hidden brangchia,
With gills not visible from
gills.]
;

calicle,

see calycle.

callosal

(kalo'sal)

a.

Pert, the

[L.

callosus,

corpus callosum

(anat.).

callosities (kalos'itiz) n. plu.

lositas,

a.

calcification

hard.]

(kal'ikan'themi)

[Gk. kalyx, a calyx

petals (bot).
calyciflorous (kal'isiflo'rus) a.
[L.
calyx, a calyx flos, a flower.] Appl.
flowers in which stamens and petals
are adnate to the calyx (bot).

cal-

(biol).

calx, lime

[L. calvus,

upper portion

of various parts of the calyx into

(anat.).
a.

(zool).

soil

Spur-like.

calclferous (kalsif'erus)
lime ; ferre, to carry.]

n.

cal-

calcarine (kal'karln) a. [L. calcar, a

Pert,
the
spur.]
hippocampus

minor

calycanthemy
flower.]

(awl.).

calcareous

the

Also spelt calthrops.

a tibial spine in insects a process

of the calcaneum which supports
the web between the leg and tail
in bats ; the pre-hallux of a frog

calere,

ing a certain degree of heat (phys.).

caltrop (kal'trop) n. [A.S. coltraeppea sort of thistle.] A sponge spicule
with four rays so disposed that any
three being on the ground the fourth

calvarium (kalva'rium)

[L.

animals,

power of developing and maintain-

hardness.]

[L. cal-

Hardened and

thickened areas on the skin, or on

the bark of a plant, which often

the exterior

(zool.).
(kalip'tra) n.

calyptra
[Gk. kalyptra,
a covering.] The cap-like remains
of the archegonium found surrounding the apex of the capsule in mosses
(bot.).

calyptrogen

(kaltp'trojen)

n.

[Gk,

CAL
genesis, birth.]
kalyptra, a cap
The special layer of cells lying
at the apex of a growing root and
;

giving origin to the root-cap (hot.}.

calyces (ka'lisez)
.,
(ka'llks)
plu. [L. calyx, a calyx.] The outer
the
whorl of floral leaves (hot.)
cup-like portion of the pelvis of
the kidney (anat.} ; the theca of
certain Hydroids, the cup-like body
of the Crinoids (zool.}.

calyx

cambiform (kam'biform) a.
[L.
cambium, change forma, shape.]
;

Essentially

similar

cambium

to

cells (dot.).

cambium (bot.}.
cambium (kam'bium) n. [L. cambium,
The soft tissue from
change.]
which new root and bark are
formed in the stems and roots of
shrubs and trees (bot.}.
Cambrian (kam'brTan) a. [L. Cambria,
Wales.] Pert, the earliest division
of the Palaeozoic era (pal,}.

cameration

(kamfira'shun) n.
[L.
Division into
cameratio, vaulting.]
alargenumberof separate chambers
(zool.}.

camerostome (kam'grostom') n.
a chamber
camera,
stoma,
;

[L.

The hollowed-out under

surface of the "

Trogulidae

passage or groove found in the

tissues of numerous plants.
canalicular (kanallk'ular) a.
[L.
canalicuhis, a small channel.] Pert.
canals.
canaliculus

n.

(kanalik'ulus)

[L.

a
small
channel.]
Canaliculi (ptu.) are small canals
connecting the lacunae with one
another or with the Haversian
canals in bone ; small channels
for the passage of nerves through
various bones (anat.}.
canaliculus,

canaliform(kanarrf6rm)a. [L. canalis,

a canal forma, shape.] Canal-like
;

cambiogenetic (kam'bioje'ne't'ik) a.
cambium, change
genesis,
[L.
birth.]
Appl. cells which produce

mouth.]

CAP-

41

hood

"

of certain

(zool.}.

camptodrome (kamp'todrom)

a.
[Gk.
kampios, flexible dromos, a course.]
Pert, leaf venation in which the
secondary veins bend forward and
anastomose before reaching the
;

margin (bot.}.
campylospermous (kam'pilospeYmus)
a.
[Gk. kampylos, curved sperma,
a seed.] Appl. seeds with a groove
along the inner face (bot.}.
;

(biol., anat.}.

cancellous
cellosus,

of

a.

(kan'sglus)

chambered.]

[L.

which join
structure
appl.
spongy, portion

can-

Consisting

fibres and
to form a

slender

lamellae,
reticular

the inner, more

of bony tissue

(anat.}.

cancrisocial (kang'kriso'shal) a.
[L.
socius, an ally.]
cancer, a crab
Appl. animals which live on the
shell of, or are commensal with,
a crab (zool.}.
;

canine (kanln', ka'nln)

n.

[L. cants,

The tooth next to the

dog.]
incisors; a., pert, the canine tooth,
or to a ridge or groove on the
surface of the superior maxillary
a

(anat., zool.}.

cannon bone (kan'on

bon) n.
[L.
canna, a reed.] The bone supporting the limb from hock to fetlock,
the enlarged and fused metacarpals
or metatarsals
in birds the tarso;

metatarsus

(zool.}.

canthus (kan'thus)

n.

[Gk. kanthelia,

The angle where

a pack-saddle.]

the upper and lower eyelids meet

(anat.}.

capillary (kaptrari)
hair.]

Minute

a.
[L. capillus,
hair-like ; n. one

campylotropous (kam'pilot'ropus) a.
[Gk. kampylos, curved
trope, a
Pert, ovules in which
turning.]
the nucellus and embryo-sac are

of the minute thin-walled vessels

which form networks in various
parts of the body, e.g. blood, lymph,
or biliary capillaries (anat.}.

bent so that the micropyle points

almost back to the placenta (bot.}.
canal (kanal') n.
a
[L. canalis,
A duct ; a tubular
channel.]
formed
in
or
passage
by some
tissue
a groove in the hard or
soft
parts of various animals ; a

capillitium (kap'ilTt'ium, kap'Ilish'ium)

n.
[L. capillus, hair.] A peculiar
protoplasmic network of filaments
among which the spores are found
in the sporangia of certain Fungi

(bot.}.

capitate (kap'itat)

a.

[L. caput, the

CAPhead.]
Enlarged or swollen at
the tip (zool.) ; gathered together
into a mass at the apex, as in some
inflorescences (dot.).

capitellum (kap'iteTum)

n.
[L. caput,
articulatory protuberance at the end of a bone,
e.g. on the humerus for the articulation of the radius (anat.).

the

An

head.]

capitulum (kaplt'ulum)

the head.]

n.

[L. caput,

knob-like swelling

end of a bone (anat.) the

part of the body of a Cirripede
enclosed in the mantle as opposed
to the peduncle
the swollen end

at the

of a hair or tentacle ; the enlarged

end of an insect proboscis ; the
exsert part of the head in ticks
(zool.) ; an inflorescence of sessile
flowers or florets crowded together

on a receptacle and usually

rounded by an involucre (hot.).

sur-

box.]

sac-like membrane
either the whole or a

enclosing
any
part of an organ (anat., zool.)
closed box-like vessel containing
;

spores, seeds, or fruits

(dot.).

capsuliferous (kap'sulif'grus) a. [L.

capsula, a little box ;ferre, to carry.]
With or forming a capsule (biol.,
anat).
capsuligerous, capsulogenous,

Head

[S p. carapacho,
shield covering the
covering.]
whole or part of the back of certain
animals, it may be chitinous or

measures, or

a.
[L.
Pert.
ferre, to carry.]
period of the coal

fossils

found

in these

strata (pal.).

carcerule (kar'sSrool) n. [L. career,

a prison.] A superior, dry, manycelled fruit, with indehiscent oneor few-seeded carpels cohering by
their united styles to a central axis
(dot.).

(kar'sinol'ojl) n.
[Gk.
karkinos, a crab ; logos, discourse.]
The study of the group of animals
known as Crustacea (zool.).
cardiac (kaYdiak) a. [Gk. kardia, the
Pert, near or supplying
heart.]
the heart ; appl. sinus, artery, etc.

carcinology

(anat.).

cardiac impulse, the motion caused

by the rapid increase in the tension
cardinal (kaVdmal) a. [L. cardo, a
hinge.] Pert, the hinge of a bivalve
shell, or to the cardo of many
insects (zool.).

sinuses and veins, veins

uniting in Cuvier's duct, persistent
in most fishes, embryonic in other
vertebrates (zool.).
cardo (kar'do) n. [L. cardo, a hinge.]
The hinge of a bivalve shell the
basal joint of the maxilla in insects

cardinal

(zool.).

keel.]

n.

[L. carina,

keel-like ridge

on certain

bones, as the breast-bone of birds

the median dorsal plate of a barnacle
the portion of a leguminous
(zool)
flower in which the stamens and
are
contained ; a ridge on
pistils
the bracts of certain grasses (dot.).
carinate (kar'Inat) a.
[L. carina, a
keel.]
Having a ridge or keel
;

(dwl.).

(zool.).

carbohydrates (kar'bohl'drats) n. plu.

Gk. hydros, water.]
[L. cardo, coal
Compounds of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, generally speaking aldehyde or ketone alcohols, or con;

densation products thereof

(dial.).

carbon dioxide (kar'b6n dlok'sid) n.

Gk. oxys,
di, two
[L. cardo, coal
sharp.] Carbonic acid gas a heavy,
colourless gas produced by the decomposition of organic substances
;

(phys.).

[L. caput, the head.]

a knob-like swelling at the
n.

apex (anat., zool.).

carapace (kaYapas) n.

bony

cardo, coal
the entire

carina (karl'na, kare'na)

cap-

suliferous.

caput (kap'ut)

carboniferous (kar'bonif'e'rus)

of the ventricle (phys.).

capreolate (k&pre'olat, k&p'reolat) a.

[L. capreolus, a tendril.]
Supplied
with tendrils (dot.).
capsule (kap'sul) n. [L. capsula, a
little

CAR-

42

cariniform (karm'if6rm) a. [L. carina,

a keel
Keelforma, shape.]
;

shaped

(dial.).

carnassial (karnas'ial) a.
[L. caro,
Pert, cutting teeth of carniflesh.]
vores, the fourth premolar above
and the first molar below, in the
upper the protocone is reduced, in
the lower the metaconid (zool.).

carnivorous (karniv'orus)

a.

[L. caro,

vorare, to devour.] Flesheating appl. carnivores (zool.), and

flesh

CAR.
certain plants which feed on the
proteids of entrapped insects (dot.}.
carotid (karSt'Id) a. [Gk. karos, heavy
Pert, the chief arteries in
sleep.]
the neck (anat., zool.).
carpale (karpal'a, karpa'le) n.
[L.
carpus, wrist.] One of the bones
of the wrist (anat.).
carpels (kar'pglz) n.plu. [Gk. karpos,
The modified leaves which
fruit.]
carry the megasporangia (bot.).
carpocerite (karp5s'6rit) n. [L. carpus,
wrist
Gk. keras, horn.] The fifth
joint of the antenna in certain
;

Crustaceans

a.

(karpoj'finus)
[Gk.
genos, birth.] Appl.
those cells in red Algae which form

karpos, fruit

the carpogonium (hot.).

carpogonium (kar'pogo'nium) n. [Gk.
fruit
gignesthai, to be
karpos,
The lower portion of the
born.]
in
some
Thallophytes,
procarp,
which contains the female nucleus
;

(hot.).

carpolith (kar'pollth) n.

[Gk. karpos,

lithos, stone.]

fossil fruit

(bot.).

carpometacarpus (kar'pome'takar'pus)
n.
Gk. meta,
[L. carpus, wrist
The portion of the wing
after.]
skeleton of a bird formed by the
fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bones (zool.).
carpophagous (karpof'agus) a. [Gk.
;

karpos,

fruit

to

phagein,

eat.]

Feeding on fruit (zool.).

carpophore (kar'pofor) n. [Gk. karpos,
pherein, to bear.] The part
of the axis of a flower situate
between or above the carpels, and to
which the carpels are attached (bot.).
fruit

carpophyte

(kar'poflt) n.

phyton, a plant.]
Thallophytes as form

fruit

[Gk. karpos,
Such of the

sporocarps

(hot.).

carpopodite

n.
(karpop'odlt)
[L.
carpus, wrist ; Gk. pous, a foot.]
The third joint in the walking leg
of certain Crustaceans (zool.).

carposperm (kar'pospeYm)
karpos, fruit

oosphere

in

n.
[Gk.
sperma, a seed.] The
certain Thallophytes

after fertilization (bot.).

;

anggeion, a

carpogonium

in

some Thallophytes

(bot.).

carpospore

n.
(kar'pospor)
[Gk.
karpos, fruit
scores, seed.]
spore of those formed at the end
of the filaments which are developed
from the carpogonium (bot.).

carpus (kar'pus)

The

wrist

n.
[L. carpus, wrist.]
the region of the fore-

limb between forearm and metacarpus (anat., zool.).

cartilage

(kar'tilaj) n.

[L. cartilage,

Gristle
a translucent,
bluish-white tissue, firm and at the
same time elastic, found for the
;

most part

in connection with bones

of the skeleton, most of which are
in the embryo represented by cartilage (anat., zool.).
caruncle (karung'kl) n. [L. caruncula,
a small piece of flesh.] A naked,
a fleshy
fleshy excrescence (anat.).
outgrowth on the heads of certain
;

and on

certain caterpillars
birds,
a little horny elevation at the end
of the beak of embryo chicks ; the
sucking-disc on the tarsi of certain
mites (zool.)-, one of outgrowths from
various regions of the testa of a
seed, arising after fertilization (bof.).
;

caryo, see karyo-.

caryopsis (kar^p'sls) n.
[Gk. karyon, a nut ; opsis, appearance.]
superior, one-celled,
one-seeded,
indehiscent fruit with a thin dry

membranous pericarp inseparably

united with the seed (bot.).
casein (ka'seln) n. [L. caseus, cheese.]
A nucleoalbumin proteid of milk,
separated by the action of rennet
(Phys.).

cassideous (kasid'eus) a. [L. cassis, a

helmet.] Helmet-like (bot.).
caste (kast) n. [L. castus, pure.] One
of the distinct forms found among
certain social insects (zool.).
a.
[L. castrare, to
Pert, flowers from which
castrate.]

castrate (kas'trat)

the androecium has been removed

(bot.).

see kata-.
catalysis (katal'fsTs)
[Gk. kata,
The
down
a
loosing.]
lysis,
acceleration or retardation of a
reaction due" to the presence of a

cata-,

carposporangium (kir'posporSn'jTum)
n.
[Gk. karpos, fruit
spares, a
seed

terminal cells of the filaments that

are developed from the fertilized

cartilage.]

(zool.).

carpogenous

fruit

CAT-

43

vessel.]

The

CATsubstance which apparently remains

unchanged,
cataphyllary

enzymes

e.g.

(kat'afil'ari)

a.

[Gk.

etc. (dot.).
a.
[L. catena, a
catenpid (kat'enoid)
Chain-like
chain.]
appl. certain
colonies
(zool.).
protozoan
catenulate (katSn'ulat) a. [L. catena,
a chain.] Chain-like appl. colonies
of bacteria, colour-markings on
;

butterfly wings, shells, etc. (zool.).

caterpillar
cattus, a

L. pilosus,

insects (zool.).
catkin (kat'kin)

[L.L.
hairy.]

larva of

many

[A.S. catkin, a
kind of spike with
n.

little cat]
A
unisexual flowers
rachis (bot.).

n.

(kat'erpll'ar)

cat

The young worm-like

and pendulous

[L. cauda, a tail.]

tail, or tail-like appendage ; the

(ko'da) n.

posterior part
equina,

cauda

(anat.)
of the

of an

e.g.

the

of certain insects
presence of an

(ko'dal) a.

[L. cauda, a tail.]

suggesting
eleventh segment

caudal

organ,

cauda epididymis
a tube at the posterior end

abdomen

Of or pert, a
terminal

fin

(zool.).

caudal

tail, e.g.

of a fish

fin,

the

(sool.).

caudate (ko'dat)

a.
[L. cauda, a tail.]
Having a tail, e.g. caudate nucleus,
a mass of gray matter in the corpus

striatum (anat.).

caudatolenticular (koda'tolgntik'ular)
a.
lens, a lentil.]
[L. cauda, a tail
Appl. the caudate and lenticular
nuclei of the corpus striatum (anat.).
caudex (ko'dSks) n. [L. caudex, a
dry stump.] The axis or stem of
a woody plant (bot.).
caudicle (k6'dikl) n. [Dim. of L.
cauda, a tail] The stalks of the
pollinia in orchids (bot.).
caul (k61) n. [M.E. calle, a covering.]
An enclosing membrane (anat.).
caulescent (kolfis'Snt) a. [L. caulis,
a stalk.] With leaf-bearing stem
;

above ground
a stalk

a.

[L. caulis,
colere, to inhabit.]
Appl.

Fungi which grow on the stems of

other plants

(bot.).

cauliform (k61'If6rm)

a.

forma, shape.]

cauligenous

[L. caulis,

(kolij'enus)

a stem
Borne on the stem

kattlos,

Stem-like
a.

[Gk.

genos,

birth.]

(bot.).

cauline (ko'lln) a. [L. caulis, a stalk.]

Appl. leaves growing on the upper
appl. vascular
portion of a stem
bundles not passing into the leaves
;

(bot.).

caulocarpous (ko'lokar'pus) a. [Gk.

kaulos, a stem
karpos, a fruit.]
With fruit-bearing stem (bot.).
;

caulome (ko'lom) n. [Gk. kaulos, a

The stem structure of a
stem.]
plant as a whole

cavernosus

(bot.).

(kav'erno'sus)

a.

[L.

Full of
cavernosus, chambered.]
cavities
hollow, or resembling a
hollow appl. tissue, nerve, arteries
;

(anat.).

cavicorn (kav'ikorn) a.
[L. cavus,
Hollowhollow
cornu, horn.]
certain
of
the
horned
appl.
ruminants (zool.).
cavity (kav'iti) n. [L. cavus, hollow.]
A hollow, enclosed or cup-shaped
e.g. amniotic, glenoid cavity (anat.).
cavum (ka'vum) n. [L. cavus, hollow.]
The lower division of the concha
caused by the origin of the helix
any hollow or chamber in which an
;

organ or part thereof lies (anat.).

cell (sel) n.
[L. cella, a compartment.]
A small cavity or hollow a unit
;

mass of protoplasm, usually containing a nucleus (biol.).

cellifugal (selif'ugal) a. [L. cella, a
cell
Moving
fugere, to flee.]
away from a cell (phys.).
cellipetal (selip'gtal) a.
[L. cella, a
;

cell

petere,

towards a

to

seek.]

Moving

cell (phys.).

the derivation of a
lineage,
tissue or part from a definite blastomere of the embryo (biol.).
cell membrane,- a membranous cellwall (biol.).
cell organ,
a part of a cell having a
special function, as a centrosome
cell

(biol.).

the equatorial thickening

of the spindle fibres from which the
partition wall arises during the
division of plant cells (cyt.).
cell sap,
the more fluid ground substance of the cell or nucleus (cyt.).
cell plate,

(bot.).

caulicolous (k61ik'olus)

stalk
(bot.).

(biol.).

down phyllon, a leaf.] Appl.

rudimentary or scale-like leaves
which act as the covering of buds,

kata,

cauda

CEL-

44

CELcellular (sefular) a.
[L. cellula, a
small cell.] Pert, or consisting of
cells (biol.).

cellulose

(seTulos)

[L. cellula,

carbohydrate formcell.]
ing the main part of the cell walls
of plants, also found in the tests of
tunicates (biol.).
the investing portion of
cell-wall,
small

cell,

which

may be extremely
may be strong and

delicate, or
thick as in plants (cyt.).
(sement') n. [L. caementum,
substance chemically
mortar.]
and physically allied to bone, inthe
vesting
root, neck, and crowns
of teeth (zool.).
censer mechanism, the method of
seed distribution by which seeds
are jerked out from the fruit only

cement

by a high wind (dot.}.

centradenia (seVtrade'nla) n.
[L.
The name
centrum, a centre.]
given to the type of siphonophore
colony found in the Disconectae
central (sgn'tral) a. [L. centrum, a
Situated in the centre
centre.]
pert, a vertebral centrum (anat.).
centrale (sentra'le, sfintral'a) n. [L.
centrum, a centre.] A bone in the
wrist or ankle situated between the
;

proximal and distal rows (zool.).

a.
[L. centrum, a
centre.]
AppL leaves which are

centric (sen'trik)

cylindrical or terete

(hot,},

a.
centrifugal
(sgntrif'ugal)
centrum, a centre ; fugere, to

AppL

compact

[L.
flee.]

inflor-

cymose

escences
having the
youngest
flowers towards the outside (dot.)
appl. nerves transmitting impressions from nerve centre to parts
supplied by nerve (anat.).
;

centrlole (sen'trlol) n. [L. centrum,

a centre.] The central particle of
the centrosome, in some authors
in others, the centrosome itself
;

centripetal

(sgntrip'gtal)

centre

a.

petere,

[L.
to

racemose
inflorAppl.
escences
the
having
youngest
seek.]

flowers at the

apex

(dot.)

appl.

transmitting
impressions
from peripheral extremities to
nerve centres (ana/.).

blind

canals,

canals

growing from the circular canal

backwards towards the apex of

Trachomedusae

the bell in certain

(zool.).

centrodesmose (sen'trodes'mos), centrodesmus (sgn'trodeVmus) n. [Gk.

kentron, a centre desmos, a band.]
The fibril or system of fibrils temporarily connecting the two centro;

somes

(cyt.).

centrodorsal (sfin'trodor'sal) a.
[L.
centrum, a centre dorsum, a back.]
Appl. the plate in the middle of the
aboral surface of unstalked Crinoids
;

(zool.).

centrogenous (sentrqj'enus)

a.

[Gk.

kentron, a centre ; genos, descent.]

Appl. a skeleton of spicules which
meet in a common centre and grow

outwards

(zool.).

centrolecithal

[Gk.

a.
(sen'trolgs'ithal)
;
lekithos,

kentron, a centre

yolk.]

yolk

ovum

Appl. an
aggregated

with its
the centre

in

centroplasm (sgn'troplazm) n. [Gk.

kentron, a centre plasma, something moulded.] The substance of
;

the centrosphere (cyt.).

centrosome (sen'trosom) n.
[Gk.
kentron, a centre ; soma, body.]
A cell-organ, being the centre of

dynamic

in

activity

mitosis, and
and attrac-

consisting of centriole
tion-sphere (cyt.).

centrosphere

(sgn'trosfer)

n.

[Gk.

kentron, a centre sphaira, a ball.]

The central mass of the aster and
centrosome the astrosphere ; the
attraction sphere (cyt.).
;

centrum

(sen'trum) n.

[L. centrum,

a centre.] The main body of a

vertebra, from which the neural and
haemal arches arise (zool.).

cephalanthium
n.

(ket'alan'thium, sef-)
;
anthos,

[Gk. kephale, a head

a flower.]

The capitulum

posite plants

(cyt.).

centripetal
centrum,

nerves

CEP-

45

in

com-

n.

[Gk.

(&?/.).

cephaletron (kgf'aletron,

sfif-)

kephale, the head ; etron, the belly.]

The anterior region of a Limulid
(zool.).

cephalic (kefal'ik, sgf-) a. [Gk. kephale,

the head.] Pert, the head ; in the

head region.
cephalia

(kgf'alis,

sgf-)

[Gk.

CEPkephale,

CER-

46
the

The

head.]

upper-

most chamber of monaxonic Radio-

kerkos, tail.] Jointed appendages

at the end of the abdomen in many

Arthropods

larian shells (zool.).

cephalization (kef'aliza'shun, s6f-) n.

[Gk. kephale, the head.] Increasing
importance of the anterior end in

animal development (zool.).

cephalont (kgf'alont, s6f-) n.
[Gk.
A sporozoan
kephale, the head.]
about to proceed to spore-formation

(zool.).

A
cere (ser) n.
[L. cera, wax.]
swollen fleshy patch at the proximal
end of the bill in birds, on which
the nostrils open.
cerebellar (ser'ebeTar)a. [L. cerebrum,
Pert, the hind-brain
the brain.]
(anat.).

cerebellum

sucker-bearing arms on the head

n.
(ser'ebeTum)
[L.
cerebrum, the brain.] The fourth
division of the brain arising from
the differentiation of the anterior
part of the third primary vesicle

region (zool.).
cephalostegite (kef'alosteg'it, s6f-) n.
[Gk. kephale, head ; siege, roof.]
The anterior part of the cephalo-

cerebral (ser'ebral) a. [L. cerebrum,

the brain.] Pert, the brain pert.
the anterior part of the brain or

(zool.).

cephalopoda

(kgf'alopodz, sef-) n.

[Gk. kephale, the head

Animals with
foot.]

thoracic shield

plu.
pous, the

muscular,

(zool.).

cephalostyle (kefalostll,

s6f-) n.

[Gk.

kephale, head ; stylos, a pillar.]

The anterior end of the notochord

enclosed in its sheath, in chondrocrania (zool.).

cephalotheca (kgf'alothe'ka, sef-) n.
[Gk. kephale, head theke, a case.]
;

The head integument

in the

pupa

cephalothorax (kef'alotho'raks,

s6f-)

of insects
n.

[Gk.

(zool.).

kephale,

head

thorax,

The body-region formed

breast.]
by the fusion of head and thorax in
Arachnids and Crustaceans
cephalotrocha (ket'alotrS'ka,

(zool.).
sSf-) n.

trochos, a
[Gk. kephale, head ;
Turbellarian larva with
wheel.]
eight processes arranged round
the mouth (zool.).
cerata (keYata, sera'ta) n. plu. [Gk.
Lobes or leaf-like
keras, horn.]
processes acting as gills on the
back of nudibranch molluscs (zool.).

ceratlum (sera'shium, sera'tium)

n.

[Gk. keration, little horn.] A siliqua

without the replum (bot.).
ceratohyal (keYatohi'al, ser-) n. [Gk.
keras, horn
hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
The component of the hyoid arch
next below the epihyal (zool.).
cereal (seYkal) a. [Gk. kerkos, tail.]
Pert, the tail (zool.).
cercarla (sgrka'ria) n.
[Gk. kerkos,
A trematode larva with a
tail.]
;

slightly

long
cercl

heart-shaped

body

and

tail (zool.).

(ser'ke,

seYsl)

n.

plu.

[Gk.

(anat.).

cerebral hemispheres.
cerebrifugal (ser'ebrifu'gal) a.
[L.
cerebrum, the brain ; fugere, to

Appl. nerve
from brain to

flee.]

pass

fibres

which
cord

spinal

(Phys.).

cerebroganglion (ser'ebrogang'glion)
Gk.
n.
[L. cerebrum, the brain
;

ganglion, a swelling.] The brain,

or supra-oesophageal ganglia of
invertebrates (zool.).
cerebropedal (ser'gbrope'dal) a. [L.
cerebrum, the brain ; pes, a foot.]
Appl. nerve strands connecting the
in
cerebral and pedal ganglia
Molluscs (zool.).
cerebrospinal (ser'ebrbspl'nal) a. [L.
cerebrum, the brain
spina, the
Pert, brain and spinal
spine.]
cord (anat.}.
cerebrovisceral (ser'ebrovis'eral) a.
viscera,
[L. cerebrum, the brain
viscera.]
Appl. the connective
joining the cerebral and visceral
ganglia in Molluscs (zool.).
;

cerebrum (ser'ebrum) n.

[L. cerebrum,
fore-brain, or
from
the
arising
differentiation of the first primary
vesicle (zool.).

the

The

brain.]

hemispheres,

ceriferous

wax

(serlferus)

a.

[L.

cera,

ferre, to carry.] Appl. waxproducing organs (btol.).

cernuous (seYnuus) a. [L. cernuus,
with
face
turned downwards.]
Drooping pendulous (bot.).
ceroma (sero'ma) n.
[Gk. keroma,
;

ointment.]

The

cere of birds

(zool.).

CERcerous
Appl.
cere

CHEa.

(se'nis)

cera,

[L.

a structure

wax.]

resembling

cera,

[L.

secretion
glands of

from the ceruminous

the ear (phys.).
cervical (servl'kal) a. [L. cervix, the
neck.] Appl. structures connected
with the neck, as nerves, bones,
blood-vessels, also to the cervix or
neck of an organ (anat., zool.).
cervix

n.

(seYviks)

[L.

cervix,

The neck

or narrow mouth
neck.]
of an organ, as cervix uteri (anat.).
chaeta (ke'ta) n. [Gk. chaite, hair.]
seta or bristle of certain worms

(zool.).

chaetiferous
hair

chaite,

(ketlffirus)

L. ferre,

Bristle-bearing

a.

[Gk.

to

bear.]

chaetigerous.

chaetophorous (ketof'orus)

a.

[Gk.

hair
pherein, to bear.]
Bristle-bearing
appl. worms and
certain insects (zool.).

chaite,

chaetotaxy
hair

[Gk.

arrangement.]
bristle-patterns on an insect

chaite,

The

n.

(ke'totak'sl)
;

taxis,

(zool.).

chalaza

(kala'za)

n.

[Gk. chalaza,

One of the two

bands attaching the yolk to
the membrane of a bird's egg

hail,

tubercle.]

spiral

(zool.)

the base of the nucellus of

n.
[Gk.
phyton, a plant.]

(kaz'mofit)

chasma, opening

(zool.).

cerumen (sgroo'mgn)
The wax-like
wax.]

chasmophyte

plant which grows in nooks and

crannies of rocks (bot.).
n.
[A.S. ce'oce, the
The fleshy wall of the
cheek.]
mouth in mammals
the side of
the face ; in invertebrates the
lateral portions of the head, as the
fixed and free cheeks of Trilobites

cheek (chek)

(zool., anat.).

cheiropterygiuin
[Gk.

cheir,

(klrSptSrlj'Ium)

typical limb of

higher vertebrates.
chela (ke'la) n.
[Gk. chele, claw.]
The claw borne on certain limbs of
Crustaceans and Arachnids (zool.).
chelicerae (kelis'gre, -ra) n. plu. [Gk.
Anterior
chele, claw keras, horn.]
;

chelate or sub-chelate appendages

of Arachnids (zool.).
cheliferous (kelif'erus) a. [Gk. chele,
claw L. ferre, to bear.] Supplied
with chelae or claws (zool.).
;

cheliforin

claw

appl.

(ke'liform) a.
L. forma, shape.]

appendages

[Gk. chele,
Claw-like
;

(zool.).

chelophores (keUforz) n. plu.

chele, claw pherein, to bear.]

[Gk.

The

first

pair

Pycnogons
chemoreflex

of appendages

in

(kgm'ore'flgks) n.
[Gk.
chemos, juice ; L. reflectere, to bend
back.] A reflex caused by chemical
stimulus (phys.).

chemosynthesis (kSm'osin'thgsis)

the pollen- tube pierces the chalaza

of the ovule, instead of entering by
the micropyle ; cf. porosramy (bot.).
chalice (chal'is) n. [L. calix, calyx.]
Appl. simple gland cells in the
epithelia of the frog (zool.) ; any
modified columnar epithelial gland

chemotaxis

cell (anat.).

chalones (kal'onz)

n. plu.

[Gk. chali-

which
Substances
curb.]
depress activity (phys.).
channelled (chan'gld) a. [L. canalis,
a canal.] Having grooves ; canaliculate (bot.).
nos,

chasmogamy (kazmog'amT)

n.
[Gk.
chasma, opening gamos, marriage.]
The opening of a mature flower to
ensure fertilization (bot.).
;

the

(zool.).

an ovule from which the integuments arise (bot.).

chalazogamy (kalazog'ami) n. [Gk.
gamos,
chalaza, hail, tubercle
marriage.] Fertilization in which
;

n.

hand; pteryx, wing.]

The pentadactyloid

chemos,

[Gk.

juice
place.]

syn,

n.

with

The building
up of chemical compounds in plants
means
of
chemical
reactions
by
tithenai,

to

(bot.).
.
(kgm'otak'sis)
[Gk.
chemos, juice ; taxis, arrangement.]
The sensitiveness of cells or microorganisms to chemical stimulus,
which is either attractive or repel-

lent,

exhibiting respectively positive

or negative chemotaxis (biol.).

cheniotropism (ke'mot'ropizm) n. [Gk.
chemos, juice
trope, a turning.]
Curvature of a plant towards or
away from chemical stimuli (bot.)
response to chemical stimulus (biol.).
chevron (sheVron) a.
[L. caper,
a goat.]
Appl. V-shaped bones
articulating with the ventral surface
;

CHIof the spinal column in the caudal

region of many vertebrates (zoo/.).

chiasma (klaz'ma)
to

mark with a

tion, as optic

n.

[Gk. chiazein,
A decussa-

cross.]

chiasma

Limulus
chilidium

(zool.).

(killd'lum) n.

[Gk. cheilos,

shelly plate covering the

deltidial fissure in the dorsal valve

of certain Brachiopods (zool.).

chitln (kl'tln) n. [Gk. chiton, a tunic.]
carbohydrate derivative forming
the skeletal substance in Arthropods

(zool.).

mys, a

[Gk. chla(klam'idat) a.
cloak.]
Supplied with a

mantle

(zool.).

chlamydate

chlamys, a cloak.]

envelope

a.

[Gk.
Pert, flower and

(bot.).

chlamydospore (klam'idospor) n. [Gk.

A
sporos, seed.]
chlamys, cloak
thick-walled resting spore found in
as
yeast (bof.).
many Fungi,
;

chloragen (klo'rajen) a. [Gk. chloros,

grass green genos, descent.] Appl.
yellow cells found in connection
with the alimentary canal of the
earthworm, and other Annelids
also chloragogen (zool.).
chloranthy (kloran'thi) n. \G\a.chloros,
Reanthos, flower.]
grass green
;

leaves back to
version
ordinary green leaves (bot.).
chlorophyll (klo'rofil) n. [Gk. chloros,
grass green ; phyllon, a leaf.] The
of floral

green colouring matter found in

plants and in some animals (biol.).
chloroplast
chloros,

n.

(klo'roplast)

[Gk.

plastos,
green
grass
chlorophyll-carrying
;

moulded.]

(bot.).

in plant-cells

n.

[Gk choane,

A cell with
a funnel-shaped rim or collar round
the base of the flagellum (zool.).
choanoid (ko'anoid) a. [Gk. choane,
funnel
Funneleidos,
like.]
shaped; appi.eye. muscle in Reptiles
funnel

kytos, hollow.]

(zool.).

choanosome

(ko'anosom) n.
[Gk.
In
choane, funnel
soma, body.]
the
inner
with
sponges,
layer
flagel;

late cells (zool.).

choledoch (kol'edok)
;

dochos,

common

a.
[Gk. chole,
containing.]
Appl.

bile duct.

choleic (kole'ik) a. [Gk. chole, bile.]

Pert, acid contained in ox bile
(Phys.).

cholesterin (koles'terln) n.

[Gk. chole,
A white fatty
stereos, solid.]
alcohol found in nerve tissue, bile,
yolk, and other animal substances
bile

(phys.).

choline (ko'lm, -en)

n.

[Gk. chole,

bile.]

plants

and animals with composi-

tion

crystalline base found in

C 6 H 16 O 2 N

cholochrome
chole, bile

(phys.).

(ko'lokrom)

chroma, colour.]

[Gk.

A bile

pigment (phys.).
cholohaematin (ko'lohe'matm) n. [Gk.
chole, bile
haima, blood.] A pigment developed in the bile of
ruminants after exposure to the air
;

(Phys.).

chondral (kon'dral)
cartilage.]

a.

[Gk. chondros,

Pert, cartilage (anat.).

chondrification (kon'driflka'shun) n.
L. facere,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
;

chloroplastid (klo'roplas'tid) n. [Gk.

green ; plastos,
chloros,
grass
moulded.] A minute granule or
chlorophyll,
containing
plastid
(biol.).

Any funnel-shaped open-

ing (anat.).

choanocyte (ko'anoslt)

bile

chlamydeous (klamid'eus)

found

(bot.).

chlorotic (klorot'ik) a. [Gk. chloros,

grass green.]
Appl. plants or
organs of plants devoid of chlorophyll (bot.).
choana (ko'ana) n.
[Gk. choane,
funnel.]

(zool.).

chilaria (klla'ria) n. plu. [Gk. cheilos,

lip.]
pair of processes between
the sixth pair of appendages in

plastid

chlorosis (kloro'sls) ;/. [Gk. chloros,

grass green.] A diseased condition
in plants owing to lack of certain
minerals, due mainly to want of
light

(anat.).

chlastoneural (klas'tonu'ral) a. [Gk.

neuchiastos, diagonally arranged
ron, a nerve.] Appl. certain Gastropods in which the visceral nerve
cords cross and form a figure 8

lip.]

CHO-

48

exposed

to light

to make.]
Conversion into
age (phys.).
chondrigen (kon'drijen) n.

cartil-

[Gk.
chondros, cartilage genos, descent.]
The base matrix of all cartilaginous
substance, a collagen (phys.).
;

CHOchondrin (kon'drin)

n.
[Gk. chondros,
cartilage.] A gelatinous substance
obtained from cartilage (phys.}.
chondriosomes (kondrlosomz ) n. plu,
soma,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
body.] Permanent feebly refractive
bodies found in cell protoplasm,
which are probably combinations
of fatty acids or of phosphate of
;

albumen

(biol.}.

chondroblast (kon'droblast)

n.
[Gk.
chondros, cartilage ; blastos, bud.]
cartilage-producing cell (phys.}.
chondroclast (kon'droklast) n. [Gk.
chondros, cartilage klastos, broken
cell which breaks up or
down.]

destroys cartilage cells (phys.}.

chondrocranium (kon'drokra'nium) n,
kranion,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
;

The

when

a cartilaginous condition, either temin

or
as
embryos,
perporarily
skull.]

CHO-

49

manently as

skull

in

some

in

fishes (zoo!.,

The notochord in plural,

tendinous cords attached to the
valves of the heart (anat.}.
chordacentra (kor'dasgn'tra) n. plu.
[Gk. chorde, a string L. centrum,
Centra formed by the
centre.]
conversion of the chordal sheath
a
into
number of rings (zool.}.
chordate (kor'dat) a.
[Gk. chorde,
a string.]
Having a notochord
string.]

(zool.}.

chordotonal (kor'doto'nal) a.
[Gk.
chorde, a string
tonos, a tone.]
Appl. rod-like or bristle-like struc;

in nature, in various

tures, auditory
parts of the body of insects (zool.}.
choriocapillaris (ko'riokapiraris, -kap'ila'rls) n.
[Gk. chorion, chorion L.
The innercapillaris, a capillary.]
most vascular layer of the choroid
coat of the eye (anat.}.
choroid.
chorioid,
chorion (ko'rlon) n. [Gk. chorion, a
;

An embryonic membrane

anat.).

skin.]

n.
(kon'drojgn'esis)
[Gk. chondros, cartilage ; genesis,
descent.] The production or formation of cartilage (phys.}.

external

to

amnion

(emb.}.

chondrogenesis

chondromucoid (kon'dromu'koid)
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
mucus Gk. eidos, form.]

L.

n.

mucus,

A whitish

amorphous powder found

age (phys.}.
chondrophore (kon'drofor)

in cartiln.

[Gk.

to
cartilage ; pherein,
structure which supports
bear.]
the inner hinge cartilage in a
bivalve shell (zoo/.).

chondros,

chondroskeleton (kon'droskel'e'ton)

n.

skeleton,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
A cartilaginous
dried body.]
skeleton (zool.}.
;

chondrosteous (kondros'teiis)

a.

[Gk.
osteon, bone.]
chondros, cartilage
Having a cartilaginous skeleton
;

(zool.}.

enclosing

the

chorionlc (korion'ik) a. [Gk. chorion,

a skin.] Pert, the chorion (emb.}.
chorioretinal (ko'rioreYinal) a. [Gk.
L. retina, the
chorion, a skin ;
Pert, choroid and reli ia
retina.]
(anat.}.

choripetalous (ko'ripeYalus) a. [Gk.

choris, separate
petalon, a leaf.]
Having separate petals (dot.}.
choriphyllous (ko'rifil'us) a.
[Gk.
choris, separate
phyllon, a leaf.]
Having the perianth parts distinct
;

(bot.}.

chorisepalous (ko'risep'alus) a. [Gk.

choris, separate
sepalon, a sepal.]
Having the sepals separate (hot.}.
chorisis (ko'rlsts)
[Gk. choris,
Increase in number of
separate.]
a
floral whorl due to
parts of
division of its primary members
;

chondrosteriial

(kon'drosteYnal) a.
sternon,
[Gk. chondros, cartilage
the breast.]
Pert, rib cartilages
;

and sternum (anat.}.

chone (kon) n. [Gk. choane, a

(zool.}.

n.

[Gk.

duplication

(ko'roid)

chorpid
skin

(bot.}.

a.

[Gk. chorion,
Appl. delicate

eidos, form.]

and highly vascular membranes

n. the layer of the eye between
retina and sclerotic (anat.}.

funnel.]

passage through the cortex of

sponges with one or more external
openings, and one internal opening provided with a sphincter

chorda (kor'da)

and

chorde^ a

choroidal (koroid'al)
skin

[Gk. chorion,
the
Pert,

(korol'qjl) n.

[Gk. choros,

choroid
chorology

(anat.}.

place

logos,

a.

form.]

eidos,

discourse.]

The

CHRscience which deals with the distribution of organs (biol.).

chromaffln
(kromafin)
L.
chroma, colour

a.

[Gk.

affinis,

re-

forming

the

cells

AppL

lated.]

medullary parts of the suprarenal

bodies, on account of their yellow
colour after treatment with chromic
salts
chromophil (phys.).
chromatic (kromat'lk). [Gk. chroma,
Colourable by means of
colour.]
;

staining reagents

(biol.).

chromatic sphere, the sphere formed

by coalescence of chromosomes after
the anaphase in mitosis (bot.).
chromatin (kro'matln) n. [Gk. chroma,
colour.]

A substance in the nucleus

which contains nucleic acid proteids

and stains with basic dyes (biol?).
a brownish
chromatogen organ,
lobed

CHR-

50

body,

the

axial

organ

of

Echinoderms (zool.).
chromatoid grains, readily stainable
certain

grains in cell-protoplasm, probably

of an albuminous nature (cyt.).

chromatolysis (kro'matol'Ms) n. [Gk.

chroma, colour lyein, to break up.]
;

Disintegration and

final

ance of the chromatin

disappearin injured

nerve-cells (phys.).

chromogen

n.

(kro'mojfin)

[Gk.

The
birth.]
plants which will de-

chroma, colour; genos,

material in

velop into colouring matter

chromogenic (kro'mojgn'ik)
colour
chroma,
Colour - producing
;

isms, as bacteria

(bot.).

a.

[Gk.

genos,

birth.]

appl.

organ-

(bot.).

chromomere (kro'momer)

n.
[Gk.
chroma, colour meros, part.] One
of the chromatin granules of which
a chromosome is formed, and which
corresponds to an id (cyt.).
;

chromophanes (kro'mofanz)

n. plu.
[Gk. chroma, colour phainein, to
show.] Red, yellow, and green oil
globules found in the retina of
;

birds,

fishes,

reptiles,

and

mar-

supials (zool.).
a.
chromophil
(kro'mofil)
[Gk.
chroma, colour philein, to love.]
;

Chromaffin, which see.

chromophilous (kromof iltis)

chroma, colour
Staining readily

a.

[Gk.

loving.]

philos,
(biol.).

chromophore

(kro'mofor) n.
[Gk.
chroma, colour pherein, to bear.]
substance
to
whose
Any
presence
colour in a compound
is
due
;

(Phys.).

chromatophore (kro'matofor)

n.

[Gk.

chroma, colour pherein, to bear.]

The general term appl. coloured
plastids of plants and animals
a pigment cell, which under
(cyt.)
control of the sympathetic nervous
system can be altered in shape to
produce a colour change (zoo!.).
;

chromatoplasm

(kro'matd'plazm) n.
[Gk. chroma, colour ; plasma, someThe colour or
thing moulded.]

pigment matter in cells (cyt.}.

chromatospherite (kro'matdsfer'lt) n.
sphaira, a
[Gk. chroma, colour
globe.] A nucleolus, which see (cyt.).
chromidia (kro'mld'ia) n. plu. [Gk.
Extra - nuclear
chroma^ colour.]
particles of chromatin (cyt.).
chromidiosomes (kromid'fosomz') n.
plu. [Gk. chroma, colour
soma,
The smallest chromatin
body.]
particles of which the chromidial
mass is made up (cyt.).
chromoblast (kro'moblast) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour ; blastos, a bud.]
An embryonic cell giving rise to a
pigment cell (biol.}.
;

chromoplast (kro'moplast)

n.

[Gk.

chroma, colour plastos, moulded],

also chromoplastid.
A coloured
plastid or pigment body other than
a chloroplast (biol.).
;

chromoproteid

n.
(kro'mopro'teid)
[Gk. chroma, colour protos, first.]
;

Substance formed by combination

of a proteid and a pigment (phys.).
chromosome (kro'mosom) n. [Gk.
chroma, colour soma, body.] One
of the deeply staining bodies, the
number of which is definite for the
cells of a species, into which the
chromatin resolves itself during
;

karyokinesis (cyt.).
chrysalis (kris'alis) n. [Gk. chrysos,
The pupa stage of certain
gold.]
insects (zool.).

chrysocarpous (kris'okar'pus)
chrysos, gold

karpos,

a.

fruit.]

[Gk.

With

golden fruit (bot.).

chrysophyll (krls'of il) n. [Gk. chrysos,
gold phyllon, a leaf.] A yellow
colouring matter in plants, a de;

composition product of chlorophyll

(bot.).

CHYa.
[Gk. chylos,
chyle-like nature ; pert,
chyle (phys.).
chyle (kil) n.
[Gk. chylos, juice.]

chylaceous (kila'shus)

Of a

juice.]

Lymph containing globules of

emulsified fat found in the lacteals
during digestion (phys.).
chylifaction (kl'lifak'shun) n.
[Gk.
chylos, juice ; L. facere, to make],
also chylification. The formation of
chyle (Phys.).
chyliferous (kllif'erus)
juice

conducting

(phys.).
chyliflc (klllf'ik) a.
[Gk. chylos, juice ;
L. facere, to make.]
Chyle-prothe
true stomach of
ducing ; appl.
insects (zool.).

chylocaulous
chylos, juice

a.
(klldcol'us)
L. caulis, a

[Gk.
stem.]

With

fleshy stems (bot.).

chylocyst (kl'losist) n. [Gk.
juice
kystis, a bladder.]
;

a.

(kl'lofil'us)

n.

[Gk.

poiein, to produce.]

The production of chyle (phys.).

chyme (kim) n. [Gk. chymos, juice.]
The partially digested food after
leaving the stomach (phys.).
n.
chymification
(ki'miflka'shun)
[Gk. chymos, juice ; L. facere, to
make.] The process of converting
food into chyme (phys.).
cicatricial
fibrillar

closes

tissue,

connective

newly - formed
tissue which

and draws together wounds

(anat.).

cicatrlcle

(sik'atrik'l),

cicatricula

n.

cicatrix, a
in bird

(sik'atrik'ula)

wound.]

and

[L.

The blastoderm

reptile

eggs (emb.)

a small

scar in the place of previous attachment of an organ (zoo/.} the ^mark

left after the
healing up of a wound
;

in plants (bot.).

cilium,

an

marginal hairlike processes

(bot.}

eyelashes (anaf.).
a.
(sil'lari)
[L. cilium, an
Pert, cilia ; appl. certain
structures in the eyeball (anaf.,

ciliary

wound.]

zoo/.}.

ciliate (sil'iat) a.
lid.]

[L. cilium, an eye-

Provided with

cilia (biol.}.

ciliated epithelium, an epithelium

found lining various passages,
usually with columnar cells, the
free edge of each of which has a
bunch of fine tapering vibratile
hairlike outgrowths (zool., phys.~).

protozoan swarm-spore with a coat

of cilia (zool.).
cilium (sil'mm) n.
[L. cilium, an
eyelid.]
Sing, of cilia, which see.
cinchonin (sm'konin) n. [Named after
A white
a Countess Chinchon.]
alkaloid found in various types of

Rubiaceae (bot.).
cincinnus (sinsin'us) n. [Gk. kikinnos,
a curled lock.] A scorpioid cyme
(bot.).

cinclides (sing'klldez) n. plu.

[Gk.
Perforakingklis, a latticed gate.]
tions in the body wall of certain
Anthozoa for the extrusion of acontia
(zool.).

cinclis (sing'klis) n.
[Gk. kingklis, a
latticed gate.]
Sing, of cinclides,
which see.
cingulate (sing'gulat) a.
[L. cin-

gulum, a girdle.] Having a girdle

or cingulum (biol.).
cingulum (smg'gulum) n.
[L. tin*
gulum, a girdle.]
Any structure
which is like a girdle
a ridge
round the base of the crown of a
;

cicatrix (sik'atriks, slka'triks) n.

a
cicatrix,
which see.

[L.

ciliospore (sil'iospor) n.
[L. cilium,
an eyelid ; Gk. sporos, a seed.]

(kl'lopoie'sis)
;

(bot.).

Hairlike vibratile outeyelid.]

growths of the ectoderm or processes found in many cells (biol.) ;
feather
barbicels of a
(zool.) ;

[Gk.

a leaf.]
juice ; phyllon,
With fleshy leaves appl. certain
desert plants (bot.).

chylos, juice

alternately

The

chylos,

chylopoiesis

left

cilia (sil'ia) n. plu.

ciliograde (sil'iograd) a. [L. cilium,

an eyelid ; gradus, a step.] Progressing by ciliary movement (zool.).

chylos,

chyle receptacle (anat.).

chylophyllous

daughter axes are developed right

and

eyelid.]
a.

[Gk. chylos,
L. ferre, to carry.]
Chyle;
appl. tubes or vessels

CIN-

51

[L.
Cicatricle,

ciclnnal (slsm'al) a.
[Gk. kikinnos,
a curled lock.]
Appl. uniparous
in
which the
cymose branching

tooth ; a tract of fibres connecting

the callosal and hippocampal convolutions of the brain ; the outer
ciliary zone on the disc of rotifers
(anat., zool.).

CIUcircinate (seVsmat)

a.
[Gk. kirkinos,
Rolled on the axis, so
circle.]
that the apex is the centre (bot.).
circulation (seVkula'shun) n.
[L.
The
circulatio^ act of circulating.]

movement of any

regular
within definite

body

movement

of

Any

fluid

channels in the
the streaming
protoplasm of

(anat., phys.)

the

[L. circulus, a

n.

arrangement
of blood-vessels caused by branching or connection with one another,
as circulus major of iris (anat.).
circumduction (ser'kumduk'shun) n.
ductus, led.]
[L. circum, around
The form of motion exhibited by
a bone describing a conical space
with the articular cavity as apex
circle.]

ringlike

phys).
circumferential (ser'kiimf eren'shal)
(artaf.,

a.

[L. circum, around ; ferre, to bear.]

Appl. cartilages which surround

certain articulatory fossae (anat.).

circumflex (seYkumfleks) a.
[L.
circum, around flectere, to bend.]
certain
Bending round
appl.
arteries, veins, nerves (anat.).
n.
circumfluence
(serkum'flooens)
[L. circum, around fluens, flowing.]
In Protozoa, the engulfing of food
by the protoplasm flowing round
;

it

enveloping

after

contact

(zool.).

circumnutation (ser'kumnuta'shun)
nutare,
[L. circum, around
;

n.

to

The irregular elliptical or

movement exhibited by the
of
a growing stem or shoot
apex
swim.]

spiral
(bot.).

circumoesophageal
aje'al) a.

[L. circum,

the

(ser'kumesofaround ; Gk.

Appl.
oisophagos,
structures or organs surrounding
or passing along the gullet (zool.).
circumpolar (ser'kumpo'lar) a.
[L.
circum, around polus, end of axle.]
Appl. animals found at the Poles
gullet.]

(zool.).

circumscissile (stir'kumsis'il) a.
[L.
scindere, to cut.]
circum, around
the
form
of
dehiscence
Appl.
exhibited by a pyxidium (bot.).
;

circumvallation (ser'kumvala'shun) n.
vallare, to
[L. circum, around
;

wall.]

food by the sending out of pseudopodia which ultimately surround

without touching it (zool.).
cirrate (sT/at) a.

cirrose

In Protozoa, the ingestion of

cirri (zool.).

see cirrus,

(sires', sir'os) a.

With
lock.]
tendrils (bot.).
(sir'us)

having

[L. cirratus,

Having

ringlets.]

cirrhus and cirrhi,

cirrus

plant cells (bot.).

circulus (ser'kulus)

and

CLA-

52

cirri

cirri

.,

a
with

[L. cirrus,
(zool.)

(str'l)

pltt.

Tendrils (bot.)
the appendages of barnacles ; the
filaments
the axis or of
of
jointed
the aboral surface of crinoids ; the
the respiratory
barbels of fishes
and tactile appendages of worms
the organs of copulation in some
molluscs and trematodes hairlike
structures on the appendages of
[L. cirrus, a lock.]

insects (zool.).

cladanthous (kladan'thCis) a.
[Gk.
anthos, a flower.]
klados, a sprout
terminal
Having
archegonia on
short lateral branches (bot.).
cladautoicous (klad'otoik'us) a. [Gk.
;

klados, a sprout
autos, self
With antheridia
house.]
special stalk (hot.).

oikos,

on

cladocarpous (klad'tikar'pus)

a.
[Gk.
a sprout
karpos, a fruit.]
Cladanthous, which see.
cladode (klad'od) n. [Gk. klados, a

klados,

sprout.]
axil of a

A branch arising
true

leaf,

from the
resembling a

foliage leaf, and consisting

single internode (bot.).

of a

cladogenous (kladqj'enus) a.
[Gk.
klados, a sprout
genes, birth.]
Cladanthous, which see.
cladome (kladom') n. [Gk. klados, a
The group of superficially
sprout.]
;

situated rays in a triaene (zool.).

cladophyll (klad'ofil) n. [Gk. klados,
a sprout phyllon, a leaf.] Cladode,
;

which

see.

cladoptosis
klados, a

The

(klad'opto'sis)
sprout ; ptosis,

annual

shedding

[Gk.

falling.]

of twigs

instead of leaves (bot.).

cladose (klad'os, klados') a.
[Gk.
Branched (biol.).
klados, a sprout.]
cladotyle (klad'otil) n. [Gk. klados,
a sprout tylos, a knob.] A rhabdus
with one actine branched, the other
;

tylote (zool.).
clasmatocyte (klazmat'oslt, klas'matosit) n.
[Gk. klasHia, a fragment ;

CLAA

soft, much vacuokytos, hollow.]

lated, very variable cell in areolar
tissue (phys.).
claspers (klas'perz) n. plu.
[M.E.
Rod-like proclaspen, to hold.]
cesses on the pelvic fins of certain

male elasmobranchs any modification of an organ or part to enable

the two sexes to clasp one another
;

(zoo/.)

or

tendrils

shoots (bot.).
clathrate (klath'rat)

off-

climbing

a.

[Gk. kleihra,

Lattice-like

lattice.]

claustrum

(biol.).

[L. claus-

(klos'triim) n.

In the cerebral
trum, a bar.]
hemispheres, a thin layer of grey
substance lateral to the external
nucleus^ (anat.).

clava (kla'va)

n.

lentiform

the

bounding

capsule,

[L. clava, a club.]

The

knob-like end of the antennae

of certain insects (zool.) ; the elongated swelling at the end of the
fasciculus gracilis (anat.).
a.
[L. clava, a club.]
Club-shaped thickened at one end

clavate (klav'at)
;

clavicle (klav'lkl) n.

The

[L. clavis, a key.]

bone forming the

the

of

portion

anterior

shoulder

girdle

animals, ventral.
(anat.)
claviculariuin (klavik'ula'rium) n. [L.
The epiplastron of
clavis, a key.]
in

Chelonia, probably

corresponding

to the clavicles of other forms (zool.}.

clavula (klav'ula) n.
[L. clava, a
club.]

monactinal modification
one of the
spicule
on the
ciliated
spines

of a triaxon

minute

fascicles of

Spatangidae

(zool.)

the

clavate sporophore of certain Fungi

(bot.).

n.
[L. clavus, a nail.]
part of an elytron lying next
the scutellum in Hemiptera

clavus (kla'vus)

The
to

(tool.).

claw

CLI-

53

kinetic divisions which change the

egg into a multicellular embryo
(cyt.).

the nucleus of the

by the
of the

cleavage nucleus,
fertilized

produced

egg,

orderly and intimate union

male and female pronuclei

(cyt.).

cleistocarp (kli'stokarp) n. [Gk. kleistos, closed

karpos, a fruit.] Cleisto;

thecium, which see.

cleistocarpous (kli'stokar'pus) a. [Gk.
kleistos, closed
karpos, a fruit.]
AppL mosses with non-operculate
;

capsules

(bot.).

cleistogamous (kllstog'amus) a. [Gk.

kleistos, closed
gamos, marriage.]
Pert, or possessed of characteristics
of cleistogamy (bot.).
cleistogamy (kli'stog'aml) n.
[Gk.
kleistos, closed
gamos, marriage.]
State of having small inconspicuous
flowers which are self-fertilizing and
do not open fertilization without
opening (bot.).
;

cleistogene (kffstojen) n. [Gk. kleisA plant

tos, closed ; genos, birth.]
with cleistogamous flowers (bot.).
cleistothecium (kll'stdthe'shmm) n.
[Gk. kleistos, closed ; theke, a box.]
An ascocarp which remains closed

and produces

its

spores internally

(bot.).

cleithrum (klr'thrum)

n.

[Gk. klei-

thron, a key.] The pair of additional

clavicles in Stegocephalia (pal.) ;
the clavicular element of the pectoral
girdle in some fishes (zool.).
clinandrium (klinan'drium) n. [Gk.
kline, bed
aner, a man.]
cavity

in
the
"column" between the
anthers in Orchids (bot.).
clinidium (klinid'ium) n. [Gk. kline,
a bed.] A filament in a pycnidium

which produces spores (bot.).

clinosporangium (kli'nosporan'jlum)
n.
[Gk. kline, bed
sporos, seed
Pycnidium,
anggeion, a vessel.]
which see.
;

[A.S. clawu, a claw.]

stalk of a petal (bot.) ; a sharp
curved nail on a finger or toe ; the
forceps of certain crustaceans ; a
(klo) n.

The

curved process

on

the

limbs of

insects (zool.).

clitellum (kliteTum) n.
[L. clitellae,
a pack-saddle.]
The saddle or
swollen glandular portion of the
skin of certain worms (zool.).

clearing foot, the filamentous process of the exopodite of the second

maxilla in the Phyllocarida (zool.).

clitoris (klit'oris) n.
[Gk. kleiein, to
enclose.] An erectile organ, homowith
the
logous
penis, at the upper

cleavage

part of the vulva (anat.).

clivus (kll'vus) n. [L. clivus, a

to

cut.]

(kle'vaj)

The

n.

[A.S. cleofan,
of karyo-

series

hill.]

CLO-

shallow depression in the sphen-

behind

oid,

dorsum

the

sellae

(anat.).

cloaca (kloa'ka, klo'aka) n. [L. cloaca,

a sewer.]
The common chamber
into which intestinal, genital, and
urinary canals open, in vertebrates

except most mammals (zool.}.

clone (klon) n. [Gk. klon, a twig.]

Desma, which see.

clonus (klo'nus) n. [Gk. klonos, violent
motion.] A series of muscular con-

when

the individual conincomare discernible

plete tetanus (phys.).
v.
clump (klump)
[Ger. klump, a
To form lumps or knots
mass.]
tractions
tractions

(bot.).

clypeal

a.
[L. clypeus, a
Pert, the clypeus of insects

(klip'eal)

shield.]

coc-

54

(zool.).

A modified zooid which

bear.]
bears nematocysts, of the nature
of a dactylozooid (zool.).
cnidopod

knfdopod)

(ni'dopod,

[Gk. knide, a nettle

pous, a

The drawn-out basal

nematocyst, embedded

part
in the

n.

foot.]

of

meso-

gloea (zool.).
cnidosac (nl'dosak, knfdosak)
[Gk.
L. saccus, a bag.]
knide, a nettle
A kidney-shaped swelling or battery,
often protected by a hood, found on
.

the dactylozooids of Siphonophores

(zool.).

coadaptation (ko'adapta'shun) n. [L.

cum, with
ad, to ; aptare, to fit.]
The correlated variation in two
mutually dependent organs (phys.).
coagulation (koagula'shun) n.
[L.
cum, with agere, to drive.] Curdthe changing from
ling or clotting
;

clypeate (klip'eat) a. [L. clypeus, a

Round or buckler-like
shield.].
(biol.) ; having a clypeus (zool.).
clypeola (klipe'dla), clypeole (klip'eol)
A sporon.
[L. clypeus, a shield.]
phyll in the spike of an Equisetum

a liquid to a viscous or solid state

by chemical reaction
coagulin (koag'ulin) n.

(phys.).
[L. cogere, to

substance
capable of coagulating albuminous
substances (phys.).
drive

together.]

Any

coagulum (koag'ulum)

(bot.).

clypeus

(klip'eus)

shield.]

n.

clypeus,

[L.

shield on

the antero-

median part of an insect's head

a band of tissue round the
(zool.)
mouth of a perithecium of certain
Fungi (bot.).
;

cnemldlum (nemid'ium, knemid'ium)

n.
[Gk. knemis, a legging.] The
lower part of a bird's leg devoid of
feathers.

cnemls

[Gk.
(ne'mis, kne'mis) n.
The shin or
knemis, a legging.]

nettle.]

[Gk. knide, a

n.

striction (zool.).

coarctate larva or pupa, semipupa

pseudopupa ; a larval stage of
certain Diptera (zool.).
cocci (kok'sl) n. plu. [Gk. kokkos, a
;

Septicidal carpels
spore
of certain hepatics
rounded cells, as some

seed.]

projecting externally, found in certain Coelenterates (zool.).

cnidocil (nfdtisll, knl'dosil) n. [Gk.
knide, a nettle ; L. cilium, an eyeminute process projecting
lid.]
externally from a cnidoblast (zool.).

(nl'dofor,

[Gk. knide, a nettle

(hot.)

cells

bacteria

cnidoblast.

cnldoblast (nl'doblast, knl'doblast) n.

[Gk. knide, a nettle ; blastos, a
a gobletbud.] A stinging cell
shaped cell with a long barbed
thread and poisonous fluid in the
interior, and a trigger-like process

cnidophore

nected (biol.)
having abdomen
separated from thorax by a con-

mother

tibia (zool., anat.).

cnida (n^da, knl'da)

n.
[L. cogere,
to drive together.] Any coagulated
mass (phys.).
coarctate (koark'tat) a. [L. coarctare,
to press together.]
Closely con-

knfdofor) n.
pherein, to

(bact.).

coccogone (kok'ogon) n. [Gk. kokkos,

a seed
A reprogonos, birth.]
ductive cell in certain Algae (hot.).
;

coccoid (kSk'oid) a. [Gk. kokkos, a

seed eidos, form.] Pert, a coccus
spherical or globose (bot., bact.).
coccolith (kok'ollth) n. [Gk. kokkos, a
seed lithos, a stone.] A calcareous
spicule in certain of the Flagellates
;

(zool.).

coccospheres (kok'osferz) n.plu. [Gk.

kokkos, a seed
sphaira, a globe.]
Collections of undigested shells in
certain Radiolarians (zool.).
;

COCcoccus (kok'us)

n.
[Gk. kokkos, a
Sing, of cocci, which see.
a.
coccygeal (k6ksfj'eal)
[Gk. kokkyx,
the cuckoo.] Pert, or in the region
of the coccyx (anat., zoo/.).
coccyx (kok'siks) n. [Gk. kokkyx, the
cuckoo.] The part of the vertebral
column beyond the sacrum.

seed.]

cochlea (kok'lea) n.
[Gk. kochlias,
A division of the ear
a snail.]
spirally coiled like a snail's shell

cochlear (kSk'lear) a. [Gk. kochlias,

a snail] Pert, the cochlea (anat.).
cochlearifonn (kok'lear'iform) a. [Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
kochlias, a snail
;

Spoon-shaped (zoo/.) pert, the thin

bone separating the tensor
tympani canal from the Eustachian
;

plate of

tube (anat.).
cochleate (kok'leat) a.
a snail.] Screw-like
cocoon (kokoon') n.

[Gk. kochlias,

and

Cephalopods

in

Annulates

in

(zoo/.).

coelomopores

(selo'moporz) n. plu.
hollow
a
koilos,
[Gk.
poros,
Ducts leading directly
passage.]
from the pericardial cavity of
Nautilus to the exterior (zoo/.).
;

coelomostome (selo'mostom)

n.
[Gk.
hollow stoma, mouth.] The
external opening of a coelomoduct

koilos,

(zoo/.).

coelenterate (selgn'tgrat) a.
[Gk.
enteron, intestine.]
koilos, hollow
Pert. Coelenterata (zoo/.).
coelenteron (se!6n't6r6n) n.
[Gk.
koilos, hollow
enteron, intestine.]
The cavity in the body of a Coelen;

terate (zoo/.).

coeliac (se'Mk) a. [Gk. koilia, belly.]

Pert, the abdominal cavity ; appl.

nerves

arteries, veins,

coelosperm

n.
[Gk.
(se'lospgrm)
hollow
sperma, seed.] A
carpel, hollow on its inner surface

koilos,

(bot.).

coelozoic (se'lozolk) a.
[Gk. koilos,
hollow ; zoon, an animal.] Appl. a
trophozoite of a sporozoan when
situated in some cavity of the body
(zoo/.).

coenanthium (senan'thium)

(anat.).

a
[F. cocon,
The protective case of
shell.]
many larval forms before they become pupae the covering formed
by many animals for their eggs

(anat.).

coeloblast (se'loblast) n. [Gk. koilos,

A divihollow
blastos, a bud.]
sion of the embryonic endoblast
;

coelom

n.

koilos,
(se'lom)
[Gk.
hollow.]
cavity of the body
derived from the mesoblast (emo.).
coelomate (se'lomat, selo'mat), see

coelomic.
(selom'ik)
hollow.] Pert, or

a.

[Gk. koilos,
having a coelom

(zoo/.).

coelomoduct (selo'modukt)

n.

[Gk.

hollow L. ducere, to lead.]

duct leading directly from the
;

[Gk.

receptacle having slightly upcurved

margins

(bot.).

coenenchyma (sengng'kima), coenen-

chyme (sengng'klm) n. [Gk. koinos,

common engchyma, infusion.] The
common tissue which connects the
polyps or zooids of a compound
;

coral (zoo/.).

coenobium

n.

(senolaium)

common

fcoinos,

bios,

[Gk.

life.]

unicellular colony with no marked

distinction between vegetative and
reproductive units (biol.).

coenoblast (se'noblast) n. [Gk. koinos,

common blastos, a bud.] A germ
;

layer which

gives

(se'nosit) n.

body

[Gk. koinos,

plasts are not

walls (bot.\

coenoeclum
koinos,

separated by

(sene'shium)

common

The common

oikos,

common

gamete

nucleus
coenosarc
koinos,

cell

n.

[Gk.
a house.]
a

groundwork of

polyzoan colony
koinos,

(zoo/.).

A plant
kytos, a hollow.]
which the constituent proto-

common
in

the

to

origin

endoderm and mesoderm

(zoo/.).

coenogamete (se'nogamet)

coeloinic

n.

koinos, common ; anthos, flower.]

An inflorescence with a nearly flat

coenocyte

(emb.).

coelogastrula (se'l6gas'troola). [Gk.

A
koilos, hollow gaster, stomach.]
gastrula developed from a blastula
with a segmentation cavity (zoo/.).

The

the exterior

cavity to

genital

(*/.).

(anat.).

koilos,

COE-

55

n.

gamos,

[Gk.
union.]

more than one

with

(bot.}.

n.
(se'nosark)
sane,
tissue which

common

The common

[Gk.
flesh.]

unites

COEthe various polyps in a

colony (zool.}.
(senos'teum)

coenosteum

chyme

engchyma, infusion.] Parenchymatous tissue, with cells elongated and thickened at the angles
the middle layer of sponges
(bot.)

n.

glue

(zool.).

coenurus

(zool.).

collencyte (kol'enslt) n. [Gk. kolla,

A clear cell
glue
kytos, hollow.]
with thread-like pseudopodia found

in sponges (zool.}.
colleterium (ksrete'rfum) n.
[Gk.
A mucus-secreting
kolla, glue.]
gland in the female reproductive
system of insects (zool.}.

(zool.).

coherent (kohe'rSnt)

a.

[L. cohaerere,

With

stick together.]

parts united (bot.).

cohesion (kohe'zhun) n.

similar

colleters

[L. cohaerere,

The condition
of union of the separate parts of a

to stick together.]

whorl

floral

kolla,

cohort (ko'hort)

n.

Used

[L. cohort, an
in earlier clas-

to

coleorhiza (kol'eori'za) n. [Gk. koleos,

a sheath rhiza, a root.] The layer
surrounding the radicle (bot.).
colic (kol'ik) a.
[Gk. kolon, the colon.]
Pert, the colon (anat.).
collagen (k61^j6n)
[Gk. kolla,
glue ; genos, offspring.] A protein
substance, probably an anhydride
of gelatin, occurring as the chief
constituent of the white fibres of
connective tissue and the organic
part of the bones (phys.).
collar (kol'ar) n.
[M.E. coler, a
The choana of a collared
collar.]
cell ; a prominent fold behind the
proboscis in the Hemichorda the
fleshy rim projecting beyond the
edge of a snail shell any structure
likened to a collar (zool.}.
;

collateral

with
side

(kolat'eral) a.
latera,
sides.]

appl.

[L.

Side

colletocystophore (kole'tosist'ofor) n.
[Gk. kolla, glue kystis, a bladder
pherein, to bear.] The statorhab of
Haliclystus (zool.).
;

denote a somewhat
indefinitely limited group (bwl.).
coleopterous (kol'eop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
koleos, a sheath
pteron, a wing.]
Having the anterior wings hard
and used as elytra (zool.).
sifications

(kole'terz) n.
plu.
[Gk.
The hairs, usually
glue.]

secreting a gluey substance, which

cover many resting buds (bot.}.

(bot.}.

enclosure.]

(senu'riis) n.

[Gk. koinos,
common aura, a tail/] A metacestode with large bladder, from
the walls of which a very large
number of heads are formed

to

(koleng'kima), collen(kolgng'klm) n. [Gk. kolla,

collenchyma

compound

[Gk.
koinos, common ; osteon, a bone.]
The common colonial skeleton in
corals

COL-

56

cum,
by

bundles, as collateral

bundle, with xylem and phloem in

contact on one side only (dot.}
appl. fine lateral branches from the
axon of a nerve cell (anat.).
collateral circulation,
circulation
established through anastomosis
with other parts when the chief
vein is obstructed (phys}.
;

colliculus (kollk'ulus) n.
[L. colliOne of the
culus, a little hill.]
prominences of the corpora quadrigemina a rounded elevation near
the apex of the antero-lateral surface
of the arytaenoid cartilage (anat.).
colloblast (kol'dblast) n. [Gk. kolla,.
cell on
blastos, a bud.]
glue
the tentacles and pinnae of Cteno;

phores, which carries little globules

of adhesive substance (zool}.
colloid (kol'oid) n.
[Gk. kolla, glue
eidos, form.]
gelatinous sub-

which

does not readily

diffuse through an animal or vegetstance

able membrane opp. crystalloid.

collophore (kol'ofor) n. [Gk. kolla,
The
glue ;
pherein, to bear.]
ventral tube of the Collembola
;

(zool.}.

collum

(kfil'um)

Any

neck.]
(biol.)

the

n.
[L. collum, the
collar-like structure

basal

sporogonium
colon

in

portion of the

mosses

(bot.).

(ko'lon)
[Gk. kolon, the
colon.] The second portion of the
intestine of insects ; the part of the
large intestine stretching from its
junction with the small intestine to

the rectum

n.

(zool., anat.).

colony (kol'onl)

n.

[L.

colonia,

farm.] Any collection of organisms

living together, appl. ants, bees
a group of animals or plants living
;

COL

together and somewhat isolated

a group of bacteria in a culture
term appl. all the " persons "
(dial.)
in a colonial Coelenterate (zool.).
columella (kgl'iimeTa) n. [L. columen,
a column.] A prolongation of the
stalk into the
sporangium (bot.) ;
the central pillar in the skeleton of
some corals ; the rod, partly bony,
partly cartilaginous, connecting the
tympanum with the inner ear in
birds, reptiles, and amphibians the
;

central pillar in gasteropod shells

the axis of the cochlea
(zool.)
;

columellar (kol'umeTar) a. [L. coluPert, a columen, a column.]

mella.
n.

columna (kolum'na)
columen, a column.] Any

(kol'um),

[L.

(bot.).

jaws

in Aristotle's lantern (zool.).

commissure

(kSm'lsur) n. [L. cum,

The
mittere, to send.]
together
union-line between two parts ; a
connecting band of nerve tissue
the carpellary co(zool., anat.)
hesion plane (dot.).
;

communistic (kom'unis'tik) a. [L.communis, common.]

Appl. animals
which live or have their nests
together.

comose
hairs

columen, a column.]

n.

plu.
[L.
ossicles

Stem

a column.]
columna.

Pert,

[L. columen,

column

or

coma

(ko'ma) n. [Gk. kome, hair.]

terminal cluster of bracts as in
the pine-apple ; hairs found on
certain seeds (bot.) ; stupor (pkys.).
comb-ribs, combs, see swimming-

comosus,
tuft of

(bot.).

compass (kom'pas)

n.

[L.

cum,

to-

curved
passus, a pace.]
bifid structure, part of Aristotle's
lantern (zool.).
;

a purely male
form, usually small, found living in
close proximity to the ordinary

complemental male,

hermaphrodite

form

certain

in

animals, as barnacles.

complexus (kompleVsus)
together

plectere,

n.

[L.
knit.]

to

cum,

An

aggregate appl. muscles (anat.).

complicant (kSm'plikant) a. [L. cum,
together ;pltcare, to fold.] Folding
over one another appl. the elytra
;

of certain insects

(zool.).
(kfim'pllkat) a.

complicate
appl.

insect

wings

[L. comes, a comblood-vessel that runs

n.

alongside a nerve (anat.}.

comitalia (kom'Ital'Ia) n. plu.
comitari, to accompany.]
di- or
tri-actine spicules

accompany the
sponges

cum,
Folded

[L.

composite (kom'poslt)

a.

[L.

cum,

together ; ponere, to place.] Having

the characteristics peculiar to the

Compositae

(oof.).

a.

[L.

cum,

together ponere, to place.] Made

up of several elements; appl. flowers,
;

leaves, eyes.
[L.

Small
which

principal spicules

compressor (komprgs'or)

n.

[L.

cum,

together premere, to press.] Something that serves to compress ; appl.

;

muscles

(anat.).

conarium (kona'rmm)

(zool.).

(komfin'sal) n.

;
appl.
leaves folded longitudinally so that
the right and left halves are in
contact (bot.).

(zool.)

compound (kom'pownd)

plates.

comes (ko'mez)

commensal

[L.

Furnished with a

together ; plicare, to fold.]

in crinoids (zool.).

columnar (kSlum'nar) a.

panion.]

a.

(ko'mos)

columnals (kolum'nalz)

[L. cunt,

mensa, a table.] An organism

living with another and sharing
the food, both species as a rule
with

minarf, to threaten.]
which connect adjacent

muscles

gether

structure likened to a column, as

spinal column ; the actinian body
the stalk of a crinoid a longitudinal
bundle of nerve fibres in the white
matter of the spinal cord (zool.) ;
the nasal septum edge ; thick
muscular strands found in the
ventricle of the heart (anat.) ; the
stamens in the mallows ; the united
stamens and pistil in the orchids

in

with

hairy.]

(ana/.).

column

CON-

57

benefiting by the association.

comminator (kom'Inator) a. [L. cum,

n.
[Gk. konacone.]
Transparent
larva
of
Vellella
with red
deep-sea

rion,

little

endoderm

(zool.).

concentric (konsgn'trik) a. [L. cum,

a
centrum,
centre.]
together
Having a common centre (biol.)
;

CONappl. bundles with wood in centre

surrounded by bast (bot.}.
conceptacle (konsSp'takl) n. [L. conA depression
cipere, to conceive.]
in the thallus of certain Algae in
which the reproductive organs are
borne (dot.}.
concha (kong'ka) n. [Gk. kongche,
The cavity which opens
shell.]
into the meatus (anat.} the external
ear
a projection from the lateral
wall of the olfactory organ (zool.}.
conchiform (kSng'klform) a.
[Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
kongche, a shell
shellshaped like a concha
shaped (biol.}.
;

conchiolin

n.
(kfingkl'dlin)
[Gk.
a shell.]
The organic
substance that forms the basis of
the shells of molluscs.

kongche,

conchology

(kongk61'6jl) n.
[Gk.
kongche, a shell ; logos, discourse.]

The branch

CON-

58

of zoology dealing with

molluscs or their shells.

with ; color, colour.]

Similarly
coloured on both sides appl. wings
of insects.
concrescence (konkreVgns) n.
[L.
;

crescere, to grow.]
cum, together
The growing together of parts (biol.}.
conducting (kSnduk'tlng) a.
[L.
Conconducere, to lead together.]
veying ; appl. tissues, bundles (bot.}.
conduction (kfinduk'shun) n.
[L.
;

conducere, to lead together.] The

transference of soluble matter from
one part of a plant to another (bot.}.

conductivity (kSn'duktlv'ttl)

n.

[L.

conducere, to lead together.] Power

of transmitting stimuli from a part
irritated to others more or less

remote (phys.}.
conduplicate (kondu'plikat)
conduplicare,

fold

a.

[L.
together.]

and

axis

woody

fertilization

(emb.}

cell

flask-shaped

spirally-

a conical or
of the retina

(anat.').

the small clear area

point of exit of the axon

cone of origin,
at the
(anat.}.

cone-bipolars, bipolar cells whose

inner ends ramify in contact with
the dendrites of the ganglionic
cells (anat.}.

confluence (kon'flooSns) n. [L. cum,

with fluere, to flow.] The angle
of union of the superior sagittal
and transverse sinuses of the
;

occipital

bone

congeneric

(anat.}.

(kon'jeneYflc)

of
to

Belonging

a.

same
same

the
the

[L.
race.]

genus

(biol.}.

congenital (konjen'ital) a. [L. cum,

with gignere, to beget.] Present
;

at birth (anat.}.

conglobate (konglo'bat) a. [L. cum,

Balltogether; globus, a ballj
shaped
appl. the gland on the
lower side of the ductus ejacu;

latorius in insects (zool.}.

conglomerate (k5ngl5m'Srat) a. [L.

cum, together glomerare, to wind.]
Bunched or crowded together (dot.}.
;

conical (kon'ikai)

[Gk. konos, a

a.

cone.] Cone-shaped
ventricle, etc. (biol.}.

conidial

appl. calyx,

a.

[Gk. konis,
Pert, a conidium.
dust.]
conidiiferous (kfinld'nfe'rus) a. [Gk.
L. ferre, to bear.]
konis, dust ;
Giving rise to conidia (bot.}.
(konid'ial)

conidiophore
konis, dust

Complicate, which see.

condylar (k6n'd!lar) a. [Gk. kondylos,
a knuckle.] Pert, a condyle (anat.}.
condyle (kon'dil) n. [Gk. kondylos,
a knuckle.] A process on a bone
for purposes of articulation.
condyloid (kon'diloid) a. [Gk. koneidos, form.]
dylos, a knuckle
;

with

arranged carpels (dot.} a conical

elevation on an egg just before

congener,

conchula (kong'kula) n. [Gk. kongche,

a shell.]
The conspicuous protuberant lip of the modified sulcus
in Peachia (zool.}.
concolorate (konkul'orat) a. [L. cum,

to

Shaped like, or situated near a

condyle (anat., zool}.
cone (kon) n. [Gk. konos, a cone.]
The female flower of the Coniferae,

(konid'iofor) n.
[Gk.
pherein, to bear.J

branch of the hyphae which bears

the conidia

(bot.}.

conidium (kontd'ium)

n.
[Gk. konis,
fungal spore asexually
and
carried
produced
usually on
sterigmata (bot.}.
coniferous (kontf'e'rus) a. [Gk. konos,
a cone L. ferre, to bear.] Cone-

dust]

bearing (bot.}.
conjugation (kSn'jooga'shun)

n.

[L.

CONwith ; jugare, to
or
of two gametes
fusion
complete
or
unicellular
which
protists,
involves the fusion of their nuclei
or at least a nuclear exchange

cum,

together

The temporary union

yoke.]

(biol.).

conjunctiva (konjungktl'va) n.
cum, together jungere, to
;

[L.
join.]

The mucous membrane of the eye,

lining the eyelids and reflected
over the fore part of the sclera and
cornea (anat.).
connate (kon'nat, konat') a. [L. cum,
natus, born.]
together
Firmly
joined together from birth (Hoi.).
;

connate-perfoliate, joined together

at the base so as to surround the

stem (tot.).
connective (kongk'tiv) n.
[L. cum,
A
nectere, to bind.]
together
connecting band of nerve tissue
between two ganglia (zool.)
the
tissue separating the two lobes of
an anther (dot.).
connective tissue,
a mesoblastic
tissue with a large amount of
intercellular substance in which
fibres are developed (anat.).
connivent (konl'vgnt) a. [F. conniver,
;

to wink.]

Converging

(Hoi.).

conoid (ko'noid) a.
[Gk. konos, a
cone
eidos,
Cone-like,
form.]
but not quite conical (dial.).
conoid ligament, one of the fasciculi
of the coraco-clavicular ligament
;

a small rough
tubercle,
eminence on the posterior border
of the clavicle, serving for the
attachment of the conoid ligament
(anat.).

(kfin'tabe's'e'ns) n.

abortion

context

[L.

Stamen

contabescere, to waste away.]

(hot.).

n.

(kon'te'kst)

together

texere, to

[L.

weave.]

cum,

The

between the
layers
developed
hymenium and the true mycelium
in certain Fungi (tot.).
continuity

(kSn'tfnu'iti)

n.

[L. con-

Succession
continuous.]
without a break, as continuity of
the germ plasm (zool.).
continuous (kontln'uiis) a.
[L. continuus,

tinuus,

uninterrupted.]

mented or articulated
contorted

Not

seg-

(Hoi.).

(kontor'tgd)
[L. contorquere, to twist together.] Twisted ;
appl. aestivation in which one leaf
a.

overlaps the next with one margin,

and is overlapped by the previous
on the other (tot.).
(kon'tortu'pllkat) a.
;
torquere, to twist ;
bud with conplicare, to fold.]
torted and plicate leaves (tot.).
contour (kon'toor) n. [F. contoumer,
to twist.]
Outline of a figure or
body ; appl. the outermost feathers
cover
that
the body of a bird, the

coiitortuplicate
[L. cum, with

contour feathers (zool.).

contractile (kontrak'til) a.

[L.

cum,

together ; trahere, to draw.] Capable of contracting (Hoi.).

contractile cell, any cell in a sporangium or an anther wall which by
hygroscopic contraction helps to
(bot.).

contractile

fibre -cells,
elongated,
spindle-shaped, more or less polynucleated
hedral,
muscle-cells, containing a central bundle of fibrillae
(anat.).

consensual

(konsSn'sual)

a.

[L.

consentire, to feel together.]

Appl.
involuntary action correlated with
voluntary action (phys.).
constant (kon'stant) a. [L. constans,
invariunchanged.] Changeless
;

contabescence

open them

(anat.).

conoid

able

CON-

59

appl.

characters,

structures

(sool.).

constricted

a.
(konstrik'tgd)
[L.
Comconstrictus, drawn together.]
at
intervals
pressed
regular
(tot.).

constrictor (konstrik'tfir) n.
strictus,

drawn

together.]

which compresses or

[L. con-

A muscle

constricts, e.g.,

constrictor urethrae (anat.).

contractile vacuole,
vesicle,

many

found

a small spherical
cytoplasm of

in the

which appears and

Protista,

disappears with regularity (Hoi.).

contractility (kon'traktil'iti) n.
[L.
cum, together
trahere, to draw.]
The power by which muscle-fibres
are enabled to contract (phys.).
contracture (kontrak'tur) n. [L. con;

drawn together.] Contraction of muscles persisting after the

tractus,

stimulus has been removed, seen

especially in strong direct stimulaas death approaches
tion, and
(phys.).

COR-

CONn. plu.
[Gk. konos, a
cone.] The tent-like projections on
the surface of certain Sponges caused
by the principal skeletal elements

coracoid

conuli (kon'ull)

(tool.).

conus (ko'nus) n. [Gk. konos, a cone.]

Any cone-shaped structure, as the
conus arteriosus, a structure between
the ventricle and aorta in fishes and
amphibians (zool.) thediverticulum
of the right ventricle from which the
conus
pulmonary artery arises
medullaris, the tapering end of the
;

spinal cord (anat.).

[L.
(k6nv6r'j6ns) n.
convergere, to incline together.]
The development of similar characters in organisms belonging to

convergence

different groups (biol.).

(kon'volut) a.
[L. cum,
together ; volvere, to wind.] Rolled

convolute

and cotyappl.
together
ledons (hot.) appl. shells in which
the outer whorls overlap and conleaves

the ligament
ligament,
stretches over the suprascapular notch (zool.).
coracoid process, the rudimentary
coracoid element in most mammals
fused to the scapula (zool.).
coralliferous (kor'alif'erus) a.
[Gk.

which

korallion, coral

Coral - fo rmin g

L. ferre, to bear.]

made

of

coral

(zool.).

coralline (kor'alin)

a.

[Gk. korallion,

Resembling a coral appl.

Hydroids and Polyzoa composed
of coral (zool.) appl. certain Algae

coral.]

(bot.).

corallite (kor'allt) n.

[Gk. korallion,
coral.]
Cup of a single polyp of
coral (zool.).
coralloid (kor'aloid) a. [Gk. korallion,
coral
eidos, form.]
Resembling,
or branching like a coral (biol.).
;

corallum (koral'um) n.

The

coral.]

coral

[Gk. korallion,
skeleton of a compound

(zool.).

ceal the inner (zool.).

convolution (kon'volu'shun) n.
[L.
volvere, to wind.]
cum, together
of
the
as
or
A coiling
twisting,

corbicula (korbik'ula) n. [L. corbis, a

basket] The pollen apparatus of
a bee ; the fringe of hair on the

brain, the intestine (anat).

coprodaeum (kop'rode'um) n. [Gk.
The
odos, a way.]
kopros, dung
division of the cloaca which receives
the rectum (zool.).
coprolite (kop'rollt) n.
[Gk. kopros,
dung lithos, a stone.] Petrified

corbula (kor'bula)

coprophagous (koprof'agus)

dung

phagein,

a.

[Gk.

to

eat.]

Feeding on dung appl. insects.

copula (kSp'ula) n.
[L. copula, a
bond.] A ridge in the development
of the tongue formed by the union
of the ventral ends of the second
;

and third arches (anat.).

copularium (kop'ula'rium)
copula, a bond.]

gregarines

n.

[L.

cyst formed in
associated

round two

gametocytes (zool.).
n.
copulation (kop'ula'shun)
[L.
Sexual union
copula, a bond.]

coition

(biol.).

[Gk. korax, a
crow ; euios, form.] Pert, the bone or
process in the pectoral girdle (zool.).
coracoid bone, the part of the pectoral
girdle between scapula and sternum

coracoid (ko/akoid)

(zool.).

basket.]

a.

n.

The

[L.

corbis,

phyllactocarp

a
of

stem with
Aglaeophenia, etc.,
alternate branches rising upwards
and forming a pod-like structure
a

(zool.).

n.
[Gk. chorde, a cord.]
chord-like structure, as spinal,

cord (k&rd)

Any

faeces.

kopros,

tibia (zool.).

spermatic cord (anat.).

cordate (k&r'dat) a.
[L. cor, the
heart.]
Heart-shaped (bot.).
cordiform (k6r'dlform) a. [L. cor, the
heart forma, shape.] Heart-shaped
;

(biol.).

cordiform tendon,

the central aponeurosis of the diaphragm (anat.).

cordylus (k&r'dilus) n. [Gk. kordyle,

a swelling.]
An intertentacular
exumbral structure with core of
vacuolated cells and flattened ecto-

derm

(zool).

coriaceous (ko'ria'shus)
leather.]
Leathery

a.
;

[L. corium,
appl. leaves

(bot.).

corium

n.
corium,
[L.
division of
the deeper-seated
layer of the skin, consisting of a
vascular connective tissue [(anat.).

(ko'rium)

leather.]

The middle

an elytron

(zool.)

COR
cork (kork)

;/.
[Sp. alcorque, cork.]
tissue derived usually from the
outer layer of the cortex in woody
plants (dot.}.
conn (korm), cormus (kor'mus) n.
An en[Gk. kormos, a trunk.]

solid

larged

subterranean

stem,

in shape, composed of two

more internodes and covered
externally by a few thin membran-

rounded

or

ous scales or cataphyllary leaves

[Gk. kormos, a
A secondary corm protrunk.]
duced by an old corm (hot.).
n.

cormidium

(kormld'ium) n.
[Gk.
kormos, a trunk.] An aggregation
of individuals in a Siphonophore,
borne on the coenosarc and capable
of liberation therefrom (zool.}.
cormoid (kor'moid) a. [Gk. konnos,
a trunk eidos, form.] Like a corm
;

(bot.}.

connophylogeny
kortnos,

[Gk.
;

(kor'mofiloj'e'n!)

trunk

genos,

offspring.]
of families

velopment

phyle,

n.

The
or

deraces

(biol.}.

(kornik'ulum)
small
cornu, horn.]
horn-like process.

n.

[L.

horn

or

cornua (kor'nua)

n. plu.
[L. cornu,
Horn-like prolongations ;
horn.]
appl. bones, nerve tissues, cavities,
etc.

cornucopia (kor'nuko'pia) ;/.

cornu, horn
copia, plenty.]

[L.

The

horizontal portion of the taeniae of

the fourth ventricle (anat.}.

n.

(kor'moflt)
[Gk.
kormos, a trunk phyton, a plant.]
A plant which possesses stem, root,
;

and leaf (dot,).

cormous (kor'mus)

a.

[Gk. korinos,

a trunk.] Conn-producing (bot.}.

cornea (kor'nea) n. [L. corttu, horn.]
The transparent covering on the
surface of the eyeball
the outer transparent
of
element of a compound
each
part

anterior

(anat., zool.}

(zool.}.

corneagen (kor'neajen') a. [L. cornu,

horn Gk. genos, offspring.] Corneaproducing appl. cells lying immediately below the cuticle, which secrete
the cuticularlens and are renewed on
;

ecdysis

(zoo/.).

corneal (kor'neal)

a.

[L. cornu, horn.]

Pert, the cornea.

corneous (kor'neus)

a.

[L.

cornu,

Horny appl. the sheath

covering the bills of birds.
corniculate (kornik'ulat) a. [L. cornu,
horn.]
Having horns (zool.}.
corniculate cartilages, two small,
conical, yellow elastic cartilages
articulating with the summit of the
arytaenoid cartilages (anat., cool.}.
horn.]

a.
[L. cornu, horn.]
horn-like processes (bot.}.
corolla (korol'a) n.
[L. corona, a
crown.] The petals of a flower

With

(bot.}.

corollaceous (kor'ola'shus) a.
[L.
corona, a crown.] Pert, a corolla
(bot.}.

corolliferous (kor'ollf'erus) a.
[L.
corona, a crown
ferre, to bear.]
a
corolla
Having
(bot.}.
;

corona (koro'na) n.
[L. corona, a
crown.] A cup-shaped body formed
union
of
scales on the periby the
anth leaves at the junction of claw
and limb (bot.} the theca and arms
of a Crinoid
the ciliated disc of
certain animals (zool.}
the head
or upper portion of any structure
;

cormophyte

eye

corniculum

cornute (kornut')

(hot.}.

cormel (kor'mel)

tribe

COR-

61

(anat.}.

corona radiata, the layer of cells

immediately surrounding the mammalian egg (emb.} the fibres of the
;

internal

capsule (anat.}.
coronal (koronal) a. [L. corona, a
crown.] Situated or lying in the
coronal sutural plane (anat.}.
coronary (ko/onari) a. [L. corona, a
crown.]
Crown-shaped or crownlike
appl. arteries, bones, sinuses,
ligaments (anat., zool.}.
coronary arteries, arteries supplying the tissue of the heart itself
;

(anat.}.

coronary bone, a small conical bone

in the mandible of reptiles
the
small pastern bone of the horse
;

(zool.}.

a venous channel in
the posterior part of the coronary
sulcus and covered by muscular
fibres from the left atrium (anat.}.
coronated (kor'ona'tgd) a. [L. corona,
a crown.] Supplied with a crown

coronary sinus,

(zool., bot.}.

coronet

(kor'onfit)

/;.

[L.

corona, a

CORThe burr

crown.]

of an

antler

(zool.}.

cortlnate (k&r'tlnat)

a.

cortina,

[L.

a curtain.] Having a velum of a

cobweb-like texture (bot.}.
Corti's organ,
the organon- spirale,
placed on the inner portion of the
membrana basilaris of the ear
;

coronoid (kor'onoid) a. [Gk. korax,

a crow eidos, form.] Shaped like
a beak appl. processes (anat.}.
corpora adlposa, the fat bodies of
amphibians, attached to the dorsal
;

wall of the

body cavity

corpora cavernosa,

erectile

masses

corpora quadrigemina, four rounded

eminences which form the dorsal
part of the mesencephalon (anat.}.
corpus (kor'pus) n., corpora (kor'pora)
Any
plu.
[L. corpus, a body.]
fairly homogeneous structure which
forms part of an organ (anat.}.
a mass of
corpus spcmgiosum,
erectile tissue forming the posterior
wall of the penis (anat., zool.}.

corpuscle (kor'pusl, korpus'l) n.

corpusculus, a small body.]

[L.

floating freely in
some fluid, or embedded in some
matrix ; appl. various sensory structures (anat.} ; any small protoplasmic mass of definite function

protoplasmic

cell,

or shape (bot.}.
correlation (kSr'gla'shun)

(anat.}.

corymb

(zool.}.

of tissue, stiffening the anterior

surface of the penis (anat., zool.}.

(kor'imb) n.
[Gk. korymbos,
A raceme
a cluster of flowers.]
with lower pedicels elongated so
that the top is nearly flat (bot.}.

corymbose

[L.L.
Similarity

or mutual relationship (biol.}.

a.
corrugator (ko/ooga'tor)
[L.
cum, together rugare, to wrinkle.]
or
Wrinkled
wrinkling
appl.
muscles (anat.}.
cortex (kor'teks) n. [L. cortex, bark.]
The extrastelar fundamental tissue
of the sporophyte (bot.}
the outer
or more superficial part of an organ
;

in a corymb (bot.}.
cosmine (kos'min) n.

(kor'tikal)

[L.

cortex,

bark.] Pert, the cortex.

corticate (k&r'tikat) a.
[L. cortex,
bark.]
Having a special outer

covering (anat.,
corticiferous
cortex,

to

ferre,

a.

[L.
carry.]

Forming or having a bark-like

cortex (bot.}.
corticostriate (kor'tikostrfat) a. [L.
bark
stria, a
channel.]
Appl. fibres which join the corpus
cortex,

striatum

to

the

cerebral

cortex

(anat.}.

curtain.]

n.

The velum

[L.
in

a.

[Gk.

citizen.]
in distribution (biol.}.
costa (kos'ta) n. [L. costa, a rib.]
rib ;
anything rib-like in shape
;

World-wide

(anat.} anything rib-like, as a ridge

on shell, coral, insect-wing (zool.}.
costal
a.
[L. costa, a rib.]
(kps'tal)
Pert, ribs or rib-like structures ;
the
shields
of Chelonia
appl.
bony
pert, the primary brachial series in
crinoids (zool.} ; pert, a main rib
;

(bot.}.

costalia (kosta'lia) n. plu.

rib.]

cortina,

Agarics

(bot.}.

[L. costa,

The supporting

plates

in

the theca of the Cladoidea (zool.}.

costate (kos'tat) a. [L. costa, a rib.]

With one
(bot.}

or more longitudinal ribs

with ridges or costae (zool.}.

coterminous (koteYminus) a.
cum+ with terminus, an end.]

[L.

Of

(biol.}.

(kot'ile'don) n.

cotyledon
[Gk. kotyle,
a cup.] The primary or first leaf of
an embryonic sporophyte (bot.} the
definite patches of villi on the
;

mammal

(zool.}.

cotyledonary
kotyle,
(bot.}

(kot'lle'donari) a.
[Gk.
Pert, cotyledons
a cup.]
with cotyledons on the

placenta (zool.}.
cotyloid (kot'floid) a.
[Gk. kotyle, a
cup ; eidos, form.]
Cup-shaped
pert, the cotyloid cavity (anat.}.
cotylophorous (kot'ilof'orus) a. [Gk.
kotyle, a cup
pherein, to bear.]
With a cotyledonary placenta
;

cortina (k&rtfna)

[Gk. kosmios,

cosmopolite (kozmop'ollt)
kosmos, world
polites,

placenta of a

biol.}.

(kor'tislf'e'rus)

bark

[Gk.

flowers.]

arranged

regularly.] The outer regular layer

of dentine-like material in ganoid
scales (zool.}.

similar distribution

(anat.}.
a.

a.

(kor'imbos)

a cluster of
Pert, or like a corymb ;

korymbos,

n.

correlatio, relationship.]

cortical

COT-

62

(zool.}.

COT.
cotype

n.

(ko'tip)

with

cum,

[L.

an image.] An additional
type specimen, frequently collected
in the same place at the same time,
or a specimen from a description of
which, along with others, the type
typus,

is

drawn up

cover-scales,

(zool.).

small scales arranged

developed directly on
cone of the Coniferae

creatine

(biol.).

(dot.}.

covert (kuv'ert) n.
[F. couvrir, to
cover.] Appl. the feathers covering the bases of the quills in birds.
cowled (kowld) a. [L. cucullus, a
hood.] Furnished with or shaped
like a hood.
(kok'sa)

The proximal

n.

coxa, hip.]
[L.
joint of an insect

leg (zool.).
(kok'sal) a.
[L.
Pert, the coxa (zool.).

coxopodlte (koksop'odft)
hip Gk. pous, a foot.]

(dot.).

coxa,
n.

hip.]

[L. coxa,

The

proxi-

(zool.).

cremocarp
fruit.]

(zoo/.).

crampon

(kram'pon) n.
[O.H.G.
An aerial
crooked.]
as
in
the
root,
ivy (pot.).
cranial (kra'nlal) a.
[Gk. kranion,
the head.]
Pert, the skull, or
that
which
encloses
the
part
brain
nerves,
muscles,
appl.
blood-vessels, bones, etc.
craniate (kra'nlat) a. [Gk. kranion,
the head.] Having a skull (zool.).
n.
craniology
(kra'niol'ojT)
[Gk.
kranion, the head ; logos, disThe
of
the
skull
course.]
study

chramph,

(ana/.).

craniometry

(kra'niom'fitri) n.
[Gk.
kranion, the head ;
metron, a
The science of the
measure.]
measurement of skulls.

cranium (kra'nium)

n.
[Gk. kranion,
the head.] The skull ofany craniate,
or more particularly, that part enclosing the brain (anat., zool.).

craspedodromous (kras'pedod'romus)
a.
[Gk. kraspedon, an edge dro;

With nerves running

directly from mid-rib

to

margin

(kras'pedot)
kraspedon, an edge.]

a.

[Gk.
Having a

(zool.).

(kras'pedum)

;/.

[Gk.

to

hang

An

[Gk.
karpos,

inferior, dry, indehiscent,

two-celled, two-seeded fruit (do/.).

crenate (kre'nat, krgn'at) a. [L. crena,

a notch.] With scalloped margins
(bot.).

crenulated (kren'ulated) a.
[Dim.
of L. crena, a notch.] With margins
minutely crenate (bot.).
crepis

(kre'pis)

n.

[L.

crepis,

un-

known.] The term appl. the fundamental spicule by deposition of

silica
upon which a desma is
formed (zool.).
crepitation

.
(krgplta'shun)
[L.
In insects, the
crepare, to crack.]

discharge with an explosive sound

of a fluid (zool.).
crepuscular (krgpus'kular) a.
[L.
crepusculum, dusk.] Flying before
sunrise or in twilight appl. certain
insects and birds (zool.).
;

crescent

(krSs'fint)

to grow.]

crescentic

n.

[L.

crescere,

term appl. various

structures
found
in

glands (anat.).
crescents of Gianuzzi (janopt'se),
small crescent-shaped bodies with
polyhedral

(bot.).

craspedote

n.

(krSm'okarp)

kremannunai,

craspedum

kreas,

n.
cremaster (kremas'tr)
[Gk.
A thin
kremannunai, to hang.]
muscle in the spermatic cord
(anat.) a stout terminal abdominal
spine in subterranean insect pupae;
the anal hooks for pupae suspension

crustacean limb

velum

[Gk.

creatinine (kreat'inen) n. [Gk. kreas,

A nitrogenous substance
flesh.]
found in muscles and urine (phys.).

mal part of the protopodite of a

mein, to run.]

n.

(kre'atm)

A nitrogenous substance
flesh.]
found in the muscles, brain, and
blood of vertebrates (phys.).

coxal

mesenkraspedon, an edge.]
teric
filament of sea-anemones
craticular (kratfk'ular) a. [L. cratia gridiron.]
Crate-like
cula,
appl. a stage in the life-history
of a diatom where new valves are
formed before the old are lost

spirally and
the axis of a

coxa

CRE-

63

between the

granular
cells

cells

lying

and the membrana

propria in certain

alveoli

of the

salivary glands (anat.).

crest (krgst) //. [L. cresla, a crest.]

CREA ridge on a bone a fleshy longitudinal ridge as in newts (zool.).

cretaceous (kreta'shus) a. [L. creta,
chalk.]
Appl. the entire period
;

between the Jurassic and Tertiary,

or the upper division of this period
(Pal.)

cribellum (kribel'um)

n.
[L. cribrum,
a sieve.] A special spinning organ
found only in certain spiders (zool.).
cribriform (krib'riform)a. [L.cribruin,
a sieve ; forma, shape.] Sieve-like

anat., zool.).

(bot.,

cribriform cell, sieve cell (bot.).

cribriform organ, the folded membrane carrying papillae in the
interradial angles of certain starfishes (zool.).
plate,

the
horizontal
portion of the ethmoid perforated
with many foramina for the exit of
the olfactory nerves (anat., zool.).
cricoid (knk'oid) n. [Gk. krikos, a

cribriform

eidos, form.]
ring-like
cartilage in the larynx, articulating

ring

with the thyroid and the arytaenoid

cartilages (anat.).
crissal (kris'al) a.
[L.
move the haunches.]

crissum

CRY-

64

The grinding surface of

the distal part of an
the
the
;
crest, the head
cup and arms of a crinoid (zool.).
two ligaments
crucial ligaments,
which connect the femur and tibia
in the knee-joint (anat.).
crown.]
a tooth

Pert,

to

the

cruciate (kroo'shlat, kroo'siat)

a.

[L.

crux, cross.] With leaves or petals

in
the form of a cross (bot.)
+ -shaped, appl.
Y-shaped or

muscles, ligaments (anat.).

cruor (kroo'or) n. [L. cruor, blood.]
The clots in coagulated blood
(phys.).

cruorin

(kroo'orln) n.
[L. cruor,
Haemoglobin (phys.).
blood.]
crura cerebri, two cylindrical masses
at the base of the brain, they emerge
from the pons and disappear into
the substance of the cerebral hemi-

spheres (anat.).
crural (kroo'ral)

a.

[L.

crus,

leg.]

Pert, the thigh (anat).

crureus (kroo'reus) n. [L. crus, leg.]
The vastus internus muscle of the

thigh
crissare,

antler

(a?iat.).

crus (krus)
[L. crus,

n.,

leg.]

crura (kroo'ra) plu.

The shank any
;

body likened to a leg or to a pair

(zool.).

crissum (krib'um)

[L. crissare, to

of legs (anat.).

the haunches.] The circumcloacal region of a bird, or the

feathers thereon (zool.).
crista (krls'ta) n. [L. crista, a crest.]
crest or ridge ; the projection
from the ectoloph into the median

crusta (krus'ta)

;/.

move

valley in lophodont molars (zool.).

crochet (kroch'gt) n. [F. crochet, a
The projection of
small hook.]
the protoloph in lophodont molars

n.
[L. crusta, a
ventral part of the
substantia nigra of the cerebral
peduncles (anat.) ; the cement layer
in teeth (zool.).

shell.]

The

crustaceous (krusta'shus) a.
[L.
With crustacean
crusta, a shell.]
characteristics (zool.).

crypt (kript) n. [Gk. kryptos, hidden.]

A simple glandular tube or cavity
(anat.).

(zool.).

crop (krop) n. [M.E. croppe, top of a

plant] A sac-like dilatation of the
a similar structure
gullet of a bird
in an insect or worm (zool.).
cross (kros) n. [M.E. crois, a cross.]
An organism produced by the

cryptocarp (krip'tokarp) n.
[Gk.
karoos, fruit.] A
kryptos, hidden
fruit-like structure which is really
the sporophyte phase in the Red
Algae (bot.).

of parents of different
breeds (biol.).
crotaphite (krot'aflt) n.
[Gk. krot-

kryptos, hidden ; gamos, union.]

name given to that group of plants
for the supposed reason that sexual

mating

cryptogam

(krip'togam)

The

reproduction

was

temporal fossa (anat.).

crotchet (kroch'et) n. [F. crochet, a
A curved chaeta,
small hook.]
notched at the end (zool.).
crown (krown) n.
[L. corona, a

phanerogam

(bot.).

aphos,

of

the

temples.]

n.

concealed

[Gk.

cf.

cryptoneurous (krip'tonu'rus) a. [Gk.

kryptos, hidden
neuron, nerve.]
With no definite or distinct nervous
system (zool.).
;

CRY.
cryptostomata (krip'tbstom'ata) n.plu.
[Gk. kryptos, hidden stoma, mouth.]
Non-sexual conceptacles in the
Fucaceae (hot.},
;

cryptozoic

a.

(krip'tozo'fk)

hidden

kryptos,

zoon,

[Gk.
animal.]

Appl. fauna dwelling in darkness,

or under stones, bark, etc. (biol.}.
crystallin (kris'talin) n.
[Gk. krysglobulin which is
tallos, ice.]
the principal chemical constituent
of the lens of the eye (pkys.}.

crystalline

(kris'talln) a.

[Gk. krystalltnos, crystalline.] Transparent ;

appl. various structures (anat.}.

crystalloid
krystallos,

n.
(kris'taloid)
[Gk.
ice ; eidos, form.]
which in solution readily

substance
through an animal

diffuses

brane

CUS-

65

opp. colloid

mem-

appl. crystal
in oily

found

of proteid matter
seeds (bot.}.
ctene (ten, kten) n.

With hood-like sepals or

a cap.]

with prothorax hood-

petals (bot.}

shaped

(zool.}.

cuirass

(kwe'ras, kweras') n.
[F.
cuirasse, a leathern jacket.]
Bony
or
scales
a
like
plates
arranged
cuirass (zool.}.

culm (kulm) n. [L. culmus, a stalk.]

The stem of grasses and sedges
(bot.}.

culmen (kul'mgn)

n.

cellere, to

[L.

The

ridge of a bird's beak

the anterior raised part of

push.]
(zool.}

the monticulus (anat.}.

cultellus (kulteTus) n. [L. cultellus,

little

knife.]

sharp knife-like

organ, one of the mouth-parts of

certain blood-sucking flies (zool.}.
culture (kul'tur) n. [L. colere^ to till.]
The cultivation of micro-organisms
in

prepared media (bad.}.

cumulus

(ku'mulus) n.

[L. cumulus,

[Gk. kteis,
The swimming-plates of
comb.]
Ctenophores (zoo/.).

The corona radiata (erne.).

cuneate (ku'neat) a.
[L. cuneus, a

ctenidium (temd'ium, ktgntd'ium) n.

[Gk. kteis, a comb.] The respira-

leaves with broad abruptly-pointed

apex, and tapering to the base

tory apparatus in the Mollusca,

feather-like or comb like in appear-

ance (zool.}.
ctenocyst
(tgn'dsist,

ctenoid

n.

kteis,

(zool.}.

comb

With a
scales

appl.

(bot.}.

cuneiform (kune'ifonn) a. [L. cuneus,

a wedge forma, shape.] Pert, the
distal tarsal bones (anat.}.

cuneus

(ku'neus) n.
[L. cuneus, a
wedge.] A division of the elytron
of certain insects (zool.} a wedgeshaped area between the calcarine
fissure and the medial part of the
parieto-occipital fissure (anat.}.
n.
[A.S. cuppe, a cup.]
Any structure resembling a cup

cup (kup)

(zool.}.

ctenophoral (tgnof'dral, ktenof'dral)

a.
pherein,
[Gk. kteis, a comb
to bear.]
Supplied with swimming;

(biol.}.

cupula
little

plates (zool.}.

cubital (kutrftil) a. [L. cubitalis, of

~>rf. the ulna (ana/.,
Pert,
the elbow. ]

cubitus (ku'bitus)

n.
[L. cubitus, the
elbow.] The ulna, forearm (anat.}
the primary vein in an insect's wing
;

(zoo/.).

cuboid (ku'boid) a. [Gk. kuboeides,

Nearly cubic in shape
cube-like.]
#., the outermost of the
(anat.}
distal tarsal bones (zool.}.
cuboidal (kuboid'al) a. [Gk. kuboeides
cube-like.] Pert, the cuboid (anat.,
;

zool.}.

(ku'pula)
tub.]

cochlea

n.

cupula, a
of the

[L.

The bony apex

the apex

of

the

lungs

(anat.}.

cupule

soot.).

cucullate (ku'kulat)

kte'noid) a.

[Gk.
eidos, resemblance.]
comb-like margin, appl.

(tSn'oid,

Wedge-shaped

wedge.]

ktgn'ostst)

[Gk. kteis, a comb ; kystis, a bladder.]

The aboral sense organ of the

Ctenophora

a heap.]

(kup'ul) n.

[L. cuppa, a cup.]

The

involucre of the female flower

the oak, etc. ; the gemmae bearing cup of Marchantia (bot.}
a small sucker of various animals
of

(zool.}.

curviserial (kur' vise' rial) a. [L. cutvus,

a curve ; series, a row.]
Appl.
phyllotaxis in which the divergence
is such that the orthostichies themselves are slightly twisted spirally
(bot.}.

a.

[L. cucullus,

cushion (koosh'un)

n.

[M.E.

cuisc/ten,

cusThe central thick

cushion.]
region in the prothallus of a fern

The primary zooid

shape.]
certain Tunicates (zool.}.
(sl'athus) n.

cyathus

(bot.}.

cusp (kusp) n. [L. cuspis, a point.]

A prominence, as on teeth (anat.)
a sharp point (bot.}.
cuspidate (kus'pidat) a. [L. cuspidare,
to make pointed.]
Terminating in
a point appl. leaves (hot.) pointed ;
;

appl. teeth (zool.\

cutaneous (kuta'neus) a.
[L. cutis,
the skin.] Pert, the skin.
cuticle (ku'tlkl) n.
[L. cutis, skin.]
An outer skin or pellicle (zool.,
anat.} ; the epidermis (bot.}.
cuticular (kutik'ular) a.
[L. cutis,
Pert, the cuticle or external
skin.]

integument.
cuticular transpiration, transpiration through the cuticle, of gases,
etc. (phys.}.

cutin (ku tin) n. [L. cutis, skin.]

substance allied to cellulose found
in
the external layers of the
thickened epidermal cells (bot.}.
cutinization (ku'tlnlza'shun) n.
[L.
The deposition of
cutis, skin.]
cutin in the external cells, thereby
forming a cuticle (bot.}.
cutis (ku'tls) n. [L. cutis, skin.] The
corium, or deeper layer of the skin
(anat.}.

Cuvierian organs

(kuve'rlan),

glandular tubes extending from the

cloaca of Holothurians (zool.}.
cyanic (slan'fk) a. [Gk. kyanos, dark
blue.]
Appl. flowers of a blue
colour

(bot.}.

cyanophilous

(slanof'ilus)

a.

[Gk.

kyanos, blue
philein, to love.]
With special affinity for blue or
green dyes ; appl. a structure in a
;

cell (zool.}.

cyanophyll

(slan'ofil) n.
[Gk. kyanos,
bluishphyllon, a leaf.]
green colouring matter in plants
(**).
cyathlum (slath'ium) n. [Gk. kyathos,
a cup.] The peculiar inflorescence

blue

CYN-

66

cup.]

the
cycle

in

[Gk. kyathos, a

small cup-shaped organ

gemma-cup of Marchantia (hot.}.

[Gk. kyklos, a circle.]

The circulation of a fluid through a
definite series of vessels (anat.}.
cyclic (si'klik) a. [Gk. kyklos, a circle.]
Having the parts of the flower
arranged in whorls (bot.}.
(sl'kl) n.

(si'klikal) a.

cyclical

[Gk. kyklos, a

Cyclic.

circle.]

cyclocoelic (si'klose'lik)a.

a circle

[Gk. kyklos,

koilia, intestines.]

the intestine coiled in one or

With
more

distinct spirals (zool.}.

cyclogenous (slklqj'enus) a.
[Gk.
kyklos, a circle
genos, offspring.]
Exogenous appl. a stem growing
;

in concentric circles (bot.}.

cycloid (sl'kloid) a. [Gk. kyklos, a

circle ; eidos, shape.]
Appl. scales
whose free border presents an even
curve (zool.}.
cyclosis (slklo'sls) n. [Gk. kyklosis, a
The movement
whirling round.]
or circulation of protoplasm within
a cell (biol.}.

cyclospermous(sl'kl6sper'mus)a. .[Gk.
kyklos, a circle ; sperma, a seed.]
With embryo coiled in a circle or
spiral (bot.}.
a.
cyclospondylic
(sl'klospondifik)
[Gk. kyklos, a circle ; sphondylos, a
vertebra.] Appl. centra in which
the internal calcareous matter is
confined to the middle zone (zool.}.
cylinder (sll'inder) n. [Gk. kylindros,
a cylinder.] Any region marked

by

definite tissue (bot.}.

a.
cylindrical
(silin'drikal)
[Gk.
kylindros, a cylinder.] Appl. leaves
rolled on themselves, or to solid
cylinder-like leaves (bot.}.

cymbiform
a

boat

(sim'blform) a. [L. cymba,

Boatforma, shape.]

shaped.

cyme

in

(sim) n.
[L. cyma, a young
sprout of cabbage.]
Any deter-

volucre

minate inflorescence

Euphorbia, a cup-shaped inwith marginal glandular

scales, and inside, stamens and a
stalked gynoecium, each stamen
and the gynoecium being a separate
flower

(bot.}.

cyathozooid (sl'athozo'oid) n.
soon, animal
kyathos, cup
;

[Gk.
;

eidos,

(bot.}.

cynarrhodium (slnaro'dlum), cynarrhodon (slnaro'don)

[Gk. kyon,
a dog rhodon, a rose.] An etaerio
.

with the achenes placed on a concave thalamus (bot.}.

cynopodous

(smop'odus)

a.

[Gk.

CYPkyon, a dog pous, a foot.] With

non-retractile claws (zoo/.).
cyphella (slfeTa) n. [Gk. kyphella,
hollow of the ear.] A small cup
found on the thallus of certain
Lichens (dot.).
cypsela (sip'sela) n. [Gk. kypsele, a
hollow vessel.]
An inferior bi;

carpellary achene (dot,).

cyst (sist) n. [Gk. kystis, a bladder.]
The enclosing membrane (as distinct
from the protoplasm) around a
resting cell or apocyte (zoo/.) ; a
bladder or air vesicle in certain

Seaweeds
cystein

[Gk. kystis,

A proteid decomposition

product (phys.).

cystenchyma
a

fusion.]

(sisteng'kima) n.

bladder

[Gk.

engchyma, inin sponges

parenchyma

with large vesicular cell-structure

(zoo/.).

cystencytes (sis'te"nslts) n. flu. [Gk.

kystis, a bladder ; kytos, hollow.]
In sponges, collencytes which have
a
vesicular
structure
acquired
(zoo/.).

cystic
[Gk. kystis, a bladder.]
Pert, a cyst (dial.) ; pert, the gall or
urinary bladder (anat.).
cysticercoid (sis'tiseYkoid) a.
[Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; kerkos, a tail ;
eidos, form.]
Appl. the bladderworm stage of tape-worms (zoo/.).
(sls'tlk) a.

cysticercus (sis'tiser'kus) n.
[Gk.
kystis, a bladder ; kerkos, a tail.]

The

form or bladderworm
stage of certain tape-worms (zoo/.).
larval

cysticolous (sistik'blus) a. [Gk. kystis,

a bladder
L. colere, to inhabit.]
Living in a cyst (zoo/.).
cystid (sis'tld) n.
[Gk. kystis, a
fossil form of any of
bladder.]
the Cystoidea (pal.).
;

cystidium

(sistid'ium) n.
[Gk. kystis,
a bladder.] A large inflated cell in
the hymenial layer of some Fungi

Gk.
cystogenous (sistoj'Snus) a.
kystis, a bladder genos, offspring.]
;

Cell-forming appl. large nucleated

cells in the cercaria of Distomum
which secrete the cyst (zoo/.).'
cystolith (sis'tolith) n. [Gk. kystis, a
bladder ; lithos, a stone.] An irregular mass of calcium carbonate
found in epidermal cells, as in the
;

nettle

(dot.).

n.
[Gk. kystis, a
dactylozooid in the
modified
for excreSiphonophora
tory purposes (zoo/.).
cytase (sl'tas) n. [Gk. kytos, hollow.]
An enzyme responsible for digesting
hemi-celluloses (dot.).
cytaster (sltas'tgr) n.
[Gk. kytos,
hollow ; aster, a star.]
starachromatinic
shaped
figure consisting of the attraction-sphere and

cyston

(sis'ton)

aster rays (cyt.).

cytoblast (sftoblast) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow dlastos, a bud.J The cell
nucleus ; one of the hypothetical
vital units of which a cell is formed
;

(cyt.),

cytoblastema (sl'tbblaste'ma) n,
hollow

kytos,

The formative
were

cells

[Gk.
blastema, growth.]
material from which

supposed

to

arise

(sl'toklle'ma)

n.

[Gk.

(cyt.).

cytochylema

hollow chylos, juice.] Cytolymph, which see.

cytococcus (sl'tokok'us) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow
The
kokkos, a grain.]
nucleus of a fertilized egg (zoo/.).
cytocyst (si'tosist) n.
[Gk. kytos,
The
hollow; kystis, a bladder.]
envelope formed by the remains
of the host cell within which
kytos,

the

protozoan

parasite

multiplies

(zoo/.).

cytode

(sl'tod)

form.]

[Gk. kytos, hollow

A non - nucleated

protoplasmic mass

(cyt.).

cytodiaeresis (sl'todie'rgsTs) n. [Gk.

kytos, hollow ; diairesis, division.]
Mitosis.

cytogamy

(zoo/.).

cystocarp (sis'tbkarp)
a bladder karpos,
carp, which see.

eidos,

(dot.).

cystoarian (sis'toa'rlan) a. [Gk. kystts,

a bladder.]
Appl. gonads when
they are enclosed in coelomic sacs,
as in most Teleosts opp. gymnoarian

cystocyte*(srs't6sit) n.
[Gk. kystis, a
bladder ; kytos, hollow.] Cystencyte, which see.

bladder.]

(dot.).

(sis'tein)

bladder.]

kystis,

CYT-

67

n.

[Gk. kystis,
fruit.]
Crypto-

(sltbg'aml) n.
[Gk. kytos,
;
gatnos, union.] Conjugation (zoo/.).

hollow

cytogenesis

(sftojen'SsIs)

n.

[Gk.

CYTkytos,

descent.]
or formation of

genesis,

The development
cells (biol.).

the

fibres in

spironeme and axoneme

the stalk of an Infusorian

(zool.).

[Gk. kytos,
(sltoj'gnus) a.
hollow genos, offspring.] Producing cells
appl. lymphatic tissue

(sl'tdfar'ingks) n.

[Gk.

hollow pharyngx, the gullet.]

tube-like structure leading from
the mouth into the endoplasm in
certain protozoan cells (zool.).

kytos,

(phys.).

cytoglobin (si'toglo'bm) n. [Gk. kytos,

A
hollow
L. globus, a globe.]
proteid which retards coagulation
of the blood (phys.).

cytophil
hollow

(si'tofil)

philein,

a.

[Gk.

kytos,

to

love.]

Pert.

haptophorous groups

cytohyaloplasma

having an

affinity for cells (phys.).

cytoplasm (si'toplazm) n.

(sl'tohi'aloplaz'ma)
[Gk. kytos, hollow ; hyalos, glass ;

plasma, something moulded.] The

the
of
substance
cytomitome
(cyt.).

[Gk. kytos,

hollo w;^/<z.r;#<z,something moulded.]

The substance of the cell-body exclusive of the nucleus
cf. nucleo;

cytology
hollow

n.

(sltol'oji)

kytos,

The

discourse.]

logos,

[Gk.

branch of biology dealing with the

structure, functions,
of cells.

cytolymph

and

life-history

[Gk. kytos,

L.

plasm

(cyt.}.

cytoproct (sl'toprokt) n. [Gk. kytos,

hollow
A cellproktos, anus.]
anus (zool.}.
;

cytopyge

(sl'tolimf) n.

lympha, water.] The

ground -substance of cytoplasm
hollow

(cyt.).

hollow

n.
[Gk.
pyge, the rump.]

(si'toplj)
;

kytos,

Cyto-

which see.
n.
cytoreticulam (sl'toretik'ulCim)
[Gk. kytos, hollow L. reticulum, a
proct,

cytolysin (sl'toll'sin) n. [Gk. kytos,

A subhollow
lysis, a loosing.]
stance inducing cytolysis (phys.).
cytolysis (sltol'isis) n.
[Gk. kytos,
hollow ; lysis, a loosing.] Cell-dis;

solution

cell-degeneration (phys.).
n. plu.
[Gk.
The
kytos, hollow ; meros, a part.]
cells in Carystropha formed by the
division of the schizont, and themselves giving rise to the merozoites
;

cytomeres (sftomerz)

(zoo!.}.

cytomicrosome

(si'toml'krosom)

n.

[Gk. kytos, hollow mikros, small ;

microsome of the
soma, body.]
;

cytoplasm

opp. nucleomicrosome

(cyt.).

kytos,

n,
(si'tomitom)
[Gk.
;
mitos, a thread.]

hollow

The cytoplasmic threadwork

cytomorphosis
morfo'sis)

n.

(sl'tb'mor'fosTs,

(cyt.).
sl'to-

[Gk. kytos, hollow

The lifemorphosis, a shaping.]

history of cells ; the series of
structural modifications of cells or
of cells
successive
generations

work

thread-

(cyt.).

cytosine

(sl'tosin)

n.

cleavage
hollow.]
protein (phys).

cytosome (sltosom)

[Gk. kytos,
product of

n.

[Gk. kytos,
The body of
the cell as opposed to that of the
nucleus (cyt.).

hollow

cytostome

soma, body.]

(sl'tostom)

[Gk. kytos,

hollow stoma, a mouth.] A cellmouth.

cytotaxls (sl'totak'sis) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow
taxis, arrangement.]
Cy;

totropism, which see.

cytothesis (sitoth'esis) n. [Gk. kytos,
hollow thesis, something set down.]
The regenerative tendency of a cell
or neuron (phys.).

cytotoxin (sl'totok'sin) n. [Gk. kytos,

hollow
toxikon, poison.] A cellpoisoning substance formed in the
blood serum (phys.).
cytotrophoblast (si'totro'foblast) n.
[Gk. kytos, hollow trophe, nourishment blastos, a bud.] The inner
;

layer of the trophoblast, or layer of

(cyt.).

(si'ton) n.

The body
cytophan

The cytoplasmic

little net.]

cytomitome

cyton

in

cytopharynx

cytogenous

n.

CYT-

68
hollow

[Gk. kytos, hollow.]

of a nerve cell (phys.).

(sl'tofan)

n.

[Gk.

kytos,

hollow ;phaneros, visible.] The ovoid

matrix surrounding the karyophans

Langhans

(anat.).

cytotroplsm (sltot'roptzm) n.
[Gk.
trope, a turning.]
kytos, hollow
The mutual attraction of two or
;

more

cells (cyt.).

CYTcytozoic (sftozolk) a.
[Gk. kytos,
hollow ; zoon, an animal.] Appl.
the trophozoite of a sporozoon when
situated within a cell (zool.}.

cytula

The

DEC-

69

(sit'ula) n.

[Gk. kytos, hollow.]

or parent cell

ovum

fertilized

muscle fibres around the base of

the scrotum (anat.}.

Darwinian tubercle,

theslightprominence on the helix near the point

it bends downwards
(anat.}.
Darwinism (Dar'wlnlzm) n. [Darwin.] The theory of the origin of

where

species by natural selection working

slight variations that occur,

on the

survive

dasypaedes

whose young are downy

n.

(dak'til)

finger.]

dactylar

[Gk.

daktylos,

digit or finger (anat.}.

(dak'tilar) a.

finger.]

[Gk. daktylos,
Pert, finger or digit (anat.}.

dactylopodite (dak'tllop'odlt) n. [Gk.

pous, foot.] The
daktylos, finger
distal joint in certain limbs in the
Crustaceans, especially the thoracic
limbs (zool.}.
dactylopore (dak'tllopor') n.
[Gk.
;

daktylos, finger

opening

the

in

poros, exit.]
skeleton of

The
the

Milleporina through which a dactylozooid protruded when alive (zool.').

a.
dactylopterous
(dak'tllop'te'rus)
[Gk. daktylos, finger pteron, wing.]
With the anterior rays of the
;

pectoral

more

fins

or

less

free

n.

[Gk.

(zool.}.

dactylozooid (dak'tilozo'oid)
finger

daktylos,

zoon,

animal

A hydroid
resemblance.]
modified for the special function of
catching prey, it may be long, with
tentacles or with short knobs, with
or without a mouth (zool.).
dactylus (dak'tilus) n. [Gk. daktylos,
Part of the tarsus of an
finger.]
eidos,

insect (zool.}.
dart (dart) n.

[O.F. dart, dagger.]

Anything resembling a
crystalline

structure

in

dart, appl.

Molluscs

hairy

a small sac containing a

dart of limey material attached to
the vagina near its orifice in Gastro-

pods (zool.}.
dartoid (dar'toid)
flayed.]

[Gk. dartos,
Pert, the dartos (anat.}.

(dar'tSs)

flayed.]

a.

A thin

n.
[Gk. dartos,
layer of non-striped

pats,

(zool.}.

daughter

(d6'ter)

n.

dohtor,

[A.S.

Offspring of the first

daughter.]
generation with no reference to sex,
as daughter-cell, daughter-nucleus,
etc. (biol.}.

deamlnation (deam'inashun) n. [L.

down
Gk. amtnoniacum, a
de,
resinous gum.] The conversion of
;

ammonium

salts

into urea, partly

accomplished in the liver (phys.}.

death (deth) n. [M.E. deth, death.]
The complete and permanent cessation of all vital functions in any
organism (biol.}.
death-point, the temperature above
or below which micro-organisms
cannot exist

(biol.}.

decalcify (dekal'sifl) v.

[L. de,

away

To treat with acids for

the removal of the calcareous part
calx, lime.]
(anat.}.

decamerous

(dgkam'griis) a.
[Gk.
deka, ten ; meros, part.] With the
various parts arranged in tens (bot.}.

decapod
ten
with
;

a.

[Gk. deka,
Crustacea,
on the
in Cephalopods, with ten

(dek'apod)
pous, foot.]
five

thorax

pairs

In

of

legs

arms (zool.}.
decapodlform (dek'apod'iform) a. [Gk.
L. forma,
deka, ten
pous, foot
shape.]
Resembling a decapod,
;

usually said of insect larvae

decemfid

(zool.}.

dart sac,

dartos

phi. [jGk.
Birds
child.]
at hatching

dasys,

[Gk. dakryon,
point of junction of the
anterior border of the lacrimal with
the frontal (anat.}.

to

(da'sipe'dez) n.

The

tear.]

fittest

(biol.}.

(dak'rlon) n.

dacryon

dactyl

those

thereby selecting

(dgsfim'fid)

a.

ten ; findere, to cleave.]

ten segments (bot.}.

decemfoliate

(des'gmfo'liat)

decent,

ten

leaved

(bot.}.

folium,

(zool.}.

[L. decent,
Cut into
a.

decemjugat (deVmjoo'gat)

a.

decem, ten jugare, to join.]

ten pairs of leaflets (bot.}.
;

[L.

Ten-

leaf.]

[L.

With

DEC.
decempartite

a.

(dgs'e'mpar'tit)

[L.

decem, ten partiri, to divide.] Tenlobed ; divided into ten lobes (dot.).
;

decidua

(desid'ua) n.
[L. de, away ;
The mucous memcaderc, to fall.]
brane lining the uterus, that is cast
off after parturition (anat.).

decidual (desid'ual)
cadere,

to

a.

fall.]

[L. de, away ;

Pert,
decidua

(anat.).

deciduate (desld'uat)

a.

[L. de,

away

to fall.]
Characterized by
having a decidua
partly formed
the
decidua
by
(zoo/.).
deciduous (desid'uus) a. [L. de, away
cadere, to fall.]
Falling at the end
of the period of growth (dot.} falling

cadere,

at maturity (zoo/.).
declinate (dek'ltnat)

a.

clinare, to bend.]
in a curve, as the

away
Bending aside
[L. de,

anther filament
in the horse-chestnut (dot.).
decollated (dekol'ated) a.
[L. de,

away

DEI,

70

With

collum, neck.]

apex of the spire wanting

the

(zoo/.).
a.
[L. de,

decomposed (de'kompozd')
away cum, with ponere, to place.]
Not in contact not adhering, said
of the barbs of a feather when they
;

are separate

(zoo!.).

decompound (de'kompound') a.
de, away
cum, with
ponere,
;

place.]

When

the

[L.
to

monopodial

is very complete, and

the ultimate wings are little developed, the leaf is called decom-

branching

pound (dot.}.
decumbent (dekum'bent)

a.

[L. de-

lie down.]
Appl. stems
trail on the ground, but rise
apex (A?/.)..
decurrent (dekuYSnt) a.
[L. de,

cumbere, to

dedupllcation
[L.

(dedu'plika'shun)
intensive
duplicare,

de,

to

The augmentation of
double.]
parts of a flower by splitting during
development

(dot.}.

defaecation

(de'feka'shun) n.
[L.
defaecatio, voiding of excrement.]
The expulsion of faeces (phys.}.

defensive (defen'siv)

a. [L. defendere,
to defend.]
Protective ; appl. proteid substances which destroy the
toxic substances of bacteria (phys.)
appl. numerous organs or parts of
;

in various

animals

(zoo/.).
organs
deferred (defgrd') a. [L. deferre, to
bring down.] Appl. shoots that are
given out from dormant buds when
stem or branch has been destroyed
(dot.).

definite

(def'Tnlt)

[L. definire, to

a.

constant
Fixed,
appl.
inflorescences with primary axis
terminating early in a flower appl.
stamens limited to twenty in number
limit.]

(dot.}.

definitive (defin'itiv)
to limit.]

a.

Complete,

[L. definire,

fully

developed

(diol.}.

defoliate (defo'liat) a. [L. defoliare,

Bared at the
to strip of leaves.]

annual fall (dot.}.

degeneration (dejgnera'shun) n. [L.
degener, base.] Return to a simpler
condition

retrogressive evolution

(diol.}.

deglutition

.
(deglootish'un)
deglutire, to swallow down.]

[L.

The

process of swallowing (phys.}.

dehiscence

[L.
(dehls'gns) n.
to
gape.]

de,

The

which

away

at the

opening of an organ or structure

along certain lines or in a definite

;
currere, to run.]
Having the
leaf base prolonged down the stem
as a winged expansion or rib (hot.}.

away

decussate (dgk'usat, dekus'at)

decussare,

to

cross

like

a.

[L.

an

X.]

Having paired

leaves, succeeding
pairs crossing at right angles (dot.}.
decussation (de'kusa'shun) n.
[L.
decussare, to cross like an X.] The

condition when opposite leaves are

arranged so that each pair crosses the
previous at right angles (dot.} ; the
crossing of nerves or bands of
nerve-fibres when there is an interchange of fibres (anat.).

hiscere,

direction (dot.}.
Deiter's cells (di'tgrz), supporting
cells between the rows of outer
hair-cells in the organ of Corti
(anat.).

delamination (delam'inashun)
de,

down

dividing

n.

;
lamina, a layer.]
off of cells to form

[L.

The
new

layers (emd.).

deliquescent (del'ikwes'ent)
deliquescere,

to

become

a.

[L.
fluid.]

buds the more

vigorously developed so that the
main stem seems to divide into a
number of irregular branches (dot.).

Having the

lateral

DELdelomorphous
delos, visible

(de'lomor'fus) a.
morphe, shape.]

[Gk.

With

definite form, appl. oxyntic cells of

the gastric glands (anat.).

delthyrium

(dglthl'rium) n.
[Gk.
;
thyrion, little door.]

delos, visible

The opening between

and beak
deltidium

the

hinge
peduncle exit in

for the

many Brachiopods
thyrium

(zoo/.).

deltoid (deftoid) a. [Gk. A, delta;

More or less
eidos, resemblance.]
triangular in shape, appl. nerves,
muscles, etc. (anat.} appl. the oral
(
the calyx of the Blastoids
Mates on
plates
;

(zoo/.).

demersal (demeYsal)

a.

gere, to demerse.]

Sunk

eggs which

to

sink

[L. demer;
appl. fish

the

bottom

(zoo/.).

deiniplate (dem'iplat) n. [L. dimidius,

half platus, flat.] Plate cut off by
the fusion of adjoining plates behind
it from the central suture line of the
ambulacral area in Echinoderms
;

(zoo/.).

demisheath

n.
(dgm'Isheth)
[L.
dimidius, half; A.S. sceath, sheath.]
One of the protecting covers of the

ovipositor

(zoo/.).
a.

[Gk. demos, the

Abundant

people.]
(pal.).
(den'driform) a.
[Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
;

dendriform

dendron, tree
Tree-like

(dial.).

n.

A branched

[Gk. dendron,
tree-like proto-

plasmic process of a

nerve

cell

teeth

on the

(dot.).

dentate crenate, with marginal teeth

somewhat rounded (dot.).
tooth.]

scales

[L. dens,
of certain
within the
orifice in Polyzoa
the
certain Elasmobranchs

The paragnaths

Polychaets
secondary
of

the teeth

(zoo/.).

dentinal (den'tinal) a. [L. dens, tooth.]

Pert, dentine (anat.).
dentine (dgn'tin) n. [L. dens, tooth.]
A hard, highly elastic substance
composing the greater part of every
tooth, a collagen (anat.).
dentition (dgntish'un) n.
[L. dens,

The number, arrangement,

todth.]
and kind of teeth in the jaws of an
animal (anat.).
depigmentation (depTg'me'nta'shun)

n.

away pingere, to paint.]

destruction of colour in a cell,
either by natural or experimental
[L. de,

The

physiological processes (phys.).

a.
[L. deplanLevelled, flattened
level.]

deplanate (dep'lanat)
are, to

depressant (depres'ant) n.
[L. depriinere, to lower.] Anything that
lowers

vital activity (phys.).

a.
[L. deprimere,

depressed (deprgst')
direction

Flattened in a vertical

(diol.).

depressomotor

(deprSs'omo'tor)

[L. deprimere, to lower

n.

movere, to
lowers

Any nerve which

(anat.).

Dendrogaea

n.
[Gk.
(dSn'droje'a)
dendron, tree ; gaia, earth.] A zoogeographical region, including all
the
Neotropical
except
region
temperate South America (bio/.).
dendron (deVdron) n. See dendrite.

dens(denz)w. [L. dens, tooth.] Tooth,

or tooth-like process (anat.).
dental (den'tal) a. [L. dens, tooth.]
Pert, teeth
appl. nerves, bloodvessels, canals, furrows, papillae,
;

tissue, etc. (anat.).

(den'tari) a.

Pert, dentaries,
lower jaw of
(zoo/.).

[L. dens, tooth.]

dentate ciliate, with teeth and hairs

on the margins
leaves
appl.

to lower.]

dendrite (dSn'drit)

dentary

(dgn'tat) a.

With sharp saw-like

margin (zoo/., dot.).

(dot.).

demoid (de'moid)

common

dentate

denticles (den'tiklz) n. plu.

(zoo/.).

(deltld'ium) n.
[Gk. A,
plate covering the del-

delta.]

tree.]

DEU-

71

[L. dens, tooth.]

membrane bones in
many vertebrates

move.]
muscular activity (anat.).
depressor (depreVor) n.
[L. deprimere, to lower.] Any muscle which
lowers or depresses any structure;
appl. a nerve which lowers the
activity of an organ (anat.).
derm (dSrm)
[Gk. derma, skin.]
The layers of the integument below
the epidermis (anat.).
derma (deYma) n. See derm.
dermal (der'mal) a.
[Gk. derma,
Pert, derma, or skin (anat.).
skin.]
.

dermalia (deYma'lia)

n.

plu.

[Gk.

derma, skin.] Microscleres in the

dermal membrane in
Sponges
(zoo/.).

DERdermarticulare

(deVmartTk'ula're,

L.
[Gk. derma, skin
articulare, to divide into joints.]
The goniale (zoo/.).
derrnatogen (der'matqje'n) n.
[Gk.
derma, skin ; gignesthai, to produce.]
The young or embryonic epidermis
in plants (bo/.).
dermatoplasm (deVmatoplazm') n.
[Gk. derma, skin ; plasma, somen.

-ara)

The cell-wall
moulded.]
protoplasm (bol.).
dermatoplast (deVmatoplast') n. [Gk.
derma, skin plastos, moulded.] A
protoplast with a supposed cell-wall
thing

(biol.).

dermatopsy (deYmatop'si)
derma, skin ^^w, sight.]

n.

[Gk.

Condi-

of seeing with the skin, i.e.

with a skin sensitive to light (zoo/.).

tion

dermatosome (deVmatosom')

[Gk.
derma, skin soma, body.] One of
vital units forming a cell-membrane
.

dermic

[Gk. derma,
(der'mik) a.
Pert, skin, or derived from
skin.]
the skin (zoo/.).

dennis (deYmis) n.
[Gk. derma,
See derm.
skin.]
dermoblast (der'moblast') n.
[Gk.

The
derma, skin
blastos, bud.]
layer of mesoblast which gives rise
;

to the derma (anat.).

dermoossification
(deVmoos'ifika'L.
shun) n.
[Gk. derma, skin
A
os, bone ; fieri, to become.]
bone formed in the skin (zoo/.).
dermosclerites (deVmoskleYfts) n.plu.
[Gk. derma, skin ; skleros, hard.]
Masses of spicules found in the
tissues of the Alcyonidae (zoo/.).
;

dermoskeleton

(deYmoskeTe'ton)

[Gk. derma, skin

See exoskeleton.
dertron, beak
horny casing

theke,

of

n.

skeletos, dried.]

dertrotheca (deYtrothe'ka)

birds

the

n.

[Gk.

cup.]

The

maxilla

of

dertrum (deVtrum)

n.

[Gk. dertron,
Any modification of the
of the maxilla in birds

casing
(zoo/.).

descendence (desSn'dSns)

down
from

n.

[L. de,

scandere, to climb.] Descent

some ancestor, usually a

common

ancestor

down

scandere, to climb.] Directed

caudal region
appl.
blood-vessels, nerves, etc. (ana/.).
desegmentation (deseg'me'nta'shun)
n.
segmentum, piece
[L. de, from
cut off.] Fusion of segments origin-

(biol.).

descending (desen'ding)

a.

[L.

de,

towards the

ally separate (zoo/.).

deserticolous (de"zertlk'6lus)

desertus, solitary

a.

[L.

colere, to inhabit.]

Desert-inhabiting (zoo/.).
desma (des'ma) n. [Gk. desma, bond.]
The megasclere which forms the
characteristic skeletal network of
the Lithistida, an irregular branched
spicule

(zoo/.).

desmactinic (des'maktm'ik) a. [Gk.

With
desma, bond
aktis, ray.]
the podia continued upwards to
;

the apical plate, appl. Stelleroidea

cf. lysactinlc (zoo/.).

desmogen
bond

(des'mqjen)
gignesthai,

n.

[Gk. desma,

to

produce.]

Merismatic tissue (bot.).

desmognathous (desmog'nathus) a.
desma, bond
gnathos, jaw.]
eik.
aving the maxillo-palatines fused
with one another in the middle line
;

to certain other peculiarities

in the skull ; appl. birds (zoo/.).

owing

desquamation
[L. de, away

(des'kwama'shun) n.
squama, scale.] The
shedding of the cuticle or epidermis
;

in flakes (zoo/.).

determinant (deter'mmant)
determinare, to

n.

[L.

hypobeing an aggregation
of biophores determining the development of a cell or an independently variable group of cells
limit.]

thetical unit,

(biol.).

determinate

(deter'minat) a.
[L.
determinare, to limit.] With certain
limits
inflorescence
with
the
appl.
primary axis terminated early with
a flower-bud (bot.)
appl. cleavage
;

(emb.).

detorsion

away

(zoo/.).

beak.]

DEU-

72

in

an

(detor'shun) n.
torquere, to twist.]
opposite direction

[L.

de,

Torsion
to

that

of the original, resulting in a more

or less posterior position of the
anus and circumanal complex (zoo/.).

deuterocerebrum

(du'terb'se'r'e'brum)

[Gk. deuteros, second ; kerebron,

That portion of the Crustacean brain from which the antennular nerves arise (zoo/.).
n.

brain.]

DEUdeuterocone

(du'tgrokon') n.
;
konos,

second

deuteros,

[Gk.
cusp.]

A mammalian premolar cusp

corresponding to the molar protocone (anat).
deuteroproteose (du'tgropro'tSos) n.
[Gk. deuteros, second protein, to
be first.]
A secondary product
from the gastric and pancreatic
digestion of proteids (phys).
deuterostoma (du'tgrosto'ma) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second
stoma, mouth.]
;

mouth formed secondarily, as

from the gastrula mouth

distinct
(zool).

deuterotoky

n.

(du'teVot'ok!)

[Gk.

second
tokos,
birth.]
Reproduction of both sexes from
parthenogenetic eggs cf. arrhenotoky and thelyotoky (zool).
deuterozooid (du'tSrozo'oid) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second
zoon, animal
deuteros,

resemblance.]

eidos,

zooid

produced by budding from a

primary zooid (zool).
deuthyalosome (duthi'alosom) n. [Gk.
deuteros, second
hyalos, glass

soma, body.] The nucleus remaining in the ovum after the formation
of the

first

deutoblast

polar

body

(cyt.).

n.

(du'toblast)

second
amoeba-like

deuteros,

The

blastos,

[Gk.
bud.]

bodies formed
from the protoblasts in the zygote
of Microclossia, and liberated to
multiply in the blood (zool.}.

deutocerebron

n.
(du'toseVSbron)
[Gk. deuteros, second
kerebron,
That portion of the brain
brain.]
of certain insects which corresponds with the deuterocerebrum
of Crustaceans (zool.}
also deuto;

cerebrum.
deutomalae (du'toma'le,

-mal'a) n. plu.
second
[Gk.
deuteros,
malon,
The broad plate in the
cheek.]
Chaetognatha covering the under
part of the head and partially
enclosing the mouth, formed by
the fusion of the second pair of
;

mouth appendages
deutomerite

(zool.).
n.

(dutom'e'rit)

second
deuteros,
meros,
The posterior division of a
arine body (zool.).
;

deutoplasm
deuteros,

BIA-

73

n.

[Gk.

plasma,

some-

(dii'toplazm)

second

[Gk.
part.]

Greg-

The yolk or
thing moulded.]
food material in the cytoplasm of
an ovum opp. protoplasm (cyt.).
deutoscolex (du'tosko'lgks) n.
[Gk.
deuteros, second
skolex, head.]
A secondary scolex produced by
budding, in the bladder-worm stage
of certain tape-worms (zool.).
;

deutovum(duto'vum) n. \Gk.deuteros,
A stage
second
L. ovum, egg.]
in the metamorphosis of certain
mites in which the outer envelope
becomes brown and hard, and
;

splits longitudinally, exposing the

thin inner membrane (zool).

development

[F.
(deveTo'pme'nt) n.
developper, to unfold.] The changes

undergone by an organism on reaching maturity (biol).

dexiotropic (dgk'slotrop'ik)
dexios,

right

trepein,

a.

[Gk.

to

turn.]

Having the whorls turning from

left to right ; appl. shells (zool.) ;
appl. spiral cleavage (cyt.).
(deYstral) a.
[L. dexter,

dextral

See dexiotropic.

right-hand.]

dextrin

(dek'strin)

n.

dexter,

[L.

A soluble substance
derived from starch by exposure
to a high temperature for a short
time (phys).
right-hand.]

dextrorse (dekstrors', dSk'strors)

a.

dexter, right ; vertere, to turn.]

g..
rowing in a spiral which twines

from

left to

right (hot).
(di'ake'nlum) n.
[Gk.
chanein, to
a, not ;
Each part of a cremocarp

diachaenium
dis,

twice

gape.]

(dot).

diacranteric (dl'akranteVik)

a.

[Gk.

kranteres, wisdom
With a diastema between
teeth.]
the front and back teeth, as in
dia,

asunder

snakes (zool).
diactinal (dlak'tinal) a.
[Gk. dis,
twice
With two rays
aktis, ray.]
pointed at the ends (zool).
diadelphous (dl'SdeTfus) a. [Gk. dis,
twice adelphos, brother.] Having
the stamens in two bundles owing
to
the fusion of the filaments
;

(hot).

dladematoid (dl'adgm'atoid) a. [Gk.

diadema, crown eidos, shape.] Of
Echinoids, having the pore plates
;

arranged as follows

three prim-

aries with occasionally a

secondary

DIA-

diadromos, wandering.]
Having
the nerves radiating in a fan-like

manner

(dot.}.

diaene (dlen') n. [Gk. dis, twice on

analogy of triaene, from Gk. triaina,
A form of triaene, with
trident.]
one of the cladi reduced or absent

(N).
n.
diageotropism
(dl'ajeot'ropizm)
[Gk. dia, through
gaia, earth
The tendency
trepein, to turn.]
;

in certain parts of plants to take

a position at right angles to the

direction of gravity (dot.}.

diagnosis (dfagno'sis) n.
[Gk. diet,
through gignoskein, to know.]
concise description of an organism
with full distinctive
characters

(biol.).

dialyneury
through

(dl'allnu'rl)

n.

[Gk. dia,

to loose ; neuron,
certain
Gastropods,

lyein,

In

having the pleural ganglia united

to
the opposite branch of the
visceral nerve by an anastomosis
of the pallial nerve (zool.}.
dialypetalous (di'alipeYalus) a. [Gk.
asunder
to
loose
dia,
lyein,
;

Polypetalous

petalon, petal.]

(dot.}.

dialyphyllous (dl'allfll'us) a.
[Gk.
asunder
to
loose
diet)
lyein,
;

phyllon,
leaf.]
leaves (bot.).

With

separate

dialysepalous (dl'alisep'alus) a. [Gk.

asunder
to
loose
dia,
lyein,
;

sepalon, sepal.]

dialystely

but the inner margin of both hook

and shaft thins out to a knife edge

and is notched (zool.}.

diandrous (dlan'drus) a.
[Gk. dis,
twice
aner, man.]
Having two
free stamens (bot.}.
;

diapedesis (dlaped'esis, dl'apede'sis)

n. [Gk. diapedesis, leaping through.]
Emigration ofwhite blood corpuscles

through the walls of the capillaries

into the surrounding tissue (phys.}.
diaphototropism (di'afotot'ropizm) ;/.
p/ws, light
[Gk. dia, through
See diaheliotrepein, to turn.]

tropism.

diaphragm

[Gk. di(di'afram) n.
The wall
aphragtna, midriff.]
which separates the small cell, the
prothallus, from the rest of the
macrospore in Hydropterideae a
septum at the nodes in Equisetum
a sheet of muscular tissue
(bot.}
attached to the introvert in worms
the single strongly developed septum
the perin the Terebelliformia
forated tissue that subdivides the
the
tentacle
cavity in Polyzoa
transverse septum separating the
cephalothorax from the abdomen
a special
in certain Arachnids
;

diagnostic (dl'agnos'tik) a. [Gk. diet,

through
gignoskein, to know.]
Differentiating the species or genus,
etc., from others similar (biol.}.
diaheliotropism (dl'ahelTot'ropizm) n.
sun ;
helios,
[Gk. dia, through
The tendency of
trepein, to turn.]
certain parts of plants to take up
a position at right angles to the
rays of light (&?/.).

nerve.]

DIA-

74

between the aboral and the middle

primary (zool.).
dladromous (dl'adro'mus) a.
[Gk.

Polysepalous (bot.}.
n.
[Gk. dia,

(dl'aliste'li)

asunder

loose ; stele,
;
lyein, to
condition in which the
post.]
steles in the stem remain more or
less separate (dot.).

diancistra (di'angkTs'tra) n
[Gk.
A
dis, twice
angkistron, hook.]
spicule resembling a stout sigma,
.

fan-shaped muscle spreading from

the anterior end of the ilia to the
oesophagus and base of the lungs
a
in
Anura
partly
partition
;

muscular, partly tendinous, separating the cavity of the chest from the

abdominal cavity

diaphragma
diaphysis
through

The

(zool.}.

(dfafrag'ma)

(diaf'ists)
;

phyein,

shaft of a

n.

to

See

n.

[Gk. dia,
bring forth.]

bone as distinguished

the
from the epiphysis (anat.}
abnormal growth of an axis or
;

shoot (bot.}.
diapophysis (di'apof'Ms) n. [Gk. dia,
through ; phyein, to produce.] The
lateral or transverse process of the
neural arches of Anura (zool.}.
diarch (dl'irk) a. [Gk. dis, twice ;

With two xylem

origin.]
and two phloem bundles
appl.

arcke,

which the protoxylem

bundles meet and form a plate of
root

in

tissue across the cylinder with the

side (bot.).

phloem bundle on each

diarthrosis (dl'arthro'sls) n.

[Gk. dia^

DIA-

DIC-

through arthroun, to fasten by a

An articulation allowing
considerable movement (anat.}.
diastase (dl'astas) n.
dia,
[Gk.
;

joint.]

through

to

histanai,
acts

enzyme which
(phys.\
diastatic

through

in

principally
into
sugar

starch

converting

An

set.]

dibranchiate (dlbrangTcTat)
dis,

twice

two

gills (zool.}.

[Gk.

histanai, to set.]
or having similar

diastase,
erties (phys.}.
(dlas'tgrnS,

diastema

diet,

Pert.

prop-

dl'aste'ma)

n.

[Gk. diastema) space.] A space in

a jaw without teeth, usually between two types of teeth (zool.}.
diaster (dlas'ter) n. [Gk. dis, twice ;
The stage in mitosis
aster, star.]
where the daughter chromosomes
are grouped near the spindle poles
ready to form a new nucleus (cyt.}.
diastole (dlas'tole) n. [Gk. diastole,

(zool.}.

always

develop

terminal bud
dichlamydeous

(bot.}.

dichogamy

n.
(dikog'ami)
[Gk.
gamos, union.] The
of
the
maturing
microsporophylls
and
the
at
macrosporophylls
different times, thus ensuring cross-

two

dicha, in

pollination

(bot.}.

dichotomous

through

n.

(diathesis)
tithenai,

[Gk.

to

place.]

dia,

congenital predisposition to some

class of diseases or type of develop-

ment
diatom

(biol.}.
;

of silica

(dot.}.

diatropism (diat'ropizm) n. [Gk. dia,

The
through
trepein, to turn.]
tendency of plants or organs of
plants to place themselves at right
;

angles to the line of action of the

stimulus (bot.}.
a.
[Gk. dis, twice ;
axon, axis.] With two axes, as

diaxon (dlak'son)

certain sponge spicules

diaxone (dlak'son) n. [Gk.
ax-on, axis.]

ate

(zool.}.

twice
nerve-cell with two

cylinder axes (anat.}.

diblastula (dlblas'tula)
twice blastos, bud.]
;

dis,

two

a.

sight.]

opsis,

eyes quite separate

[Gk. dicha,
With the

(zool.}.

(dlkflt'omus) a.
[Gk.
dicha, in two ; temnein, to cut.]
Pert., situated near, or characterized

by dichotomy (bot.}.
dichotomy (dlkot'oml) n. [Gk. dicha,
in two temnein, to cut.]
Branching
which results from the division of
a growing point with two equal
;

parts

(bot.,

zool.}.

dichromatic (dl'kromat'lk) a.
dt, two
chroma, colour.]
two colour varieties (biol.}.

diclinous (dfidinus, dlkli'nus)

two
stamens
di,

flowers

[Gk. dis,
coelenter-

round a central

layers
cavity

kline,

and

pistils

kokkos,

[Gk.

With

a.

[Gk.

With the

bed.]

on

separate

(bot.}.

dicoccous (dlkok'us)
seed.]

a.

[Gk.

di,

two

Having two one-

seeded coherent capsules

(bot.}.

dicostalia (dl'kcteta'lla) n.
[Gk. di,
two ; L. costa, rib.] The secundibranchs or second brachial series
in a Crinoid (zool.}.
dicotyledon (dlk5t!le'don) n.
[Gk.
two
kotyledon,
di,
cup-shaped
hollow.] A plant with two seed;

leaves
n.

embryo consisting of two

arranged
(zool.}.

in

(dl'atom) n. [Gk. dia, through

temnein, to cut.] Any unicellular
microscopic form of Alga with walls

the

a.
(dl'klamld'eus)
chlamys, cloak.]
[Gk. dis, twice
both
and
corolla
Having
calyx

(zool.\

below

just

(bot.}.

dichoptic (dlkop'tlk)

diathesis

[Gk. di-

n.

An
chazein, to divide in two.]
inflorescence in which two buds

difference.] The rhythmical relaxation of the heart ; the rhythmical

expansion of a contractile vacuole

diastomatic (dl'astom&t'Ik) a.
[Gk.
dia, through; stoma, pore.] Through
the stomata or pores, giving off
gases from the spongy parenchyma
through the stomata (bot.}.

[Gk.

With

dicellate (dlseTat) a. [Gk. dikella, a

With
two
two-pronged
hoe.]
prongs
appl.
sponge spicules

dichasium (dlkaz'Tum)
a.

(dl'astat'lk)
;

a.

brangchift, gills.]

(bot.}.

dictyodromous

(dlk'tlSd'ro'mus)

a.

[Gk. diktyon, net ; dromein, to run.]

Net-veined, when the smaller veins

branch and anastomose freely (bot.}.

dictyogen (dlk'tlqje'n) n. [Gk. diktyon,

DIC-

net ; gignesthai, to produce.]

net-leaved plant, appl. usually to

monocotyledons
dictyonalia

(bot.).

(dik'tiona'lia)

n.

[Gk.

The

principal pardiktyon, net.]

enchyma spicules of the Dictyonina

and of many Lyssacina (zool.).

dictyostelic (dik'tioste'lik) a.
[Gk.
Polystele, stele.]
diktyon, net
stehc (bot.).
dictyotic (dik'tiot'ik) a. [Gk. diktyon,
Having the whole skeleton
net.]
;

laid

down at once
moment,

(zool.}.

dictyotic

ment, which

lorication

mo-

see.

dicycllc (disik'lik)

a.

[Gk.

di,

two

Having a row of
kyklos, circle.]
per-radial infrabasals, appl. theca
of

Crinoids (zool.)
whorls (bot.).
didactyl (didak'til) a.

having

[Gk.

di,

two

two

finger.]
Having two
daktylos,
fingers or two toes (zool.~).
a.
didymous (did'imus)
[Gk. didymos,
twin.]
Growing in pairs (bot.,
zool.).

didynamous (didm'amus)

a.
[Gk. di,
dynamis, power.] With four
stamens, two long, two short (bot.).

two

diencephalon
[Gk.

dia,

brain.]

(di'enkgf'alon, -s6f'-) n.

between
engkephalon,
See
thalamencephalon
;

(anat.).

differentiation (diferen'shta'shun) n.
[L. differre, to differ.] The modification in structure of various organs
of the body owing to a division of
labour (zool.).
diffluence (diflooens) n.
[L. dis,

away
tion

fluere, to flow.]

Disintegra-

by the formation of large

whose walls break on

vacuoles

bursting (biol.).
diffuse (difus') a.

genital pores, said of

Turbellaria (zool.).
digestion (dijeVchun) n. [L. digestio,
The process by which
digestion.]
nutrient materials are rendered
absorbable by the working of various
juices and mechanical action (phys.).
digestive (dijgs'tiv) a. [L. digestio,
Pert,
or
digestion,
digestion.]
having the power of aiding in diges-

many

tion (phys.).
digit (dip) n. [L. digitus, finger.]
division of the limb in any
vertebrate above Fishes (zool.).
digital (dij'ital) a. [L. digitus, finger.]
Pert, finger or digit, also appl.
things resembling a digit (zool.).

digital

The

[L. digitus, finger.]

(dij'ital) n.
distal joint of a spider's pedi-

palp (zool.).
digitaliform

(dij'ital'iform)

finger

digitus,

forma,

a.

[L.

shape.]

Finger-shaped, appl. corollae which

are like the finger of a glove (bot.).
a.
digitate (dij'itat)
digitus,
[L.
finger.]
Having the parts arranged
like the fingers in a hand (bot.)
with fingers (zool.)
finger-shaped
;

(hot., zool.).

digitiform
finger

(dlj'itiform) a.

forma,

[L. digitus,

shape.]

Finger-

appl. roots (bot.).

digitigrade (dij'itTgrad) a. [L. digitus,
finger gradus, step.]
Having feet,
the digits of which only touch the

shaped

in walking (zool.).
digitinervate (dij'itiner'vat) a.
[L.
nervus, a sinew.]
digitus, finger
Having the veins radiating out from
the base like the fingers of a hand,
with usually five or seven veins

ground

appl. leaves

(bot.).

(dij'itipar'tit)

digitus, finger

a.

[L.

partire, to divide.]

a
hand-like pattern (bot.).
a.
digitipinnate (dij'itipin'at)
[L.
digitus, finger ;pinna, leaf.] Having
digitate leaves of which the leaflets
are pinnate (bot.).
digitule (dlj'itul) n.
[L.
digitus,
Any small finger-like profinger.]
cess
small process on the insect

Having the leaves divided up

(biol.).

digastric (digas'trik) a. [Gk. di, two

gaster, belly.]
Two-bellied, appl.
muscles fleshy at the ends, tendinous
in the middle (anat.).
digenesis (dijeVesis) n.
[Gk. dis,
twice
gignesthai, to
produce.]
Alternation of generations.
digenetic (drjeneYik) a.
[Gk. dis,
twice ; gignesthai, to
produce.]
Pert, digenesis (biol.).
digenoporous (dl'jgnop'orus) a. [Gk.
dis, twice genos, birth ;poros, pore.]
;

With two

digitipartite
[L. diffundere, to

Widely spread

pour.]

DIG-

76

in

tarsi (zool.).

digoneutic (dl'gonu'tik)
twice

a.

to
goneuein,
Breeding twice a year
;

[Gk. dis,
produce.]
(zool.).

DIGdigonoporous (di'gonop'orus)
dis,

twice

birth

genos,

a.
;

With two distinct

pore.]
apertures, male and female

[Gk.
poros,
genital
(zool.}.

difjynous (dij'inus) a. [Gk. di, two

gyne, woman.] Having two carpels

(dot.},

dihybrid

(dlhl'brid) n.

[Gk.

twice

dis,

L. hibrida, mixed offspring.]

cross whose parents differ in two
distinct characters (biol.}.
dilatator (dii'ata'tor) n. [L. dilatare,
to expand.]
See dilator.

dilated (dlla'tgd)

[L. dilatare, to
Expanded or flattened

flatten.]

a.

appl. parts of insects, etc., with a

wide margin

(zoo/.).
(dlla'tor) n.
[L.

dilator

expand.]
appl, any muscle
that expands or dilates any organ
(dllof'us) a.

[Gk.

two

di,

tetractinal

lophos,
Any
crest.]
spicule with two of its rays forked
like a crest (zool.}.

diluvial (dilu'vlal) a. [L. diluvium,

deluge.] Pert, the present, in geological reckoning (pal,}.
dimerous (dim'erus) a.

two-jointed tarsus

[Gk.

dis,

Having each

meros, part.]

whorl of two parts

(hot.}

with a

(zool.},

dimidiate (dimid'iat) a. [L. ditnidius,

half.]
Having only one-half developed (biol.} having the capsule
on
one side (dot.}.
split
;

dimorphism

(dlmor'fizm) n. [Gk. dis,

twice
morphe, shape.] Condition
of having stamens of two different
lengths, of having two different
kinds of leaves, flowers, etc. (dot.},
State of having two different forms
of one sex of having two different
kinds of zooids ; of having two
different kinds of offspring ;
of
;

broods which, owing to

differing conditions, differ in size or

having

colouring

(zool.}.

dimyaric

(dim'iar'ik)

twice

mys, muscle.]

a.

[Gk.

dis,

Having two

adductor muscles

dinomic (dlnom'lk)

(zool.}.
a.
[Gk. dis,

twice
nomos, division.] Appl. an organism
restricted to two of the biogeo-

graphical

divisions

of

the

globe

(diol,},

dioecious

a narrow line (zool.},

dipetalous (dlpet'alus)
twice

petalon,
two petals (bot.}.

(dle'shus)

a.

a.

[Gk.

dis,

Having

petal.]

dlphycercal

a.
(dif'fser'kal)
[Gk.
twofold kerkos, tail.] With
a tail in which the vertebral column
runs straight to the tip, thereby
the
fin
dividing
symmetrically

diptyes,

dlphy genie

(dlf'ijgn'lk) a,
[Gk. diphyes, twofold ; genos, birth.] With
two types of development of the

embryo

(anat.}.

dilophous

twice ; oikos, house.] Having the

sexes separate (zool.}
having the
male and female flowers on different
individuals (bot.}.
dioptrate (dlop'trat) a.
[Gk. dis,
twice ; root opt, to see.] Having
the eyes or the ocelli separated by

(zool.}.

dilatare, to

Name

twice

DIP-

77

[Gk.

dis,

(zool.},

diphyodont
diphyes,

With

a.

(dif'iodont')

twofold

odous,

and

deciduous

[Gk.
tooth.]

permanent

sets of teeth (zool.}.

diplanetic (d^planSt'lk) a. [Gk.
twice
inclined
planetikos,
;

dis,

to

wander.] With two distinct types

of zoospores (bot.}.
diplarthrous (diplar'thrus) a. [Gk.
double
arthron, joint.]
diploos,
With the tarsal or carpal bones of
one row articulating with two bones
in the other (zool.}.
dipleurula (diploor'ula) n. [Gk. dis,
twice pleuron, side.] Any of the
bilaterally symmetrical larvae of
the
Echinoderms
an echino;

paedium

(zool.}.

a.
[Gk.
double
blastos,
bud.]
Having two distinct germ layers

diploblastic (dlp'loblas'tik)
diploos,

(zool.}.

diplocardiac (dlp'lokar'diak) a. [Gk.

double ; kardia, heart.]
diploos,
With the two sides of the heart
quite distinct

(zool.}.

diplocaulescent (dip'lokoles'e'nt) a.
[Gk. diploos, double; kaulos, stem.]
With secondary stems (bot.}.
diploe (dip'loe) n.
[Gk. diploos,
The cancellous tissue
double.]
between the outer and inner
lamellae of certain skull bones
(anat.}.

diplogangliate (dip'logang'gliat) a.
gang-lion,
[Gk. diploos, double
;

DIPWith the
ganglion.]
usually arranged in pairs

ganglia
(zool.).

diplogenesls (dip'lqjen'e'sis) n. [Gk.

The
diploos, double ; genos, birth.]
supposed change in the germ plasm
that accompanies the "use and
disuse" changes occurring in the

body

tissues

(biol.).

diploic (diplo'ik) a.
[Gk. diploos,
Occupying channels in
double.]
the cancellous tissue of certain

bones

DIS-

78

Breathto breathe.]
; pnein,
ing by gills and lungs (zool.).
diprotodont (dipro'todont) a.
[Gk.
first
oaous,
dis, twice ; protos,
two
anterior
the
Having
tooth.]
incisors large and prominent, the
rest of the incisors and canines
being smaller or absent (zool.).
twice

dipterocecidlum
n.

any insect
dipterous
twice

(zool.).

diploneural (dip'ldnu'ral) a.
[Gk.
neuron, nerve.]
diploos, double
Supplied with two nerves (anat.).
diploperistomous (dip'l6p6ris'tomus)
a.
peri,
[Gk. diploos, double
;

;
stotna, mouth.]
Having
a double projection or peristome

n.

outside

lying

membrane

nuclear

diplosphene (dip'ldsfen)
double
sphen,
diploos,

n.

[Gk.
wedge.]
on the
vertebrae of

the

(cyt.).

wedge-shaped process

neural

arch of the

certain fossil Reptiles (pal.).

diplospondylic
[Gk. diploos,

(dip'lospondil'ik)

double

a.

sphondylos,

With two centra to

vertebra.]
each myotome, or with one centrum
and a well-developed intercentrum
(dip'lostem'dnus)

[Gk. diploos, double

a.

stemon, warp.]

With two whorls of stamens

in

regular alternation with the perianth

leaves (dot.).
n.
diplotegia
[Gk.
(dip'lote'jia)

dis,

(bot.,

(disk)

n.

[Gk.

diskos,

disc.]

flattened portion like a disc

(bot., zool.); the circumoral
area in many animals ; the circular
areas at the opposite poles of many

animals

(zool.)
any modification
the thalamus (bot.) ; the area
marking the entrance of the optic
nerve into the eye ; cup-shaped
tactile structures in the skin ; the
mass of cells of the membrana
granulosa which projects into the
cavity of the egg follicle (anat.).
the inner florets borne
disc-florets,
on the abbreviated and reduced
in
many inflorescences
peduncle
;

of

(bot.).

discal (dis'kal) a. [Gk. diskos, disc.]

Pert, any disc-like structure.
discal (dis'kal) n. [Gk. diskos, disc.]
large cell at the base of the wing
of lepidopterous insects completely
enclosed by wing-nervures ; also

in
a.

some Diptera
[Gk.

flower.]

(zool.).

(dis'kiflo'rus, dis'iflo'rus)

disc
flowers

diskos,

With

the receptacle

is

large

L. flos,
in which

and

disc-

like (bot.).

An

dis,

discoblastula (dls'kdblas'tula)

(zool.).

(bot.).

(dip'noan)

[Gk.

With two

discoblastic (dis'kdblas'tik) a.
[Gk.
Pert.
diskos, disc ; blastos, bud.]
meroblastic eggs in which the area
of segmentation
is
disc-shaped

diploos, double ; tegos, roof.]

inferior fruit with dry indehiscent

pericarp

a.

shape

disciflorous

(zool.).

diplostemonous

dipnoan

(dip'terus)

pteron, wing.]

Any

diplopore (dip'lopor) n. [Gk. diploos,

double poros, pore.] Respiratory
organ in the Cystoidea (zool.).
diplosoine (dip'losom) n. [Gk. diploos,
A double
double
soma, body.]

caused by

(cyt.).

disc

[Gk.

flat.]

pteron, wing
gall

zool.).

in

flattened blastula consisting of two

layers of cells (biol.}.

(biol.).

directive body, a polar body (cyt.).

in
Zoandirective mesenteries,
tharia, the dorsal and ventral pairs
of mesenteries (zool.).
directive sphere, attraction sphere

(hot.).

diploplacula (dip'ldplak'ula)
diploos, double; plakoeis,

(dip'terdsesid'umi)

twice

wings or wing-like expansions

around

centrosome

dis,

kekis, gall nut.]

(anat.).

diplonephridia (dip'lonefrid'ia) n. plu.

double
nephros,
diploos,
[Gk.
kidney.] Nephridia derived partly
from ectoderm, partly from meso-

derm

[Gk.

a.

[Gk.

n.

[Gk.

DIS-

blastos,
bud.]
blastula formed from a meroblastic
tiiskos,

with

eg

DIS-

79
disc

disc-like

blastoderm

although

there

no

is

nection between the partners

see disc.

n.
[Gk. diskos,
A special
karpos, fruit.]
enlargement of the thalamus below
the calyx (bot.).
dlscoctasters (dis'koktas'terz) n. plu.
okto,
eight ;
[Gk. diskos, disc
aster, star.]
Sponge spicules with

disc

rays terminating in discs,

each disc corresponding in position
a modito the corners of a cube
fied hexactine (zoo/.).
a.
disced actylous
(dis'kodak'tilus)
eight

[Gk. diskos, disc ; daktylos, finger.]

With suckers at the ends of the
fingers (zoo/.).

discohexactine

(dis'kohgksak'tin) n.
hex, six
;
actis,

[Gk. diskos, disc

ray.]
sponge spicule with six
equal rays meeting at right angles
(zoo!.).

discohexaster

(dis'kdhgksas'ter)

n.

[Gk. diskos, disc ; hex, six ; aster,

A hexactine with the rays
star.]

ending in discs (zoo/.).

discoid (dis'koid) a.
[Gk.

diskos,

Flat
resemblance.]
and circular disc-shaped.
discoidal (dlskoi'dal) a. [Gk. diskos,
disc

eidos,

(oio/.).

disk,

dispermous (dispeYmus)
discocarp (dis'kokarp)

direct con-

twice
seeds

sperma, seed.]

a.

[Gk.

dis,

Having two

(oof.).

dispenny (dlspeYm!)

n.
[Gk. dis,
twice sperma, seed.] The entrance
of two spermatozoa into an ovum
;

(biol.).

dispersal (dispeYsal) n.
dis,
[L.
The
apart ; spargere, to strew.]
actual scattering or distributing of
organisms on the earth's surface
(fflO/.).

dispireme

(dlspfrem) n.
[Gk. dis,
twice speirema, skein.] The stage
of karyokinests in which each
daughter nucleus has given rise to
;

a spireme (cyt.).
displacement (displas'mSnt)
desplacier, to displace.]

n.

An

[O.F.
abnor-

mal position of any part of a plant

due to its shifting from its normal
place of insertion (bot.\
dissected (disgk'ted) a. [L.

dis, apart
Having the lamina
cut into lobes, the incisions reaching
nearly to the midrib (eot.).
dissepiment (disSp'iment) n. [L. dis,
;

secure, to cut.]

;
saepire, to
partition found in

apart

The
in.]
some compound

hedge

Disc-like ; appl.
eidos, like.]
segmentation in which the blasto-

in Corals, one of
ovaries (bot.)
the oblique calcareous partitions

derm forms a one-layered disc or cap

stretching from septum to septum

and closing the interseptal loculi

disc

which spreads over the yolk

discontinuous variation,

see

(emo.).

muta-

tion.

disconula (diskon'ula) n. [Gk. diskos,

An eight-rayed stage in the
disc.]
larval

development

of

certain

Coelenterates (zoo/.).
discooctaster (dis'kooktas'ter),
see
discoctasters.
;;.
discoplacenta (dis'koplasen'ta)
[Gk.
diskos, disc

L. placenta, placenta.]

the villi on a
circular cake-like disc (zoo/.).
discus proligerus,
in a Graafian
follicle, the mass of cells immediately surrounding the ovum (emb.).
disjunct (disjungkt') a. [L. dis, apart ;
jungere, to join.] Having the body
regions separated by deep con-

placenta

with

strictions (zoo/.).

disjunctive
helpful

symbiosis, a mutually
condition
of
symbiosis

below

(zoo/.).

dissilient (dlsil'ien t) a.
[L. dis, apart
salire, to leap.]
Springing open

capsules of various plants

which dehisce explosively (bot.).
dissoconch
n.
(dis'okongk')
[Gk.
dtssos, double ; kongche, shell.] The
shell of a veliger larva (zoo/.).
appl.

dissogeny (disoj'gni) n. [Gk. dissos,

double
The congenos, birth.]
dition of having two sexually mature
periods in the same animal one in
the larva, one in the adult (zoo/.).
dissogony (disog'oni), see dissogeny.
;

distal (dis'tal) a. [L. dis, apart ; stare,

to stand.]
Standing far apart, appl.
bristles, etc. ; pert, end of any
structure farthest from the middle
line of the organism (oio/.).
distichalia (dlstlka'lla) n. plu. [Gk.
In
two rows.]
with
distichos,

DISCrinoids, the secondary

fixed or free (zool.).

distichous (dis'tikus)
with two rows.]

brachalia,

a.

[Gk. distiches,
Pert, alternate
leaves, so arranged that the first is
directly below the third (bot.).
distractile (distrak'til) a.
[L. fit's,

apart ; trahere, to draw.] Widely

separate
appl. usually to longstalked anthers (dot.}.
distribution (dis'tribu'shun) n.
[L.
;

dis,

apart

The

tribuere, to allot.]

range of an organism or group in

the biogeographical divisions of the
globe (Hoi.).
dithecal (dithe'kal) a. [Gk. dis, twice
Two-celled (bot.).
theke, box.]
ditokous (dit'okus) a. [Gk. dis, twice
Producing two at a
tokos, birth.]
time, either eggs or young (zool.).
ditrematous (dltre'matus) a.
[Gk.
;

trema, opening.] With

separate genital openings ; with
anus and genital openings separate
dis,

twice

(zool.).

ditrochous (dlt'rokus)

a.

[Gk.

dis,

With a
twice ; trochos, runner.]
divided trochanter, or second joint
of the limb (zool.).
diurnal

(dlur'nal)

a.

[L. dies, day.]

Opening during the day only

active in the day-time (zool.).
divaricate
apart

DOR-

80

(divar'ikat)

varicare,

Widely divergent

(bot.)

a.
[L. dis,
to
straddle.]
bifid ; forked

divided (divl'ded)

a.

[L. dividere, to

With the lamina

cut by
which reach the midrib
leaves
appl.
(bot.).
division (divlzh'un) n. [L. dividere,
to divide.]
One of the smaller
groups of organisms which together
form a larger group (biol.) one of
the separate parts of which any
structure may be composed (biol.).
dizoic (dlzo'ik) a.
[Gk. dis, twice;
Pert, spore conzoon, animal.]
divide.]
incisions

taining two sporozoites

(zool.).

dodecagynous

(do'dekaj'inus) a.
[Gk.
twelve ; gyne,
woman.]
Having twelve pistils (bot.).
dodecamerous
a.
(do'dekam'erus)
[Gk. dodeka, twelve
meros, part.]
Having each whorl composed of
twelve parts (bot.).

dodeka,

dodecandrous

a.
(do'dekan'drus)
[Gk. dodeka, twelve ; aner, man.]
Having at least twelve stamens
(bot.).

dolabriform (dolab'riform)
dolabra, mattock
forma,
Axe-shaped (biol.).

a.

[L.

shape.]

dolichostylous (dol'lkostl'lus) a. [Gk.

Pert.
dolichos, long stylos, pillar.]
long-styled anthers in dimorphic
;

flowers

(bot.).

dolioform (do'lioform) a. [L. dolium,

jar forma, shape.]
Shaped like
a barrel (zool.).
;

dominant

Men-

see

characters,

(hot., zool.).

divaricators (dl'varlka'torz) n. plu.

[L. dis, apart ; varicare, to straddle.]
Muscles stretching from the ventral
valve to the cardinal process, and
by their contraction opening the
shell (zool.).
[L.
(diver'jenst) n.
apart ; vergere, to bend.j

divergency

dis,

The

stem circumference,
usually constant for a species, which
leaves in
consecutive
two
separates

fraction of a

a spiral (bot.).
divergent (diver'jgnt)

[L.

dis,

bend.] Separvergere,
apart
ated from one another appl. leaves
;

diverticulum

away

(dl'vgrtlk'ulum) n.

-vertere, to turn.]

or sac, blind at

the

distal

[L.

tube

end,
branching off from a canal or cavity
(zool.).

dorsal (dor'sal)

[L. dormire,
appl. any

which

may

a.

[L. dorsum, back.]

Pert, or lying near the back as
opp. the venlral surface (anat.)
surface farthest from the
pert,
axis ; the upper surface of the
thallus or prothallus of ferns, etc.
;

(bot.).

(dorsa'lis)

n.

dorsum,

[L.

back.] The artery which supplies

the back of any organ (anat.).

dorsiferous

dorsum,

(bot.).

de,

(dor'mant)

a.

to sleep.]
Resting
structure or feature
later
develop
(Hoi.).

dorsalis
a.

to

dormant

(dorsif'erus)

back

With the
leaf (bot.)

ferre,

the back (zool.).

dorsifixed (dor'sifik'st)

back

a.

to

[L.
carry.]

on the back of the

carrying the young on

sori

fingere^ to

a.

fix.]

[L.

dorsum,

Having the

DORfilament attached to the back of the

anther, which is immovable (dot.).
a.
dorsigrade
(dor'sigrad)
[L.
back
dorsum,
gradus,
step.]
the
back
of
the
digit on
Having
the ground when walking (zool.).
;

dorsispinal

a.

(dor'slspl'nal)

dorsum, back

spina, spine.]

or referring to the back

[L.
Pert.

and spine

(anat.).

dorsiventral (dor'siven'tral) a.
[L.
dorsum, back venter, belly.] With
upper and lower surfaces distinct
;

Pert,
druppa,
berry.]
drupe
bearing drupes drupe-like (bot.).
n.
(droop),
[Gk. druppa,

drupe

A superior, one-celled
berry.]
with one or two seeds and
a fleshy sarcocarp, a hard endocarp
and the pericarp separable into its
fruit

component parts

(bot.).

drupels (droop'6lz) n. plu.

[Gk.
The individual
druppa, berry.]

components of the
raspberry

duct

fruit

of the

(bot.).

[L. ducere, to lead]

(diikt) n.

ductus.
Any tube which
conveys fluid or other substance
a
tube
formed
by a series
(anat.)
of cells which have lost their walls
at the points of contact (bot.).
ductless glands, glands which do
not communicate with any organ
directly by means of a duct, e.g.
also

(bot.).

dorsocentral (dor'sosen'tral) a.
[L.
centrum, centre.]
dorsum, back
Pert,
mid-dorsal surface ;
pert.
aboral surface
of Echinoderms
;

(zool.).

dorsolumbar (dor'solum'bar) a. [L.

dorsum, back lumbus, loin.] Pert.
lumbar region of the back (zool.).
dorsoumbonal (dor'soumbo'nal) a.
umbo, umbo.]
[L. dorsum, back
Lying on the back near the umbo
;

spleen (anat.).

ductule

dorsal to the ventral surface

(zool.).

dorsulum (dor'sulum) n. [L. d

The upper surface lying
back.]
between the collar and scutellum
the mesonotum (zool.).
;

(dor'stim)

n.

dorsum,

[L.

The

sulcular surface of
the tergum or notum
of Insects and Crustacea ; the back
or higher animals (zool.).

back.]

Anthozoa

drepanium

(drSpa'nlum) n.
[Gk.
drepanon, sickle.] A helicoid cyme
with the secondary axes developed
in a plane parallel to that of the

main peduncle and

its

branch

first

(dot.).

dromaeognathous (dro'meog'nathus)
[Gk. dromein, to run gnathos,
jaw.]
Having a palate in which
the palatines and pterygoids do
not articulate, owing to the intervention of the vomer (zool.).
a.

dromotropic (dro'motrop'lk)
dromos, course
Bent in a spiral

trepein,

a.

[Gk.

to turn.]

(bot.).

drone (dron) n. [A.S. dran.} The

male of any species of bee (zool.).
drupaceous (droopa'shus) a.
[Gk.

n.

(dtik'tul)

[L.

ducere,

to

The
fine
thread-like
terminal portion of a duct (anat.).
lead.]

ductus

(zool?).

dorsoventral (dor'soven'tral) a. [L.

dorsum, back venter, belly.] Pert.
structures which stretch from the

dorsum

DUP-

81

(duk'tus)

lead.]

n.

[L.

ducere,

to

See duct.

ductus ejaculatorius, the common

duct into which the vasa deferentia
open in Insects; a narrow muscular
tube at the end of the vas deferens
in various invertebrates (zool.).

duodenal
twelve

(du'ode'nal) a. [L. duodeni,

Pert, duodenum
each.]

(anat.).

duodenum

n.
(du'dde'num)
[L.
That porduodeni, twelve each.]
tion of the small intestine next to
the pyloric end of the stomach
(anat.).

(du'pllka'shun) n.
duplex, double.] See chorisis.

[L.

n.
(du'plika'tur)
circular
double.]

[L.
fold

duplication

duplicature

duplex,
near the base

portion

of

of the protrusible
polyzoan polypide

(zool.).

duplicident
duplex,

a.
[L.
(duplis'Idgnt)
;
dens,
tooth.]
pairs of incisors in

double

Having two

the upper jaw,

other (zool.).

one

behind

the

duplicodentate (du'plikoden'tat) a.
dens, tooth.]
[L. duplex, double
With the marginal teeth on the
teeth-like
leaf
bearing smaller
;

structures

(bot.).

DURdura

mater

(du'ra ma'ter, door'a

[L. dura, hard ; mater,

mat'eY) n.

mother.]
lining the

The tough membrane

whole

cerebro-spinal

the tough membrane

spinalis,
lining the spinal canal (anat.}.
duramen (dura'me'n) n. [L. durare,
to
The hard, darker
harden.]
central region of a tree-stem ; the
heart wood
dwarf male,

(hot.).

The

[Gk. dyas, two.]

half of a tetrad

group

dyne

(dl'aster) n.

(din) n.

[Gk. dynamis, power.]

unit of force in the C.G. system
of physical units (phys.).
dysmerism (dTs'merizm)
[Gk. dys,
hard meros, part.] An aggregate
of unlike parts (biol.).

The

dysmerogenesis (dls'merqjen'esis) n.
[Gk. dys, hard meros, part genesis,
birth.]
Segmentation resulting in
;

unlike parts

ebracteate (ebrak'teat), ebracteolate

a.
(ebrak'teolat)
[L. ex, from
with a gold
bracteatus, covered
Without bracts, or without
plate.]
on the
reduced
leaves
bracteoles,
flower-stalk

(bot.).

ecalcarate (ekal'karat) a.
[L. ex,
without calcar, spur.] Having no
with
no
spur (zool.)
spur-like pro;

ecardinal
without

(bot.).

(ekar'dinal) a.
[L.
ex,
cardo, hinge.]
Having
no hinge ; also ecardinate (zool.).
ecarinate (ekar'inat) a. [L. ex, without ; carina, keel.] Not furnished
with a keel or keel-like ridge (bot.,
;

zool.).

ecaudate (eko'dat) a. [L. ex, without

cauda, tail.] Without a tail (zool.).

dysoxidize (disok'sidiz) v. [Gk. dys,

hard oxys, sharp.] To find difficult
;

to oxidize (phys.).

dyspnoea (dis pnea) n.

[Gk. dys,
hard ;pnein, to breathe.] Difficulty
in breathing
(phys.).
dysteleology (dis'te'le'ol'oji) n.
[Gk.
dys, hard
telos, end
logos, disHaeckel's
doctrine
of
course.]
purposelessness in nature (biol.).
dzlerzon (dzer'tson) theory, the belief
that the males of the honey-bee are
always produced from unfertilized
eggs (zool.}.
;

cence
of

(bot.).

[Gk. ek, out

a.

demos, people.]

ecderon (ek'deron)

Not

native.

[Gk. ek, out ;

The outer or epideros, skin.]
dermal layer of the skin (anat.).
ecderonic (ek'deronlk) a.
[Gk. ek,
out
Ectodermic ;
deros,
skin.]
n.

epiblastic (smb.).

ecdysis (ekdl'sis) n.

[Gk. ek, out;

dyein, to enter.] The act of moulting any particular cuticular layer or

structure (zool.).

echinate (eVinat) a.
[Gk. echinos,
Furnished with spines or
spine.]
bristles (zool.).

echinochrome (gk'inokrom',
krom) n.
[Gk. echinos,
chroma, colour.]

ment found
ear (er) n. [A.S. eare.] The auditory
organ (anat.) the various structures
among invertebrates supposed to
have an auditory function
the
;

specialized tufts of hair or feathers

ecblastesis (ek'blaste'sis) n. [Gk. ek,

out of; blastos, bud.] A proliferation of the main axis of an inflores-

ecdemic (ekdem'ik)

(biol.).

Having
(erd) n.
[A.S. eare.}
external ears or pinnae ; with tufts
of feathers resembling ears (zool.)
having long bristles or processes, as
in the grains of corn, etc. (bot.).

cess on the petals

(cyt.).

[Gk. dyas, two

" The double
aster, star.]
group of
chromosomes during the anaphases
"
of cell-division (cyt.).

dyaster

the small three- or fourcelled plant formed from the androof

spore
Oedogonium (hot.} a small,
usually simply formed, individual in
many classes of animals, either free
or carried by the female (zool.).
(dl'ad) n.

which are close to, or similar to an

an
external ear or pinna (zool.)
ear-shaped structure the spike of
cereal
any
(bot.).
eared

cavity (anat.}.

dura

dyad

ECH-

82

in

ekl'no-

spine ;
colouring pig-

Echinoderms

(zool.).

echinoid (eVinoid, gkfnoid)

echinos.

spine.]

Pert,

a.
[Gk.
sea-urchins

(zool.).

echinopaedium (ek'fnope'dfum,
pe'dium) n.
pais, child.]

ekl'no-

[Gk. echinos, spine

See dipleurula.

ECHechinopluteus (eVinoploo'teus,
ploo'teus) n.
[Gk.
L. pluteus, shed.]

e'kl'no-

echinos, spine

The

larva or

pluteus of echinoids, from

its

sup-

posed resemblance to an upturned

easel

(zool.).

echinulate (6kin'ulat)

a.

[Gk. echinos,

Having small spines

spine.]

(zool.).

[Gk. oikos, house ;

That part of
logos, discourse.]
biology which deals with the re-

ecology

(ekol'qji) n.

lationship between organisms and

their surroundings (biol.).
ectental (gktgn'tal) line, the line
where the ectoderm and endoderm
meet at the blastopore of a gastrula

(ekteth'moid) n.
[Gk.
ektos, without ; ethmos, sieve ; eidos,
The
ethmoid
lateral
resemblance.]

bone (anat.).
ecthoraeum (ek'thore'um)
ekthroskein,

to

leap

n.

[Gk.

out.]

The

thread of a nematocyst (zool.}.

ectoblast (ek'toblast) n. [Gk. ektos,
without
See epiblastos, bud.]
;

blast.

ectobronchium (ek'tobrong'kium)
[Gk. ektos, without

without

ektos,

n.

brongchos, wind-

See ectobronchus.
pipe.]
ectobronchus (ek'tobrong'kus)
brongchos,

[Gk.
wind-

ektos, without; karpos, fruit.]

the gonads of ectodermal

Having
origin

(zool?).

kranton,

skull.]

Pert, outside of skull (anat.).

(gk'tokune'iform) n.
[Gk. ektos, outside ; L. cuneus,

wedge forma,

shape.]

bone

in

the distal row of the tarsus (anat.).

ectocyst (ek'toslst) n.
[Gk. ektos,
outside
The
bladder.]
kystis,
outer layer of the zoecial wall in
;

Polyzoa

(zool.).

ectoderm (eYtddgrm)

n.

[Gk. ektos,

outside ; derma, skin.] The outer

layer of a multicellular animal,
when composed of cells (zool.)
the epidermis in higher mammals
;

(anatj.

outside

Able

(ektoj'e'nus) a.

gignesthai,

to live

[Gk. ektos,
produce.]

to

an independent

life

appl. Bacteria (dot.).

ectoglla (ektog'lia) n. [Gk. ektos,
outside ; glia, glue.]
An outer
of cells
in
the central
layer

nervous system

(anat.).

ectolecithal (6k'tol6s'ithal) a.
[Gk.
ektos, outside
lekithos, yolk of an
the
surroundyolk
egg.] Having
the
formative
ing
protoplasm
;

(zool.).

ectoloph
n.

A lateral branch of the

pipe.]
main bronchus in birds (zool.).
ectocarpous (ek'tokar'pus) a.
[Gk.

n.

(gk'tolof)

[Gk.

ektos,

The ridge
lophos, crest.]
stretching from the paracone to
the metacone in a lophodont molar
outside

(anat.).

ectomere (ek'tomer)
outside
cell

n.

meros, part.]

which gives

[Gk. ektos,

An

rise to

epiblast

ectoderm

(cyt.).

ectochondrostosis (ek'tdkondrosto'sis)
n.
chondros,
[Gk. ektos, without
cartilage ; osteon, bone.] The deposition of lime-salts beginning in
the perichondrium and gradually
invading the cartilage (anat.).
ectochone (ek'tokon) n. [Gk. ektio,
without ; choane, funnel.] A funnelshaped chamber into which the
ostia in certain Sponges lead (sool.).
;

ectocoelic (eYtose'lik) a. [Gk. ektos,

outside
Pert.
koilos,
hollow.]
structures
the
situated
outside
enteron of the Coelenterates (zool.).
;

ectocondyle

The

outside

ektos,

ectocuneiform

ectogenous

(cyt.).

ectethmoid

ektos,

ECT-

83

(elc'tdkon'dil)

n.

{Gk.

outside
kondylos,
knob.]
outer condyle of a bone
;

(anat.).

ectocranial

(eYtokra'nial)

a.

[Gk.

ectoparasite (eYtopar'asit) n.
ektos, outside ; para, beside

parasite that

food.]
the exterior of

ectopatagium

[Gk.
;

an organism

on

(zool.).

(ek'topata'jium)

[Gk. ektos, outside ; L.

border.] The part of
like membrane of bats
the metacarpals and the

sttos,

lives

patagium,
the wingcarried on
phalanges

(zool.).

ectophyte (eVtoflt)

n.
[Gk. ektos,
Name
phyton, plant.]
external
an
given
parasite in
the plant world (bot.).
n.
ectoplasm
[Gk.
(Sk'to'plazm)
ektos, outside
plasma, something
of
The
external
layer
moulded.]
protoplasm in a cell, usually slightly
in
a
the
ectosarc
modified (diol.) ;

outside

to

ECT-

impulses carried outwards by the

the layer
protozoan cell (zool.)
next the cell-wall (bot.).
ectosarc (ek'tosark) n.
[Gk. ektos,
;

ternal,

in

Proto-

ectosome (ek'tosom)

n.
[Gk. ektos,
The ensoma, body.]
of
a
Sponge conveloping portion

(biol.).

egg-albumin, the chief constituent

of the white of egg, known to be a
mixture of glucoproteids (phys.).
egg-apparatus, the two synergids
and ovum proper, near the micropyle in the embryo sac of seed

no

taining

flagellated

chambers

(zool.).

ectosphere (ek'tosfer)

n.

[Gk. ektos,
The
outside
globe.]
sphaira,
outer zone of the attraction sphere
;

plants (bot.).
a
egg-case,

(cyt.).

the ovum proper apart

from any layer of cells derived
from it or from other cells (zool.).
egg-membrane, the layer of tough
tissue lining the shell of an egg

(zool.).

egg-nucleus,

egg-tooth, a small horny and calcareous structure on the tip of the

beak by means of which the embryo
breaks the shell (zool.).

[Gk. ektos,
The outer
theke, cup.]
the
of
gonotheca in certain
coating
.

(zool.).

ectotrophic (ek'totro'fIk) a. [Gk. ektos,

outside trephein, to nourish.] Finding nourishment from outside ; appl.
Fungi which surround the roots of
the host with a web of hyphae (bot.).
ectoturbinal (ek'totur'bmal) n. [Gk.
L. turbo, whirl.]
ektos, outside
One of the divisions of the ethmo;

turbinals (zool.).

outside ; zoon,
ternal parasite

edaphic

(edaf'ik)
Pert, or

soil.]

edaphos,
influenced by the

conditions of the soil (phys.).

;

(zool.)

tions

a.

[L. ex, with-

Without teeth
tooth.]
without tooth-like projec-

dens,
;

(bot.).

edriophthalmlc
[Gk. edra, seat

(Phys.).

elaborate (elab'orat) v. [L. ex, out

To change
laborare, to work.]
from a crude state to a state capable

(zool.).
a.
[Gk.

edentate (eden'tat)
out

ejaculation (ejak'ula'shun) n. [L. ex,

Act of
out ; jacere, to throw.]
suddenly ejecting a fluid from a
duct (phys?).
ejaculatory (ejak'ulatori) a. [L. ex,
out ; jacere, to throw.] Throwing
out, appl. function of certain ducts
;

n.

[Gk. ektos,
An exanimal.]

(ek'tozo'on)

ectozopn

the female pronucleus

(cyt.).

Hydroids

for their

egg-cell,

ectostosis (ek'tosto'sis) n. [Gk. ektos,

outside osteon, bone.] Formation
of bone in which the ossification
begins under the perichondrium
and either surrounds or replaces
the cartilage (anat.).

outside

covering

protective

formed by many animals

eggs (zool.).

n.
[Gk. ektos,
ectosppre (ek'tospor)
outside ; sporos, seed.] The spore
formed at the end of each sterigma
in the Basidiomycetes (bot.).

ectotheca (ek'tothe'ka)

(zool.).

outside

(phys.).

[L. ex, out gerere,

(ejest') v.
to void ;
to carry.] To throw out
to excrete (phys.).
matured
The
n.
egg (eg)
[Icel.^gg-.]
germ-cell of a female plant or animal

layer of protoplasm

zoon

motor nerves
egest

The exsarx, flesh.]

often highly specialized,

outside

ELA-

84

of

assimilation

(pkys.)

to

form complex organic substances

from simple materials (bot.).
elaeoblast (ele'oblast) n. [Gk. elaion,
mass of
oil
blastos, bud.]
nutrient material at the posterior
end of the body in certain Tunicates

(zool.).

(gd'Hofthal'mik)

a.

ophthalmos, eye.]
Having sessile eyes ; appl. certain
Crustacea (zool.).
efferent (ef'firent) a. [L. ex, out
;

Conveying from,
ferre, to carry.]
etc.
vessels,
lymphatics,
appl.
(anat.) ; carrying outwards, appl.

elaeodochon

(el'eod'okon) n.
oil-containing.]
preen-gland or oil-gland in

elaiodochos,

[Gk.

The
birds

(zool.).

elaioplast

(ell'oplast') n.

[Gk. elaion,

A plastid
plastos, moulded.]
a plant cell which forms or helps
to form oil globules (bot.).
oil

in

ELAelastic

fibres,

branched and

special fibres, often

highly resistant to

of boiling water, but

easily acted on by tryptic digestion
the

action

a.

[Gk. eleutheros,

consists of
fibro-cartilage,
cartilage cells and a matrix per-

vaded by

network

of

yellow

fibres which branch and

anastomose in all directions (anat.).

elastic

a type of connective
elastic tissue,
tissue in which elastic and yellowish
fibres are mixed with the nonelastic fibres (phys.).

[Gk. elauein, to

elastin (elas'tin) n.

The substance
drive.]
elastic tissues (phys.).

which forms

elater (el'ater) n. [Gk. elater, driver.]

One of the cells in certain plants
with a spiral thickening in the
wall which assists in dispersing
the spores (bot.).
of
electric
organ, modifications
muscles or groups of muscles
which discharge a considerable
amount of electric energy, found
in certain Fishes (zool.).
n.

electroplax (616k'troplaks)
[Gk.
elektron, amber
plax, anything
broad and flat.] One of the constituent plates of an electric organ,
;

which are arranged at right angles

to the axis of the primitive muscle
(zool.).

free

In-

petalon,

Having the petals or the

petal.]
components of the whorl free or
separate

(dot.).

eleutherophyllous

(J>hys.).

elastic

(61u'th6r6fil'us) a.

[Gk. eleutheros, free ; phyllon, leaf.]

Having the components of the
perianth whorls free (bot.).

eleutherosepalous (61u'th6rosep'alus)
a.

[Gk. eleutheros, free ; sepalon,

Having the sepals free and

sepal.]

separate

(dot.).

elliptical (glip'tikal) a.
[Gk. elleipsis,
a falling short.]
Oval-shaped ;
leaves
of
about
the same
appl.
breadth at equal distances from

base and apex, which are slightly

acute (hot.).
elytriform (elit'riform) a. [Gk. elytron,
sheath L./orma, shape.] Shaped
like an elytrum (zool.).
elytroid (elit'roid) a.
[Gk. elytron,
sheath
Reeidos, resemblance.]
sembling an elytrum (zool.).
elytrum (elit'riim) n. [Gk. elytron,
;

The anterior wing of

sheath.]
certain insects, hard and case-like
one of the scales or shield-like
plates found on the dorsal surface
of some worms (zool.).
;

emarginate

(emar'jinat)

a.

ex,

[L.

put ; marginare, to delimit.] Having a triangular notch at the apex

(bot.)
having the tip notched (zool.).
;

electro-tonic

(gleYtroton'ik) a.
[Gk.
tonos, tension.]
elektron, amber ;
Pert, a state ofelectric tension (phys.).

electrotonus (elfiktrot'onus)
elektron,

amber

tonos,

n.

[Gk.

tension.]

The modified

condition of a nerve
when subjected to a constant
current of electricity (phys.).
n.
eleidin
[Gk. eleos,
(ele'Idln)
substance found
wandering.]
as small granules in the stratum
the
of
granulosum
epidermis,
probably a stage in the formation
of keratin (phys.).

element (eTement)

unit.]

n,

[L. elementum,
that cannot

substance

be separated into simpler substances

(phys.).

eleutherodactyl
[Gk.

EM

85

(61u'th6rodak'tTl) a.
free ;
eleutheros,
daktylos,

Having
finger.]
free (zool.).
eleutheropetalous

the

hind

toe

(glu'thgropeValiis)

embole (em'bole)

n.

[Gk. embole,
Invagination

putting into place.]

(emb.).

embolic (embol'lk) a.
anything pointed.]
growing in (emb.).

embolium

[Gk. embolos,

Pushing

(gmbo'lium)

n.

or

[Gk.

The outer or
embolos, pointed.]
costal part of the wing in certain
insects (zool.).
embolomerous

(e'm'bolom'e'rus)

a.

[Gk. embolos, anything pointed

meros, part.]
Having two vertebral rings in each segment due
to the union of the hypocentra
with the neural arch, and the
union of the two pleurocentra
below the notochord (anat.),
;

embryo

(gm'brio)

embryo.]

n.

[Gk. embryon,

Any young organism

the early stages of its development before it has become selfin

supporting

(biol.).

EMBone of the two cells

cell,
formed from the first division of
the fertilized egg in certain plants,
developing later into the embryo,

embryo

other

the

suspensor

embryo sac,
embryogeny

into

developing

the

(bot.).

the megaspore

[Gk.

is formed (emb.).
embryology (embriol'dji) n.
[Gk.
embryon, embryo logos, discourse.]
That part of biology dealing with
the formation and development of
the embryo (biol.).
embryonic (embrion'ik) a. [Gk. embryon, embryo.] Pert, embryo (biol.).
embryophore (em'briofor) n.
[Gk.
embryon, embryo pherein, to bear.]
;

The

ciliated mantle enclosing the

embryo in many tape-worms, and

from
the
superficial
blastomeres of the embryo (zool.).
embryotegia (Smbriote'jia) n.
[Gk.
embryon, embryo tegos, roof.] The
small hardened portion of the testa
which marks the micropyle in some
seeds and separates like a little lid
at the period of germination (bot.).
embryotrophy (Sm'briot'rofi) n. [Gk.
to
embryo
embryon,
trephein,

formed

The nourishment of the

embryo, or the means adapted to
nourish.]

many

emergence (emeYjens)
mergere, to dip.]

insects' feet (zool.).

(emiil'sin) n.

[L. emulgere,

An enzyme

to milk out.]
certain plants

found

in

(bot.).

(enam'el) n.

[O.F. esmaillier,

coat with enamel.] The hard

material containing over 90 per
cent, calcium and magnesium salts
which forms a cap over the dentine,
or may form a complete coat to the
tooth or scale in which it is found
(anat.).
cells,

enamel
the

the cells which form

enamel and are collectively
as the enamel organ.

known

enantioblastic

a.

(enan'tloblas'tik)

blastos,
[Gk. enantios, opposite
bud.] Formed at the end of the
seed opposite the placenta (bot.).
enarthrosis (en'arthro'sis) n. [Gk. en,
in ; arthron, joint.] Ball-and-socket
;

joint (anat.).

encephalocoel (enkef'alosel,

-sef-)

n.

[Gk. enkephalos, within the head ;

The cavity within
the brain (zool.).

koilos, hollow.]

encephalon (enkef'alon,

-sef-) n.

[Gk.

enkephalos, within the head.]

brain (anat.).

The

encephalospinal
(enkef'alospi'nal,
-sSf-) a.
[Gk. enkephalos, within
the head ; L. spina, spine.] Pert.
the brain and spinal cord (anat.).

enchylema

that purpose (emb.).

[L. ex, out

n.

Any

of the out-

growths which arise from the subepidermal tissue (bot.) zool.).

emersed

[L. ex, out ;

(emers't) a.
mergere, to dip.] Rising above the
surface of the water ; appl. leaves

(en'klle'ma) n.
[Gk. en,
The more fluid
chylos, juice.]
protoplasm in a cell (biol.):
encyst (ensist') v. [Gk. en, in ; kystis,
bladder.] Of a cell or small animal,
in

to surround itself with an outer coat

or capsule (biol.).
encystation (ensista'shun) n.
[Gk.
in ; kystis, bladder.]
Formation of a cyst or capsule (biol.).
n.
(ensist'ment)
[Gk.
Formation
en, in ; kystis, bladder.]
of a firm, resistant envelope or
en,

(bot.).

eminence (em'inens) n. [L. eminens,

eminent.] Ridge or projection on
the surface of bones (anat.).
(em'ine'n'shla) n. plu.
[L.
eminens, eminent.] Eminences.

emlnentla

(em'isari)
out.]

a.

[L.

Coming

capsule

endarch

name

within

(anat.).

(biol.).

(find'ark)

n.

[Gk. en,
small variable

a.

[Gk.

endon,

With
arche, beginning.]
central
protoxylem, or with
several surrounding a central pith
;

(bot.).

endaspidean (end'aspid'ean)

a.
[Gk.
endon, within aspis, shield.] With
the scutes extending on the inner
surface of the tarsus (zool.).
;

empodium (gmpo'dium)
pous, foot.]

encystment

emittere,

out

appl. veins passing through apertures in the cranial wall and estabconnection between the
lishing
sinuses inside and the veins outside

of

to

(bot.).

n.

(embrioj'en!)
;

in

median structure between the claws

emulsln

enamel

genos, birth.]
embryon, embryo
The processes by which the embryo

emissary
to send

END-

86

END-

END-

end-bulbs, minute cylindrical or oval

bodies, consisting of a capsule
containing a semi-fluid core in
which the axis cylinder terminates
either in a bulbous extremity or in
a coiled plexiform mass (anat.).

endemic (SndSm'lk)

[Gk. en, in

a.

demos, the people.] Restricted to a

certain region or part of a region

enderon (Sn'dSron)

The

deros, skin.]

[Gk. en, in ;
inner or endo-

n.

dermal layer (ana/.).

enderonic (Sn'de'ron'ik) a. [Gk.
in
Endodermal.
deros, skin.]

The

within.]

n.

plu. [Gk. endon,

offshoots on the
of the appendages

mesial border
of certain Crustacea (zool.).
endoblast (gn'doblast) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; blastos, bud.] The hypoa.

[Gk.

endon, within kardia, heart.]

ated within the heart (anat).

Situ-

endocardlal
(gn'dokir'dial),
endocardiac.

see

endocardium (gn'ddkar'dium) n. [Gk.

endon, within

kardia, heart.]

The

smooth membrane which lines

and gives the glistening appearance
thin

to the inner surface of the

heart

(anat.).

within

(fin'dokarp) n.

[Gk. endon,

The

karpos, fruit.]

inner-

most layer of the pericarp, usually

hard and stony, in drupaceous fruits
(dot.).

endocarpold (Sn'dokar'poid)

a.
[Gk.
endon, within karpos, fruit.] Having
the disc-like ascocarps embedded in
the thallus (dot.).
;

endochondral (6n'd6kon'dral) a.
endon, within

[Gk.

chondros, cartilage.]

usually

cephalopod shells

(Pal.).

endocranium (gn'dokra'nium) n.

[Gk.

endon, within kranion, skull.] The

process on the inner surface of the
cranium of certain insects (zool.).

endocrine (Sn'dokrfn)
within

a.

[Gk. endon,

krinetn, to separate.] Appl.

organs of internal secretion (phys.).
;

endocyde

(gn'dosl'kl) n.

[Gk. endon,

within

;
layer of
kyklos, circle.]
tissue separating the internal phloem

(dot.).

a.
endocycllc (gn'dosik'lik)
[Gk.
endon, within kyklos, circle.] With
the mouth remaining in the axis of
the coil of the gut, appl. Crinoids
having an apical system with a
double circle of plates surrounding
the anus, appl. Echinoids (zool.)
pert, endocycle (dot.).
endocyst (gn'dosist) n. [Gk. endon,
within
The soft
kystis, bladder.]
body wall of a zooid in a Polyzoan
;

(zool.).

endoderm (gn'dodgrm)
within

n.

[Gk. endon,

derma, skin.]

The hypo-

the epithelium of the digestive

and respiratory organs, and of the
glands appended to the digestive
blast

tract (emd.).
disc,

endoderm

the posterior unpaired thickening on the ventral

surface of the blastoderm of the
crayfish (zool.).

the circular canal and the enteric

certain
Coelenterates
cavity in

(zool.).

found

in the protoplasmic portion

of certain Diatoms (dot.).

(eVdokl'lus)

(zool.).

endodermis (en'dodeVmis)

n.
[Gk.
endon, within
derma, skin.] The
innermost layer of the cortex in
plants (dot.).
endogamy (findSg'ami) n. [Gk.end0n,
within gamos, marriage.] Zygote
formation within the cyst by the
;

endochrome (gn'dokrom) plate, a

band of yellowish chromatophores
endochylous

[Gk. endon,
One of the
conical structures formed in certain

ossification

choane, funnel.] Spacious

sub-cortical crypt in the tissue of
Sponges from which the incurrent

canals start

splanchnic wall (zool.).

endpcone (Sn'docon) n.
within
konos, cone.]

[Gk. endon,

appl.

(anat.).

endochone (gn'dokon)
within

a. [Gk. endon,
within
Pert, the
koilos, hollow.]
inner wall of the coelom, i.e. the

endoderm lamella, a thin sheet of

endoderm stretching between adjacent radial canals, and between

Beginning or forming inside the cartilage,

(dot.).

endocoelar (n'dose'lar)

from the endodermis

blast (emd.).

endocardiac (gn'dokar'diak)

endocarp

tissue

en,

endites (gndlts')

endon, within chylos, juice.] With

the water-cells within the internal

a.

[Gk.

END-

ENDreciprocal

products

separates the muscle fibres from one

fusion of the division

of the daughter nuclei

another

endogastric (6n'dogas'trik)

n.
[Gk.
endon, within ; neuron, nerve.] The
delicate connective tissue holding
together and supporting the nerve
fibres within the funiculus (anat.).

a.

[Gk.
endon, within gaster, belly.] Having the curvature of the body with
the enclosing shell towards the
ventral side (zool.}.
;

endogenous

(gndoj'enus) a.
endon, within
genos, birth.]
;

[Gk.

endogenous

see

multiplication,

spore formation.

endogeny

(findqj'Sni) n.

[Gk. endon,

within genos, birth.] Development

from a deep-seated layer (biol.).
;

endognath

n.

[Gk.
(en'dognath')
endon, within ; gnathos, jaw.] The
inner branch of the oral appendages
of Crustacea (zool.).
n.
(gn'dognath'ion)
;
gnathos, jaw.]
of the maxilla
bearing a central incisor

endognathion

[Gk. endon, within

The mesial segment

man,

(anat.).

[Gk. endon, within peridion, little

pouch.] The inner layer of coat of
;

peridium

(bot.).

endophragm

n.

(gn'dofram)

(Sn'dogonid'ium)
[Gk. endon, within gonos, offspring.]
A gonidium formed in a receptacle
the colony-forming cells in such
forms as Volvox (bot.).
.

endolabium (Sn'dola'blum)
endon, within

n.

[Gk.

L. labium, lip.J

membranous lobe in the interior of

the mouth on the middle parts of
the front of the labium

endolaryngeal

(zool.).

thoracic

apodemes

Crustacea

in

(zool.).

endophragmal (en'dofrag'mal) a. [Gk.

within
endon,
phragma, fence.]
;

Belonging

phragm

or pert,

to

the

endolymphangial (gn'dolimf an'jlal)

a.

[Gk. endon, within ; L. lympha,

water Gk. anggeion, vessel.] Situated in a lymphatic (anat.).
;

endon,

water.]

a.
(gn'dolfmfat'ik)
within ;
L. lympha,

Pert, lymphatics (anat.).

endometrium (gn'domet'rium) n. [Gk.

endon, within metra, womb.] The
mucous lining of the womb (anat.).
endomysium (Sn'domiz'ium) n. [Gk.
endon, within
mys, muscle.] The
;

delicate

connective

tissue

endo-

(zool.).

endophyte

(gn'dofit) n.

[Gk. endon,
within
phyton, plant.]
plant
within
growing
another, either as
or
otherwise
parasite
(bot.).
endophytic (en'dofit'ik) a.
[Gk.
endon, within \phyton, plant.] Living
in the cavities of other plants (bot.).
endoplasm (Sn'doplazm) n.
[Gk.
endon, within ; plasma, something
The
or
inner
moulded.]
endosarc,
portion of the protoplasm in a cell

(biol.).

(en'dolar'mje'al, -larin'-

[Gk. endon, within ; laryngx,

larynx.] Pert, inside of, or situated
the
in,
larynx (anat.).
endolymph (en'dolimf) n. [Gk. endon,
The
within ; L. lympha, water.]
fluid in the inner labyrinth of the
ear (anat.).
jeal) a.

endolymphatic

[Gk.

phragma, fence.} A
septum formed by the cephalic and

endon, within

endogonidium

[Gk.

endoparasite (en'dopar'aslt) n. [Gk.

endon, within para, beside
sitos,
Any organism living parfood.]
in
another
asitically
(biol.).
n.
endoperidium (en'dopSrid lum)
;

De-

veloping from a deep-seated layer

in

(anat.).

endoneurium (gn'donu'rium)

(zool.).

which

endoplastule (gn'doplas'tul) n. [Gk.

endon, within
plastos, moulded.]
The micronucleus of certain Protists
;

(biol.).

endopleura

(Sn'ddploo'ra)

n.

endon, within ; pleura, side.]

inner seed-coat (bot.).

endopleurite (gn'doploo'rit)

[Gk.

The

n.

[Gk.
endon, within ; pleura, side.] The
epimeral portion of the apodeme
(zool.).

endopodite

n.
(gndop'odit)
[Gk.
The
endon, within
pous, foot.]
inner or mesial branch of a biramous crustacean limb, or the only
part of the biramous limb remaining
;

(zool.).

endoral
within

(findo'ral)

a.

[Gk.

endon,

L.
Pert.
os,
mouth.]
structures situated in the vestibule
of certain Protozoa (zool.).
;

ENE-

89
endorhachis

n.
[Gk.
(gn'dora'kis)
endon, within ; rhachis, stem.]
tissue
layer of connective
lining
the canal of the vertebral column
and the cavity of the skull (anat.).

endosarc
within

(fin'dosark) n,

sarx,

flesh.]

plasm.
endosiphuncle

[Gk. endon,
See endo-

(gn'dosifung'kl)

n.

[Gk. endon, within L. siphunculus,

The tube leading from
little tube.]
the protoconch to the siphuncle in
;

certain Cephalopods (pal.}.

endoskeleton (eVdoskeTeton) n.

[Gk.
endon, within ; skeletos, hard.] The
inner skeleton as opposed to the
exoskeleton (zoo!.).

endosmosis

(Sn'dSsmo'sTs) n.
[Gk.
endon, within ; osmos, pushing in-

The passage inwards

through a permeable or semipermeable membrane of a less
concentrated solution (phys.).

fluence.]

endosome

(e"n'dos5m) n.
[Gk. endon,
soma, body.] The chromatinic mass near the centre of a
vesicular type of nucleus (cyt.).

within

endosperm

(gn'dospgrm) n.
[Gk.
endon, within sperma, seed.] The
female prothallium (pot.).
endospore (fin'dospor) n. [Gk. endon,
within ; sporos, seed.] The inner
coat of the sporocyst in some
Protozoa (zoo!.) ; an asexual spore
the inner coat of a spore wall
;

(bot.\

endosporium

(Sn'dospo'rium),

endospore.
endosteal (e"nd8s'teal)
within

osteon,

endosteum

a.

bone.]

see

[Gk. endon,
Pert, the

(ana/.).

endosternlte (eVdosteYnlt) n. [Gk.

endon, within L. sternum, sternum.]
;

The

internal skeletal plate for the

of muscles
a free
skeleton situated in the prosoma

attachment

between the alimentary canal and

the nerve cord in Arachnids (zoo!.).

endosttmm

n.
(gndos'teum)
endon, within
osteon, bone.]
internal
periosteum lining
cavities of bones (anaf.).
endostosis
n.
(gn'dosto'sis)
endon, within osteon, bone.]
fication which begins in the
;

[Gk.

The
the

endotheca

[Gk.

endon,

The

n.
(gn'dothe'ka)
within ; theke, box.]

whole system of dissepiments in any

given calyx of a coral the oval
surface of any Cystidea (zool.).
;

endothecial (gn'dothe'ktal, -shial) a.

[Gk. endon, within ; theke, box.]
Pert, the endothecium
with asci
in an ascocarp (bot.).
endothecium (gn'dothe'ktum, -shium)
n.
[Gk. endon, within theke, box.]
The central region of an epibasal
octant of the oospore of liverworts
;

and mosses
anther

the inner lining of an

(dot.).

endothelium (Sn'dothe'llum)

n.
[Gk.
endon, within
thele, nipple.]
squamous epithelium which lines
the serous cavities, the heart, blood,
;

and lymphatic vessels (anat.).

endothorax (e'n'dotho'raks) n. [Gk.
endon, within

thorax, chest.]

apodeme system

in

The

a crustacean

thorax (zoo!.).
end-plates, the ramified expansions
within the muscular fibre which
form the ends of a motor nerve
(anat.).

end-sac, the sac-like vestigial portion

of the coelom in the excretory glands
of certain Crustacea (zoo!.).

endysis

(gndl'sls) n.
[Gk. endysts,
putting on.] The development of
a new coat (zoo!.).
energesis (6n'6rj e'sts) n. [Gk. energein,
to be active.] The process by which
energy is liberated through katabolic action (phys.).
n.
[Gk. en, in ;
Any living uniwork.]
nucleated protoplasmic unit with
or without a cell wall (bot.)

energld

[Gk.
Ossicarti-

(6n'6rjld)

enervose (eneVvos)

a.
[L. ex, withnervus, sinew.] Having no
leaves
certain
(bot.).
veins, appl.

out
n.

ergon,

lage (anaf.).

endostracum (gndos'trakum)

endon, within ; ostrakon, shell.] The

inner layer of the shell (zoo!.).
endostyle (en'dostll) n. [Gk. endon,
within
band
stylos,
pillar.]
of thickened epithelium on the
oesophageal wall of a Tornaria
two ventral longitudinal folds separated by a groove in the pharynx
of the Tunicates ; a longitudinal
groove lined by ciliated epithelium
on the ventral wall of the pharynx
of Amphioxus (zoo!.).

[Gk.

ENG-

ENT-

90

engraved (engraVd)<2. [h..S.grafan,io

dig.] With irregular linear grooves

entocondyle

on the surface (zool.).

ensiform (en'siform) a.
[L. ensis,
sword
Swordforma, shape.]
shaped (biol.).
entelechy (gnteTe"ki)
[Gk. en, in
The
echein, to hold.]
telos, end
in
realisation of forms
plant and
animal life which have the power
of reproducing their kind (biol.).
entepicondylar (gntSpikon'dilar) a.

condyle on the mesial surface of a

bone (anat.).
entoconid (gn'tb'ko'nid) n. [Gk. entos,

[Gk. entos, within

upon
epi,
Pert, the lower
kondylos, knob.]
or condylar end of the humerus
;

a.

[Gk. enteron,
alimentary canal

(Sn'tgrlk)

With an

gut.]

n.
(6n't6rosel')
;
koilos, hollow.]

[Gk.

gut

enteron,

coelom which has arisen either as

a pouch-like outgrowth of the archenteric cavity, or as a series of such

outgrowths (emb.).
enteron (en'teron) n.

[Gk. enteron,

The alimentary

gut.]

a.

(entlr')

touched.]

margin

tract (zool.).
enter, un-

[M.E.

With

a
appl. leaves

continuous
(dot.).

entoblast (en'toblast) n. [Gk. entos,

within ; blastos, bud.] The endoderm the nucleolus (zool.).
entobranchiate (fin'tobrang'kTat) a.
;

[Gk. entos, within

brangchia,

gills.]

Having internal gills (zool.).

entobronchlum (Sn'tobrong'klum)
;

entobronchus(e'n'tobrong'kus),

ento-

bronchium.
entochondrostosis

(gn'tokondrosto'sis) n.
[Gk. entos, within chondros,
cartilage ; osteon, bone.] Ossification from within outwards (zool.).
;

entocodon

(gn'tb'ko'don)

within

kodon,

n.

[Gk.

bell.]

The

lens-shaped mass of cells in the

development of a medusoid which
sink below the level of the superficial
ectoderm, and ultimately

develop a cavity (zool.).

entocoel (gn'tosel) n.
[Gk. entos,
within ; koilos, hollow.] The space
enclosed by a pair of mesenteries
in the

The

within konos, cone.] The posterointernal cusp of a lower molar (zool.).

;

entocuneifonn

(n'tbkune'iform) n.
[Gk. entos, within kuneos, wedge
L.forma, shape.] The most internal
of the distal row of tarsal bones
;

(anat.).

entocyemate

(gn'tosie'mat)

a.

[Gk.

kyema, embryo.] With

embryos having amnion and allan-

entos, within

entoderm, see endoderm.

entodermal, see endodermal.

Anthozoa

(zool.).

(en'togas'trik) a.
[Gk.
Pert.
entos, within ; gaster, belly.]
interior of stomach ; appl. gastric
budding in Medusae (zool.).

entoglossal (Sn'toglos'al) a.
[Gk.
entos, within ; glossa, tongue.] Lying
in the substance of the tongue
(anat.).

entomology

(en'tb'morojT) n.
[Gk.
entomon, insect
logos, discourse.]
That portion of zoology dealing
with Insects (zool.).
;

entomophilous (Sn'tomof ilus) a.

[Gk.
entomon, insect philein, to love.]
Pollinated by the agency of insects
;

(**}
entophyte

(en'toflt)

n.

[Gk. entos,

within phyton, plant.] Endophyte.

entoplastron (gn'toplas'tron) n. [Gk.
;

n.

[Gk. entos, within brongchos, windpipe.] The dorsal secondarybranch

of the bronchus in birds (anat.).

entos,

[Gk.

entogastric

(zool.).

enterocoel

entire

kondylps, knob.]

tois (smb.).

(anat.).

enteric

n.

(en'tokon'dil)

entos, within

entos, within

F. plastron, breast-

The anterior median plate

plate.]
in the chelonian plastra, often called
the episternum, and probably homologous with the interclavicle of other
Reptiles (zool.).

entopterygold

(fin'topteVigoid)

n.

[Gk. entos, within

pteryx, wing ;
The inner
resemblance.]
bone adjoining the palate in Fishes
;

eidos,

(zool.).

entosphere

(Sn'tosfer) n.

[Gk. entos,

sphaira, globe.] The inner

portion of the attraction sphere

within

(biol.).

entosternite (gn'tostSr'nlt)
within
entos,
sternon,
Endosternite.
;

entosternum (SntostSr'num)
entos, within

n.

[Gk.
breast.]

n.

sternon, breast.]

[Gk.

The

ENT-

EPHan internal process

entoplastron
of the sternum of numerous Arthro;

pods (zool.).
entoturbinals

(e'n'totur'binalz) n. plu.

[Gk. entos, within ; L. turbo, whorl.]

One of the divisions of the ethmoturbinals (zool.).
a.

[Gk. entos,
within ; L. ovum, egg.] Pert, canal
of
ovaries
certain
formed in the
Fishes by the insinking and closure
of a groove formed by the covering
epithelium

entozoa

(zool.).

(gn'tozo'a) n. plu.

within

zoon, animal.]
for all
internal

name

[Gk. entos,
general
parasites

(zool.).

entozoic (gn'tozo'ik) a.
[Gk. en/as,
within
zoon,
Living
animal.]
within the body or substance of
another plant or animal (zool.).
entrochite (gntro'klt) n. [Gk. en, in ;
The joint of the
trochos, wheel.]
fossil stem of a stalked Crinoid(/a/.).
;

envelope (gn'vgldp)
covering.]
ings of an

n.
[F. enveloppe,
of the outer coveregg (zool.} ; any surround-

One

ing structure,

floral

e.g.

envelop

(gnvl'ronme'nt) n.
[F.
environ, about.] The sum-total of
the external influences acting on

an organism

(bio/.).

enzootic (gn'zoSt'ik) a. [Gk. en, in ;

zoon, animal.] Afflicting animals
(zool.}.

enzyme

in

n.

;
[Gk. en,
(en'zfm)
zyme, leaven.] A chemical or unorganized soluble ferment (phys.}.
Eocene (e'osen) n. [Gk. eos, dawn ;
The earliest or
kainos, recent.]
oldest division of the Tertiary

system

Eogaea

palpus, palp.J

n.

[Gk.

eos,

dawn

A zoogeographical divi-

gaia, land.]
sion including Africa, S. America,
and Australasia cf. Caenogaea.
;

eosinophile

dawn

(e'osTn'ofil)

a.

[Gk.

eos,

Appl.
philein, to love.]
cells which readily stain a brilliant
;

colour

when

treated with

mixed stain containing eosin (phys.).

epacme (gpSk'me) n. [Gk. epi, upon

The

in

the

stage
akme, point.]
phylogeny of a group just previous
to its reaching its summit (pal.).
epalaceous (e'pala'shus) a.
[L. ex,

[L. ex,

a.

[L. ex, without

Not furnished with

palpi (zool.).

epapillate (epSp'ilat) a.
out papilla, nipple.]

[L. ex, with-

Not having

papillae (zool.).

epapophyals (gp'apof'isis) n.
[Gk.
epi, upon
apophysis, offshoot.] A
median process arising from the
;

centre of the neural arch of a

vertebra (anat.).
eparterial (ep'arte'rial) a. [Gk. epi,
upon L. arteria, artery.] Situated
above an artery ; appl. branch of
;

right bronchus (anat.).

epaulettes (6p'616ts) n.

plu.

[F.

Branched or
shoulder.]
knobbed processes projecting from
the outer side of the oral arms

tyaule,

of many Scyphozoa ; horizontally

placed crescentic ridges of cilia in
the Echinopluteus (zool.).
L.

axis,

a.

[Gk.

epi,

Above the

axis.]

usually appl. axis formed

bral column (anat.).

by

upon

axis ;
verte-

epedaphic (ep'edafik) a. [Gk. epi,

upon edaphos, soil.] Pert, climatic
;

conditions

(bot.).

epencephalon (6p'6nk6f'alon, -seT-) n.

[Gk. epi, upon
engkephalon, the
;

The cerebellum

brain.]

(anat.).

ependyma

(gpgn'dima), ependyme
7
(e'pe'ndlm ) n. [Gr. ependyma, outer
garment/] The layer of cells lining
the cavities of the brain and spinal

cord

(pal.}.

(e'oje'a)

a.

without ; palea, chaff.] With receptacles which do not contain

chaff (bot.).

epaxlal (gpak'slal)

(dot.}.

environment

red

shaped (bot.).
epaleaceous (e'palea'shus)

epalpate (epal'pat)

entovarlal (Sn'tova'rial)

Not spade-

without \pala, shovel.]

(anat.).

ependymal (gpgn'dimSl) a.

[Gk. epen-

dyma, outer garment.] Pert, ependyma.

ephebic (gfe'blk) a. [Gk. epi, upon

hebe,

puberty.]

Pert,

stage

in

phylogeny between the early, or

childhood stage and the old-age
stage of a group (pal.).

ephemerals

(ef gm'gralz) n. plu.

[Gk.
Annual plants
ephemeras, daily.]
with duration of life-cycle
so
shortened as to enable several
generations to follow one another
during a single season (bot.).

EPHephippium (efip'ium)
upon hippos, horse.]

n.

[Gk.

the branchial sac in

epi,

The pituitary

karpos, fruit.] The outer layer of

the pericarp (bot).
epicentral (ep'isgn'tral) a. [Gk. epi,
upon kentron, centre.] Attached
to or arising from the vertebral
centra
usually to interappl.

and forms a protective case

eggs in certain Cladocera

for the

(zool).

ephyra (eTira) n. [Gk. Ephyra, a

nymph's name.] The small freeswimming jelly-fish stage of certain
Scyphozoa, produced by strobilation
of the Scyphistoma

epibasal

(6f ir'ula),

muscular bones (anat).

(ep'iser'gbral) a.
[Gk.
upon ; L. cerebrum, brain.]
Situated above the brain (anat.).

epicerebral
epi,

(zool.).

ephyra.
[Gk. epi, upon

(ep'iba'sal) a.

many Ascidians,

which takes part in budding (zool.).

epicarp (ep'fkarp) n. [Gk. epi, upon

hypophyseos of the
sphenoid (anat) a thickened and
indurated part of the shell which
separates from the rest at ecdysis

fossa, or fossa

ephyrula

EPI-

92

(ep'ikll'ium) n.

epichilium

upon

The

cheilos, lip.]

lower

lobe of the
orchid (bot.).

L. basis, base.] Pert, upper segment

of an oospore, ultimately giving rise
to the shoot (hot.),

[Gk. epi,
terminal
of an

petal

epichordal (ep'ikor'dal)

a.

[Gk.

epi,

found between the low-water

chorde, cord.]
Upon the
notochord appl. vertebrae in which
the ventral cartilaginous portions

mark and the'hundred fathoms' line

are almost completely suppressed

epibenthos (gp'ibgn'thos)

upon

[Gk.

upon

epi,

Fauna and

benthos, depths.]

flora

n.

epiblast (gp'iblast) n. [Gk. epi, upon ;

The outer layer of the
blastos, bud.]
gastrula ; the ectoblast (emb).

[Gk. epi(gp'ible'ma) n.
blema, cover.] The outermost layer
of the root-tissue (bot.).

eplblema

epibolic (gp'ibol'ik) a.
ballein, to throw.]

cover over

[Gk. epi, upon

Growing so as to
;

appl. type of gastrula-

tion (emb.).
ballein, to throw.]

part over another

stages (emb.).

epi, upon
Growth of one

[Gk.
in

embryonic

eplbranchial (ep'ibrang'kial)

upon

brangchia,

a.

gills.]

[Gk.
Pert.

the second upper element in a

branchial arch (zool).
epicalyx (ep'Ika'liks) n.
[Gk. epi,
;

kalyx,

cup.]

The

stipules,

fused in pairs, producing an apparent outer or extra calyx ; a

structure just below the calyx produced by the aggregation of bracts
or bracteoles (bot).
epicanthus (gp'ikan'thus) n.
[Gk.
A
kanthos, corner.]
upon
epi,
the
of
upper eyelid
prolongation
over the inner angle of the eye
;

koilos, hollow.]
mid-brain in the

visceral
;

[Gk.

The

part of the pericardium

a tubular prolongation of

[Gk. epi, upon

cavity of the

The

lower vertebrates
the cerebellar cavity (anat) a peri;

formed by invagina-

visceral cavity
tion (zool).

epicoelia

(ep'ise'lia)

upon

koilia, cavity.]

epicondylar

upon

n.

[Gk. epi,
Epicoele.
[Gk.
(gp'lkon'dilar) a.
kondylos, knob.] Pert.

the epicondyle (zool).

epicondyle (ep'ikon'dil)

n.

[Gk.

epi,

kondylos, knob.] The outer

protuberance at the lower or distal
end of the humerus (anat).

upon

epicoracoid (Sp'ikor'akoid) a.
[Gk.
epi, upon ; korax, crow
eidos, rePert,
an
element
semblance.]
usually cartilaginous in nature at
the sternal end of the coracoid in
;

Amphibians, Reptiles, and Monotremes (zool).

epicormic (ep'ikor'mik) a. [Gk. epi,
upon
kormos, trunk of a tree.]
Growing from a dormant bud
;

(hot).

epicotyl

(ep'ikot'il) n.

The

kotyle, vase.]
(hot).

epicotyledonary

(anat.).

epicardium (ep'ikar'dium) n.
kardia, heart.]
epi, upon
(anat)

epicoele (ep'isel) n.

epi,

(epib'oli) n.

epiboly

upon

(zool.).

(biol).

epi,

[Gk.

epi,

upon

axis of a plumule

(ep'lkot'iled'onari) a.

[Gk. epi, upon kotyle, vase.] Above

the cotyledons (hot).
epicoxite (ep'ikok'sTt) n. [Gk. epi,
A small
upon ; L. coxa, hip.]
;

EPIprocess at the posterior end of the

toothed part of the coxae of the

in

which the immature forms be-

come

second, third, fourth, and fifth pairs

of appendages in the Eurypterida

heteronereid, whilst the sexual

elements are ripening (zool.).

epigaster (ep'Igas'ter) n.
[Gk.

epi,

upon gaster, belly.] That part of

the embryonic intestine which later

(Pal.}.

epicranial (ep'ikra'nial) a. [Gk. epi,

Pert.
kranion,
upon
skull.]
cranium
muscles, bones,
appl.

develops into the gut (emb.).

epigastric (gp'igas'trik) a. [Gk.

upon

epigastrium (Sp'Tgas'trium) n.
gaster, stomach.]
epi, upon

a.
[Gk. epi,
(ep'ikrit'ik)
Pert.
krinein, to judge.]
upon
return and accurate localization of
elaborate sensations after an opera-

epicritic
;

n.

[Gk.

epi,

upon

The

external layer
of the ectoplasm in certain Protozoa

epigenesis

certain insects, small pieces closely

related with the articulation of the

wings (zool.).
epidermis (gp'Tder'mis)
derma, skin.]
upon
;

n.

[Gk.

The

epi,

epithelium of ectodermic
origin the single layer of ectoderm
in many invertebrates (zool.).
stratified
;

epididymis (ep'idid'imis) n. [Gk. epi,

didymos, testicle.] A mass
upon
at the back of the testicle composed
chiefly of the vasa efferentia
gener;

speaking, the greatly coiled

end of the Wolffian duct

(ep'ijen'e'sis) n.

epiglottis

upon

[Gk.

epi,

to the larynx (anat)

(anat.).

epigamic (ep'fgam'ik) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon gamos, marriage.] Tending
;

to attract the opposite sex (zool.).

epigainous (epig^amus) a. [Gk. epi,

upon gamos, marriage.] Designating that stage in polychaete worms

[Gk.

epi,

in

Polyzoa

the epistome
the epipharynx in In;

sects (zool.).

epignathous(6p'igna'thus,6pig'nathus)
a.
[Gk. epi, upon gnathos, jaw.]
Having the upper jaw longer than
the lower (zool.).
;

epigonium (e'p'Igo'nlum) n. [Gk. epi,

The young
gone, seed.]
upon
;

(bot.).

Pert, dura mater ;

L. dura, hard.]
appl. space between the dura mater
and the wall of the vertebral column

n.

(ep'iglot'is)

sporangial

epi,

the ground,

upon glotta, tongue.] A thin leafshaped lamella of fibro-cartilage,

yellowish in colour, between the
root of the tongue and the entrance

(anat., zool.).

[Gk. epi, upon

and meta-

anterior

(ep'idu'ral) a.

The

the sternal

(bot.).

outer-

layer of stems,
roots, and leaves, occasionally it
be
the
outer
layer of the
may
ground tissue (hot.) ; the external
layer of the skin, a non-vascular

protective

epidural

gignesthai, to be born.] The

theory of generation, that the embryo is an entirely new creation,
not a mere unfolding of preformed
structures (biol.).
see
epigeous (gp'Tje'us),
epigeal

upon

(zool.).

epidemes (Sp'idemz) n. plu. [Gk.

In
upon
demas,
body.]
epi,

most

epigastric region (anat.)

portions of the mesothorax of insects (zool.).
epigeal (gp'iie'al) a. [Gk.
gaia, land.] Living near

appl. insects (zool.) ; borne above

the ground, appl. cotyledons when
they form first foliage leaves (dot.).

tion (phys.).
(Ip'islt)

[Gk.

(anat.).

kytos, hollow.]

epicyte

epi,

gaster, belly.] Pert, anterior

wall of the abdomen middle region
of the upper zone of the artificial
divisions of the abdomen (anat).

etc. (anat.).

epicranlum (gp'ikra'nium) n.
[Gk.
kranion, skull.] The
epi, upon
region between and behind the
eyes in an insect's head (zool)
the structure covering the cranium

ally

EPI-

93

sac

in

the

Liverworts

epigynous (gpij'mus) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon gyne, woman.] Having the
;

various whorls adnate to the ovary,

thus apparently inserted in the ovary
(bot.).

epigyny

(epij'inl) n.
[Gk. epi, upon
The condition of
gyne, woman.]
having the whorls apparently inserted in the ovary (bot.).
epihyal (gp'ihi'al) a. [Gk. epi, upon
hyoeidcs, Y-shaped.] Pert, the upper
;

EPIportion of the ventral part of the

n. the upper element
;
of the ventral portion (zool.}.

hyoid arch

epilabrum (ep'ilab'rum) n. [Gk. 'epi,

L. labrum, lip.] A process
upon
at the side of the labrum in Myriapods (zool.}.
epimandibular (ep'imandlb'ular) a.
L. mandibulum,
[Gk. epi, upon
jaw.] Pert, a bone in the lower
jaw of vertebrates (zool.}.
epimeral (epim'eral) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon meros, part.] Pert, epimeron.
epimere (ep'imer) n. [Gk. epi, upon
;

The upper region,

meros, part.]
or dorsal muscle-plate of the mesothelial wall (smb.}.
n.

epimerite

(epim'e'rlt)
[Gk. epi,
meros, part.] The deciduous
portion of the protomerite in certain

upon

Gregarines

(zool.}.

epimeron (epim'eron)
upon meros, part.]

n.

[Gk. epi,
A portion of
the pleuron in insects which may
be posterior or nearly as far forward
as the episternum a portion of the
arthropod segment between the
tergum and the limb insertions
;

(zool.}.

epimorphosis (e'p'imor'fosis) n. [Gk.

morphe, change.] That
epi, upon
type of regeneration in which a
;

proliferation

of

new

material pre-

cedes the development of the new

part

(ep'imlz'ium) n.

[Gk. epi,
upon ; mys, muscle.] The sheath
of areolar tissue which invests the

muscle

entire

perimysium

cf.

(anal.}.

(anal.}.
n.

epiparasite (ep'ipar'asit)
upon
para, beside
Ectoparasite.
epipetalous (ep'ipet'alus)

[Gk.

epi,

sites, food.]

a.

[Gk.

cpi,

upon petalon, petal.] Having the

stamens inserted on the petals (bot.}.
epipharyngeal (ep'ifaYinje'al, ep'ia.
upon
farin'jeal)
[Gk. ept,
pharyngx, throat.] Pert, the upper
or dorsal aspect of the pharynx
;

(zool.}.

epipharynx
epi, upon

(ep'ifa'ringks)

n.

[Gk.

A
pharyngx, throat.]
projection on the roof of the mouth
;

cavity of certain insects the membranous lining of labrum and

clypeus drawn out with the labrum
to form a piercing organ, as in
;

Diptera

(zool.}.

epiphragm
phragma,

n.

(ep'ifram)

covering.]

[Gk. epilayer of

hardened mucous matter, or a calcareous plate, closing the opening

of certain gastropod shells (zool.}
the membrane which closes the
a
capsule in certain Mosses
closing membrane in the sporoof
certain
(bot.}.
Fungi
phores
;

epiphysial (ep'ifiz'ial) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon phyein, to grow.] Pert, or
;

(zool.}.

epiphysis (epif'isis) n. [Gk. epi, upon

phyein, to grow.] Any part or process of a bone which is formed from
a separate centre of ossification and
later fuses with the bone the pineal
a stout bar
body (anat., zool.}
firmly fused to the alveolus of each
jaw and articulating with the rotulae
in sea-urchins
certain of the pro-

(ep'inas'ti) n.

[Gk.

nastos, pressed close.]

epi,

upon

The more

rapid growth of the upper surface

of a dorso-ventral organ, e.g. a
leaf, thus causing an unrolling or
downward curvature (bot.}.

epineural

a.

[Gk. epi,
Arising
upon ; neuron, nerve.]
from the neural arch of a vertebra
(anat.}
pert, canal immediately
below the radial nerve cord in the
Ophiuroidea, which represents the
(ep'inu'ral)

missing ambulacral groove

epineurium
epi, upon

(zool.}.

(ep'mu'rium) n.
[Gk.
The
neuron, nerve.]
external sheath of a nerve cord
(anat.}.

epiotic (ep'iot'ik) a. [Gk. epi, upon

Pert, the upper eleous, the ear.]
ment of the bony capsule of the ear

similar to the epiphysis

(biol.}.

epimysium

epinasty

EPI-

94

cesses on the tibia of insects

epiphyte

(zool.}.

(ep'ifit) n.

[Gk. epi, upon ;

phyton, plant.] Plant which lives
on other plants, but is not parasitic
(bot.}.

epiphytic

upon

(ep'ifit'ik)

phyton,

a.

plant.]

similar to an epiphyte

epiphytotic

upon

[Gk.
Pert,

epi,

or

(bot.}.

(ep'ifitot'ik) a.

;phytoft, plant.]

[Gk. epiy
Pert, disease

in plants (bot.}.

epidemic
epiplankton (ep'iplang'kton) n. [Gk.
epi, upon
plangktos, wandering.]
;

EPIof the plankton from

the surface to the hundred fathoms

That portion
line (zool.}.

eplplasm (Sp'iplazm) n.
[Gk. epi,
upon plasma, something moulded.]
of
a
brood
mother-cell
Cytoplasm
remaining over unused in brood
;

formation
epiplastron

(biol.}.

(p'iplas'tron) n.
[Gk.
F. plastron, breast-plate.]
One of the anterior pair of bony
plates in the plastron of Chelonians

epi,

upon

shaped like, or placed above the

wing appl. a small bone in the
skull between the parietal and the
;

sphenoidal ala (anat.}.

epipterygoid (ep'iptgr'igoid)

(zool.}.

n.

[Gk. epi,
One of ribin Teleosts which

structures
are not preformed in cartilage ; an
uncinate process in birds ; the
turned down outer margin of the
elytra of certain beetles (zool.}.
epiploic (gp'iplo'ik) a. [Gk. epiploon,
caul of the entrails.]
Pert, the
like

omentum.
the opening beepiploic foramen,
tween the bursa omentalis and the
of
sac
the
large
peritoneum ; the
foramen of Winslow (anat.}.

epiploon (gp'iplo'on)
caul of the

n.

entrails.]

omentum

(anat.}
tissue (zool.}.

[Gk. epiploon,
The great
adipose

insect

podium.

pterygoid

tending into the gill chamber (zool.}.

eplpodium (Sp'ipo'dTum) n. [Gk. epi,
upon pous, foot.] The embryonic
;

leaf-lamina

(bot.}

ridge

or

fold

running along the entire edge of the

creeping sole of the foot of Gastropods, often beset with papillae ; the
raised ring on an ambulacral plate
surrounding the two pores through
which the tube-feet project in

Echinoidea

(zool.}.

epiprecoracoid (ep'iprekor'akoid) ;/.

L. pre, before
Gk.
[Gk. epi, upon
eidos, resemblance.]
tnnur, crow
A small cartilage at the ventral
end of the precoracoid in some
;

turtle pectoral girdles (zool.}.

epipteric (ep'ipter'ik) a.
[Gk. epi%
Pert, or
upon ; pteron, wing.]

columella

called

also

(zool.}.

epipubic

upon

(ep'ipu'blk) a.
L. pubes, adult.]

upon

certain

[Gk.
Pert,

the

epi,

or

pubis
appl.
cartilages or bones princi;

pally in marsupials (zool.}.

epipubis

(ep'fpu'bis)

n.

[Gk.

epi,

[Gk.

epi,

L. pubes, adult.] An unpaired cartilage or bone borne

anteriorly on the pubis (zool.}.

upon

epirhizous (epTrfzus)

upon

rhiza, root.]

a.

Growing upon

a root (bot.}.
episepalous (gp'isep'alus)

upon

a.

[Gk.

Adnate

sepalon, sepal.]

epi,

to

the sepals (bot.}.

episkeletal (ep'iskel'gtal) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; skeletos, hard.] Outside the

endoskeleton

(zool.}.

episperm (Sp'isperm)
upon sperma, seed.]
;

n.

[Gk.

The

epi,

testa or

(bot.}.

episporangium (gp'isporan'jTum) n.
seed
[Gk. epi, upon
sporos,
;

anggeion,
n.

[Gk. epi,
A process
upon
pous, foot.]
from
the
basal
arising
joint of the
crustacean limb and usually ex(epip'odij)

[Gk.

outer coating of the seed

epipodial (ep'ipo'dial) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon pous, foot.] Pert, the epi-

n.

upon pteryx, wing.] A small

bone extending nearly vertically
downwards from the prootic to the
epi,

borne

epipleura (ep'iploo'ra)
upon pleuron, rib.]

epipodite

EPI-

95

vessel.]

An

indusium

(bot.}.

n.
[Gk. epi, upon ;
The outer layer of
the wall of a sporocyst (zool.}.
episternalia (6p'ist6rna'lia) n. plu.
[Gk. epi, upon ; sternon, breastTwo small elements prebone.]
formed in cartilage frequently interin
vening
development between the
clavicles and
the sternum, and
ultimately fusing with the sternum

epispore (ep'ispor)
sporos, seed.]

(zool.}.

episternite (ep'isteYnit) n. [Gk. epi,

upon ; sternon, breast-bone.] One
of the portions of an ovipositor
formed from the side portions of a

somite

(zool.}.

episternum (ep'isteYnum)
[Gk.
sternon, breast-bone.]
epi, upon
.

The

also applied to
an anterior cartilaginous element
of the sternum ; a lateral division
of an arthropod somite, usually
interclavicle

EPI-

96

above the sternum and more anthan the epimeron

teriorly placed

Crustacea

a small lobe overin the Polyzoa

hanging the mouth

and containing a part

cavity

of the

body

that portion of the insect's

behind
the
head immediately
labrum a portion of the rostrum
;

of certain Diptera (zool.).

epistome, see epistoma.
epistrophe (epis'trofe) n. [Gk. episThe
turning
towards.]
trophe,
position assumed by the chloroplasts along the outer and inner
walls when exposed to diffuse light

epistropheus

ep'istro'-

(ep'istro'feus,

fyus) n.
[Gk. epistropheus, turning.]
The axis vertebra (anat}.

epithalamus (ep'ithal'amus) n. [Gk.

thalamos, chamber.]
epi,
upon
The trigonum habenulae, the pineal
body and the posterior commissure
;

of the brain (anat.).

epithalline (ep'ithal'ln) a. [Gk. epi,
upon ; thalla, stem.] Growing upon
the thallus (hot.}.

epitheca

n.

(gp'ithe'ka)

An

[Gk.

epi,

external

theke, cup.]
layer surrounding the lower part
of the theca in many Corals (zool}.
;

epithecium
shtum) n.

gp'ithe'-

(e"p'ithe'kium,

[Gk.

The

cup.]

upon

epi,

surface

theke,

of the spore-

cases in Lichens and Fungi (dot.).

epithelial (ep'ithe'lial) a.
[Gk. epi,
upon t/tele, nipple.] Pert, epithe;

lium.

epithelium
epi,

(ep'lthe'lium) n.
thele,
nipple.]
tissue
covering a

upon

cellular

[Gk.

Any

free

surface or lining a tube or cavity

(biol.).

epithem
upon
;

of

tokos,

(zool.).

epitrichium

(ep'itrlk'ium) n.
[Gk.
An outer
thrix, hair.]
of
the
layer
epidermis in the foetus
of many mammals, usually shed
before birth (emb.}.

epi,

upon

n.
(gp'itrok'lea)
[Gk.
The
trochos, wheel.]
upon
inner condyle at the distal end of
the humerus (anat.).

epitrochlea
epi,

epitympanic
epi, upon

drum.]

num

(e'p'itimpan'ik) a.
[Gk.
L. tympanum, kettle-

Situated above the tympa-

(zool.).

(ep'iksi'lus,

epik'siliis)

a.

upon
wood.]
xylon,
Growing upon wood (bot.).
epizoic (ep'izo'ik) a. [Gk. epi, upon
[Gk.

epi,

zoon, animal.] Pert, animals living

on or attached to the body of

another animal
epizoon (gp'izo'on)
zoon, animal.]

on another

(zool.).

[Gk. epi, upon

An animal living
an external parasite
;;.

(zool.).

epizootic

upon

among

(ep'izoot'ik)

zoon,

a.

animal.]

animals

[Gk.

epi,

Common

(zool.).

n.
[Gk. epi,
(ep'izl'gal)
The upper
zygon, yoke.]
in
a syzygial pair of
ossicle
brachials or columnars in the
Crinoids (zool.}.

epizygal

upon

eponychium

[Gk.
onyx, nail.] The thin
cuticular fold which overlaps the
lunula of the nail (anat.) ; the
dorsal portion of a neonychium

epi,

upon

(ep'onik'ium)

(emb.).

epoophoron
epi, upon

(gp'ooftiron) n.
[Gk.
oon, egg ; p herein, to

A rudimentary organ, the

remains of the WolfHan body of
the embryo, lying in the mesosalpinx between the ovary and the
uterine tube (anat.).
equal (e'kwal) a. [L. aequalis, equal.]
Having the portions of the lamina
equally developed on the two sides
of the midrib appl. leaves (bot.).
equation division, in mitosis, by
bear.]

n.

(ep'Tthgm)

tithenai, to put.]

[Gk.

eft,

group

colourless
parensurrounding a space
in the tissue of a plant and forming
a hydathode (bot.) an excrescence
specialized

chyma

Designating

birth.]

epitrichial (ep'itrik'ial) a. [Gk. epi,

Pert, or rethrix, hair.]
upon
sembling the epitrichium (emb.).

epixylous

(bot.).

upon

upon

the heteronereid stage of certain

Polychaetes

(zool.).

epistoma (ep'isto'ma) n.
[Gk. epi,
upon stoma, mouth.] The region
between the antenna and the mouth
in

EQU-

cells

on the beak of birds (zool.).

epithema, see epithem.
epitheme, see epithem.
epitokous (epTt'b'kus) a.
[Gk.

epi,

the

longitudinal

splitting

of

the

EQU-

97

chromatin thread all the ancestral

germ-plasms are equally distributed
in the daughter nuclei (cyt.}.
equatorial (ek'wato'rial) plate, the
group of chromosomes lying at
the equator of the spindle during
mitosis

(cyt.}.

equiblradlate (ek'wiblra'dtat) a. [L.

bis, twice
radius,
aeguus, equal
With two equal rays
radius.]
;

(zool.}.

equicellular (ek'wiseTular) a.
[L.
aequus, equal cellula, cell.] Composed of equal cells (zool.}.
equilateral (ek'wilat'e'ral) a.
[L.
aequus, equal ; latiis, side.] Having the sides equal
appl, shells
which are symmetrical about a
transverse line drawn through the
;

umbo

(zool.}.

equitant (gk'witant)

a.

[L. equitare,

to ride.]

Having the bases

lapping,

saddlewise,

above them (bot.}.

equlvalve (ek'wivalv')
equal

two

a.

the

overleaves

[L. aequus,

valva, valve.] Having the

halves of the shell exactly
;

EftVergatandrous

(grgatan'driis) a.

[Gk.

worker; aner, man.]

ing worker-like males (zool.}.

Hav-

ergates,

ergatogynous (eYgatqj'Tnus) a. [Gk.

worker
ergates,
gyne, woman.]
Having worker-like females (zool.}.
;

ergot (eVgot) n. [O.K. argot, spur.]

A small bare patch found on the
limbs of the horse-tribe, representing the last remnant of the naked
palm of the hand and sole of thefoot (anat.}.

eriophyllous (eYiofil'us) a.
[Gk.
erion, wool phyllon, leaf.]
Having
leaves with a cottony appearance
;

(bot.}.

erose

(eros') a.

wear
margin

[L. erodere, to

the

Having

away.]

irregularly notched (bof.).

erosion (erS'zhun) n. [L. erodere, to
wear away.] Decay which usually
starts at the apex of many gastropod shells (zool.}.

erostrate (eros'trat) a. [L. ex, without ; rostrum, beak.] Having no

beak ; appl. anthers (bot.}.

ersaeome

[L. erigere, to raise

(eYseorh) n.
[Gk. erse,
The free monogastric
young.]
generation of Siphonophora (zool.}.

Not decumbent (bot.}.

up.]
erectile (ereVtil) a.
[L. erigere, to
raise up.] Capable of being erected

eruciform (eroo'slform) a. [L. eruca,

caterpillar
forma, shape.] Having the shape of, or resembling a

alike in

form and

erect (erekt')

a.

size (zool.}.

caterpillar

(zool.}.

erectile tissue,

being made

a tissue capable of

and dilated by

rigid

the distention of the blood-vessels

within it (anat.}.
erection (ereVshiin) n.
[L. erigere,
The state of a part
to raise up.]
which has become swollen and
distended through the accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue
(phys.}.
erector (ergk'tor) n. [L. erigere, to
raise up.]
muscle which raises

up an organ or part (anat.}.

eremochaetous
(eYemoke'tus)

a.

[Gk. eremos, lonely chaeta, bristle.]

Having no regularly arranged
system of pointed bristles
appl.
;

flies (sool.}.

ergaloid (eYgaloid) a. [Gk. ergates,

worker.] Having the adults sexually capable though wingless (zool.}.
ergastoplasm (grgas'toplazm) n. [Gk.
ergazesthai, to work plasma, something moulded.] Archoplasm (biol.}.
;

insect

appl.

larvae

(zool.}.

erumpent

[L. ex, out

rumpere, to break.] Breaking out
suddenly
appl.
fungal
hyphae

(eriim'pent) a.

(bot.}.

erythrin

(grith'rin) n.

[Gk. erythros,
matter found

red colouring
red.]
in certain Algae (&?/.).

erythrism

(erith'rizm) n.

ros, red.]

[Gk. erythcondition due to ex-

amount of red colouring

cessive

matter in the feathers (zool.}.

erythroblasts (Srith'roblasts) n. plu.
[Gk. erythros, red
blastos, bud.]
Amoeboid nucleated cells, derived
;

from

the mesoderm, which later

contain haemoglobin and develop
into red blood corpuscles (phys.}.

erythrocyte

(grtth'roslt) n.

red kytos, hollow.]

corpuscle (anat.}.
ros,

[Gk. eryth-

A red blood

erythrophilous (eVithrofllus)

a.

[Gk.

erythros, red ; philein, to., love.]

Having special affinity for red dyes ;

*'

ERY-

ETI-

appl. structures

in a cell

or to a

type of cells (biol.}.

erythrophyll (erith'rofil) n.
erythros, red phyllon, leaf.]
colouring matter found in
leaves (bot.}.
;

[Gk.
red

erythrozym

n.
(erith'rozlm)
erythros, red ; zyme, leaven.]

some
[Gk.

One

of the enzymes capable of acting

upon the glucosides (bot.}.

erythrozyme

(grith'rozlm) n.
[Gk.
erythros, red ; zyme, leaven.] An

capable of decomposing
ruberythric acid (phys.}.
escape (6skap') n.
[M.E. escapen.]

enzyme

now

plant originally cultivated,

found wild (bot.}.

esculent (es'kulent)

a.

[L. esculentus,

Suitable for food.

edible.]

n.
(esktich'un)
[O.F.
escuchon, shield.] The area on the
rump of many quadrupeds which is
either variously coloured or has the
hair specially arranged the mesoscutellum of certain insects ; the
ligamental area of certain bivalves
;

(xool.}.

esophagus

[L. ex, without

Not

supplied

(esof'agus),

esoteric (es'oter'fk) a. [Gk. esoterikos,

arising within.] Arising within the

out

spatha,

spathe

Having no

sheath.]

(hot.).

without

scale

squama,

a.

scale.]

Having no

(bot.}.

of the sea.]

an estuary
animals (biol.}.
in

(ete'rlo)

association.]

eidos,

ethmoidal

a.
[Gk.
(ethmoi'dal)
ethmos, sieve ; et'dos, shape.] Pert.
region of the ethmoids (anat.}.
ethmoidal notch, a quadrilateral
space separating the two orbital
parts of the frontal (anat.}.

ethmolysian

[Gk.
(eth'molis'ian) a.
sieve ; lyein, to loosen.]
an apical system in which

Pert,

the madreporite extends backwards

two posteroit separates the

till

lateral genitals (zool.}.

ethmopalatine

a.
(eth'mopal'atin)
sieve ; L. palatus,
Found in the ethmopalate.]
palatine region, or stretching from
the ethmoid to the palatine (zool.}.

[Gk.

ethnics,

ethmophract (eth'mofrakt)

a.
[Gk.
ethmos, sieve phrassetn, to fence
Pert,
a
in.]
simple, compact, apical
system with the pores occurring
only in the right anterior corner
(zool.}.

n.

see aesti-

a.

[L. aestus,
Pert, or found

appl.

plants

and

[Gk. efairia,
fruit

an

composed of

achenes or drupelets carried on an

enlarged receptacle (bot.}.
etheogenesis (6th'eoj5n'esTs) n. [Gk.
etheos, youth ; gignesthai, to produce.] A kind of parthenogenesis

L. turbo,
plu. [Gk. ethmos, sieve
whorl.J Cartilages or bones in the
which
are
folded
of
the
nostril
cavity
so as to increase the olfactory area
;

(zool.}.

ethmovomerine (eth'movo'merin)

vation (bot., zool.}.

estuarine (es'tuarin)

etaerio

ex,

[L. ex, with-

estivation (gs'tiva'shun),

swell

[L.

Having

(bot.}.

estipulate (estip'ulat) a.
out ; stipula, stem.]
stipules

(zool.}.

a.
[Gk. ethmos,
shape.] Pert, bones
which form a considerable part of
the walls of the nasal cavity (anat.\

sieve

ethmoturbinals (eth'motur'binalz)
[L. ex, with-

a.

esquamate (eskwa'mat)

no

Arabia

ethmoid (eth'moid)

oeso-

see

phagus.

organism (phys.}.
espathate (espa'that)

graphical region including Africa

south of the Sahara and southern

ethmos,

escutcheon

eseptate (esep'tat) a.
septum, division.]
with septa (biol.}.

producing males, said to exist in

some Protozoa (zool.\
Ethiopian (e'thto'pTan) n.
[Gk. atA zoogeothiops, burned face.]

a.

L.
votner,
[Gk. ethmos, sieve
Pert, the ethmoid
ploughshare.]
and vomer regions (zool.}.
ethmovomerine cartilage, the plate
of cartilage which forms the septum
of the nose in the early stages of
the embryo (emb.}.
;

ethnology

[Gk. ethnos,
(ethnol'dji)
nation \logos, discourse.] Thescience
which deals with the different races
of mankind, their distribution, relationship,

ethology
custom
nomics.

and

peculiarities

(ethol'qjl)
;

logos,

(biol.}.

[Gk. ethos,
Bio-

discourse.]

etiolation (e'tiola'shun) n.

[F. etioler,

ETIThe

condition produced in plants reared in darkness

to blanch.]
(bot.).

etiolin

n.

(e'tiolin)

[F.

etioler,

to

yellowish
pigment
found in the chloroplasts of plants

blanch.]

grown

in

darkness (phys.).

etiology

(e'tiol'oji),

euaster

(uas'ter)

eucephalous

good

well-developed head

[Gk.

With

head.]

kephale,

appl. certain

insect larvae (zool.).

eucone (ukon')
konos, cone.]
line

a.

[Gk. eu, good

Having the

crystal-

cones fully developed in the

of the compound

single elements

eye (zoo/.}.
eudipleural (u'diploo'ral) a. [Gk. eu,
good dis, double pleuron, side.]
Symmetrical about a median plane
bilaterally symmetrical (zool.).
eudoxoxne (udok'som) n.
[Gk. eu,
well doxa, credit.] A monogastric
free-swimming stage of a Siphonophore in which there is no necto;

calyx

(zool.).

(ujen'iks)

;/.

euglenoid (uglen'oid) a. [Gk. eu, well

glene, pupil of eye.] Pert, or like

Euglena appl. characteristic move;

ment of Euglena (biol.).

eumerism (u'me'rTzm) n.
well ; meros, part.] An
tion of like parts (biol.).

eumerogenesis

(zool.).

well

[Gk.

eu,

aggrega-

(u'merojgn'gsis)

[Gk. eu, well ; meros, part

gignesthai, to produce.] Segmentation
in which the units are similar at
least for a certain time (biol.).
euplastic (uplas'tik) a. [Gk. eu, well ;
Readily organplastos, moulded.]
ized, easily forming a tissue (phys.).
;

euryhaline (u'rihal'm) a. [Gk. eurys,

broad
halinos, marine.]
Appl.
marine animals adaptable to a wide
range of salinity
cf. stenohaline
;

eurypylous
[Gk. eurys,
broad pyle, gate.] Wide at the
opening
appl. canal system of
(u'ripl'lus) a.

(u'sporan'jlat) a. [Gk.
sporos, seed ; anggeion,

tissue derived from the inner cell

that follows the periclinal division

of the superficial initial

sporangiate

cf.

lepto-

(bot.).

Eustachian(usta'kian)<z. [It. Eustachi,

Italian
Pert, canal
physician.]
connecting tympanic cavity with

pharynx (anat.).
Eustachian valve, a rudimentary
valve guarding the orifice of the
inferior vena cava in the atrium of
the heart (anat.).
eustele (u'stel) n.
stele,

pillar.]

[Gk. eu, well ;

of

The arrangement

the vascular tissue into collateral

bundles with the conjunctive tissue

between, as in a typical Dicotyledon
(bot.).

eustomatous (ustom'atus)

a.
[Gk. eu,
well
stoma, mouth.]
Having a
distinct mouth-like opening (zool.).

euthenics

(uthfin'lks) n.
[Gk. euthenThe science of the
ein, to thrive.]

betterment of the human race on

the side of intellect and morals ;
the psychological as distinct from
the physiological improvement, or
eugenics (biol.).
euthyneurous (u'thinu'rus) a. [Gk.
euthus, straight
neuron, nerve.]
Having the visceral loop of the
nervous system untwisted (zool.).
;

evagination (e'vajina'shun)

n.

[L.

e,

out ; vagina, sheath.] The process

of unsheathing, or product of this
process ; an outgrowth (biol.).

evanescent (ev'anes'gnt)
early

[L. evan-

a.

to

vanish.]
Disappearing
appl. flowers which fade

escere,
;

quickly (bot.).
eviscerate (evis'erat) v.

[L. ex, out ;

To disembowel ;
viscera, entrails.]
to eject the viscera, as Holothurians

do on capture
evolute

(biol.).

Having the sporogenous

vessel]

[Gk. eu, well ;

gcnos, birth.] The science dealing
with the improvement of stock
usually referred to betterment of
human race (biol.).

eugenics

Sponges
open directly into the excurrent
canals by wide apopyles, and receive the water from the incurrent
canals through
the
prosopyles

eu,

n.

(ukgf'alus, -sef-) a.

which the chambers

in

eusporangiate

see aetiology.

[Gk. eu, good ;

An aster in which the
aster, star.]
meet
at
a
common
centre (zool.).
rays

eu,

EVO-

99

(zool.).

(e'volut) a.

unroll.]

[L. evolvere, to

Turned back

unfolded

(bot.).

evolution (e'volu'shun)

n.

[L. evol-

EXA-

vere, to unroll.] The gradual development of organisms from pre-

existing organisms (biol.).

exalate (gksa'lat) a. [L. ex, without
Not having wing-like
ala, wing.]

appendages (bot.).
exalbuminous (gk'salbu'minus) a.
;

exannulate

(eksan'ulat)

a.

[L.

ex,

without
annulus, ring.]
Having
a sporangium not furnished with
an annulus or ring
appl. certain
;

(bot.).

exarch (ek'sark) n. [L. ex, without

Gk. arche, beginning.] With the
;

protoxylem strands
the pericycle (dot.).

in

touch with

without

ex,

[L.

make rough.]
stiff

points

to

asperare,
Furnished with hard,
;

(bot.).

(gk'sipl) n.

[L. excipula, re-

Theouter covering of the

apothecium in certain Lichens (dot.).
ceptacles.]

excitation (ek'sita'shun) n.
[L. ex,
out ; citare, to rouse.] The act of
producing or increasing the stimulation ; the stimulation thus pro-

duced

(phys.).

excitatory cells, motor cells in the

sympathetic nervous system (phys.).
excite (ekslt') v. [L. ex, out citare,
to rouse.] To start or increase the
vital activities of an organism or
;

part thereof (phys.).

excitonutrient
out
ex,
[L.

a.
(eksi'tonu'trient)
;
citare, to rouse ;
inor
Causing
nutriens, feeding.]
nutrient activities
the
creasing

(phys.).

exclusion (ekskloo'zhun)
cludere, to exclude.]
ling, or the

n.

Act

[L. exof expel-

product of the expulsion

(phys.).

exconjugant (ekskon'joogant)
ex, out

excrete (ekskret')

v.
[L. ex, out ;
To eliminate waste
sift.]
material from the body (phys.) to
withdraw useless materials from the
place of most active metabolism in
the plant (hot.).

cernere, to

excretion (ekskre'shun)

n.
[L. ex,
cernere, to sift.] Act of eliminating waste material, or the product of the elimination (phys.).
excurrent (ekskur'e'nt) a.
[L. ex,
out ; currere, to run.] Pert, ducts,
or
in
canals
which there
channels,

out

is an outgoing flow (zool.)

with
undivided main stem
having the
midrib projecting beyond the apex
;

(bot.).

excurved (ekskurvd')

(hot.).

excentric (eksen'trik) a.
ex,
[L.
without
centrum, centre.] Onesided having the two portions of
the lamina unequally developed
exciple

n. plu.
[L. excretum, separated.] Waste material
eliminated from the body or any
tissue thereof (phys.) ; deleterious
substances formed within a plant

exasperate (eksas'perat, egzas'perat)

a.

excreta (gkskre'ta)

(bot.).

[L.

albumen, white of egg.]

Without albumen appl. seeds without endosperm or perisperm, or
both (dot.).
ex, without

ferns

EXO-

100

n.

conjugare, to yoke.]

[L.

An

organism which is leading an independent life after conjugation with

another (zool.).

a.
[L. ex, out
Curved outcurvare, to curve.]
wards from the centre (zool.}.
exfoliation (gksfo'lia'shun) n.
[L.
ex, out \folium, leaf.] The shedding
of the leaves or scales from a bud

(bot.).

exhalent
halare,

(eksha'lfint) a.
to breathe.]

carrying from the

[L. ex, out ;

Capable of

interior

outwards

(zool.).

exindusiate (ek'slndu'zlat) a. [L. ex,

out
indusium, cover.]
Having
the sporangia uncovered or naked
;

(bot.).

exine (ek'sm), see extine.

exinguinal (eVsm'gwInal) a. [L. ex,
out ; inguen, groin.]
Occurring
outside the groin
pert, second
joint of an arachnid leg (zool.).
;

exites

n.

plu. [Gk. exo,

without.] Offshoots on the outer
lateral border of the axis of certain
(ekslts')

arthropod limbs (zool.}.

exocardiac (ek'sokar'diak)
exo, without

a.

[Gk.

kardia, heart.]

Situ-

ated outside the heart

(zool.).

exocarp

(ek'sokarp) n.
[Gk. exo,
without ; karpos, fruit.] The outer
layer of the pericarp (bot.).
exoccipital (ek'sokslp'ftal) a. [L. ex,
without
occiput, back of head.]
Pert, a bone on each side of the
;

foramen

magnum

(goal.).

EXOexochorion

(Sk'sok5'rI5n) n.
[Gk.
without
chorion,
chorion.]
The outer layer of the membrane
secreted by the follicular cells
surrounding the egg in the ovary
of Insects (zoo/.).
exocoel (Sk'sosel) n. [Gk. exo, without ; koilos, hollow.]
The space
between the mesenteries of adjacent couples in certain Zoantharia
exo,

(goo/.).

exocoelar (eVsose'lar) a. [Gk. exo,

without koilos, hollow.] Pert, the
parietal wall of the coelom pert.
space between adjacent couples
of mesenteries in the Zoantharia
;

(eVsose'lom)

exo, without

n.

koilos, hollow.]

[Gk.

The

extra-embryonic body cavity of the

embryo (emb.}.
exoderm (eVsodgrm)

n.

[Gk. exo,

without derma, skin.] The dermal

layer of Sponges supposed by
;

Haeckel to be equal to ectoderm

of other animals (zoo/.).

exodermis

(eYsodeVmis) n.
without
L.
dermis,
;

[Gk.
skin.]

See ectoderm.
(Sk'sogamet') n.
[Gk.
gametes, mate.]
which
cell
fuses
with
reproductive

without

one derived from another source

(zoo/.).

exogamy

(Sksog'amT) n. [Gk. exo,

gamos, marriage.] Conjugation or fusion of isogametes
with others of a different brood

without

(6to/.).

exogastrically (ek'sogas'trikal!) adv.

[Gk. exo, without
gaster, belly.]
Where the shell is coiled towards
the dorsal surface of the body
;

n.
(eVsoplazm)
[Gk.
without
plasma, something
The
moulded.]
ectoplasm (biol.).
exopodite (gksop'odit) n. [Gk. exo,
The outer
without
potts, foot.]
branch of a typical biramous
crustacean limb (zool.}.

exo,

exoskeleton (6k'sosk61'6ton)
exo,

without

skeletos,

n.

[Gk.

hard.]

hard supporting structure secreted

by the ectoderm or by the skin
(zoo/.).

n.
[Gk.
osmos,
impulse.]
out through a membrane of a gas or fluid, a phase in

(gk'sosmo'sis)

without

exo,

The passing

osmosis
exospore
without

(phys.~).

(fik'sospor)
;

n.

[Gk.

The

sporos, seed.]

coating of the sporangial wall

of the conidia (&?/.).

exosporlum (ek'sospo'rmm)
exo,

without

sporos,

n.

seed.]

exo,

outer
;

one
[Gk.

The

outer layer of the sporangial wall

exostome (eVsostom)

n.
[Gk. exo,
The
stoma,
mouth.]
the
or
in
outer
foramen
opening
wall of the ovule (bot.}.
exostosis (eVs8sto's!s) n. [Gk. exo,

without

without osteon, bone.] The formation of knots on the surface of wood

the formation of knob-like
(oot.)
outgrowths of bone at a damaged
portion, or of dental tissue in a
;

-,

similar

way

(anaf.).

exotheca (eYsothe'ka)
without

n.

theke, box.]

[Gk. exo,

The

capsular tissue of a Coral

extra-

(zoo/.).

exothecal (gk'sothe'kal)

(zoo/.).

exogenous
without

exoplasm

(bot.}.

exogamete
exo,

[Gk. exo, without ; peridion, a

small wallet.] The outer layer of
the spore case in certain Fungi

exosmosis

(zoo/.).

exocoelom

exo,

EXO-

101

(e'ksoj'e'nus) a.

genos, race.]

[Gk. exo,

Developed

from superficial tissue, the superficial meristem (oof.)

growing from
parts which were previously ossified
;

exothecate

(eVsothe'kat)

exo, without

an exotheca

theke, box.]

a.

[Gk.

Having

(zoo/.).

exotic

(zoo/.).

exognathion (6k'sognath'l8n)

n.
[Gk.
exo, without
gnathos, jaw.] The
maxillary portion of the upper jaw
the
maxilla with exception
of
;

endognathion

and

mesognathion

(anaf.).

exoperidium

a.
[Gk. exo,
without
Pert, tissue
theke, box.]
outside the theca of a Coral (zoo/.),

(e'k'sope'rid'ium)

n.

(gksot'ik, 6gz8t'Tk) a.
[Gk.
exotikos,
Signifying an
foreign.]

introduced or non-endemic

plant

(tof.).

n.
[Gk.
(Skso'tospor)
exotikos, foreign
sporos, seed.]
sporozoite (zoo/.).
exotropism (6ks6t'roplzm) n. [Gk.

exotospore

EXPexo, without

trepein, to turn.]

The

curvature away from the axis, exhibited by a laterally geotropic

organ (bot.}.
expiration (ek'spira'shun)

[L. ex,

cavity (phys.}.

exsculptate

(ekskiilp'tat) a.
sculpere, to carve.]

out
the surface

[L. ex,

Having
marked with more or

less regularly arranged raised lines

with grooves between (sool.}.
exscutellate (ek'skutel'at) a. [L. ex,
without scutellum, shield.] Having no scutellum ; appl. Insects
;

some

gills.]

Arising outside the branchial

arches

(zoo!.}.

extracapsular
[L.

protruding beyond
including organ or part
(bot.}

tendere, to stretch.]
out, as opp. to flex

To

straighten

or

bend any

organ (phys.}.
extension (elcstgn'shiin)
out; tendere, to stretch.]

ing out of an organ

extensor (ekstgn'sor)

n.

[L.

ex,

Straighten-

(phys.}.
n.
[L. ex, out

(zool.}.

extracellular (ek'straseTular) a. [L.

exter, outside
cellula, little cell.]
Occurring outside the cell (biol.}.
;

extraembryonic

(eVstraem'brion'ik)
Gk. embryon,
;
Situated outside the em-

[L. exter, outside

foetus.]

bryo proper (emb.}.

extraenteric (ek'straenter'ik) a. [L.
Gk. enteron, gut.]
exter, outside
the
tract
Outside
alimentary
;

Any muscle
stretch.]
which extends a limb or part thereof (anat.).
exterior (gkste'rior) a. [L. externus,
on the outside.] Situated on the
side away from the axis or definitive

plane (biol.}.
external (gkster'nal)

a.
[L. externus,
the outside, away

Near

from the mesial plane (anat.}.

extine (ek'stin) n. [L. exter, on the

The

outer coat of the

pollen grain (bot.}.

extra-axillary (eVstra-aksTl'arl) a. [L.
outside
exter,
axilla,
armpit.]
Arising above the axil of a leaf,
said of branches which develop
from the upper bud when there
;

a.
extrafloral
(ek'straflo'ral)
exter, outside
flos, flower.]
ated outside the flower (bot.}.

[L.
Situ-

extranuclear (ek'stranu'klear)

a.

[L.

outside ; nucleus, nucleus.]

Pert, structures or forces acting
outside the nucleus ; situated outside the nucleus (biol.}.

exter,

extraocular (ek'straok'ular)
exter, outside
terior to the

of Insects

a.
[L.
Excculus, eye.]
;
appl. antennae

eye

(zool.}.

extrastapedial
;

tendere, to

outside.]

a.

(zool.}.

(zool.}.

exsertile (eksgr'til) a.
[L. exserere,
to stretch out.]
Capable of extrusion (biol.}.
exsufflation (eks'sufla'shun) n.
[L.
Forced
ex, out ; sufflare, to blow.]
expiration from the lungs (phys.}.
extend (Skstfind') v. [L. ex, out ;

outside.]

(Sk'strakap'sular)

outside
capsida, cup.]
or situated outside the

exter,

Arising
capsule; appl. ligaments, etc., in
connection with a joint (anat.}
appl. protoplasm lying outside the
central capsule in some Protozoa

a.

(zool.}.

exserted (ekseYted) a. [L. exserere,

to stretch out.]
Protruding appl.
stamens which project beyond the
corolla

are more than one in connection

with the axil (bot.}.

extrabranchial (ek'strabrang'kfal) a.
Gk. brangchia,
[L. exter, outside
;

n.

out ; spirare, to breathe.] The act

of emitting air from the lungs ; the
act of emitting volatile substances
from the lungs, or from any internal

EXT-

102

(ek'strastape'dlal) a.
[L. exter, outside ; stapes, stirrup.]

beyond the stapedio-

Extending

columellar junction (anat.}.

extrastelar (6k'straste'lar) a.
[L.
Gk. stele, column.]
exter, outside
;

Pert,

ground

tissue

vascular tissue

extravaginal
exter,

outside

Forcing

their

sheath, as the
plants (bot.}.

extravasate

outside

the

(bot.}.

(ek'stravaj'inal) a.

[L.
sheath.]

vagina,

way through
shoots

of

(ekstrav'asat) v.
;
vas, vessel.]

exter,

outside

force

its

way

from

the

the

many
[L.

To

proper

channel into the surrounding tissue;

said of blood, etc. (phys.}.

extraventricular (gk'strdvgntrik'ular)
a.

[L.

exter,

outside

-venter,

EXTSituated or arising
belly.]
the ventricle (phys.).

extremity

beyond
ex-

n.

(e'kstre'm'iti)

[L.
The limb, or
tremitas,
limit.]
distal portion of a limb ; or the
distal end of any limb-like structure
(biol., anat.).

extrinsic

a.

(gkstrin'sik)

on the

frinsecus,

[L.

outside.]

exPert.

muscles not wholly within the part

(anat.).

outwardly.]

a.

[L. extrorsus,

Turned away from the

(hot.}.

exudation

(ek'suda'shun) n.
[L.
exudere, to sweat.] Any discharge
through an incision or pore, e.g.
gums, resins, moisture, etc. (biol.).

exumbral
out

bean.]

small

fibro-cartilage

ossified in the gastrocnemius (anaf.).

fabiform (fa'blform) a. [L.faba, bean
forma, shape.] Bean-shaped.
Pabrician system, a classification of
thearthropoda based on the anatomy
;

of the mouth parts (zoo/.).

facet (fas'et) n. [L. fades, face.]
smooth, flat, or rounded surface for

articulation

(anat.)

an

(gksiim'bral)

a.

[L.

ex;

Pert, the
umbra, shade.]
rounded or convex upper surface
of a jelly-fish (zoo/.).
;

exumbrella (ek'sumbreTa)

n.

[L. ex,

facial (fa'shal) a.
[L. fades, face.]
Pert, face; appl. artery, nerve, bone,
vein, etc. (anaf.).
faciolingual (fa'shloling'gwal) a. [L.
fades, face ; lingua, tongue.] Pert.
or affecting the face and tongue
(anaf.).

facultative (fak'ulta'tiv) a. [L.facu/tas,

Having the power of
faculty.]
living under different conditions
(biol.-).

facultative

parasites,

parasites

The upper
umbra, shade.]
rounded or convex surface of a

ent,

jelly-fish (goal.).

parasitic or semiparasitic

out

exuviae
to

(egzu'vle) n.plu.

pull

off.]

of animals

eye

ocellus

(zoo/.).

extrorse (Skstrors')
axis

FAL-

103

[L. exuere,

Cast-off skins,

etc.,

life

may be

but
;

cf.

normally self-depend-

which are adaptable

mode

obligatory parasites

to

of

(biol.).

faeces (fe'sez)

n. plu. [L. faeces, dregs.]

or waste matter from
the bowels (anaf.).
falcate (fal'kat) a. [L. falx, sickle.]

The excrement

(zoo/.).

The organ

n.

(I)
[M.E. ighe^\
one of the
sight or vision
pigment spots in various animals
and in many of the lower plants
the bud of a tuber (dot.).
(biol.)

of

which

the globular capsule of the

eye-ball,
vertebrate eye ; also the capsule
and its contents.
eye spots, certain pigment spots in
of the lower plants and
animals, and also in some vertebrates, which are supposed to have
an ocular function (biol.).

many

Sickle-shaped hooked
falciform (fal'slform) a.

(biol.).

sickle

shaped

[L. falx,

Sickleforma, shape.]
or scythe-shaped (anaf.,

zoo/.).

falciform ligament, a dorso-ventral

fold of the peritoneum, attached to
under surface of diaphragm and
the anterior and upper surfaces of
the liver (anaf.).
falcula (lal'kula) n. [L.falcula, little
hook.] A curved scythe-like claw
(zoo!.).

falculate

(fal'kulat)

little

hook.]
the point.

a.

[L. falcula,

Curved, and sharp at

Fallopian tubes (falo'pian),

P!,

us^d for convenience to denote the

generation, or the hybrids

arising from a first cross, successive
generations arising from this one
first filial

being denoted by F^ F 3 etc. P t

denotes the parents of the F t
generation, P 2 the grandparents,
and so on (biol.}.
,

fabella (fabel'a) n.

[L. fat>e//<i t small

the upper
portions of the oviduct in man and
mammals the anterior portions of
the Miillerian ducts (anaf.).
false ribs, -those ribs whose cartilaginous ventral ends do not join
the sternum directly, if at all (anaf.).
falx (falks) n., falces (fal'sez) plu.
[L. fair, sickle.] A sickle-shaped
fold of the dura mater (ana/.).
;

FAMfamily

[L.famih'a, house-

(fam'ili) n.

Term used

hold.]

in classification,

signifying one group of an Order

(biol.).

A bird's

fan

(fan) n. [A.S./a#,fan.]
tail feathers (zool.}.

fang (fang)

faradisation (far'adiza.'shun)

n.

Method

day, electrician.]

[Fara-

of stimu-

lation inducing partial or complete

tetanus (phys.).
farina (fare'na, fari'na) n, [L. farina,

The pollen of plants (bot.)

the fine mealy-like powder found

flour.]

on some insects
farinaceous

(zool.).

a.

(far'ina'shus)

[L.

Covered with fine

farina, flour.]
mealy-like dust (zool.).
farinose (far'inos) a. {L. farina, flour.]
Covered with fine powder or dust
n.

fash'ia)

(fas'ia,

[L. fascia,

An ensheathing band of
band.]
connective tissue (anat.).
fascial (faYial, fash'ial) a.
[L. fascia,
bundle.] Pert, a fascia, ensheathing

and binding

(anat.).
(fas'ia'ted, fash'ia'tgd) a.

Banded

bundle.]

fascia,

[L.

(zool.}

arranged in fascicles appl. stems

or branches malformed and flattened
;

(bot.).

fascicle

(fas'ikl)

n.

[L. fasciculus,

dim. of fascia, bundle.] A small

tuft, as of fibres (ana/.)
or of leaves (bot.).
fascicular (fasik'ular) a. [L. fascicuPert.
lus, dim. of fascia, bundle.]
a fascicle arranged in bundles or

bundle or

tufts

appl.

cambium,

fasciculus (fasik'ulus)
lus, little bundle.]

n.

tissue

(bot.).

{L. fascicu-

A fascicle

the

direct pyramidal tract (anat.).

fasciola (fasl'ola) n.
[L. fasciola, a
small bandage.]
narrow colour
band (zool.} a delicate lamina continuous with the dentate gyrus

(anat.).

fascicle (fas'iol) n.

small bandage.]

[L. fasciola, a
ciliated band
for sweeping

on certain Echinoids
fresh

conical form (zool.}.

fat (fat) n.
[A.S.faett, fat.] Adipose
tissue ; any part of animal tissue
filled

cells

its

or

greasy

reserve

oily

with a
material

(Phys.}.

fatigue

n.

(fateg')

[L. fatigare,

to

The effect produced by

weary.]
long stimulation on the cells of an
orga"n (phys.).
(fosez) n. plu.
[L. fauces,
The upper or anterior part
throat.]
of the throat between palate and

fauces

pharynx (anat.} ; the mouth

coiled shell (zool.}.
throat of a corolla (dot.}.
spirally

fauna

of a
the

{L.faunus, a god of
All
the animals
woods.]
to
a
peculiar
country, area, or period
(fon'a) n.

the

(biol.}.

faunal region,

an area characterized

by a special group or groups of

(bot., zool.).

fasciated

to slope up.] With branches parallel

and erect (hot.} ; in pyramidal or

which has

n.

[A.S. fang, grip.]

long-pointed tooth, especially the
snakes (zool.) ; the
tooth
of
poison
root of a tooth (anat.).

fascia

FEM-

104

water over the surrounding

parts (zool.}.
fastigiate (fastij'iat) a.

[L. fastigare.

animals

(zool.}.

favella (favgl'a) n. [L. favus, honeycomb.] A conceptacle of certain

red Algae
(bot.}._
faveolate (fave'olat) a. [L. faveolus,
dim. of'favus, honeycomb.] Honeycombed or alveolate.

faveolus (fave'6'lus) n.
small honeycomb.]
pression or pit

[L. faveolus,

alveola

small de(hot.}.

favose (favos') a. [L. favus, honeycomb.] Like a honeycomb alveo;

late (dot.).

feather-veined, appl. leaf in which

the veins run out from the mid-rib
in a regular series at an acute angle
(bot.).

see faeces.

feces,

fecundity (fekun'diti)
fertile.]

female

n.

Power of a

multiply rapidly

[L.fecundus,
species to

(biol.}.

(fe'mal) n.

pistillate

animal,

i.e.

[L.femina, woman.]
flower (bot.)
a female
an egg-producing or
;

young- producing animal (zool.)

symbol %.
female pronucleus, the nucleus left
in the

ovum

after maturation.

femoral

(fgm'oral) a.
[L. femur,
thigh.] Pert, the thigh; appl. artery,
vein, nerve, etc. ; crural (zool}.

femur (fe'mur) n. {L. femur, thigh.]

The proximal bone of the hind

FEN-

FIL-

105

man and

limb

in

the

third joint

counting

vertebrates (anat.};
in an insect's leg
from the proximal end

(bot.}.

fibrillae (flbril'e) n. plu.

(zool.}.

fenchone (fSn'chon)

n.

[Ger./enc/ie/,
the essential

ketone,
fennel.]
oil in oil of fennel (phys.}.
fenestra (fgneYtrS) n. [L. fenestra,

window.] An opening in a bone,

or between two bones (anat.} ; a
pit on the head of the cockroach ;
a transparent spot on the wings
of insects (zool.}.
fenestrate (fgngs'trat) a. [L. fenestra,
Having small perforawindow.]
tions or transparent spots, appl.
insects'

fibre (anat.}; a root-hair

a slender
filiform outgrowth on some Lichens

wings

(zool.}

numerous perforations,

having

appl. leaves

(hot.}.

fenestrule (ffineVtrool) n. [L.. fenestra,

A small opening bewindow.]
tween the branches of a polyzoan
colony (zool.}.
feral (f e'ral) a. [L. fera, wild animal.]
Wild, or escaped from cultivation
and reverted back to the wild state

small

thread-like

minute
spongin
minute muscle-like threads
(bot.}

elastic fibres secreted within

cells

found

in various Infusorians (zool.).

fibrillate

small

(fl'brilat)

a.

[L. fibrilla.
fibrillae

Having

fibre.]

hair-like structures (bot.}.

fibrillose (fl'brilos, fibril'os) a.
fibrilla,

with

small

fibrils

[L.

Furnished
mycelia of

fibre.]

appl.

or

certain Fungi (bot.}.

fibrin (ffbrin) n. [L. fibra, band.]
An insoluble proteid found in blood
is
after coagulation,
it
readily
digested in gastric juice (p/tys.}.
n.
fibrinogen (fibrin'qje'n)
[L. fibra,
band ; Gk. gignesthai, to produce.]
soluble constituent of blood which

and produces coagula-

yields fibrin
tion (phys.}.

fibro-cartilage (fi'bro-kar'tilaj) n.

band

fibra,

(zool.}.

ferment (feYmSnt)

[L. fibrilla,

The

fibre.]

branches of roots

cartilago,

gristle.]

[L.

substance, organized
ferment.]
or unorganized, capable of produc-

kind of cartilage whose matrix is

mainly composed of fibres similar
to connective tissue fibres, found

ing fermentation (phys.}.

at articulations, cavity margins,

n.

[L. fermentum,

fermentation (feYmSnta'shun) n. [L.

fermentum, ferment.] Any of the
transformations occurring in organic substances caused by the
presence of a ferment (phys.}.

ferruginous (fgroo'jmus)

a.
[L.ferruginus, rusty.] Having the appearance of a rusty spot (bot.}.

fertile (feVtil) a.

[L.fertilis, fertile.]

Capable of producing of eggs or

seeds capable of developing (biol.}.
;

fertilization

(feYtiliza'shun)

n.

[L.

The orderly and

fertile.]
intimate union of male and female
the process of
(biol.} ;

fertilis,

pronuclei

pollination

osseous grooves (anat

fibrous (fi'brus) a. [L
Composed of fibres
(anat.}

roots

appl.

band.]
tissue

(bot.}.

fibula (fib'ula) n. [L. fibula, buckle.]

The outer and smaller bone of
the shin (anat.}.
fibulare (fib'ula're, -ara) n. [L. fibula,
buckle.]/ The outer element of the
proximal row of the tarsus (anat.}.

filament

(firSme'nt) n.
[L. filuni,
thread.] The stalk of the anther
the stalk of a down-feather
(bot.}
;

(zool.}.

fllicauline (fil'ikolTn) a.

thread

(bot.}.

fibra,

and

}.

caulis,

[L. filum,

With a

stalk.]

fetlock (feY16k) n. [I eel. fet, step ;

The tuft of
lokka, tuft of hair.]
hair behind a horse's pastern joint
the pastern joint itself (zool.}.

thread-like stem (bot., zool.}.

filiciform (fills'iform) a.
[L. filix,
fern forma, shape.]
Shaped like
the frond of a fern (bot.}.

fibre (ffber) n.

fllicoid (fil'Ikoid) a.

[L. fibra, band.]

strand of nerve, muscle, connective,
or bast-tissue (bot., zool.}.
fibril (fl'brll) n.
[L. fibrilla, a small
fibre.] A small thread-like structure
or fibre, a component part of a

Gk. eidos, like.]

resembling a fern
filiform

thread
like.

(ffliform)
;

[L. filix, fern;

like or

Shaped
(bot.}.

a.

forma, shape.]

[L.

filum,

Thread-

FILflliform

papillae,
in

tongue ending

papillae on the
numerous minute

slender processes (anat.}.

flligerous (filij'eriis) a.
[L. filum,

With
;
gerere, to carry.]
thread-like outgrowths or flagella

thread

n.

[L. filum,

thread.]

Band

of white matter in the brain ;

lemniscus of the mid-brain

(anat.}.

flloplume (fil'oploom) n. [L. filum,

thread pluma, feather.] A delicate hair-like feather with long
axis and a few free barbs at the
;

apex

(zool.}.

filopodia (fil'opo'dia) n. plu.

[L.
Gk. pous, foot.]
filum, thread
Thread-like pseudopodia of Proto;

zoa

(zool.}.

filose

a.
[L. filum, thread.]
threadlike appl. pseudoof
Protozoa
(zool.}.
podia
(fi'los)

Slender

filtration (filtra'shun) n.
[F. filtrer,
to strain.] Appl. the iridial angle

of the cornea (anat.} ; straining, as

of lymph through capillary walls

the
terminal
terminate,
thread, a slender grey filament, of
the spinal cord (anat.}.
fimbria (fim'bria) ;/., fimbriae (fim'-

filum

fimbria, fringe.]
structure (anat.,
bot.} ; a prolongation of the hippodelicate
campus (anat.}
processes
fringing the mouth of tubes or
or the
ducts, as of the oviduct
siphons of molluscs (zool.}.
brie)

plu.
[L.
fringe-like
;

flmbriated
bria,

(fim'bria'tecl) a.

Fringed

fringe.]

margin, as petals
or ducts (zool.}.

(bot.},

[L. fimat
the

as tubes

fold
[A.S. finn, fin.]
of skin with fin-rays and skeletal
in
the
case
supports, corresponding
of the paired fins to limbs, found
in most fishes (zool.}.
n.

fin (fin)

flnials

(fin'Talz)

end.]

[L. fissus, cleft.]

division of a
Cleavage of cells
unicellular organism into two or
more parts, thereby reproducing
its kind (biol.}.
;

(fisip'ariis) a.

fissiparous
;

parere,

to

The

n.

plu.
[L. finis,
of the distal

ossicles

rami of Crinoids which do not

branch again (zool.}.
fin-rays,
horny supports of the fins
(zool.}.
a.
(fis'Iling'gwal)
fissus, cleft ; lingua, tongue.]
bifid tongue (zool.}.

fissilingual

[L.

With

[L. fissus,

Repro-

beget.]

ducing by binary or multiple

fission

(biol.}.

[L. fissus, cleft ;

With cleft feet, that is,
pes, foot.]
with digits of feet separated (zool.}.
fissirostral (fis'iros'tral) a.
[L. fissus,

fissiped (f is'ipgd) n.

With deeply-

cleft; rostrum, beak.]

cleft beak (zool.}.

fissure (flsh'ur) n.
[L. fissus, cleft.]
cleft, deep groove, or furrow
dividing an organ into lobes, or
sub-dividing and separating certain
areas of the lobes (anat.}.

fix (fiks) v.

{L.fi.rus, fixed.]

To

kill,

and preserve ; to establish (biol.}.

muscles which
fixation muscles,
prevent disturbance of the equilibrium of the body generally, and
fix limbs in the case of limb-movements

(anat.}.

flabellate (flabel'at) a.

(Phys.}.

Any

fission (fish'iin) n.

cleft

(zool.}.
fillet (fil'et)

the

FLA-

106

[L. flabellare,

to fan.]

Fan-shaped.
antennae, pectinate antennae with long processes (zool.}.

flabellate

flabelliform

a.

(flabel'Iform)

[L.

flabellum, dim. of flabrum, breeze

forma, shape.] Fan-shaped.
flabellinerved (fiabel'Tnervd) a. [L.
nervus,
flabellum, little breeze
sinew.]
Appl. leaves with many
;

radiating nerves

(bot.}.

flabellum (flabel'um) n. [L. flabellum,

Any fan-shaped organ or
fan.]
the distal exite of a
structure
branchiopodan limb the epipodite
of certain crustacean limbs (zool.}.
;

flagellate

(flaj'glat) a.

[L. flagellum,
Furnished with flagella
whip.]
like a flagellum (bot., zool.}.
a.
flagelliform
[L.
(flajel'Tform)
flagellum, whip
forma, shape.]
Lash-like
like a flagellum (bot.,
;

zool.}.

flagellula (flaj el'ula) n. [L. flagellula,

dim. of flagellum, whip.]
flagel-

late zoospore (zool.}.

flagellum (flajeTum) n.

whip.]

The

[L. flagellum,
lash-like process of

a long slender
Protista
runner or creeping stem (bot.}.

many

FLAflame

the

cells,

terminal

cells

of

branches of the excretory

system in many worms, with cavity
continuous with the lumen of the
duct, and containing a cilium or
bunch of cilia, the motions of which
the

give a flickering appearance similar

to that of a flame ; a pronephri-

diostome

(zool.).

flavescent (flaves'ent)
turn

to

escere,

a.

yellow.]

[L. fla-u-

Growing

yellow.
flex (flgks) v.

To bend

[L. flectere, to bend.]

appl. movement of limbs

[L. flexus, bent.]

bends a limb (or

muscle which
by its contraction (anat.).
flexuous (flek'suus) a. [L. flexus,
a
zig-zag
bent.]
Curving in
part)

manner

flora

\L. flexus, bent.]

appl. the curve
brain, the curve

in the embryonic
of the intestine (anaf.).

[A.S.fota, ship.] The

pneumatophore of Siphonophores
a
large spongy mass serving
(zool.)
as a float in some Pteridophytes
;

(bot.).

ribs

not uniting

at

end with the sternum

(anaf.).

floccose (flok'os) a. [L. floccus, a lock

of wool.] Covered with wool-like
tufts.

floccular (flok'ular) a.
[L. floccus,
lock of wool.] Pert, the flocculus
(anaf.).

flocculence (flok'ulens) n. [L. floccus,

lock of wool.] Adhesion in small
flakes, as of a precipitant (phys.).
flocculent (flok'Qlgnt) a. [L. floccus,
lock of wool.] Covered with a soft
waxy substance giving the appearance of wool (zool.) ; covered with
small woolly tufts (bot.).
flocculus (flok'ulus) n.
[L. floccus,
lock of wool.] A small accessory
lobe on each lateral lobe of the

cerebellum (anaf.).
floccus (flok'us) n. {L. floccus, lock of
wool.] The tuft of hair terminating
a tail the downy plumage of young
birds (zool.)
a mass of hyphal
filaments in Algae and Fungi
;

flos,

flower.]

floral

(flo'ral) a.
[L. flos, flower.]
Pert, the flora of a country or area
pert, flowers (bot.).

florescence

n.

(floreVe'ns)
[L. flos,
flower.]
Bursting into bloom (bot.).
floret (flor'et) n.
[L. flos, flower.]

One of the small individual flowers

of a composite flower (bot.).
fioricoxne
flower

n.

(flor'ikom)

coma, hair.]

branched hexaster spicule

n.

(floseT)

little

flower.]
ture in some

[L.

flos,

form of
(zool.).

[L. flosculus, a
struc-

The flower-like

Echinoids round the

mouth composed of the five bourrelets and the five phyllodes (zool.).
floss

(flos)

loose

n.

[F. floche,

soft.]

or silky substance (bot.) ; the

pieces of silk in a cocoon

(zool.).

flower

(flow'er)

n.

[L. flos, flower.]

The blossom

float (flot) n.

floating ribs,
their ventral

[L.

plants peculiar to a country,

area, or period (bot.).

downy

(bot.).

flexure (fleVsur) n.
A curve or bend

n.

(flo'r5)

The

floscelle

(anaf.).

flexor (flek'sor) n.

(bot.).

FOL-

107

of a plant, comprising
generally sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils a leafy shoot adapted
;

for reproductive purposes (bot.).

fluvlatile (floo'vlatil) a.
[L.fluviatilis,
pert, river.]
Growing in or near
(hot.)
inhabiting and developing in streams, appl. certain

streams

insect larvae (zool.).

fluviomarine (floo'viomaren') a. [L.
mare, the sea.]
fluvius, stream
Found in rivers and in the sea
(zool.) ; pert, rivers and the sea
;

(bot., zool.).

fluvioterrestrial (floo'viotgreYtrial) a.
terra, land.]
[L. fluvius, stream
Found in streams and in the land
;

beside them (zool.).

flux (fluks) n. [L. fluere, to flow.]
Term appl. species that are not yet
stable (btol.).
foetal (fe'tal) a.

[L. foetus, offspring.]

pert, a foetus (emb.).
small sac-like glands
Orthoptera which secret* an

Embryonic

foetid glands,
in

ill-smelling fluid (zool.).

(fe'tus) n.
[L. foetus, offspring.]

foetus

An embryo

in the egg
uterus (emb.).
foliaceous (fo'lla'shus) a.
Having the form
leaf.]
of a foliage leaf (bot.) ;
like (zool.).

or in the
[L. folium,

or texture
thin ; leaf-

FOL-

follar (fo'liar) a.
[L. folium, leaf.]
Pert, or consisting of leaves (bot.}.

foliobranchiate

a.

(fo'liobrang'kiat)
Gk. brangchia,
leaf;

[L. folium,

Possessing

gills.]

leaf-like

gills

(zool.}.

(zool.}.

foliolate

(fo'liol)

Small

leaf-like

foliose

[L.

folium,

n.

[L. folium, leaf.]

organ or appendage

With many

leaves

folium (fo'lium)

a.

leaflet (&>/.).
(fo'lios) a.
[L. folium,

(zool.}

passes (anat.,

zool.}.

foraminate (foram'fnat) a. [L. foraPitted

men, opening.]
having
many foramina (zool.}.
foraminiferous (foram'inif'erus) a.
[L. foramen, opening
ferre, to
Containing shells of the
carry.]

n.

(&?/.).

[L. folium, leaf.]

in

the cerebellum (anat.}.

[L.folliculus, small
sac.]
capsular fruit which opens
on one side only (bot.} ; a cavity or
sheath (zool.}.

follicle (fol'ikl) n.

follicular (f olik'ular) a.

a small

sac.]

[L.folliculus,
Pert., like or con-

sisting of follicles.
folliculate (folik'ulat), follicular.
folliculose (folik'ulos) a.

and small foodcontained in the endosarc

fluid

particles,

of many Protista.
foot (foot) n.
[A.S. fot, foot.]

An

embryonic structure in ferns through

which nourishment is obtained
from the prothallus
the basal
portion of the sporophyte in Mosses
an organ of locomotion,
(bot.}
;

differing widely in different animals,

from the tube-foot of Echinoderms,

the muscular foot of Gastropods and
Molluscs, the tarsus of Insects, to
the foot of vertebrates and man
(zool.}.

n.

foramen,
an opening.] The opening through
the coats of the ovule (bot.}
any
(fora'mfin)

[L.

small perforation (anat.}.

pair of tongs.] Resembling forceps,

or forked like a forceps (zool.}.
forcipulate (forsip'ulat) a. [L.forceps,
pair of tongs.] Sharped like a small
forceps ; appl. asteroid pedicellariae
(zool.}.

forfex (forfgks') n.
[L. forfex, pair
of shears.] A pair of anal organs
which open and shut transversely,

occurring in certain Insects

[L.folliculus,

a small bag.] Having follicles (bot.}.

fontanelle (fon'tangl') n. [F./ontanA gap or
elle, a little fountain.]
space between bones in the cranium
closed only by membrane (anat.}.
fonticulus (fontik'ulus) n. [L. fontiThe
culus, dim. of fans, fountain.]
depression at the anterior end of
the sternum (anat.}.
food-vacuole, a small vacuole containing

Foraminifera (zool.}.
forceps (for'sSps) n.
[L. forceps, a
pair of tongs.] The clasper-shaped
the
anal cerci of some Insects
large fighting or seizing claws of
crabs and lobsters (zool.}.
forcipated (for'slpated) a. [L. forceps,
;

leaf.]

flattened plate-like structure

foramen

the opening in
the occipital region of the skull
the
which
through
spinal cord

(fo'liolat)

Pert, leaflets (&?/.)

leaf.]

foliole

foramen magnum,

foliolae (fo'liole) n. plu.

[L. folium,
Leaf-like appendages of the
leaf.]

telum

FOS-

IOS

forficate

a.

(for'flkat)

shears.]

(zool.}.

[L. forfex,

Deeply notched

formation (forma'shun)

n.

(zool.}.

[L. forma,

Structure arising from an

accumulation of deposits (pal.}.
shape.]

formative (for'mativ)

a.

[L.

forma,

shape.]
Appl. matter which is
living and developable (phys.}.
fornicated (for'mka'te'd) a. [L.fornix,
Concave within, convex
vault.]

without arched
fornix (for'niks) n.

(zool.}.

[L.fornix, vault.]

An

arched sheet of white longitudinal fibres beneath the corpus

callosum (anat.} one of the arched
;

scales in the orifice of

some

(bot.}.

fossa (fos'a)
ditch or

flowers

;/.

[L. fossa, ditch.]

trench-like
depression

(anat.}.

fossette (f6s6t') n. [L. fossa, ditch.]

small pit
a socket containing
the base of the antennule in Arthro-

pods

(zool.}.

fossil (fos'il) n.
[L. fossilis, dug up.]
Petrified animal or plant, or portion

thereof, found in rocks (biol.}.

a.
fossiliferous
(fos'ilif'erus)
[L.
fossilis, dug up
ferre, to carry.]
;

Containing

fossils (biol.}.

FOSfossorial

(foso'rial; n.
[L. fossor,
digger.]
Adapted for digging ;
appl. claws, feet (zool.}.
fossula (fos'ula) n. [L. fossa, ditch.]

FUG-

109

small pit with reduced septa on

corallite cup in the

frons (fronz) n. [L. frons, forehead.]

The forehead.
frontal (frun'tal) a. [L. frons, foreIn the region of the forehead.]
head ; appl. artery, vein, lobe, con-

one side of a

volution, etc.

Rugosa

organ of Nemertines

(pal.}.

fossulate (fos'ulat) a. \L.fossa, ditch.]

With slight hollows or grooves
(zool.}.

fossulet (fos'ulet) ;/.

[L.fossa, ditch.]
long narrow depression (zool.}.
fovea (fo'vea) n. [L. fovea, depresA small pit or fossa (anat.}
sion.]
a small hollow at the leaf base in
Isoetes containing a sporangium

(bot.}.

a.

(fo'veat)

[L. fovea,

de-

Pitted.

pression.]

Isoetes

(bot.}.

foveolate (fo'veolat)
[L. foveola,
small pit.] Having regular small
depressions (hot., zool.}.
a.

fragmentation

(frag'me'nta'shun) n.
to break.]
Division

[L. frangere,
into small portions (biol.}

nuclear

division by simple splitting (biol.}.

free (fre) a.
[A.S. freo, acting at
Motile ;
unattached
pleasure.]
distinct
separate.

frenate

(fre'nat) a.

[L./renum, bridle.]

Having a frenum or frenulum (zool.}.

frenulum (frgn'ulum)
frenula
.,

(frfin'ula) plu.
[L. frenulum, dim.
offrenum, bridle.] A fold of membrane, as of tongue, clitoris, etc.
a process on the hind- wing
(anat.}
of Lepidoptera for attachment to
fore-wing a thickening of the subumbrella of certain Scyphomedusae
;

(zool.}.

frenum

(fre'num)
[L.
;

frenum,

.,

frena

bridle.]

(fre'na)

fren-

of integument at
mantle and body of

fold

of

junction
Cirripedes, ovigerous in Pedunculata (zool.}.

frond

a prostomial
Polychaetes
palps of

ridge of
certain Nereids (zool.}.
frontocerebellar fibres, fibres passing from the frontal region to the
cerebellum (phys.}.
;

fronto-ethmoidal (frun'to-e'thmoid'al)
a.
Pert, the frontal and ethmoidal
bones appl. suture (an<it.}.
frontonasal (frun'tona'zji 1) a.
[L.
forehead
nasum, nose.]
frons,
Pert, forehead or frontal region
and the nose appl. ducts and pro;

foveola (fove'ola) n. [L.foveola, small

A small pit ; a shallow cavity
pit.]
in bone (anat.} ; a small depression
just above the fovea in the leaf of

ulum

appl. head-

foveate

plu.

(anat.}

frondescence
frondescere,

sinuses (anat.}.

frontosphenoidal (frun'tosfenoid'al) a.
Gk. sphen,
[L. frons, forehead;
wedge.] Pert, frontal and sphenoid
bones appl. a process of the zygomatic articulating with the frontal
;

(anat.}.

fructification (fruk'tiflka'shiin) n. [L.

fructus, fruit ; facere, to make.]
Fruit formation (bot.}.

frugivorous

(froojiv'orus) a.
\L./rux,
Fruitvorare, to devour.]
eating ; appl. certain animals (zool.}.
from
L.
fruit (froot) n.
[F. fruit,
fruit

fructus, fruit.]

n.
leaf,

[L. frons,
especially

(frondSs'e'ns)
to put forth

Development of leaves

n.

leafy

of a

[L.
leaves.]

(tot.}.

The

fertilized

and

developed ovary of a plant (bot.}.

frustule (frus'tul) n. [L. frustulum,
a small fragment.]
The protoplasmic cell of a diatom (bot.}.
frutescent (froot6s'6nt) a. [L.frutex,
shrub.] Shrub-like (bot.}.

frutex (froo'tSks) n.
[L. frutex,
Shrub (bot.}.
shrub.]
fruticose (froo'tikos) a.
[L. frutex^
shrub.] Shrub-like (bot.}.
fruticulose (frootik'ulos) a. [L.frutex,
Like a small shrub (bo).
shrub.]
fucivorous (fusiv'orus)
rock-lichen

(fr6nd)

branch.]
fern (dot.).

cesses (emo.}.

frontonasal ducts, ducts connecting

the nasal cavities with .the frontal

vorare,

a.

[L. fucus,

to

devour.]

certain
appl.
Eating seaweed
animals (zool.}.
fucoid (fu'koid) a. [L. fucus, rockPert, or resembling sealichen.]
;

weed

(bot.}.

fugacious (fuga'shus)

a.

[L.

fugax,

FUL-

off
Evanescent ;
falling
appl. petals, etc. (bot.}.
fulcrate (ful'krat) a.
[L. fulcrum,
swift.]

early

(ful'krum) a.
[L. fulcrum, a
supporting organ such
support.]
as a tendril or stipule (bot.} part of
the incus in the mastax of Rotifers
spine-like scales on anterior fin-rays

many Ganoids

(zool.}.

function (fungk'shun) n. [L.functus,

The normal action
performed.]
proper to any organ or part (phys.}.
a.
functional
(fungk'shonal)
[L.
Acting norfunctus, performed.]
mally acting or working part of an
organ as distinct from the remainder
;

fundiform (fun'diform) a.
sling
forma, shape.]

[L.

of

the

ligament

funda,

Looped

penis

(fun'dus)

n.

bottom.]

fundus,

[L.

The base

of an organ, as

of stomach, etc. (anat.}.

a.
fungicolous
(funjik'olus)
[L.
colere, to infungus, mushroom
;

habit.]

fungiform

Parasitic

on Fungi

(bot.}.

(fun'jiform) a.

[L. fungus,
Funforma, shape.]
a
like
or
fungus
appl.
goid
shaped
tongue papillae (anat.}.
fungivorous (funjiv'orus) a.
[L.
fungus, mushroom vorare, to devour.] Appl. fungus-eating animals

mushroom

(zool.}.

base

[L. furca,

fork.]

entothorax

or

of

insect metathorax (zool.}.

furcal (fur'kal)

a.
[L. furca, fork.]
Forked appl. a branching nerve
of the lumbar plexus (anat.}.
furcate (fur'kat) a. [L. furca, fork.]
Branching like the prongs of a
;

fork.

furciferous (fursiferus)

a.
[L. furca,
Bearing a
ferre, to carry.]
forked appendage, as some Insects

fork

(zool.}.

furcula (fur'kula)
dim. of furca,

n.

[L. ftircula,

fork.]

forked

structure, the merryprocess

thought bone (anat.} ; a transverse

fungous (fung'gus)
With
mushroom.]

fungus,

[L.

character

the

embryonic pharynx

(emb.}.

(furd)

a.

[M.E. furren,

sheath.]
Having short decumbent
hairs thickly covering the surface
(zool.}.

fuscin (fus'kin)

n.

{L.fttscus, tawny.]
in the retinal

brown pigment

epithelium (phys.}.
fusi (fu'zl) n. phi.
[L.fusus, spindle.]
In spiders, organs composed of
two retractile processes which issue
from the mammillae and form the

threads

(zool.}.

fusiform

(fu'zTform)

spindle

a.

[L. fiisus,

forma, shape.]

Spindle-

shaped tapering gradually

ends (zool.}.

at

both

or

consistency of fungus (bot.}.

funicle (fu'nikl) n. [L. fumculus, a
small cord.] An ovule stalk (bot.} ;
a small cord or band of fibres
especially in brain (anat.} a large
double strand of cells passing from
aboral end of coelom to aboral
wall of zooecium of Molluscoidea
;

(zool.}.

galactase (galak'tas) n.
[Gk. gala,
milk.] An enzyme, trypsin-like in
action, found in milk (phys.}.
a.
galactophorous
(gal'aktoforfis)
[Gk. gala, milk pheretn, to carry.]
;

funicular (funik'ular) a.
[L. funicConsisting of
ulus, small cord.]
a small cord or band pert, a funic;

ulus (anat., zool.}.

see funicle.
(fun'el)

n.

[L.

The siphon

Lactiferous

fundibulum,
of Cephalo-

pods (zool.}.
funnelfonn (fim'elform)a.
to pour ; forma, shape.]

Widening

appl. ducts of

mam-

(anat.}.

galactosis

(gal'akto'sis) n.

milk.]

Milk production
(gal'bulus) n.

[Gk. gala,
(phys.}.

[L. galbulus,

cypress nut.] A modified cone

with fleshy scales, as in cypress
(bot.}.

[L. fundere,

mary glands
galbulus

funiculus,
funnel.]

in

ridge

a.

funnel

n.

(fur'ka)

furred

(anat.}.

fundus

furca

narrow

(bot.}.

or

(phys.}.

appl.

gradually from
infundibuliform

The apophysis

Having a fulcrum.

a support.]

fulcrum

of

GAL-

110

galea

(gal'ea) n.

[L. galea, helmet.]

petal, or other

helmet-shaped

GALstructure

similarly-shaped

(bot.}

the
a muscle of the scalp (anat.}
outer division of the endopodite of
the first maxillae of insects (zool.}.
galeate (gal'eat) a. [L. galea, helmet.]
;

Helmet-shaped (hot.}.
gall(g61). [A.S.^//a,gall.]

(gal'vanotak'sis) n.

[It.

Galvani, physiologist.] Response or

reaction to electrical stimulus (phys.}.
n.

galvanotropism (garvanot'ropizm)
Gk.
Gal-vani,
physiologist
[It.
;

Galvanotaxis.

gametal

(game'tal) a. [Gk. gametes,

Pert, a gamete
reprospouse.]
ductive (biol.}.
;

gametangium

.
(gam'etan'jlum)
[Gk. gametes, spouse ; anggeion,
structure
A
producing
vessel.]
sexual cells (hot.}.

n.

plu.
[Gk.
Cells derived

(garnets')

gametes,

spouse.]

from gametocytes which conjugate

sexual
and form zygotes (zool.}
;

The

n.

(game'toflt)

spouse

gametes,

gametlc (gamet'ik) a. [Gk. gametes,

spouse.] Pert, gamete (biol.}.
gametids (game'tidz) n. plu.
[Gk.
gametes, spouse.] Primary sporoblasts destined to become gametes

gametogenesis

.
(game'tqjen'e'sis)
genesis,
spouse ;
gametes,

Gamete formation (biol.}.

birth.]
gametogeny (gam'etoj'enT) n.
[Gk.
spouse
Gametogenesis.

genos,

birth.]

sporophyte

(bot.}.

gamic

a.
(gam'ik)
[Gk. ganws,
marriage.] Fertilized (biol.}.
(gamo'bium) n.
[Gk.

gamobium

gamos, marriage bios, life.] The

sexual or medusoid generation in
hydrozoan colonies (zool.}.
;

gamodesmic (garn'odeVmik)

a.
[Gk.
marriage ; desma, bond.]
the
vascular bundles fused
Having
together instead of separated by
connective tissue (bot.}.

gamos,

gamogastrous (gam'ogas'trus) a. [Gk.

gamos,

marriage

Appl. a

pistil

gaster,

spring.]

gonos,

off-

A cell producing a gamete,

a gametocyte

(bot.}.

gamogenesis

(gam'ojen'esTs) n.

(game'tofor) n.
[Gk.
pherein, to bear.]
special part of a gametophyte on
which gametangia are borne (bot.}.

gametophyll

(game'tofll)

n.

[Gk.

gametes, spouse phyllon, leaf.] A

modified leaf bearing sexual organs;
;

[Gk.

gamos, marriage genesis^ descent.]

Sexual reproduction (biol.}.
;

gamogenetic (gam'qjeneYik) a. [Gk.

gamos, marriage genesis, descent.]
Reproduced from union of sex
;

sexual

(biol.}.

gamogony (gamog'onT) n.

[Gk. gamos,
Sporo-

marriage gone, descent.]

gony in Protozoa (zool.}.
;

gamont (gamont')

\G\a. gamos,

riage;ons, a being.]

gamos, marriage

With

coherent

petalous

mur-

A sporont (zool.}.

petalon,
petals ;

a.

[Gk.

petal.]

mono-

(bot.}.

gamophyllous

a.
[Gk.
phyllon, leaf.]
With united perianth leaves; monophyllous (bot.}.
gamosepalous (gam'bsep'alus) a. [Gk.

gamos,

(gain'oftl'iis)

marriage

With coherent
alous

sepalon, sepal.]
sepals
monosep;

(bot.}.

gamostele (gam'ostel') n. \G\i.gamos,

A stele
marriage
stele, pillar.]
formed from the fusion of several
;

gametophore

gametes, spouse

belly.]

formed by union of
styles and stig-

ovaries, but with

mata free (bot.}.

gamos, marriage

gametogonlum (game'togo'nium)
[Gk. gametes, spouse

plant.]
in

phase

gamopetalous (gam'opeYalus)

(zool.}.

[Gk.
(game'tosit) n.
gametes, spouse ; kytos, hollow.]
The mother-cell of a gamete (zool.}.

gametocyte

gametes,

[Gk.

phyton,

gamete-forming

elements

cells (biol.}.

[Gk.

gametophyte

bile (anat.}.

trope, a turning.]

macro - sporophyll

or

galvanotaxis

micro-

(bot.}.

alternation of plant generations

the sexual generation of plants cf.

Bile,

the secretion of the liver (phys.}

any excrescence on plants caused
by disease (hot.).
gall-bladder, a small pear-shaped
or spherical sac which stores the

gametes

GAM-

111

steles (bot.}.

gamostelic (gam'dste'llk) a.
[Gk.
gamos, marriage
stele,
pillar.]
the
condition
in
which
the
Appl.
steles of a polystelic stem are
;

fused together

(bot.}.

GAM-

joined like parquetry and consisting

of a layer of bone with a superficial

n.
gamostely
(gam'oste'H)
[Gk.
stele,
gamos, marriage
pillar.]
The arrangement of polystelic
;

stems when the separate steles

are fused together surrounded by
pericycle and endodermis (dot.}.
gangliar (gang'gllar) a. [Gk. gangPert, a ganglion, little tumour.]
glion or ganglia.
gangliate (gang'gllat) a. [Gk. ganglittle
tumour.]
Having
glion,
ganglia.
gangliform (gang'gliform) a.
[Gk.
gangglion, little tumour L. forma,
In the form of a ganglion.
shape.]
ganglioblast (gang'glipblast) n. [Gk.
gangglion, little tumour ; blastos,
bud.] The mother-cell of a gangliocyte (anat.~).
gangliocyte (gang'glioslt) n.
[Gk.
gangglion, little tumour
kytos,
A ganglion cell outside
hollow.]
the central nervous system (anat.).

enamel layer (zool.).

ganoin (gan'oin) n.

ganglioid (gang'glioid)

a.

\GY.gang-

eidos, resemglion, little tumour

Like a ganglion (anat.).
blance.]
n.
ganglion (gang'glion)
[Gk. gangmass of
glion, little tumour.]
;

matter containing

and giving

cells

origin

to

nerve
nerve

a nerve centre (anat.).

fibres
ganglionated
(gang'glTona'ted)
;

a.

little
tumour.]
gangglion,
gjk.
upplied with ganglia (anat.).

ganglioneural

a.

(gang'glionu'ral)

little
tumour
[Gk. gangglion,
neuron, nerve.] Appl. a system of
nerves, consisting of a series of
ganglia connected by nerve strands
;

(zool.).

ganglioneuron

(gang'glionu'ron)

n.

tumour
little
[Gk. gangglion,
neuron, nerve.] A nerve cell of a
ganglion (anat.}.
ganglionic (gang'glion'ik) a.
[Gk.
Pert.
gangglion, little tumour.]
in
the
or
neighbourconsisting of,
hood of a ganglion appl. a layer of
the retina, arteries, arterial system
of brain (anat.).
;

ganglioplexus (gang'glioplgk'sus) n.
L.
[Gk. gangglion, little tumour
plexus, twisted.] A diffuse ganglion
;

(anat.).

ganoid (gan'oid) a.
[Gk. ganos,
sheen eidos, resemblance.] Appl.
scales of ganoid fishes, rhomboidal,
;

The

sheen.]

ganoid

[Gk.

outer

layer

formed by

scale,

ganos,
of a

-the coriuin

(zool.).

gape (gap)

[A.S. geapan, to

n.

The

wide.]

open

distance between the

of birds, fishes, etc.

open jaws
(zool.).

Gasserian ganglion, a large ganglion on the sensory root of the fifth

cranial nerve (anat.).

nervous

GAS-

112

gasteromycetous (gas'teromlse'tus) a.
[Gk. gaster, belly mykes, a mushroom.]
Having the spores de;

veloped
gastraea

in

a peridium
n.

(gastre'a)

stomach.]

(oot.).

[Gk.

gaster,

A hypothetical gastrula-

animal
the ancestral Metazoan, according to Haeckel (zool.).
like

gastraeum (gastre'iim) n.
stomach.]

body

The

[Gk. gaster,
ventral side of the

(anat.).

gastral (gas'tral) a.
[Gk. gaster,
stomach.] Pert, stomach, as the
gastral cavity,

cortex,

layer,

etc.

(anat.).

gastralia

n.

(gastra'lia)

plu.

[Gk.

Microscleres in
gaster, stomach.]
the gastral membranes of Hexactinellids (zool.).

gastric

a.

[Gk. gaster,
the region of
the stomach appL arteries, glands,
nerves, veins (anat.).
gastrin (gas'trin) n.
[Gk. gaster,
belly.]

(gas'trik)

Pert,

or in

stomach.]
the result

The hormone which

of

the

salivary products

mucous membrane

action
the

on

of

is

the

gastric

(phys.).

gastrocentrous (gas'trosen'triis) a.
L. centrum,
[Gk. gaster, stomach
with
centre.]
Appl. vertebrae
centra formed by pairs of inter;

while the
are reduced (zool.).
ventralia,

gastrocnemius

basiventralia

(gas'trokne'mius) n.
kneme, the
belly
large muscle of the
calf of the leg (anat.).
gastrocoel (gas'trosel) n. [Gk. gaster,
belly ; koilos, hollow.] The archenteron of a gastrula (emb.).
gastrocolic (gas'trokol'ik) a.
[Gk.
gaster, stomach
kolon, the gut.]

[Gk.

tibia.]

gaster,

The

GASPert.

stomach and colon

ligament

appl. a

gastroepiplolc (gas'troep'iplo'ik) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach epiploon, the
Pert, stomach
great omentum.]
and the great omentum ; appl.
arteries, veins (anat.}.
gastrointestinal (gas'tromtes'tinal) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. intus,
Pert, stomach and inwithinj
;

testines (anat.}.

gastrolienal (gas'trolle'nal)
gaster,
spleen.]

stomach
Pert,

the

L.

a.

lien,

[Gk.
the

stomach and

spleen appl. ligament (anat.}.

gastrolith (gas'trollth) n. [Gk. gaster,
stomach lithos, stone.]
mass of
calcareous matter found at certain
seasons on each side of the gizzard
of Crustaceans (zool.}.
a.
gastroparietal
(gas'tropari'e'tal)
[Gk. gaster, stomach ; L. paries,
;

wall.]

Pert,

stomach and body

wall (anat.}.
;

The

for

channel.]
larger pores,
nutrient persons, of hydroid Corals
(zool.}.

n.

(gas'trozo'oid)

stomach

[Gk.

animal

zoon,

resemblance.] In coelenterate colonies, the nutrient person

with mouth and tentacles (zool.}.
gastrula (gas'troola) n. [Gk. gaster,
The cup- or basinstomach.]
eidos,

structure

shaped

formed by

in-

vagination of a blastula (emb.}.

gastrulation (gas'troola'shun). [Gk.
gaster, stomach.] The formation of
a gastrula from a blastula by invagination (emb.}.

geitonogamy

(gl'tonog'amT) n.
[Gk.
geiton, neighbour ; gamos, marriage.]
Fertilization of a flower by another

from the same plant (bot.}.

gelatigenous (jeTatij'Snus) a.
[L.
Gk. genos,
congeal
gelare, to
Gelatine - producing
offspring.]
;

(anat.}.

gelatine

(jeTatin)

n.

gelare,

[L.

subjelly-like
stance obtained from animal tissue
to

congeal.]

(Phys.}.
a.
[L. gelare,
Jelly-like in consist-

gelatinous (jelat'mus)
to congeal.]

ency

gastrophrenic (gas'trofren'lk) a. [Gk.

gaster, stomach phrenos, midriff.]
Pert,
stomach and diaphragm ;
appl. ligament (anat.}.
n.
gastropod
[Gk.
(gas'tropfid)
pous, foot.J A
gaster, stomach
mollusc with a ventral muscular
disc adapted for creeping (zool.}.
n. plu.
gastropores
(gas'troporz)
stomach
[Gk.
gaster,
poros,

(zool.}.

geminate (jem'mat) a. [L. gemini,

binate
twins.]
Growing in pairs
;

(bot.}.

geminiflorous (jgm'iniflo'rus) a.
[L.
gemini, twins flos, flower.] Appl.
a plant whose flowers are arranged
;

in pairs (bot.}.
(jgm'a) n.,

gemma

gemmae

(jgm'e,

jgm'a) plu. [L. gemma, bud.]

bud or outgrowth of a plant or
animal which develops into a new
organism (biol.} ; hypothetical units
(cyt.}..

gastropulmonary (gas'tropul'monarl)
a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach L. pulmo,
Pert, stomach and lungs
lung.]
;

gemmaceous (jgma'shus) a.
gemma, bud.] Pert, gemmae

[L.

or

buds.

gemmate

(anat.}.
a.
gastrosplenic
(gas'trosple'n'lk)
[Gk. gaster, stomach
splen, the
Pert, stomach and spleen
spleen.]

bud.]

(jgm'at)

a.

[L.

gemma,

Reproducing by bud-forma-

tion.

gemmation (jgma'shon)

n. [L. gemma,

Bud-formation by means of
which new independent individuals
are developed in plants and animals
bud.]

(anat.}.

gastrostege

gastrozooid
gaster,

(anat.}.

gastroduodenal (gas'trodu'ode'nal) a.
L. duodeni,
[Gk. gaster, stomach
twelve each.] Pert, stomach and
duodenum appl. an artery (anat.}.

(gas'trostej)

belly
stege,
ventral scale of snakes

gaster,

GEM-

113

n.

roof.]

[Gk.

(zoo/.).

gastrovascular (gas'trovas'kular) a.
[Gk. gaster, stomach L. uasculum,
a small vessel.] Serving both di;

gestive and circulatory purposes, as

canals of some Coelenterates (zool.}.

(biol.}.

gemmiferous (jgrnlfe'rus) a.
[L.
gemma, bud ferre, to bear.] Budbearing gemmate.
gemmiform ( jgm'iform) a. [L. gemma,
bud forma, shape.]
Shaped like
;

GEMa bud

appl. pedicellariae of Echino-

derms

(zool.).

gemmiparous
gemma, bud

a.

[L.
(jemip'arus)
parere, to produce.]

Gemmiferous.

gemmulation (jem'ula'shun)
[L.
gemma, bud.] Gemmule-formation.
gemmule (je'm'ul) n. [L. gemmula,

one
bud.] A pangen (cyt.)
of the internal buds of Porifera
little

arising asexually and coming into

activity on the death of the parent

organism

(zool.).

(je'na) n., genae (je'ne) plu.

The cheek or
[L. gena, the cheek.]

side part of the

lateral part of

head the anteroan insect's head

;

(zool.).

a.
[L. gena, cheek.]
the cheek
appl. the facial
suture of Trilobites and the angle
of the cheek (zool.).

(je'nal)

Pert,

geneology

(je'neol'qji) n.
[Gk. gene,
descent
The
logos, discourse.]
study of the development of individual and race ; Embryology and
;

Palaeontology combined.
genera (jSn'era), see genus.
generalized (jen'erallz'd) a. [L. generalis, of one, kind.]
Combining
characteristics
of two or more

many

fossils (pal.).

generation (jen'era'shun)

n.

[L.generProduction ;
atio,
reproduction.]
formation
the individuals of a
;

species

common

equally remote from a

ancestor, see alternation

of generations.

generative
race.]

(jen'era'tiv) a.
[L. genus,
in reproduction ;

Concerned

appl. the smaller of

which

a pollen
divides (bot.\

two

grain

cells into

primarily

a.
[L. genus, race.]
to all species of a genus,
see binomial nomenclature.

generic (jneYik)

Common

genesis

tion.

genial

(jen'ial, jeni'al) a.

[Gk. geneion,
Pert, the chin
appl.
of
Reptiles (zool.).
chin-plates
genicular (jenTk'ular) a. [L. genicuPert, region
lum, little knee.]
of the knee appl. arteries, etc., also
to ganglion of facial nerve (anat.).
chin.]

geniculate (jenik'ulat) a. [L. geniculum, little knee.] Bent like a kneejoint

appl. a ganglion of the facial
nerve (zool.)
having the upper
part of the filament forming an
more
or
less
obtuse with the
angle
lower (bot.).
geniculum (jenik'ulum) n. [L. gen;

gena

groups, as in

That part of Biology

dealing with heredity and varia-

to produce.]

the

n.

genal

GEN-

114

(jen'esis) n.

[Gk. gignesthai,
to produce.]
Formation, producor
tion,
development of a cell,
organ, individual, or species.
genetic (jgnet'ik) a. [Gk. gignesthai,
Pert, production.
to produce.]
genetic spiral, in spiral phyllotaxis,
the imaginary spiral line following
the points of insertion of successive
leaves (dot.).
genetics ( j enet'iks) n. [Gk. gignesthai,

The part of
iculum, little knee.]
the facial nerve in the temporal
bone where it turns abruptly towards
the stylo-mastoid foramen (anat.).
genioglossal (jenl'oglos'al) a.
[Gk.
geneion, chin ; glossa, tongue.] Connecting the chin and tongue appl.
;

muscles (anat.).
geniohyoid (jem'ohl'oid)

a.

[Gk.
geneion, chin hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, chin and hyoid
muscles
appl.
;

(anat.).

genital

(jen'ital)

[L. gignere, to

a.

Pert, the region of the

appl. correproductive organs
puscles, glands, ridge, tubercle, etc.

beget.]

(anat.).

genitals

(jen'italz) n.plu.
[L. gignere,
The organs of reproducto beget.]
tion, especially the external organs

(anat.).

genitoanal (jen'itoa'nal) a. [L. gignere,

to beget
anus, the vent.] In the
region of the genitals and anus
;

(anat.).

genitocrural (jen'itokroo'ral) a.
[L.
In
gignere, to beget
crus, leg.]
the region of the genitals and thigh
appl. a nerve (anat.).
genitoenteric (jen'itoenter'ik) a. [L.
Gk. enteron, gut.]
gignere, to beget
;

Pert, genitals

and

intestine (anat.).

genitofemoral (jen'itofem'oral) a. [L.

gignere, to beget
femur, thigh;

bone.]

Genitocrural.

genoblast (jen'dblast)

n.

[Gk. genos,

A mature
germ-cell exclusively male or female
offspring
(cyt.).

blastos, bud.]

GEN-

genu

[L. genu, knee.]

(jSn'u) n.
knee-like bend in an organ or part
the anterior end of the corpus cal;

losum (anat.).
genera (jSn'era) plu.
genus (je'nus)
A group of closely
[L. genus, race.]
.,

related species, in classification of

plants or animals.

genys

(je'nis)

n.

See gonys.
geobios (je'obl'os)

[Gk. genys, jaw.]

n.

A germinating plumblastos, bud.]

ule of which the cotyledons remain
underground (bot.).

geocarpic (je'okar'pik)
fruits

karpos,

a.

fruit.]

[Gk. ge,

Having the

maturing underground
(jeol'ojl) n.

logos,

geomalism (jeom'alizm)
earth

omalos,

n.

[Gk. ge,

Response

level.]

to the influence of gravitation (tot.).

geophilous (jeofilus) a.
[Gk. ge,
earth ; philein, to love.] Living in
or on the earth, the ground.

geophyte

(je'oflt) n.

phyton,

earth

plant.]

[Gk. ge, earth

plant which

in the earth (tot.).

grows
geotaxis
;

(je'otak'sis) n.
[Gk.
taxis, arrangement.]

g*,

Re-

sponse to the laws of gravity.

geotonus (je'oto'nus) n.
[Gk. ge,
earth ; tonos, tension.]
Normal
position in relation to gravity (tot.).

geotropism (jeot'ropizm)

n.
[Gk. ge,
trepein, to turn.]
Tendency
to respond to stimulus of gravity

earth

by turning towards it, as the downward growth of a root (dot.).

gephyrocercal (gef'Iroser'kal, jSfi'roser'kal) a.
[Gk. gephyra, bridge
kerkos, tail.] Appl. secondary diphycercal caudal fin brought about
by the reduction of the extreme tip
of the heterocercal or homocercal
;

fin (zool.).

geratology
old age

(jer'atol'oji) n.

[Gk.geras,

logos, discourse.]

Study

of the factors of decadence.

germ

n.

gennen, bud.]
A unicellular micro-organism a
seed (tot.) ; a developing egg (zool.).
(jfirm)

lymph gland

tissue (anat.).

a small green cellular

plate of the germ tube of liverworts

germ-disc,
(bot.).

layer, an early differentiated

layer of cells (emb.).
germ nucleus, an egg or sperm

[L.

nucleus (emb.).
idioplasm ; the physical basis of inheritance.
the
exit pore of a germ
germ pore,
tube in the spore integument (bot.).

germ plasm,

germ

the stolon

stock,

Tunicates

certain

in

(zool.).

germ theory,

(bot.).

[Gk. ge, earth

The science
discourse.]
with
the
structure, actividealing
ties, and history of the earth.

geology

a reproductive cell, opp.

somatic a primitive male or female
element (btol.).
germ centre, an area of lymphcorpuscle division in nodules of

germ-cell,

germ

[Gk. ge, earth

Terrestrial life
one of
bios, life.]
Haeckel's terms (dial.}.
geoblast (je'oblast) n. [Gk.^, earth

earth

GER-

115

biogenesis the theory

that living organisms can be produced or developed only from living

organisms

(btol.).

germ

tube, the short filamentous

put forth by a germinating
spore (bot.).
germ vitellarium, an organ of

tube

Platyhelminths producing both ova

and

vitelline material. (sool.).

germ yolk

gland,-^-m.

some Rhabdo-

an embryonic structure consisting of the fertile portion of the

and
a sterite\ portion which
egg
functions as a yolk gland feeding
coels,

the fertite ftprlion (zool.).

(jerma'rium) n. [L. germen, bud.] An ovary (zool.).
germen (jer'men) n. [L. germen,
bud.] A mass of undifferentiated
cells, the primary form of the germ

germarium

cells.

germinal (jer'mmal)

a.

[L.

germen,

bud.] Pert, a seed, a germ-cell, or

reproduction.
germinal bands, two sets of rows of
cells

in

Annulates

germinal

early

development

of

(zool.).

cells,

the cells concerned

in reproduction, set apart early in

embryonic life (emb.).

germinal disc, the disc-like area of
an egg yolk on which segmentation
first

appears (emb.).

germinal epithelium, the layer of

columnar epithelial cells covering
the stroma of an ovary (emb.).
germinal layers, the primary layers

GER-

between which the water circulates

of cells in a developing ovum, epiblast, hypoblast, and later mesoblast

(zool.).

germinal spot,
ooplasm (emb.).
germinal vesicle,

plume, the gill or ctenidium of

the majority of Gastropods (zool.).
an oval pouch containing
gill pouch,
gills and communicating directly or
duct with the
indirectly by a
exterior, seen in Myxine and Petrogill

bud

parere,

frmen,
eproduction
(j

to

beget.]

myzon

by germ-formation.
eVmoj Sn') n. [L. germen,

central

cell

phase,

or

of the gastrula-like
in
the
infusorigen,

development of the Rhombozoa

residual nucleus, or unused
;

the

formation

after

portion,

rhpmbogen by division
primary germogen or
central cell

of

of

the
the

primitive

(zool.).

gestation (jSsta'shun)

n.

[L. gerere^

The intra-uterine period

to carry.]
in the development of an embryo
(emb.).
giant cells,

Annelids
clasts

large

in
nerve-cells
osteo;

myeloplaxes

multinuclear

large

proto-

plasmic masses found in marrow,

spleen (anat.).
giant fibres, greatly enlarged and
modified nerve-fibres running longitudinally through the ventral nerve
cord of some invertebrates, as

Worms

(zool.).

gibbous (gib'us) a.
[L.
gibbus,
Inflated
saccate or
humped.]
as
the
lateral
pouched,
sepals of
;

Cruciferae
gill

(gll)

n.

(bot.).

[M.E.

gille,

gill.]

plate-like or filamentous outgrowth ;

respiratory organ of water-inhabiting animals (zool.) ; one of a number
of lamellae radiating from the stalk
of a mushroom (&?/.).
gill arch,
part of the visceral skeleton in the region of functional gills
branchial arch (zool.).
the branchial skeleton
gill basket,
of lampreys, composed of continu;

ous cartilage (zool.).

book, the respiratory organ of
certain Arachnids, consisting of a

gill

large

number

(zool.).

rakers, small spine-like structures attached in a single or double

row to branchial arches to prevent
escape of food (sool.).

gill

The

Gk. genos, offspring.]

(zool.).

an operculum;
gill cover,
a spirally coiled gill-like
gill helix,
in
certain
Clupeidae (zool.).
organ

germination (jer'inma'shun) n. [L.

germen, bud.] Beginning of growth
budding development (bot.).
germiparity (jeYmipar'iti) n.
[L.

germogen

formed

cleft

on the side of the pharynx

the nucleus of an

the nucleus of an
egg, before formation of polarbodies (emb.).

a branchial

gill cleft,

(emb.).

bud

GLA-

116

of leaf-like structures

remnants,
postepithelial,
branchial, or suprapericardial bodies
in
the
of
higher
arising
pharynx
vertebrates (zool.).

gill

rods, oblique gelatinous rods

supporting the pharynx in Cephalochorda (zool.).
a series of perforations
gill slits,
gill

leading from pharynx to the exterior,

vertebrates,
persistent in lower

embryonic
gingival
gums.]

in higher (zool.).

(jinjl'val)

a.

[L. gingivae,

Pert, the

gums.
ginglymoid (gmg'glTmoid)
gingglymos,

hinge

a.

joint.]

[Gk.

Con-

structed like a hinge-joint (anat.).

ginglymus (ging'glimus) n.
[Gk.

gingglymos, hinge-joint.] An arallow

to
ticulation
constructed
motion in one plane only (anat.).
girdle (ger'dl) n.
[A.S. gyrdan, to
In appendicular skeleton,
gird.]
the supporting structure at shoulder
and hip, each consisting typically
of

one

dorsal

elements (anat.).
gizzard (giz'ard)

and two
n.

ventral

[M.E. gizer,
the muscular

In birds,
grinding chamber of the alimentary
canal the proventriculus of insects

gizzard.]
;

(zool.).

glabella

n.

[L. glaber,
the forehead
the superciliary ridges
(anat.) ; the elevated median region
of the cephalic shield of Trilobites

bald.]

(glabel'a)

The space on

between

(Pal.).

glabrate (glab'rat) a.
[L. glaber,
smooth.] Becoming smooth; glab-

GLArescent ; with a nearly

face (hot.}.

glabrescent,

glabrous

smooth

sur-

in certain

ing

see glabrate.
a.

(glab'rus)

glebula

g/afer,

surface.

gladiate (glad'iat) a.
[L. gladius,
sword.] Shaped like a sword (bot.).
gladiolus (glad'io'lus) n. [L. gladiolus,
small sword.] The middle or largest
part of the sternum (anat.).
gladius (glad'ius) n.
[L. gfaSta,
The pen of a cuttle-fish
sword.]

an

isolated

secreting
cell ; a cell of glandular epithelium.
n.
glands (glandz)
[L. glans,
plu.
an acorn.] Single cells or masses
of cells specialized for the elaboration of secretions either for use in
the body or for excretion (anat.).
cell,

n.

glandula (glan'dula)

An

small acorn.]

\L. glandula,

arachnoid granu-

on the outer surface of the

dura mater (anat.).
glandular (glan'dular) a. [L. glandula,
small acorn.] Pert, a gland with
bearing
secreting function (zool.)
a gland (hot.}.
of
tissue
i.landular epithelium, the
lation

of polyhedral
or cubical cells whose
protoplasm contains the material
secrtted (phys.).
glandular tissue, tissue of single
or massed cells, parenchymatous
and filled with granular protoplasm,
adapted for secretion of aromatic
substances (hot.).
glandule (glan'dul) n., see glandula.

composed

glands,

c 'lumnar

glandulose-serrate (glan'dulos-seYat)
acorn
a.
[L. glandula, small
Having the serraserratus, sawn.]
tions tipped with glands (bot.).
glans (glanz) n. [L. glans, acorn.]
A nut a hard, dry, indehiscent
one-celled fruit like an acorn (bot.)
a gland, especially the glans penis
;

the spore-formcertain plants

(gle'bula)

[L.

glebula,

small clod.] A small prominence

on a lichen thallus (bot.).

glenohumeral

a.
(gle'nohu'mSral)
L. humerus,
[Gk. glene, socket
the humerus.] Pert, glenoid fossa
and humerus ; appl. ligaments
;

(anaf.).

glenoid (gle'noid) a.
[Gk. glene,
socket eidos, resemblance.] Like
a socket
appl. especially to the
;

cavity into which the head of the

humerus fits, the mandibular fossa,

and ligaments (anat.).

a fibro-cartiglenoidal labrum,
laginous rim attached round the
of
margin
glenoid cavity and
acetabulum
glia

(anaf.).

(gll'a, gle'a) n.

[Gk. glia, glue.]

the neuroglia ; a supportcell
of
nervous
tissue (phys.).
ing
Glisson's capsule,
a thin fibrous
capsule within the tunica serosa of
the liver (anat.).

cell of

globate (glo'bat) a. [L. globus, globe.]

Globe-shaped.
globigerina ooze (globg'erl'na ooz),
sea-bottom mud, which is largely

composed

of

foraminifera

glaucescent (glosgs'gnt)
cus, sea-green.]

a.

[L. glau-

Somewhat glaucous

shells

(zool.).

globin (glo'bin)

n.

[L. globus, globe.]

protein constituent of haemoglobin (phys.).
globoid (glo'boid) n.
[L. globus,
globe ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.] A
spherical body of aleurone grains;
a double phosphate of calcium and

The

magnesium

(bot.).

globose (globes') a. [L. globus, globe.]

Spherical or globe-shaped.
globular (glob'ular) a., see globose.
globule (glSb'ul) n.
[L. globulus,
small globe.] Any minute spherical structure
the antheridium of
;

Characeae

(bot.).

globulin (glob'ulin)

(anaf.}.

globe.]

n.

proteid

[L.

such

globus,
as fib-

rinogen, vitellin (phys.).

globulose (glob'ulos)

(bot.).

(glok'us)

sea-green.]

green bloom
gleba (gle'ba)

The

in

(tool.).

glaucous

Fungi

apparatus

(bot.).

[L.

With a smooth, even

smooth.]

gland

GLO-

117

a.

[L. glaucus,

Covered with a bluish(bot.).

n.
[L. gleba, clod.]
central part of the sporophore

a.
[L. globus,
Spherical ; consisting of,
or containing globules.
a.
glochidiate
(glokTd'Iat)
[Gk.

globe.]

glochis,

arrow

point.]

with barbed hairs

(bot.).

Furnished

GLO-

n.
[Gk.
Hairs bearon
the
seen
Ing barbed processes
massulae of certain Rhizocarps
the larva of fresh -water
(bot.}
mussels such as Unio and Anodon

glochidium

(glokid'ium)

glochis, arrow-point.]

(gle'a)

n.

An

[Gk. gloia, glue.]

secretion of some

adhesive
Protozoa (zool.}.

glomus,
glomerulus

glomerulate
glomus,

(anat.}.
a.

(glomeYulat)

Arranged

ball.]

[L.
in

glomerule (glom'grul) n. [L. glomus,

A condensed cyme of almost
ball.]
a compact cluster
sessile flowers
;

(bot.}.

glomeruliferous (glomgr'ulTf'grus) a.
to carry.]
[L. glomus, ball ferre,
Having the flowers arranged in
glomerules (bot.}.
;

glomerulus
glomus,

n.

(glomer'ulus)

ball.]

network

[L.
of capil-

blood-vessels ; the inturned

of a Bowman's capsule
an oval body terminating
(zool.}
the olfactory fibre in the rhinenlary

portion
;

cephalon

(anat.}.

(glo'mus) n., glomera (glonV[L. glomus, ball.]

plu.

glomus

number of glomeruli run together

the coccygeal and carotid
(zool.}
;

of

skeins

the

suprarenal

glands

(anat.}.
n.

glossa,
[Gk.
tongue.] A tongue-like projection
in the middle of the labium of
(glos'a)

insects (zool.}.
a.
glossal
[Gk. glossa,
(glos'al)
tongue.] Pert._ the tongue.
glossarium (glosa'rium) n. [Gk. glossa,
tongue.] Theslender-pointedglossa
of certain Diptera (zool.}.
glossate (glos'at) a.
[Gk. glossa,
Having a tongue or
tongue.]

tongue-like structure (zool.}.

glossoepiglottic (glos'ogp'iglot'ik) a.
epi,
upon
[Gk. glossa, tongue
Pert, tongue and
glotta, tongue.]
of
mucous
folds
appl.
epiglottis
;

membrane

palate

appl.

muscle

arch,

(anat.}.

glossophagine (glosof'ajin) a. [Gk.

glossa, tongue
phagein, to eat.]
Securing food by means of the
tongue (zool.}.
glossopharyngeal
(glos'ofarTn'jeal,
-far'inje'al) a.
[Gk. glossa, tongue
Pert, pharynx
pharynx, gullet.]
;

and

clusters.

glossa

[L.
(glomer'ular) a.
or like a
Pert,
ball.]

glomerular

6ra)

a brain
glosso-kinaesthetic area,
area in Broca's convolution immediately connected with speech (phys.}.
a.
glossopalatine
(glos'opal'atm)
L. palatus,
[Gk. glossa, tongue
the palate.]
Connecting tongue

and

(zool.}.

gloea

GLU-

118

(anat.}.

glossohyal(glos'6hl'al) n. \Gk.glossa,
tongue ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.] The

median basihyal of fishes

(zool.}.

gullet

nerve

appl. the ninth cranial

(anat.}.

glossopodium (glos'dpo'dium) n.

[Gk.

tongue
pous, foot.] The
leaf-base
of
Isoetes
sheathing

glossa,

(bot.}.

glossotheca (glos'othe'ka) n.
[Gk.
The
glossa, tongue
theke, box.]
of
a
proboscis-covering part
pupal
integument of insects (zool.}.
;

glottis

n.

(glot'is)

tongue.]

[Gk.

The opening

windpipe (anat.}.
glucase (glook'as)

n.

glotta,
into the

[Gk.

glykus,

A plant enzyme which

produces grape sugar from maltose
sweet.]
(bot.}.

glucoproteins,
compounds of protein with a carbohydrate, including

mucins and mucoids (phys.}.

glucosamine (glook'osam'in) ;/.
glykus, sweet.]
stance with a

A nitrogenous
reducing

[Gk.
sub-

power,

obtained from chitin, and dextrorotary (phys.}.

glucose (glook'os) n.
[Gk. glykus,
sweet.] The grape sugar of plants
and animals (phys.}.

gluma (gloom'a) n.

[L. gluma, husk.]

at the base of a grass inflorescence or spikelet (bot^.

A bract

glumaceous

(glooma'shus)

Dry and

gluma, husk.]
glumes (bot.}.

glume (gloom)

a.

[L.

scaly like

see gluma.
n.,
glumiferous (gloomlf'e'rus) a.
[L.
to
gluma, husk
ferre,
bear.]
or
Bearing
producing glumes (bot.}.
glumiflorus (gloom'iflo'rus) a.
[L.
gluma, husk flos, flower.] Having
flowers with glumes or bracts at
;

their bases

(bot.}.

GLU-

a.
[Gk. gloutos,
buttock.] Pert, or in the region of
the buttocks appl. artery, muscle,
nerve, tuberosity, vein (anaf.).

gluteal (gloot'eal)
;

gluten (gloor/gn) n. [L. gluten, ghie.]

A tough substance obtainable from

some

[Gk. gloutos,
given to certain
muscles of the buttock (anat.).
glutinous (gloot'mus) a. [L. gluten,
Having a sticky or adhesive
glue.]
.

Name

buttock.]

(dot.).

n.
(glis''erin)
[Gk. glykos,
The sweet principle of
sweet.]
natural fats and oils (phys.).
glycerol (glis'6r61) n.,- see glycerin.

glycerin

glycogen (glfkoj^n) n. [Gk. glykos,

sweet.] Animal starch (phys.).
glycolysis

sweet

position

(gllkol'isls) n.

[Gk. glykos,

lyein, to loosen.]

of

Decom-

by hydrolysis

sugar

tion of glycogen (phys.).

gnathic (gnath'ik, nath'ik) a. [Gk.
gnathos, jaw.] Pert, the jaw (zool.).

gnathism

(gnath'Izm, nath'izm) n.
Formation of
[Gk. gnathos, jaw.]
jaw with reference to the degree
of projection.

gnatbites (gnath'lts, nath'lts)

n.

plu.

The buccal

[Gk. gnathos, jaw.]

appendages of insects.
gnathobase (gnath'obas, nath'obas) n.
basis, base.]
[Gk. gnathos, jaw
;

An

inwardly turned masticatory

process on the protopodite of
appendages near the mouth in
Crustacea (zool.).
gnathopod (gnath'opod, nathopod) n.
[Gk. gnathos, jaw pous, foot.] Any
Crustacean limb in the oral region
modified to assist with the food
;

(zool.).

gnathopodite (gnathop'ddit, nathop'ddlt) n.

pous,
[Gk. gnathos, jaw
foot.] Amaxillipedof an Arthropod
;

(zool.).

gnathostegite (gnathSs'tgglt, nathos'roof.]

gnathotheca

[Gk. gnathos, jaw ; stege,

covering plate for the

mouth parts of some Crustaceans

(zool.).

gnathostomatous

(gnath'ostSm'atus,

(gnath'othe'ka,

othe'ka) n.
theke, case.]

[Gk.

gnathos,

The horny

of a

nath'-

jaw

outer

lower jaw

bird's

(zool.).

goblet

mucus-secreting cells

cells,

of most columnar epithelia (phys.).

gomphosis (g6mfo'sis). \G\a.gomphos,
a bolt] Articulation by insertion
of a conical process into a socket,
as of roots of teeth into alveoli
(anaf.).

gonad (gon'ad) n. [Gk.gone,

descent.]
gland, either ovary or

sexual

testis (zool.).

gonaduct (gSn'adukt)

n.
[Gk. gonos,
L. ducere, to lead.]
offspring
a duct leading from
genital duct
the gonad to the exterior a gono-

duct

(Phys.).

glycosecretory (gll'kosekre'tori) a.
[Gk. glykos, sweet L. secretus, set
Connected with the secreapart!]

tejit) n.

nath'ostSm'atus) a. [Gk. gnathos,

;
stoma, mouth.] With jaws at
the mouth.

jaw

covering

grains.

gluteus (gloot'eus)

surface

GON-

119

(zool.).

gonanglum

n.

(gon5n'jtum)
[Gk.
seed
anggeion, vessel.] A
gonotheca, a dilated cup of perisarc protecting the blastostyle of
Calyptoblastea (zool.).
gonapophyses (gon'apof isez) n. plu.
[Gk. gone, seed apo, from phyein^
to grow.] The chitinous outgrowths
subserving copulation in insects
the component parts of the sting
gone,

(zool.).

goniale (gon'Iale, gonial'a)

gonia,

In

corner.]

n.

some

[Gk.
verte-

brates, a bone of the lower jaw

beside the articular (anat.).

gonidangium

(gon'idan'jium) n. [Gk.
anggeion, vessel.]
structure producing or contain-

dim. otgone, seed

ing gonidia

(bot.).

gonldia (gonid'ia)
(gonid'Ium) sing.

n. plu.

gonidium

[Gk. dim. of gone,

Asexual non-motile reproseed.]

ductivecells produced upon gametophytes (dot.).
gonidial (gonid'lal) a. [Gk. dim. of
gone, seed.] Pert, gonidia (dot.).
gonidiferous (gonldlf'6rus) a.
[Gk.
dim. of gone, seed ; L. ferre, to
or
carry.]
Bearing
producing
gonidia

(dot.).

Gk,
(gSn'Idfm'lum) n.
dim. of gone, seed.]
A gonidial
structure smaller than a gonidium
and larger than a gonimium (dot.).

gonidimlum

GON-

gonidiogenous (gonid'ioj'enus) a. [Gk.

dim. of gone, seed genos, offspring.]
Bearing or producing gonidia
;

gonidiferous (bot.).
gonidioid (gonid'ioid) a. [Gk. dim.
of gone, seed et'dos, resemblance.]
Like a gonidium
appl. certain
;

Algae (Sot.).
gonidiophore (gonid'iofor) n.
[Gk.
dim. of gone, seed pherein, to bear.]
An aerial hypha supporting a goni;

dangium

n.

(gSmm'ium)

[Gk.
bluish-

gonimos, productive.]
green gonidium of certain Lichens

see gona-

(gon'ofor) n.
[Gk. gone,
seed ; pherein, to bear.] An elongation of the thalamus between corolla

and stamens

a reproductive
(bot.)
zooid in a hydroid colony (zool.).
gonoplasm (gon'oplazm) n. [Gk. gone,

seed

The

; plasma, something moulded.]

generative part of protoplasm

(cyt.).

n.
[Gk. gone,
seed poros, channel.] The reproductive aperture of female Nematodes (zool.).
;

n.
[Gk. gone
;
soma, body.] All the reproductive
zooids of a hydrozoan

n.

plu.

[Gk. gonimos, productive ; blastos,

Filamentous outgrowths of
bud.]
a fertilized carpogonium of certain

Algae (dot).
gonion (go'nlon) n. [Gk. gonia, angle.]
The angle point on the lower jaw

colony

(zool.).

n.

[Gk. gonos,
blastos, bud.]
repro-

ductive cell

n.
[Gk.
gonos, offspring ; blastos, bud.J
blastostyle of Hydrozoa (zool.).
n.
gonocalyx (gSn'oka'liks)
[Gk.
offspring ; kalyx, a cup.]
he bell of a medusiform gonophore
finos,

(zool.).

n.

[Gk. gonos,

A
ochema, support]
medusoid bearing sex-cells in the
;

Hydrozoa (zool.).
gonochorism (gon'oko'rizm)

gonotheca (gSn'othe'ka) n.

[Gk. gone,
;
theke, cup.]
transparent
protective expansion of the perisarc
round a blastostyle or gonophore

gonotome (gon'otom)

n.
[Gk. gone,
seed temnein, to cut.] An embryonic segment containing the primordium of the gonad, comparable
to a nephrotome (smb.).
;

gonozooid

(gon'b'zd'oid) n.
[Gk. gone,
seed
zoon, animal
eidos, resemblance.]
gonophore or reproductive individual of a hydrozoan
colony; a zooid containing a gonad
;

[Gk.

to
chorisein,
offspring ;
The history or developof sex distinction.

gonocoele (g6n'6sel) n.
[Gk. gone,
The cavity
seed
koilos, hollow.]
containing the gonads (zool.).
gonocytes (gon'oslts) n. plu.
[Gk.
gone, seed kytos, hollow.] Sexual
;

cells of Sponges ; the mother-cells

of ova and spermatozoa (zool.).

gonodendron (gon'6d6n'dron)

(zool.).

n.

divide.]

n.

[Gk.

offspring ; dendron, tree.]

branching blastostyle in Physalia

(zool.).

oosphere (bot.).
gonostyle (gon'ostll) n.
[Gk. gone,
seed
The blastostylos, pillar.]
sexual
or
style
palpon
siphon of
Siphonophora (zool.).

gonocheme (gSn'okem)

gonos,

An

(zool.).

(zool.).

gonoblastid (gSn'oblas'tid)

offspring

n.
(gon'osfe'rium)
sphaira, globe.]

[Gk. gone, seed

seed

(anat.).

gonoblast (gon'oblast)
offspring

seed

gonosphaerium

(bot.).

gonimoblasts (gon'imoblasts)

(gon'odiikt') n.,

duct.

gonophore

gonosome (gon'osom)

(dot.).

gonimium

ment

gonoduct

gonopore (gon'opor)

(bot.).

gonidiophyll (gonid'iofil) n.
[Gk.
dim. of gone, seed phyllon, leaf.]
A gametophyte leaf bearing gonidia

gonos,

GRA-

120

gonydial (gonld'ial) a. [Gk. genys,

lower jaw.] Pert, a gonys (zool.).

gonys

(gon'is) n.

jaw.]

The lower

[Gk. genys, lower

part of a bird's

bill (zool.).

Graaflan (graf'Ian, graf'ian) follicle,

a vesicular spherical capsule surrounding an ovum, the cells of the
capsule being morphologically equal
to the ovum
veloping ova.

gracllis

an ovisac with de-

n.
[L. gracilis,
superficial muscle of

(gras'ilis)

slender.]

the thigh (anat.).

graduated (grad'uatgd) a.

[L. gradus^

GRATapering

step.]

becoming longer

or shorter by steps.
grain (gran) n. [L. granum, grain.]
Theseedof cereals a granular prominence on the back of a sepal (dot.}.
;

graminifolious (gram'fnifo'llus) a.
[L. gramen, grass
folium, leaf.]
;

With

grass-like leaves

(bot.}.

graminivorous (gram'miv'orus) a.
vorare, to eat.]
[L. gramen, grass
;

Grass-eating (zool.}.
granellae (graneTe) n. plu. [L. dim.
Small oval,
of granum, grain.]
refractile granules consisting chiefly
of barium sulphate, found in the

tubes of certain Sarcodina (zool.}.

granellarium (gran'gla'rium) n. [L.
dim. ofgranum, grain.] The system
of

tubes

granellae-containing

of

Sarcodina (zool.}.
granose (gran'os) a.
[L. granum,
In appearance like a chain
grain.]
of grains, like some insect antennae
moniliform (zool.").
granular (gran'ular) a. [L. granum,

Consisting of grains or
granules appearing as if made up
of granules (zool.}.
grain.]

n.
[L.
grain-like elevagrain.]
tion or eminence ; appl. arachnoid
elevations on the outer surface of

granulation (gran'ula'shun)

granum,

the dura mater (anat.}.

granule

(gran'ul)

n.

granulum,

[L.

small grain.] A small particle of

matter ; a small grain (hot.).
ovoid or spheroid
granule cells,
cells

formed of

soft

protoplasm

containing basiphil granules.

granule glands, the prostate glands
of flatworms.

graphiohexaster (graf i6h6ksas'ter)

n.

hex, six ;
[Gk. graphein, to write
hexaster spicule
aster, star.]
with long outwardly-directed filamentous processes from four of the

rays

grater

(zool.}.

(gra'ter)

scrape.]

GUA-

121

One

n.
[O.F. grater, to
of the denticles of a

Eunice (zool.}.
gravity (grav'iti) n. [L.gravis, heavy.]

The

force of attraction of all bodies

the tendency
;
of terrestrial bodies to be drawn
towards the earth's centre (phys.}.
green glands, the excretory organs
of certain Crustacea (zool.}.

towards each other

gregaloid (grgg'aloid) a.
[L. grex,
flock; Gk. eidos, like.]
Appl. a
of
Protozoa
of
indefinite
colony
shape, usually with a gelatinous
base, formed by incomplete division
of individuals or partial union of
adults

(zool.}.

gregarious (grgga'rius) a. [L. grex,

flock.]
Tending to herd together
colonial growing in clusters (biol.}.
grey matter, nerve tissue abundantly supplied with nerve cells, of
;

colour, internal to white

matter in spinal cord, external in
cerebrum (anat.}.

greyish

grey nerve-fibres,

semitransparent,

grey or yellowish-grey, gelatinous

non-medullated nerve-fibres, comprising most of the fibres of the
sympathetic system and some of
the cerebro-spinal (anat.}.
groin (groin) n. [lct\.grein, branch.]
The depressed part of the body
between abdomen and thigh (anat.}.
groove (groov) n.
[Dut. groef,
channel.] Any channel, furrow, or
depression, as carotid, costal, optic,
primitive vertebral groove (anat.}.
group (groop) n. [F. groupe, group.]
number of plants, or animals,
related to one another, and considered collectively (biol.}.
growing point, a part of the plant

body

at

which

cell-division

is

generally terminal and

composed of meristematic cells
localized,
(bot.}.

increase in substance of
plant or animal, due to anabolism
being greater than katabolism

growth,

(biol.}.

growth

rings,

annual

see

rings

(bot.}.

grumose (groom'os)
hillock.]

Clotted

a.
;

[L. grutnus,
knotted
col;

lected into granule masses (bot.}.

grumous (groom'us), see grumose.
guanin (gwan'In) n. [Peruvian, huano,

dung.] A substance contained in

guano, also in some plants and
certain mammalian glands ; that
found in fish corium forms the
basis of artificial pearl (biol.}.

guanylic (gwan'ilik) a.
[Peruvian,
huano, dung.]
Appl. a nucleic
acid, yielding guanin, found in the
pancreas (phys.}.

GUA-

GYM-

122

guard

(gard) n.
[O.F. garder, to
guard.] The rostrum of a Belemnite (pal.}.

small

of

spot

cells surrounding the

cells,
stomata of the aerial epidermis of

gubernaculum (goo'bernak'ulum)

n.

[L. gutta,

Formation of drops of
water on plants from moisture in
(dot.).

guttiform (gut'iform) a.
[L. gutta,
drop forma, shape.] Drop-like
in the form of a drop (zoo/.).
guttulate (gut'ulat) a. [L. guttula,
small drop.]
In the form of a
small drop, as markings (zoo/.).
;

n.

gubemare, to govern.] A cord

stretching from the epididymis to
the wall of the scrotum (anat.)
strands of blastostylar ectoderm
[L.

between gonophore and gonotheca

in the Hydromedusae
a posterior
flagellum functioning as a rudder
;

(zoo/.).

an

(zoo/.).

drop.]

the air

(dot.}.

gubernacular (goo'bernak'ular) a.
Pert.
[L. gubemare, to govern.]
the gubernaculum.

on

colour

wing or elsewhere

insect's

guttation (guta'shun)

guard

plant tissue

gymnanthous

a.

(jimnan'thus)

[Gk.

gymnos, uncovered; anthos, flower.]

With no floral envelope; achlamydeous (dot.).

gymnetrous (jimne'trus) a.
[Gk.
gymnos, naked
etron, abdomen.]
;

guest Insect, an insect living or

breeding in the nestof another (zoo/.}.
gula (gu'la) n.
[L. gula, gullet.]
The upper part of the throat the
median ventral piece of an insect's
head (zoo/.).
gular (gu'lar) n. [L. gula, gullet]
An anterior unpaired horny shield
on the plastron of Chelonia (zoo/.).
;

gullet (gul'et)

n.

[L. gula,

gullet.]

The oesophagus;

a muscular canal
extending from mouth cavity to
the canal between the
stomach
cell-mouth or cytostome and the
;

endoplasm of Ciliata (zoo/.).

[L.gummi, gum.]

gum (gum) n.

An

exudation of certain plants and

a vegetable mucilage (hot.).
trees
;

Without an anal

fin

(zoo/.).

gymnoarian

(jimnoa'rian) a.
[Gk.
naked.]
Appl. gonads
when naked, or not enclosed in
coelomic sacs
cystoarian
opp.

gymnos,

(zoo/.).

gymnoblastic (jlm'noblas'tik) a. [Gk.

gymnos, naked blastos, bud.] Without hydrothecae and gonothecae
;

appl.

certain of the Coelenterates

(zoo/.).

gymnocarpous

(jim'nokar'pus)

[Gk. gymnos, uncovered

fruit.]

With naked

fruit

a.

karfios,

appl.

Lichens with uncovered apothecia,

Mosses with expanded hymenium

(dot.).

gynmocidlum

n.
(jTm'nosid'ium)
[Gk. gymnos, uncovered.] A basal
swelling of certain moss capsules

gummiferous (gurmf'eYus) a.
[L.
to
carry.]
ferre,
gummi, gum
Gum-producing or exuding (dot.).
gummosis (giimd'sTs) n. [L. gummi,
gum.] Condition of plant tissue when
cell-walls become gummy (dot.).

gymnocyte(jTm'nosit). [Gk. gymnos,

uncovered kytps, hollow.] A cell
without a defining cell-wall (diol.).

gums

gymnocytode ( jim'nti sl'tod),

n.

plu.
[A.S. goma,
(gumz)
jaw.] The thick tissues investing
the jaws (anat.).
gustatory (gus'tatori) a. [L. gustare,
to taste.] Pert, sense of taste appl.
cells, hairs, pores, nerves (anat.).
gustatory calyculus, a taste bud
an end-cell or end-organ of taste
consisting of a group of gustatory
;

cells (anat.).

[A.S. gut, a channel.]

(gut) n.
intestine or
part thereof,
according to the structure of the

gut

The

animal (zoo/.).
gutta (gut'a) n.

(dot.).

without cell-wall or nucleus

used by Haeckel

gymnogenous

gutta,

drop.]

(diol.).

(j!mnqj'6nus) a. [Gk.
genos, offspring.]
bo'rn
appl. birds

gymnos, naked
'Naked when

(zoo/.).

gymnogynous

(jimnqj'inus) a.

[Gk.

gymnos, naked
gyne,
woman.]
With exposed ovary (dot.).
;

gymnoplast (jim'noplast) n. [Gk.

gymnos, naked plastos, formed.]
;

Protoplasm without definite formation or cell-wall

[L.

a cytode
a term

gymnorhlnal

(diol.).

(jTm'nori'nal) a.

[Gk.

GYMgymnos, naked

With

rhis, nose.]

region not covered by

feathers, as in some birds (zoo/.).
nostril

gymnosomatous

(jim'nosom'atus)

a.

gymnos, naked soma, body.]

aving no shell or mantle, as
certain Molluscs (zoo/.).
gymnospermous (jimnospeYmus) a.
spenna,
[Gk. gymnos, uncovered
seed.]
Having seeds not enclosed
in a true ovary, as in the Conifers
ik.

gymnospore (jfm'nospor) n.
[Gk.
sporos, seed.J A
gymnos, naked
naked germ not enclosed in a
;

protective envelope (oto/.).

gymnostomatous ( jim'nostom'atus) a.
[Gk. gymnos, naked stoma, mouth.]
;

Naked-mouthed having no peristome (zoo/., bo f.).

gynaecophoral groove, see gynaeco;

phore.
(jine'kofor)

woman

[Gk.

pherein, to carry.]
groove of certain
Worms formed by an inrolling of
the sides, in which the female is
carried (zool.}.

gyne,

canal

or

gynandrism (jman'drlzm)
gyne,

the condition in which the

to arise from the

appears

style

ovary (6of.).
gynobasic style, a style arising from
the base of the carpel (oof.).
gynodioecious (jf nodle'shus) a. [Gk.
oikos,
gyne, woman ; dis, twice
Dimorphic, with some
house.]
female
plants
only
producing
flowers (oof.).
;

gynoecium

(jine'stum) n.

[Gk. gyne,

The

oikos, house.]

pistils,

carpels, or female organs of a flower

(oof.).

gynogonidia

(ji'ndgonld'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. gyne, woman gonos, offspring.]
Female sexual elements formed after
repeated division of parthenogonidia
;

in

Mastigophora

(oio/.).

gynomonoecious (ji'nomone'shus)

a.

woman

;
monos, alone
[Gk. gyne,
house.]
Appl. plants with
pistillate flowers only (oof.).

oikos,

gynaecophore

woman

n.

[Gk.

aner, man.]

Her-

maphroditism.
(jinan'dromor'fizm) n. [Gk. gyne, woman ; aner,
man ; morphe, form.] Condition of
having one side characteristically
male, the other female, from external aspect.

gynandrophore ( jlnan'drofor') n. [Gk.

gyne, woman aner, man pherein,
An axial prolongation
to carry.]
;

bearing a sporophyll

gynandrosporous
[Gk. gyne,

gynophore

[Gk. gyne,
(ji'nofor) n.
A
;
pherein, to carry.]
an
supporting the ovary
elongation of the thalamus between

woman
stalk

stamens and

gynostegium
gyne,

(oof.).

(jinan'drospo'rus)
aner, man ;

woman

pistil (oof.).

(jfnosce'jium) n.

woman

tective

gynandromorphism

a.

plants

woman

(oof.).

The

HAB-

123

stege, roof.]

covering

[Gk.
pro-

a gynoecium

for

(oof.).

gynostemium (ji'noste'mlum)

woman

[Gk.

stemon, warp.]

The

column composed of pistil

stamens in Orchids (oof.).

and

gyne,

n.
[L. gyrare, to
Rotation, as of cells ; a

gyration (jira'shun)
revolve.]

whorl of a spiral shell

gyrose

(jfros)

revolve.]

sinuous

gyrus

a.

[L.

(zool.}.

gyrare,

With undulating

to

lines

(dot.).

(ji'rus) n.,

gyri

plu. [L.
cerebral convolu(jl'rl)

adjoining the oogonium, as in

gyrus, circle.] A
tion
a ridge between two grooves

Algae

(anaf.).

seed.]

sporos,

With androspores
some

(oof.).

gynandrous (jinan'drus)a.

woman

aner, man.]
Having the
stamens fused with the pistils, as in
some Orchids (oof.).
gynantherous (jinan'thgrus) a: [Gk.

gyne, woman anf/ios, flower.] Having the stamens converted into pistils
;

(oof.).

[Gk. gyne,
(ji'nobas) n.
L. basis, base.]
gynoecium-bearing receptacle of certain

gynobase

woman

\G\i.gyne,

habenula (habSn'Oli)
strap.]

A name

n.

[L. habena,
certain
appl.

band-like structures (anaf.).

habituation (hablt'ua'shun) n.
[L.
habituare, to bring into a habit.]
The adjustment effected in a cell
by which subsequent contacts of

HADthe same

stimulus produce
inishing effects (phys.}.

hadrocentrlc (h&d'rosgn'trik)

dim-

a.

[Gk.
thick
hadros,
kentron, centre.]
With the phloem surrounding the
;

xylem

(bot.}.

n.

[Gk.

haima, blood
chromos, colour.]
The colouring matter found in the
blood (phys.}.
;

see haemocyanin.

haemacyanin,

haemacyte

(he'masit) n.
[Gk. haima,
blood
;
kytos, hollow.]
corpuscle (anat., phys.}.

blood

haemad

(he'mad) adv. [Gk. haima,

Situated on same side
blood.]
of vertebral column as the heart
a.

(he'mal)
[Gk. haima,
Pert,
blood or bloodblood.]
vessels also situated on the same
side of the vertebral column as the
;

(zool.}.

haemamoeba (hem'ame'ba)

n.

[Gk.

amoibos, exchanghaima, blood

Protozoon with an amoeboid
ing.]
trophozoitic stage parasitic in a red
blood-corpuscle (zool.}.
haemapoietic (hem'apoigt'ik) a. [Gk.
haima, blood
poiein, to form.]
Blood-forming.
;

haemapophysis

n.

(hem'apof'isis)

[Gk. haima, blood ; apo, from

phyein, to grow.] One of plate-like
or spine-like processes growing
from the latero-ventral surfaces of
a vertebral centrum (anat.}.
;

haexnatal (hem'atal) a. [Gk. haima,

blood.] Pert, blood or blood-vessels.
haematid (hem'atid) n. [Gk. haima,

Red

blood-corpuscle.
n.
[Gk. haima,
blue-black
substance
blood.]
formed by the decomposition of
haemoglobin, and probably con-

haematin (hem'atln)

taining iron (phys.}.

haematobic

(hem'ato'bflc)

bios,
haima, blood
in the blood (zool.}.
;

a.

life.]

[Gk.
Living

ganism, plant or animal, living

the blood (biol.}.

haematoblast (hgm'atoblast)
;

n.

blastos, bud.]

in

[Gk.

Any

develop into a red

blood-corpuscle (emb.}.
cell that

will

haematocryal

(hgm'atokrl'al) a.

haima, blood kryos, cold.]

blooded (zool.}.

haematocyanin

[Gk.

Cold-

(hgin'atosl'anTn)

n.

[Gk. haima, blood ; kyanos, dark

blue substance.] A colourless substance in the blood of Molluscs

and Arthropods
blue

becomes

which

when oxydized

(zool.}.

haematocytozoon

(hgm'atosi'tozo'on)
n.
[Gk. haima, blood ; kytos, hollow ; zoon, animal.] An intra-cor-

puscular blood parasite

haima, blood

(zool.).

doche,

receptacle.]

fibre-elastic bag, normally collapsed and spirally disposed round

the base of the bulb, the basal
portion of the palpal organ in the

Araneae

(zool.}.

haematogen (hgm'atojen)

n.

[Gk.

haima, blood
gignesthai, to produce.] A pseudo-nuclein containing
;

iron (phys.}.

haematogenesls

(hgm'atojSn'esis)

n.

[Gk. haima, blood gignesthai, to

produce.] The formation of blood
;

(Phys.}.

haematogenous

a.
(hSm'atoj'gnus)
gignesthai, to
[Gk. haima, blood
Formed in the blood
produce.]
;

(Phys.}.

haematoidln (hgm'atoid'In)
haima, blood

An

iron-free

eidos,

n.
[Gk.
resemblance.]

pigment

found

in

blood-stains (phys.}.

haematolysis (henYatSl'isis) n. [Gk.

haima, blood
lyein, to dissolve.]
Breaking up of blood corpuscles,
hence reduced coagulability (phys.}.
;

haematophagous

(hgm'atSf'agus) a.
[Gk. haima, blood ; phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on the blood, or obtaining
nourishment from the blood (zool.}.

haematophyte

haematobium (hem'ato'bTum) n. [Gk.

bios, life.]
Any orhaima, blood

haima, blood

n.

(hgm'atokrom)

[Gk. haima, blood ; chromos, colour.]

A red colouring matter found in
certain Algae (bot.}.

haematodocha (hgm'atodo'ka) n. [Gk.

(zool., anat.}.

haemal

blood.]

haematochrome

haemachrome (he'makrom)

heart

HAE-

124

(hgm'atoflt) n.

[Gk.

haima, blood phyton, plant.] Any

vegetable micro-organism of the
blood (phys.}.
;

haematoporphyrin
n.

(he"m'at6p6r'fir!n)

[Gk. haima, blood

purple.]

An

iron-free

porphyra,
substance
of

formed by the decomposition

haematin (phys.}.

HAEhaematosis
haimafoein,

(hem'ato'siTs)
to change

n.

[Gk.

to

blood.]

Blood-formation (phys.}.
;

Warm-blooded (zool.).
haematozoon (hgm'atb'zo'on)

[Gk.

haima, blood zoon, animal.] Any

animal parasitic in the blood (zool.).
(hem'ik) a.
[Gk. haima,
blood.] Pert, blood (phys.).
haemin (hem'in) n.
[Gk. haima,
Haematin hydrochloride
blood.]
;

(hem'oplasmo'-

dium) n.
haima, blood
[Gk.
A
plasma, something moulded.]
unicellular animal parasite of the
blood (zool.\

haemotropic (hem'otrop'ik)

a.

[Gk.

blood

to

turn.]

haima,

trepein,

Affecting or acting upon the blood

(Phys.}.

haemozoin (he'mozo'In) n. [Gk. haima,

(Phys.).

haeinochromogen

(hem'okro'mb'jen)
chroma,
[Gk. haima, blood
colour
gignesthai, to produce.]
The colour producing component
of haemoglobin (phys.).
n.

haemocoele (hem'osel) n. [Gk. haima,

panded
which

tolysis.

haemoplasmoclium

n.

haemic

serum capable of destroying red

blood-corpuscles (phys.}.
see haema(hemol'lsTs),

haemolysis

haeniatothermal (hgm'atothgr'mal) a.
[Gk. haima, blood thermos, warm.]

blood

HAL-

125

An exhollow.]
portion of the blood system
replaces the true coelom
koilos,

(*/.).

haemocyanin

see

(hern'osfanm),

haematocyanin.
haemocytolysis (hem'osltol'isis) n.
[Gk. haima, blood kytos, hollow
The breaking
lyein, to dissolve.]
up of the red blood-corpuscle by
;

blood
Granules
zoon, animal.]
of a black pigment usually called
melanin, but without the chemical
characteristics
of true melanin
;

(Phys.}.

hair (har) n. [A.S. haer.] A threadlike or filamentous outgrowth of the

any
epidermis of animals (zool.)
outgrowth of the epidermis consisting of one or more cells, and very
varied in shape (tot.}.
hair cell, any of the columnar cells
bearing long stiff processes or hairs,
found in the inner ear near the
points of entrance of the nerve
;

fibres (anat.).

hair

solution (phys.).

haemocytotrypsis (hem'osl'totrip'sTs)
n.
[Gk. haima, blood kytos, hollow tribein, to rub.] Breaking up
of blood by pressure (phys.).
haemoerythrin (hem'derith'rin)
;

[Gk. haima, blood ; erythros, red.]

A red pigment found in the blood
of Worms, etc., probably performing
the same functions as haemoglobin

the

follicle,

tubular

sheath

formed by an invagination of the

the
epidermis and surrounding
base of a hair (anat.}.
hair worm, any of the small Nematodes

(zool.).

having the ovary but

adherent to the calyx

half-inferior,
partially
(bot.}.

[Gk.

rounded on one side,

on the other (&?/.).
haliplankton (hal'fplang'kton) n. [Gk.

haima, blood globos, sphere.] The

red colouring matter of blood

hals, the sea ;plangklos, wandering.]

The floating organisms in the sea ;

(/.).
haemoglobin

flat

(hem'oglo'bin)

(phys.).

haemoid (hem'oid)

a.
[Gk. haima,
blood
Reeidos, resemblance.]
sembling blood (phys.).
;

haemolymph

(hem'olimf)

n.

[Gk.

A
haima, blood
lympke, fluid.]
fluid found in the coelom of some
which
is
as
invertebrates,
regarded
equivalent to the blood and lymph
of the higher forms (zool.).
;

haemolysin

half-terete,

cf. limnoplankton.
hallux (hal'uks) n.

[Gk.

referring

modified

[L. hallux, the

digit of the

first

hind-limb (anat.}.
halobios (hal'obfos)
[Gk. hals,
sea bios, life.] The sum total of
living plants and animals in the
sea (biol.}.
halolimnic (hal'olTm'nik) a.
[Gk.
limne, marsh.] Pert, or
hals, sea

haima, blood
lyein, to dissolve.]
A substance developed in the blood

(hern'oll'sln)

The

great toe.]

(zool.).

to
to

marine
live

in

organisms
water

fresh

HALhalophilous
salt

(halof'ilus) a.

[Gk. hals,
Salt-loving

philein, to love.]

(bot.}.

halophyte

(haloflt) n.
[Gk. hals,
phyton, plant.] Shore plants
of
thriving on saltplants capable
salt

impregnated
halteres

soils (dot.}.
n. plu.

(hal'terez)

[Gk.
in jumping.]
small capitate bodies
representing the rudimentary posterior wings in Diptera, which are
said to be balancers (zool.}.

weight used

halter,

pair of

hamate

a.

(ham'at)

hamatus,
hooked-

[L.

Hooked

hooked.]

or

hamatum (hama'tum) n.

[L. hamatus,
The unciform bone in
hooked.]
the carpus, probably corresponding
to the fourth arid fifth distalia of a
typical pentadactyl limb (zool.}.

hamirostrate (ham'iros'trat) a. [L.

hamus, hook
rostrum,
beak.]
Having a hooked beak (zool.}.
hamose (ha'mos) a. [L. hamus, hook.]
;

Hooked (dot.}.
hamular (ham'ular)
hook.] Hooked
hamulus (ham'ulus)

a.

[L.

hook-like

n.

[L.

hamus,
(zool.}.

hamulus,

hook.] A hook, or hook-like

the minute hookprocess (anat.}
like process on the distal barbules
which aid in the interlocking of the
barbs of a feather (zool.}.
little

hapaxanthous

a.
(hap'aksan'thus)
anthos, flower.]
[Gk. hapax, once
With only a single flowering period
;

(hap'lokoles'ent)

a.

L. caulis,
simple
With a simple axis, i.e.,
stem.]
of
capable
producing seed on the

main

haploos,

axis

(tot.},

haplochlainydeous (hap'loklamid'eus)
a.

[Gk. haploos, simple chlamys,

Having rudimentary leaves
connection with the sporophylls
;

cloak.]
in

(bot.}.

haplodont (hap'lodont)tf.

[G\a. haploos,

odous, tooth.]

Having the

simple

molars with simple crowns (zool.}.

haploid (hap'loid) a.
[Gk. kaploos,
eidos, like.]
simple
Having the
;

number of chromosomes
istic

[Gk. haploos, simple

;
stoma, mouth.]
a peristome with a single
teeth appl. Mosses (hot.}.

around

of

the

peri,

Having
row of

haplopetalous (hap'lopet'alus) a. [Gk.

petal.]
haploos, simple
petalon,
With a single row of petals (bot.}.
haptera (hap'tera) n. plu. [Gk. hap;

tein,

to

fasten.]

from

outgrowths

Special disc-like
the stem - like

portion of certain Algae, which

serve as organs of attachment
(dot.}.

haptophores (hap'tof orz)

n. plu.
[Gk.
pherein, to carry.]
of
the
qualities
molecule of a toxin cf. toxophores

haptein, to fasten

(Phys.\

harmonic suture,
an articulation
brought about by the apposition of
surfaces
fairly smooth edges or
(anat.}.

harmosone

//.
(har'moson)
[Gk.
One of the
armozo, I regulate.]
class of hormones which influence

growth
HassaH's

charactergerm-cells for the

organism in question (biol.}.

haploperistomous (hap'loperls'tomus)

(phys.}.

concentric corpuscles,
the reticulum of the

cell nests in

thymus gland (anat.).

hastate (has'tat) a. [L. hasta, spear.]
Spear-shaped, more or less triangular with the two basal lobes
divergent

haulm

(hot.}.

(horn) n.

haustellate (hos'telat)

a.

Having

suck.]

adapted for sucking

haustellum(h6steTum)
to suck.]

The

[A.S. healing

stem of such plants as peas

stem of a grass (bot.}.
to

(bot.}.

haplocaulescent
[Gk.

a.

The combining

at the tip.

shaped

HEA-

126

the

[L. haurire,
a proboscis

(zool.}.

n. [L. haurire,
proboscis adapted for

sucking (zool.}.
haustorial (hosto'rlal)
to drink.]

a.
[L. haurire,
Pert, or resembling a

haustorium

(bot.}.

haustorium

(hosto'riiim)

n.

[L.

haurire, to drink.] An outgrowth

of the stem of certain plants, which
serves as a means of drawing food
from the host plant (bot.}.

haversian canals [ffavers, English

physician],

bone

in

the small

canals in

which the blood-vessels

lie

(anat.}.
n.
[AS. heafod.] The
anterior part of a vertebrate body
containing the brain, skull, eyes,

head (hed)

HEA-

the anterior end of most

animals containing
invertebrate
the cerebral ganglia ; the antlers of
deer (zool.) the top of a plant when
it consists of a mass of leaves ; a
compact inflorescence (bot.).
head case, the outer hard covering
of an insect's head (zool.).
head cell, one of the cells found on
the manubrium of the antheridium
of Chara (bot.).
head kidney, the pronephric portion
of the kidney, in vertebrates usually
represented only in the embryo a
ears, etc.

nephridium usually

developed

the cephalic segment

brates (zool.).

of

in

inverte-

circulation of the blood (zool.,anat.) ;

the core or central portion of a tree
or fruit (bot.).

heat

kind
(het) n.
[A.S. haetu.]
of energy manifested in various
the sensation of warmth
ways
produced by stimulation of special
organs the period of sexual desire
;

(Phys.).

heat spot, any of the special areas

on the skin at which nerve endings
sensitive to heat are found (phys.).
hectocotylus (heVtokot'llus)

//.

[Gk.

hekaton, hundred ; kotyle, vessel.]

One of the arms of a male ceph-

alopod specialized to effect transference of sperms to eggs (zool.).

hedonic
(hedon'ik)
glands, skin
glands found in certain reptiles

which secrete muskand are specially

active at the rutting season.
[A.S. Ae/a.] The hinder
the posterior
part of the foot
tarsal portion of the foot
the talon
or talonid of a tooth (zool.).

heel(hel).

hekistotherm (hekTs'tothgrm) n. [Gk.

least ; therme, heat.]

plant that thrives with the minimum
of heat, as alpine plants (bot.).
helicine (heTisin) a.
[Gk. helix,
hekistos,

convoluted
Spiral ;
appl. certain convoluted
dilated arteries in the penis
4
pert, outer rim of the pinna (anat.).
helicoid (heTikoid) a.
[Gk. helix,
spiral.]

and

spiral; eidos, like.]

a
Helix

snail's shell
pert, genus
(zool.)
pert, type of symin
which
the symbranching
podial
podium consists of the fork branches

like

of the same side (bot.).

helicoid cyme, an inflorescence produced by the suppression of the
successive axes on the same side,
thus causing the sympodium to be
spirally twisted (bot.).

helicotrema (hel'ikotre'ma)

n.
[Gk.
A
trema, hole.]
spiral ;
small opening near the summit
of the cochlea by which the two
scalae
communicate with one
another (anat.).

helix,

heliosis

heart (hart) n. [A.S. heorte."] A hollow

muscular organ with a varying
number of chambers which by
rhythmic contraction keeps up the

hoisted

HEM-

127

Spiral;

shaped

(helio'sTs) n.
[Gk, Julias,
The production of dissun.]
coloured spots or markings on
leaves through the concentration
of the sun on them (bot.).
heliotaxis (he'liotak'sis) n.
[Gk.
helios, sun
taxis, arrangement.]
Response to the stimulus of the
;

sun's rays.

heliotropism (he'liot'ropizm) n. [Gk.

The
helios, sun
trepein, to turn.]
tendency of growing organisms
or parts thereof to respond to
;

the stimulus of sunlight (biol.).

helix (he'llks) n. [Gk. helix, spiral.]
The outer rim of the ear (anat.)
the coiled spiral arrangement of
certain structures in the inverte;

brates

(zool.).

helmet (heTme't)
head covering.]

n.

[O.F. helmet,
The process of
of hornbills ; the bony
plates covering the head of certain
extinct Fishes
the galea of Insects

the

bill

(zool.).

helminthology
[Gk.

helmins,

n.
(hel'minthol'dji)
worm ; logos, dis-

course.] The study of the natural

history, anatomy, etc., of Worms,
especially parasitic forms (zool.).
helotism (hel'otizm)
[Gk. Helos,
.

Laconian town.]
Symbiosis in
which the one organism enslaves
the other
in

its

and

behalf,

forces
e.g.

in

to labour
Lichens, in

it

some species of ants (biol.).

hemelytron (hemeTitron) n.
hemi, half;

thickened
Insects

Worms

[Gk.
The
wing.]
of certain
certain
of
elytra

elytron,

forewing
the

(zool.).

HEM-

heinisome (hSm'isom)

hemelytrum, hemelytron.
hemibasidium (hem'ibasid'ium)

n.

[Gk. hemi, half ; basis, base.] The

promycelium of the Ustilaginales
(bot.).

hemibathybial

a.
(hem'ibathib'ial)
half; bathys, depths.]

[Gk. hemi,
Perl, plankton between the littoral
and bathybial zones (biol.).
hemibranch (hem'ibrangk) n. [Gk.
A
hemi, half; brangchia, gills.]
gill with gill filaments on one side

only

a.

[Gk.
hemi, half; chorde, string.] Possessing a more or less rudimentary

notochord (zool.).
hemicyclic (hem'isi'klik)

a.
[Gk.
hemi, half; kyklos, round.] With
some of the floral whorls cyclic,
others spiral (bot.).

hemielytron,

hemelytron

hemiepiphyte

(hem'iep'iflt)

a median vertical plane

hemisphere (he'm'isfer)

(zool.).

n.
[Gk.
hemi, half; sphaira, globe.] One
of the cerebral hemispheres (zool.).

hemisystole

(hgm'isis'tole) n.
[Gk.
hemi, half ; syn, with ; stellein, to
Contraction of one ventricle
set.]
of the heart (phys.).

hemitropous (hemit'ropus)

a.
[Gk.
to
half;
turn.]
trepein,
half round, having an
ovule with the hilum on one side
and the micropyle, etc., opposite
in a plane parallel to the placenta

n.

(bot.}.

hemignathous (hem'ignath'us) a. [Gk.

hemi, half gnathos, jaw.] Having
one jaw snorter than the other, as
in some birds (zool.).
hemlmetabolic (hgm'imgt'aborik) a.
;

[Gk. hemi, half; meta, after; ballein,

to change.]
Having an incomplete
metamorphosis, i.e. the larva has a
to the adult
resemblance
strong
(zoo!.).

hemiparasitic

a.

(hem'ipar'asTt'ik)

hemi, half; para, beside;

food.] Pert, a plant which
capable of carrying on photosynthesis, but not sufficiently to
supply all food material (bot.).
hemipenis (hem'ipe'nis) n. [Gk. hemi,

[Gk.

sites,
is

half; L. penis, penis.]

One

paired copulatory organs

of the
in lizards

(zool.).

(hemip'terus) a.
hemi, half; pteron, wing.]

Hemiptera
hemisaprophyte

Turned

(bot.).

hemorrhoidal (hem'oroi'dal)
blood

haima,
Rectal

appl.

rhein,
arteries

a.

to

[Gk.
flow.]

and veins

(anat.).

[Gk.
hemi, half ; epi, upon ; phyton,
A plant whose seeds
plant.]
germinate on another plant, but
later send roots to the ground

and snakes
hemipterous

n.
[Gk. hemi,
The symhalf; soma, body.]
metrical half of an animal about

hemi,

(zool.).

hemichordate (hem'ikor'dat)

[Gk.
Pert.

(zool.).

(hgm'isap'roflt)

n.

[Gk. hemi, half ; sapros, dung ;

A plant living
phyton, plant.]
partly by photosynthesis, partly
by obtaining food from the humus
(bot.).

HEP-

128

Henle's layer, a single stratum of

nucleated cubical cells in the inner
root sheath of a hair follicle (anat.).
Henle's loop, the loop of a kidney
tubule within the apical portion of
the pyramid (anat.).

hepar

(he'par) n.
[L. hepar, liver.]
Liver or any organ having a similar
function (anat., zool.).

hepatic (hepat'ik)

a.
[L. hepar, liver.]
like or associated with the

Pert,

liver (zool.)

hepatocolic

; pert. Hepatics (bot.).

[L.
(hep'atokol'ik) a.

hepar, liver ; colon, large intestine.]

Pert, liver and colon (zool.).

hepatocystic (hgp'atosis'tik) a.
[L.
hepar, liver ; Gk. kystis, bladder.]
Pert, liver and gall-bladder (zool.).
hepatoduodenal (hep'atodu'tide'nal) a.
[L. hepar, liver ; duodeni, twelve
each.] Pert, liver and duodenum
(anat.).

hepatoenteric (hgp'atoenter'lk) a.
Gk. enteron, gut.]
hepar, liver
;

or pert, liver

and

hepatogastric (hep'atogas'trik)
Gk. gaster,
hepar, liver
;

Pert, liver

[L.

Of

intestine.

and stomach

a.

[L.

belly.]

(anat.).

hepatopancreas, the digestive gland

in many invertebrates, supposed to
perform a function similar to that
of the liver and of the pancreas in
higher forms (zool.).
hepatoportal (hep'atdpor'tal)
,

liver

portare,

to

a.

[L.

carry.]

HEP-

Pert. or designating the portal

circulation of the liver (zoo/.).
a.
[L.
hepar, liver rents, kidneys.] Pert.

hepatorenal (hep'atore'nal)
;

liver and kidney (zoo/.).

hepatoumbilical
(hepatoumbil'ikal)
a.
umbo, umbo.]
[L. hepar, liver
Joining liver and umbilicus (anat.).
;

heptagynous

a.

[Gk.

gyne, female.]

With

(hgptaj'inus)

hepta, seven

seven

pistils (oof.}.

heptamerous (heptam'Srus)

a.
[Gk.
meros, part.] Having
the whorls of the flower in sevens

hepfa, seven

(bot.).

heptandrous

a.

(hSptan'driis)

hepta, seven

[Gk.

Having
sevens

in

arranged

(hot.).

herb (h6rb)

[M.E. herbe.] Any

seed plant which has not a woody
n.

stem (bot.).
herbaceous (herba'shiis)

a.

[L. her-

Pert, or resemgrassy.]
bling a herb, or similarly formed

baceus,
(oof.).

hercogamy

(hgrkog'ami)

condition in
is

n.

[Gk.

gamos, birth.] The

which self-fertilization

herkos, barrier

impossible

(bot.}.

[L. heredTransmitted or
itas, heirship.]
possibly transmissible from parent
to offspring, as a special quality or
condition (biol.).

hereditary

heredity

(hergd'itari) a.

(hered'iti) n.

heirship.]

between

[L. hereditas,

The organic
successive

relation

generations

(biol.}.

many-celled, few-seeded indehiscent

fruit, having epicarp and mesocarp
joined together, and an endocarp
projecting into the interior as membranous partitions which divide the
pulp into chambers (oof.).

heteracanthous

(het'erakan'thus)

a.

[Gk. heteros, other ; akanthe, spine.]

Having the spines in the dorsal fin

asymmetrical

(zoo/.).

heteractinal (hgt'erak'tlnal) a. [Gk.

Pert.
heteros, other
aktis, ray.]
nail-like spicules, having a disc of
;

in one plane, and

six to eight
rays
a stout ray rising at right angles to
(zoo/.).

heterandrous (het'eran'drus) a. [Gk.

With
heteros, other ; aner, man.]
the stamens of different lengths or
shape (bot.).
heterauxesis (hgt'erokse'sis) n.
[Gk.
other
auxein, to grow.]
Irregular or asymmetrical growth
of organs (bot.}.
heteraxial (het'erak'slal) a.
[Gk.
With
heteros, other ; axis, axis.]
three unequal axes (zoo/.).
heteroblastic (hgt'eroblas'tik) a. [Gk.
With
heteros, other ; blastos, bud.]
heteros,

an indirect development (zoo/.).

heterocarpous
(heYgrokar'pus)
[Gk. heteros, other

a.

karpos, fruit.]
Bearing two distinct types of fruit
;

(bot.}.

heterocellular (heYerosel'ular) a. [Gk.

L.
cellula, cell.]
heteros, other ;
Composed of more than one type of
cells (bot.).

heterocephalous(h6t'gr6kef'alus,-sef-)
a.
kephalc,
[Gk. heteros, other
head.] Having the pistillate flowers
on separate headsfromthestaminate
flowers (bot.}.
;

hermaphrodite (hermaf'rodlt) n. [Gk.

both
hcrmaphroditos, combining
sexes.]
Any organism having both
male
and female reproductive
organs

hesperidium (hgs'perid'Ium) n. [Gk.

Hesfieria, Western land.] A superior,

these
a.

leaves

[Gk.

Having

aner, man.]
seven stamens (bot.}.
heptastichous (heptas'tikus)
hepta, seven stichos, row.]

the

HET-

129

(biol.}.

heterocercal (het'eroser'kal) a. [Gk.

Havkerkos, tail.]
heteros, other
ing the vertebral column terminatthe
fin,
ing in the upper lobe of
which is usually larger than the
lower afipl. tail fins (zoo/.).
heterocercy (het'groseVs!)
[Gk.
kerkos, tail] The
heteros, other
condition of having a heterocercal
;

hermaphroditism (hermafrod'Itizm) n.
[Gk. hermaphrodites, combiningboth

The condition of having

sexes.]
both male and female reproductive
organs in one individual (biol.}.
herpetology (h6r'p6tol'oji) n.
[Gk.

herpeton, reptile logos, discourse.]

That part of zoology dealing with
the structure, habits and classification of Reptiles (zoo/.).
;

tail (zoo/.).

heterochlamydeous
eus)#.

(heYgroklamld'[Gk. heteros, other ; chlamys^

I

HETHaving a calyx

cloak.]

from corolla

differing

in colour, texture, etc.

(bot.).

heterochromous (heYerokro'mus)

a.

[Gk. heteros, other ; chroma, colour.]

Having disc and marginal florets
differently coloured (bot.).

heterochronism (hgt'erokro'nizm)

n.

[Gk. heteros, other chronos, time.]

A departure from the typical sequence in time of the formation of
the organs (biol.).
heterochrosis (h6t'6rokr5'sis) n. [Gk.
heteros, other ; chrosis, colouring.]
Abnormal coloration (zool.).
heteroclinous (heYgrokll'nus) a. [Gk.
kline, bed.] Heteroheteros, other
;

cephalous (bot.).
heterocoelous (het'grose'lus) a. [Gk.
heteros, other koilos, hollow.] Pert.
vertebrae with saddle-shapedarticulatory centra (zool.).
heterocysts (hgt'groststs) n. plu. [Gk.
heteros, other kystis, bladder.] The
clear cells occurring at intervals
on the filaments of certain Algae,
;

and marking the

hormogonia (bot.).

of

limits

heteros,

(he't'e'rod'romus)

other

dromein,

heteroecious (het'gre'shus)

a.

[Gk.

gamos, marriage.]
having two
of
flowers
types
having indirect
pollination methods (biol.).
;

(hgt'grog'aml) a.

[Gk.

other
gamos, offspring.]
Alternation of generations (biol.).
;

(hgt'grogang'gltat)

[Gk. heteros, other gangglion,

ganglion.] With widely separated

a.

(biol.).

heteros, other

heterogenesis

a.

gonos, birth.]

[Gk.
Pert.

(biol.).

heterogony

(het'erog'oni) n.
[Gk.
Havheteros, other ; gonos, birth.]
kinds
of
two
flowers
differing
ing
in length of stamen (bot.) ; alterna-

tion of generations (biol.).

(het'eroj'mus) a.

heterogynous
heteros,

other

gyne,

[Gk.

woman.]

With two types of females

heterokaryote

(zool.).
(het'erokar'Iot) a. [Gk.

Havheteros, other ; karyon, nut.]

ing two distinct types of nuclei
(zool.).

plasm
heterology

(biol.).

(het'erol'qjl)

other

n.

[Gk.

discourse.]
of parts
to different origin or different
;

logos,

owing
elements (biol.).
heteromallous (het'erom'alus)

With unlike gametes

heterogangliate

regular series

heterogonous (het'erog'onus)

to

spiral

heterogamous (heYerog'amus) a. [Gk.

heteros,

[Gk.
(heVerqj'eni)
Havheteros, other ; genos, race.]
ing several distinct generations
a
in
succeeding one another

The non-correspondence

Passheteros, other; oikos, house.]

ing different stages of its life on
different hosts (bot.).

heterogamy

n.

a.

of the stem leaves turning in a

different direction to that of the
branch leaves (bot.).

other

heterogeny

heteros,

Having the genetic

heteros,

[Gk.

duce.]
Spontaneous generation
alternation of generations (biol.).

Qualitative or differential division

of the chromosomes (biol.).
a.
heterolecithal
(het'eroles'ithal)
[Gk. heteros, other lekithos, yolk.]
distributed
deutoHavingunequally

ing the
various purposes (zool).

run.]

n.

gignesthai, to pro-

a.

a.
(het'erodont)
[Gk.
Havodous, tooth.]
teeth differentiated for

heterodromous

heteros, other

heterokinesis (het'erokme'sis) n. [Gk.

heteros, other
kinein, to move.]

heteros, other

ganglia (zool.).
heterogenesis (het'erqje'n'e'sis)

the

[Gk. heteros, other

daktylos, toe.]
With the first and second toes
turned backwards (zool.).

heterodont

and asymmetrically placed nerve-

heterodactylous (het'erodak'tilus)

[Gk.

HET-

130

a.

[Gk.

heteros, other; mallos, lock of wool.]

Spreading in different directions
(bot.).

heteromastigate

(hgt'e'romas'tigat) a.
heteros, other ; mastix, lash.]
two different types of

eik.
aving

flagella (zool.).

heteromastigote

(het'eromas'tigot),

heteromastigate.

heteromerous (het'erom'erus)

a. [Gk.
meros, part.] Havof
the
whorls
ing
consisting
an unequal number of parts (bot.).
heterometabolic (het'eromeYabol'ik)
a.
[Gk. heteros, other ; metabole,
change.] Having incomplete meta-

heteros, other

morphosis

(zool.).

HETheteromorphic

different

Having

a.

(het'eromor'flk)

[Gk. heteros, other

times

morphe, shape.]
forms at different
;

(zool.).

heteromorphism (heYSromor'fizm)

n.

[Gk. heteros, other morphe, shape.]

The state or quality of being
;

heteromorphic (biol.).
heteromorphosis (heYeromor'fosis) n.
[Gk. heteros, other; morphe, shape.]
The production of a part in an

abnormal position, by any organism a case of regeneration, when

the new part is different from that
removed (biol.).
heteromorphous (hfit'e'romor'fus) a.
;

[Gk. heteros, other; morphe, shape.]

Pert, an irregular structure, or
departure from the normal (biol.).

heteronereis (het'e'rone'reis) n. [Gk.

A
heteros, other
nereis, nereis.]
;

free-swimming dimorphic sexual

stage of Nereis and other marine

worms

(zool.}.

heferos, other; nomos, law.] Subject

to different laws of growth; special-

on different lines (biol.).

heteropelmous (heYeropeTmus) a.
[Gk. heteros, other pelma, sole of
foot.]
Having the flexor tendons
ized

of the toes bifid

a.

(heYgropeYalus)
[Gk. heteros, other ; petalon, petal.]
With dissimilar petals (bot.).

heterophagous (hgt'eWagus)
other

phagein,

a.

[Gk.

to

eat.]

Having young which are immature

and require feeding at birth appl.
;

heteros, other

proteids (phys.).

heterorhizal (het'grorl'zal) a.
[Gk.
With
heteros, other
rhiza, root.]
roots coming from no determinate
;

point

(bot.).

heterosporous

[Gk. heteros, other

Producing two kinds
;

sporos, seed.]

of spores

het'-

(hSt'Stospo'riis,

SrSs'poriis) a.
(bot.).

heterosteinonous
a.

[Gk.
stamen.]

(hCt'erostem'onus)
other ; stemon,
unlike stamens

heteros,

With

(bot.).

heterostrophy

(het'eros'trofi) n.
[Gk.
other ; strophe, turning.]
condition of being coiled in
a direction opposite to the normal

heteros,

The

(zool.).

heterostyled (het'erdstl'ld) a.
[Gk.
other
heteros,
pillar.]
stylos,
Having unlike styles or unequal
;

styles (bot.).

heterostyly

(he't'e'rosti'li)

(hgt'eroflad'ik) a.

[Gk.
Pro-

phyas, shoot.]
ducing separate shoots, one vegetaone
tive,
reproductive (bot.).
heterophyllous (het'grofil'us) a. [Gk.
Bearheteros, other; phyllon, leaf.]
;

n.

[Gk.

Con-

heteros, other; stylos, pillar.]

dition of being heterostyled (bot.).

heterotaxls (heYgrotak'sis) n.
[Gk.
heteros, other

taxis, arrangement.]
;
or unusual arrangement
of organs or parts (biol.).
heterotomy (heYgrot'oml) n.
[Gk.
heteros, other; temnein, to cut.] The
condition of having the parts of the
perianth whorls unequal or dis-

similar

(bot.)

ing foliage leaves of different shape

on different parts of the plant (bot.).
heteroplasia (heYgropla'zia) n. [Gk.
heteros, other plassein, to mould.]
The development of one tissue
from another of a different kind
;

(zool.}.

irregular dichotomy

in Crinoids (zool.).

heterotopy

(zool.).

heterophyadic

Abnormal

(zool.).

heteropetalous

heferos,

heteroproteose (heYeropro'teos) n.
[Gk. heteros, other
protos, first.]
One of the primary products formed
by the action of gastric juices on

heteronomous (hgt'gron'omus) a. [Gk.

birds

HET-

131

n.
(heYerot'opi)
topos, place.]

heteros, other

placement

[Gk.
Dis-

(biol.).

heterotrlchous

(hgt'erot'rlkus)

a.

other ; thrix, hair.]

Eik.
aving two types of cilia (zool.).
heterotrophic (het'erotrof'ik) a. [Gk.
heteros, other ; trephein, to nourish.]
heteros,

nourishment

its

Getting
outside

appl.

parasitic

from
plants

(bot.).

heterotropic,

heterotropous.

heterotropous (he't'e'rot'ropus) a. [Gk.

heteros, other
trepein, to turn.]
Pert, an ovule with hilum and
micropyle at opposite ends in a
;

heteroplasm (het'Sroplazm) n. [Gk.

heteros, other
plasma, something
Tissue formed in abmoulded.]
normal places (biol.).
;

plane parallel to the placenta (bot.).

heterotypic (hgt'grotlp'Ik) a.
[Gk.

vv
HET-

other ; L. typus, type.]

Pert, mitotic division in which the

heteroS)

remain
daughter chromosomes
united and form rings (biol.).
heteroxenous (het'erok'senus) a. [Gk.
Ocheteros, other
xenos, guest.]
curring on or infesting more than
one kind of host (biol.).
;

heterozygosis (het'erozlgo'sis) n. [Gk.

heteros, other
zygein, to yoke.]
Condition or state of being heterozygote (dial.).
heterozygote (het'erozl'got) n.
[Gk.
heteros, other
zygein, to yoke.]
A mendelian hybrid which contains
one or more recessive characters
and therefore does not breed true
;

(biol.).

hexacanth

(hek'sakanth)
akantha, thorn.]

hex, six ;
six hooks

worms

appl.

a.

[Gk.

Having
embryos of flat-

(zool.).

hexactinal
hex, six

(hek'sak'tinal)
[Gk.
Pert, spicules

aktis, ray.]

[Gk. hex,
;
aktis, ray.]
spicule with
six equal and similar rays meeting
at right angles (zool.).
hexactinian (hek'saktm'Ian) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; aktis, ray.] With the tentacles or mesenteries in multiples
of six (zool.).
six

(hek'sasi'kllk)

kyklos, circle.]

a.

[Gk.

Having

the floral whorls consisting of six

parts (bot.).
hexagynous (heksaj'mus) a.
[Gk.
hex, six
gyne, woman.] Having
;

six pistils

(bot.).

hexamerous (hgksam'erus)

a.

[Gk.

hex, six ; nteros, part.] Occurring

in
sixes
in
sixes or arranged
(bot.).

hexandrous (heksan'drus) a.
[Gk.
aner, man.]
hex, six
Having six
stamens (bot.).
;

hexapetaloid
[Gk. hex, six
like.]

a.
(hek'sapgt'aloid)
pe talon, petal eidos,

With a

six parts

petaloid perianth of

(bot.).

hexapetalous

a.
(hek'sapet'alus)
six ; petalon,
petal.]
six petals (bot.).
hexaphyllous (hgk'safil'us) a. [Gk.
hex, six ; phyllon, leaf.]
Having
six leaves (bot.).

[Gk.

hex,

Having

six

pous,

a.

with six legs

animal

(zool.).

hexapterous (heksap'terus)
hex,
six

six

a.

pansions

[Gk.

Having

pteron, wing.]
wing-like processes

hexarch

hex,

[Gk.

Pert,

foot.]

or

ex-

(bot.).

[Gk. hex, six

(hek'sark) a.

beginning.]
Having six
radiating vascular strands ; appl.
roots (bot.).
arche,

hexasepalous

a.
(hek'sasep'alus)
sepal.]

six ;
sepalon,
six sepals (bot.).

hex,

[Gk.

Having
hexaspermous

a.

(hek'sasper'mus)

six ;
sperma,
six seeds (bot.).

hex,

[Gk.

seed.]

Having
hexastemonous (hek'sastem'onus)

a.

hex, six
stemon, stamen.]
Having six stamens (hot.).

[Gk.

hexaster

(heksas'te'r) n.
[Gk. hex,
six
A variety of the
aster, star.]
hexactine in which the rays branch
and produce star-shaped figures
(zool.).

n.

six

hexacyclic

hexapod (hek'sapod)

a.

with six rays (zool.).

hexactine (hek'sak'tin)

hex,

HIT,-

132

hexastichous (heksas'tfkus)
six

hex,

the parts

stichos,

a.

[Gk.

Having

row.]

arranged

six

rows

n.

[Gk.

in

(bot.).

hexicology

Bionomics
hiatus

Any

(hek'sikol'ojl)

habit

hexis,

logos,

discourse.]

(biol.).

[L. hiare, to gape.]

(hia'tus) n.

large opening (anat.).

hibernaculum

n.
(hi bernak'ulum)
winter
resihibernaculum,
modified
winter
dence.] Specially
bud, found in certain fresh-water
Polyzoa (zool.).
hibernate (hi'bernat) v. [L. hibemus,
wintry.] To pass the winter in a
resting state (biol.).
hibernating glands, lymph glands
of richly vascularized fatty tissue

[L.

occurring in some Rodents and

Insectivores (anat.).
hidrosis (hldro'sis) n. [Gk. hidros,
sweat.] Excretion of sweat ; perspiration (phys.).

high

(hi) a.
[A.S. heh.~]
Having a
more complex and more highly

differentiated structure.
hiliferous (hllif'grus) a. [L. hilum,
trifle ; ferre, to carry.]
Having a

hilum

hilum

The

(bot.).

(hl'liim) n.

scar on

[L. hilum, trifle.]

the ovule where it

HIL-

was attached to the placenta the

the nucleus of a
eye of a seed
;

starch grain (hot.).

hilus (hl'lCis) ;/. [L. hilum, trifle.]
A small notch or opening a
or
small
depression
opening
usually where the blood-vessels,
etc., enter (anaf., zool.}.
hind brain, the rhombencephalon,
that portion of the brain derived
from the third embryonic vesicle
;

hind gut, a diverticulum of the yolksac extending into the tail-fold in

human embryo
of

portion

the

the posterior

alimentary

tract

(anaf.).

a joint in which the arjoint,

ticulatory surfaces are so moulded
to one another as to permit motion
in one direction only (anaf.).
hinge ligament, the tough elastic

hinge

substance joining the two valves

of a bivalve shell (zool.).
hinge line, the line of articulation
of the two valves in a bivalve shell

(zool.).

hip-joint,

between

the ball-and-socket joint

femur and hip-girdle

(anaf.).

hippocampal (hip'okam'pal)

a.

[Gk.

hippos, horse kampos, sea-monster.]

Pert, the hippocampus (anaf.).
;

hippocampus (hip'okam'pus)

n.

[Gk.

hippos, horse; kampos, sea-monster.]

curved eminence that extends
throughout the entire length of the
floor of the inferior cornu of the
lateral ventricle (anaf.).

hirsute

(heVsut) a.
[L. hirsutus,
Covered with hair-like
hairy.]
feathers, appl. birds ; having stiff,
hairy bristles (zool.}
having stiff,
;

hairy covering

n.

[L.

hirudo,

rough.] Having stiff hairs, spines,

or bristles (hot., zool.}.
histoblast (hls'toblast) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue ; blastos, bud.]
One of the

imaginal

n.
(his'tokgm'IstrT)
cheinos, juice.]
[Gk. histos, tissue
The chemistry of animal tissues
;

(biol.}.

hlstocyte
tissue

n.

(his'toslt)

[Gk. histos,

hollow.]

kytos,

tissue

distinguished from a germ

cell as

cell (zool.}.

histogenesis

and

ment of

tissue

histogenic

pro-

develop-

(biol.).

a.

(hls'tqje'n'ik)

tissue

[Gk.

to

gigiiesthai,

Formation

duce.]

n.

(his'tojen'e'sis)

tissue

[Gk.

to produce.]
Tissue-producing ; appl.
the separate merismatic layers in

histos,

gignesthai,

a stratified growing point

tissue-producing (zool.).

histohaematin

(hot.}

(his'tohe'matin)

n.

histos, tissue
haima, blood.]
ne of the animal pigments with
gik.
a great affinity for oxygen, and
so supposed to be respiratory
;

(Phys.).

tissue

(histol'ojl)

n.

[Gk. histos,

discourse.]

logos,

The

science which treats of the minute

structure of tissues (biol.}.
histolysis (Mstol'isTs) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue

to

lyein,

dissolve.]

The

dissolution
tissues
of organic
that process by
which
(biol.} ;
most of the pupal internal organs
dissolve
a
into
creamy fluid,
except certain cells round which
the new
imaginal tissues are

formed
histone

(zool.}.

n.
[Gk. histos,
An albuminose body derived from nucleo-histone (phys.}.
histophyly (histof'ili) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue
phyle, tribe.] The phylogenetic history of any group of

(his'ton)

tissue.]

cells (biol.}.

histotrophic

(hot.}.

(hiru'din)

substance obtained in
solution from the head of leeches
which renders drawn blood noncoagulable an anticoagulin (phys.).
a.
hispid (his'pid)
[L.
hispidus,
leech.]

histochemistry

histology

(zool.).

hinge tooth, one of the projections

found on the hinge line in bivalves

hirudin

units of any tissue (anaf.)

discs (zool.}.

histos,

(anaf.).

the

HIS

133

histos, tissue

(his'totrof'lk)
;

a.

[Gk.

trephein, to nourish.]

or connected with tissue

formation (phys.).
histozoic (his'tozo'ik) a. [Gk. histos,
tissue ;
Living
zoon,
animal.]
within tissues
appl. trophozoitic
of
certain
stage
Sporozoa (zool.}.
histozyme (his'tozlm) n. [Gk. histos,
tissue
zyme, leaven.] An enzyme
found in the kidneys of certain
Pert,

HOC.

animals capable of decomposing

hippuric acid (phys.}.
[A.S. hoh, heel.] The
tarsal joint, or the region of the

hoch (hSk)

n.

tarsal joint (zool.}.

holarctic (holark'tik)

[Gk. holos,

including the northern parts of the

new and old worlds (zool.}.

holaspldean (hol'aspid'ean) a. [Gk.

With
holos, whole
aspis, shield.]
a single series of large scales on
;

the posterior aspect of the tarso-

metatarsus (zool.}.
holcodont (hol'kodont) a. [Gk. holkos,
furrow odous, tooth.] Having the
teeth in a long continuous groove
;

(goal.}.

holdfast, the sucker or disc on the

thallus of certain Algae (bot.}.

holobenthic (hol'obgn'thik)
.

whole

benthos,

a.

[Gk.
depths.]

Living in the depths of the sea

throughout life (zool.}.
holoblastic
holos,

eggs

(hol'oblas'tik)

a.

[Gk.

whole blastos, bud.] Pert.

in which the cleavage is
;

(hol'obrangk) n.
[Gk.
holos, wvhole
brangchia, gills.] A
which gill filaments are
borne on both sides (zool.}.
;

holochlamydate (hol'oklam'idat) a.
[Gk. holos, whole chlamys, cloak.]
Having no notch on the margin of
the mantle (zool.}.
;

holochroal (hol'okro'&l)

a.

[Gk. holos,

Having eyes
with globular or biconvex lenses
;

closely

chros, touch.]

crowded together, so that

the cornea

whole eye

is

after

meta,

Having commetamorphosis (zool.}.

holometabolism (horometab'oWzm) n.
[Gk. holos, whole metabole, change.]
State of having complete metamorplete

phosis

continuous over the

(zool.}.

n.
holomorphosis
(hol'dmor'fdsis)
[Gk. holos, whole morphe, shape.]
Regeneration in which the entire
;

part

is

replaced

n.

[Gk.
kidney.]
hypothetical continuous excretory organ (anat.}.
holophytlc (hol'ofit'ik) a. [Gk. holos,
whole phyton, plant.] Obtaining
the whole of its food after the
manner of a plant (zool.}.
;

The

holoplanktonic

(hol'oplangkton'Tk)
plangktos,
[Gk. holos, whole
near
the
Living
wandering.].
surface throughout life (zool.}.
holoptic (holop'tik) a.
[Gk. holos,
whole
Having the
ops, eye.]
eyes of the two sides meeting in
a coadapted line of union (zool.}.
a.

holorhinal (hol'drl'nal)

a.
[Gk. holos,
rhis, nose.]
Having nares
with the posterior margin rounded,
not cleft (zool.}.
n.
holoschisis
(holos'kisis)
[Gk.
;

whole

holos,

schizein,

to

cut.]

a.

[Gk.

Amitosis (emb.}.
holosericeous (hol'oserish'us)

whole
L. serious, silken.]
Completely covered with silky
hair-like structures (bot.)
having
a silky lustre or sheen (zool.}.
a.
holostomatous (hordstom'atiis)
stoma, mouth.]
[Gk. holos, whole
With the margin of the aperture
holos,

entire

(zool.}.

(zool.}.

holonephros (hol'onef'ros)
whole
holos,
nephros,

whole

total (emb.}.

holobranch

whole

[Gk. holos, whole

ballein, to change.]

a.

whole arktos, bear.] Pert, species

found in a zoogeographical region

holos,

HOM-

134

(zool.}.

hologastrula (hol'ogas'troola) n. [Gk.

A
holos, whole ; gaster, stomach.]
gastrula formed from a holoblastic

holosystolic (hol'osis'tolik) a.
[Gk.
holos, whole
systole, contraction.]
Pert, the complete systole (phys.}.

egg (emb.}.
holognathous (hordgnath'us) a. [Gk.
Havholos, whole gnathos, jaw.]
ing the jaw in a single piece

holotrichous

(zoo!.).

holomastigote

(hSl'omas'tigot)

a.

whole mastix, whip.]

Having one type of flagellum
scattered evenly over the body

[Gk. holos,

whole
a uniform covering of
holos,

(hol'dmeYabol'Ik)

a.

cilia

over

the body (zool.}.

holozoic (hol'6z5'ik)

a.
[Gk. holos,
whole zoon, animal.] Obtaining
the whole of its food after the
manner of animals ingulfing pro;

teids (zool.}.

homacanth

(zoo/.).

holometabolic

(holot'rikus) a.
[Gk.
; thrix, hair.]
Having

homos,

(hSm'Sk&nth)
like
akantha,
;

a.

[Gk.
spine.]

IIOM-

Having the spines of the dorsal

fin

symmetrical (zool.).
hoinaxon (hom'aksSn) a. [Gk. homos,
alike axon, axis.]
Built up around
equal axes (zoo/.).
;

homaxonlc, homaxon.
homeoklnesis
(hom'eokine'sis)
;

homoios,

telos,

homoios,
Pert, a

[Gk.
animal.]
of
fauna or

flora (biol.).

homoblastic (hom'oblas'tlk)

a.

[Gk.

homos, alike; blastos, bud.] Having direct embryonic develop-

ment

arising from similar cells

(emb.).

(tot.).

n.
(hom'odin'ami)
same ;
homos,
[Gk.
dynamis,
Metameric
power.]
homology
(biol.).

homoeosis (home'dsis)

[Gk. homoi-

n.

osis, likeness.]

Characterizedjay homogamy (biol.).

(homog'am!) n.
[Gk.
homos, same
gamos, marriage.]
due
to
some
Interbreeding
type
of isolation, e.g.
physiological
isolation (zool.) having the flowers
all alike, having the stamens and
pistils mature at the same time
;

(bot.).

homocarpous (hom'okar'pus)

a.

homos, alike karpos, fruit.]

ing one kind of fruit (tot.).
;

homocercal

a.

(horn'oseVkal)

[Gk.

Bear[Gk.

homos, same kerkos, tail.] Having

a tail with equal or nearly equal
lobes, and axis ending near the
middle of the base usually this
type is derived from the hetero;

cercal type

(zool.).

homocerebrin

n.
(horn'oseYSbrin)
alike ; L. cerebrum,
identical
substance

[Gk. homos,
brain.]

with cerebrin (phys.).

(hom'oklamld'same
a.
homos,
eus)
[Gk.
the
chlamys,
Having
cloak.]
outer and inner perianth whorls

homochlamydeous

alike

run.]
alike

and branches

homogamy

(hom'eozo'lk)
;
zoon,

same

region or a
with identical

a.

dromein, to
Having the genetic spiral
in direction in both stem
;

series

[Gk.

Evolu-

end.]

from homologous parts, but

with less close resemblance (biol.).

tion

hoineozoic

(homod'romus)

same

homos,

a.

n.

(ho'meot'gli)

same

[Gk.

The assumption by
one part of the likeness of another
part, as the modification of an
antenna into a foot, or of a petal
into a stamen metamorphy (biol.).
homogamous (homSg'amus) a. [Gk.
homos, same
gamos, marriage.]

(biol.).

homeotely

homodromous

homodynamy
n.

homoios, same
kinein, to
Mitosis with an equal
move.]
division of the chromatinic elements to the daughter nuclei
[Gk.

regions

HOM-

135

(tot.).

homochromous

(hom'dkro'mus) a.
[Gk, homos, alike chroma, colour.]
;

With the whole of the

florets of

one-colour

capitular

(tot.).

homodermic (hom'odeYmlk) a. [Gk.

homos, same derma, skin.] Sprung
from the same embryonic layer
;

(biol.).

homodont (hom'6d8nt)#. [Gk. homos,

same odous, tooth.] Having the
;

teeth all alike, not differentiated

(zool.).

homogangliate (hom'ogang'gllat)

same

homos,

a.

ganglion,
Having the ganglia of
knot.]
the nerve
symmetrically
loops
[Gk.

arranged

homogen

(zool.).

(hom'qjSn) n.
genos, race.]

[Gk. homos,
One of a
a
common
origin
group having
one of a series of identically
derived parts (zool.).

same

homogeneous

(homoje'ngus),

homo-

genous.

homogenesis

[Gk.
(hom'oje'n'e'sis) n.
homos, same genesis, birth.] The
in
which
like
of
type
reproduction
begets like (biol.).
homogenous (homoj'Snus) a.
[Gk.
homos, same genos, race.] More
or less alike owing to descent
from a common stock (biol.).
homogeny (homoj'Snl) n. [Gk. homos,
same genos, race.] Correspondence between parts due to common
descent
;

homogony

(biol.)^

n.
(homfig'onT)
[Gk.
homos, same
gonos, offspring.]
Condition of having one type of
flower with equally long stamens
;

and pistil (bot.).

homolomerous (homoifim'e'rus)
[Gk. homoiost like

meros,

a.

part.]

HOMthe

Algae distributed
the
fungoid
through
mycelium, in a lichen (hot.'].

Having

equally

homoiothermal (homoi'other'mal)
[Gk. homoios, like

Warm-blooded

a.

thermos, hot.]

(zool.).

homolecithal (hom'oles'ithal) a. [Gk.

homos, same lekithos, yolk.] Having little deutoplasm, which is
;

equally distributed (emb.).

;

(biol.).

similar
series of structures
structure and origin (biol.).

in

ancestry (biol.).
(hom'ofil'us) a.
[Gk.
homos, sa.me.;phyllon, leaf.] Bearall
leaves
which
are
of
one
ing

homophyllous
kind

(bot.).

homoplast (hom'oplast) n.
[Gk.
homos, same
plastos, moulded.]
An organ formed of similar
plastids

(bot.).

homoplastic (hom'oplas'tik) a. [Gk.

homos, same
plastos, moulded.]
Pert, homoplasty (biol.).

of organs or parts (biol.).

homomallous (hom'omal'us, homom'alus) a.
[Gk. homos, same mallos,
lock of wool.] Curving uniformly
to one side
appl. leaves (bot.).
;

homomorphism (hom'bmor'fizm)

n.

[Gk. homos, same ; morphe, shape.]

The condition of having perfect
flowers of only one type (bot.)
;

hemimetabolism (zool.).
hoinomorphosis (hom'bmor'fbsis)

homoplasty (hom'bplas'ti) n. [Gk.

homos, same
plastos, moulded.]
resemblance
in
Convergence
form or structure between different animals or organs due to
;

homology (homol'ojT) n. [Gk. homos,

same logos, speech.] The similarity in structure and development

evolution

similar

along

lines

(biol.).

homoplasy,

homoplasty.

homopterous (homop'terus) a. [Gk.

homos, same ;pteron, wing.] Having
the wings alike

(zool.).

homosporous (homos'porus) a.
homos, same
sporos, seed.]

[Gk. homos, same morphe, shape.]

condition of having the newly
regenerated part like the part re;

(biol.).

[Gk.
Pro-

ducing only one kind of spore

homostyled (hom'bstlld) a.
homos, same stylos, pillar.]
uniform styles

(bot.).

[Gk.

With

n.

The

(bot.).

homothermous, homoiothermal.
homotropous (homot'ropus) a. [Gk.
homos, same
trepein, to turn.]
Erect having the micropyle and
;

homonculus (homon'kulus)

n.

[L.

little
The
homunculus,
man.]
small miniature of the human
foetus seen in the spermatozoon,
according to the Animalculists
(biol.).

homonomy

(homon'omi) n.
homos, same
nomos, law.]
;

[Gk.

The

homology existing between parts

arranged on transverse axes (biol.).
homonym (hom'bnim) n. [Gk. homos,
same onyma, name.] A name pre;

occupied, and so unsuitable according to the law of priority (biol.).

homopetalous(hom'bpe't'alus) a. [Gk.
homos, same \petalon, petal.] Having all the petals alike (fot.).
homophyadic (hom'oflad'ik) a. [Gk.
homos, same phyas, shoot.] Producing only one kind of shoot
(bot\
;

common

homologue (hom'olog) n. [Gk. homos,

same logos, speech.] One of a

moved

homophylic (hom'ofiTlk) a.
[Gk.
Rehomos, same phyle, race.]
sembling one another owing to a

homologous (homol'bgus) a. [Gk.

discourse.]
homos, same
logos,
in
and
structure
Resembling
origin

HOO-

136

ends

chalaza at opposite
ovules (bot.).

homozygote (hom'ozl'got)
homos, same
zygein,
;

An organism

n.

to

appl.

[Gk.
yoke.]

which the characters are stable, resulting from

the union of zygotes bearing similar
characters

in

(biol.).

homozygous (hom'ozl'gus)
homos, same
zygein,
;

Stable

a.

to

[Gk.
yoke.]

(biol.).

a
exudation
honey-dew,
sugary
found on the leaves of many plants
a
sweet
secretion
(bot.)
produced
by certain insects, e.g. Aphids
;

(zool.).

hooded

(hood'gd)

a.

[A.S.

hod.]

Bearing a hood-like petal rolled

up like a cone of paper, as in
certain leaves (bot.)
having the
head conspicuously and differently
;

IIOR-

HYB-

137

coloured from the rest of the body

having crests on the head having

wing-shaped expansions on the
neck, as in the cobra (zool.}.
hordeaceous (hor'dea'shus) a.
[L.
hordeum, barley.] Pert, or resem;

bling barley (&?/.).

horizontal
(hor'fzon'tal)

a.

[Gk.

horizon, bounding.]
Growing in a
plane at right angles to the primary
axis (hot.}.

hormogonium

n.
(hor'mogo'nium)
[Gk. hortnos, chain goneia, genera
That
of
an
portion
algal
tion.]
filament between two heterocysts
which, breaking away, acts as a
;

reproductive body (boll.}.

hormones (hormon'z) n. plu.

[Gk.
honnao, to excite.] The secretions
of ductless glands which pass into
the blood - vessels by osmosis
(phys.}.

horn (horn) n. [A.S. horn] The

process on the head of many
animals
any projection from an
animal resembling a horn a tuft
of feathers as in an owl a spine
;

humus

(hu'miis) n. [L. humus, earth.]

dark soil-like material formed
by the decomposition of vegetable
or animal matter (hot.}.

hunger

(hung'ger) n. [A.S. hungor]

sensation caused normally by
the lack of food (phys.}.

The

(husk) n. [M.E. huske.] The

outer coating of various seeds (hot.}.
hyaline (hfalm) a.
[Gk. hyalos,
Clear ; transparent ; free
glass.]
from inclusions (biol.}.

husk

hyalogen

(hl'alqje'n) n.

glass

Any

of the

animal tissues which are insoluble

and related to mucoids (phys.}.
hyaloid (hfaloid) a. [Gk./tyatos,g\ass.]
Glassy transparent (phys.}.
hyaloid membrane, a delicate membrane enveloping the vitreous body
of the eye (anaf.J.
;

hyalomucoid (hl'alomu'koid)
hyalos,

Gk.

glass

humour

vitreous

jection or process (bot.).

the central bony part in
core,
the hollow-horned ruminants (zool.}.

moulded.]

horn

host (host)

n.

[L. hostis, stranger.]

in which another
organism spends a part or the
whole of its existence, and derives
some of its nourishment therefrom

Any organism

The
[A.S. fas.]
external gelatinous-like covering
secreted by certain Tunicates(.sw>/.).
n.

humeral

(hu'me'ral) a.
[L. humerus,
Pert,
shoulder
shoulder.]

the
region (anat.} pert, or naming the
anterior basal angle of the wing of
an insect, one of the horny plates
on the plastron of a turtle (zool.}.
;

humerus

(hu'me'rus) n.

shoulder.]

arm

hyalos,

The bone

[L.

humerus,

of the upper

(anat., zool.}.

humistratous (hii'mistra'tiis) a. [L.

humus, earth sternere, to spread.]
Spreading over the surface of the
;

earth

humour

(hot.}.

(hu'mor) n.
[L. humor,
The fluid of the eye
moisture.]
fluid
or
(anat.} ; any
juice (phys.}.

[Gk.
;

in the

(phys.}.

(hl'aloplazm) n.
[Gk.
glass
plasma, something
;

The ground substance

of the cell as distinguished from
the microsomes, or as distinguished
from the reticulum or spongioplasm
the ectoplasm or peripheral
(zool.}
zone in plant cells (bot.}.
hyaloplasma, hyaloplasm.
hyalopterous (hfalop'tgrus)
hyalos, glass ; pteron, wing.]

(biol.}.

house (hows)

n.

mucus, mucus
of the non-

One

phosphorized gluco-proteids

hyaloplasm

fishes

L.

eidos, like.]

a tentacle in snails
an awn any pointed pro-

in

(zool.}

[Gk. hyalos,
to
produce.]
substances found in

gignesthai,

transparent wings

a.

[Gk.

Having

(zool.}.

hyalosome

(hi'alosom') n. [Gk. hyalos,

soma, body.] A nucleolarin a cell-nucleus, only
slightly stainable by nuclear or

glass
like

body

plasma stains (biol.}.

hybrid (hl'brid) n.
a cross.]
or plant

hybridism

[L.

hibrida,

cross-bred animal

Any
(biol.}.

(hl'bridizm) n.

[L. hibrida,

a cross.] The state or quality of

being a hybrid (biol.}.
hybridization (hl'brldiza'shun) n. [L.
hibrida, a cross.] Act or process
of hybridizing
state
of being
hybridized (biol.}.
hybridize (hl'brldlz) v. [L. hibrida,
a cross.] To interbreed, to produce
hybrids (biol.}.
;

HYDhydathode
water

(hl'dathod) n.

An

odos, way.]

[Gk. hydor,

n.

(hl'datid)

hydrome

of the

stages

larval

tapeworms

(hldat'ff6rm)
hydatis, watery vesicle

a.

[Gk.

L.

forma,
hydatid

Resembling

shape.]

hydatigenous

hydrophilous (hldrof'ilus) a.
[Gk.
hydor, water
philein, to love.]
Pollinated through the agency of
water (dot.).

(hi'datlj'gnus) a.

hydrophyllium
hydor, water
of leaf-like

hydatids

hydranth
;

[Gk.

in

hydrophyte
water

hydroid colony

(hfdroflt) n.

(zool.).

hydrocircus (hl'droseVkus) n. [Gk.

hydor, water kirkos, circle.] The
hydrocoelic ring surrounding the
;

in

Echinoderms

(zool.).

(hl'droklad'ia) n. plu.
;
klados, short.]

[Gk. hydor, water

secondary

hydrocaulis

branches

of

(zool.).

[Gk. hydor,
aquatic

An

plant.
(hidrof'iton)

n.

[Gk.

water phyton, plant.] A

complete hydroid colony, rootlike organ, stem and branches

hydor,

mouth

One

phyton, plant.]

hydrophyton

(zool.).

hydrocaulis (hi'drok61'is) n.
[Gk.
hydor, water kaulos, stalk.] The
vertical
of
the
branching
portion
coenosarc in a hydroid colony

hydrocladia

[Gk.

phyllon, leaf.]

(zool.).

(zool.).

(hl'dranth) n. [Gk. hydor,

nutrianthos, flower.]

zooid

(hl'drofil'ium) n.
;

bodies
transparent
arising above and partly covering
the sporosacs in a Siphonophore

hydatis, watery vesicle ; gignesthai,

to produce.] Producing or forming

The

hydor,

(hl'dromSg'a.thgrm)
water
mega,
[Gk. hydor,
A plant
great ; therme, heat.]
which must have both moisture
and heat to develop fully (dot.}.
n.

(zool.).

tive

[Gk.

hydatiform

water

n.

hydromegatherm

[Gk. hydatis,

watery vesicle.]
Any vesicle or
sac filled with a clear watery-like
and
fluid,
containing encysted
(zool.).

(hi'drom)

water ; mestos, full.] Any tissue

that conducts water (6ot.).

epidermal

structure specialized for the secretion of water (bof.).

hydatid

HYD-

138

(zool.).

hydroplanula (hi'droplan'ula) n. [Gk.

L. planus, flat. J A
hydor, water
stage in the larval history of a
Coelenterate between a planula and
an actinula (zool.).
hydropolyp (hl'dropol'ip) n.
[Gk.
F. polype, polyp.]
hydor, water
;

polyp of a hydroid colony

hydrula (zool.).

hydrocoel (hi'drosel) n. [Gk. hydor,

water koilos, hollow.] The watervascular system in the Echino-

hydropore (hl'dropor)

derms (zool.).
hydrocyst (hfdrosist)

echinoderm larvae (zool.).

hydrorhiza (hl'drorl'za) n. [Gk. hydor,

n.
[Gk. hydor,
water ; kystis, bladder.]
dactylozooid (zool).
hydroecium (hldre'shium) n.
[Gk.
oikos, house.]
hydor, water
closed tube at the upper end of a

Siphonophore

an

infundibulum

(zool.).

hydroid

(hl'droid) n., a.

[Gk. hydor,
A
;
eidos,
resemblance.]
tracheid (tot.) pert, or similar to
the genus hydra ; the polyp form
of a Hydrozoan (zool.).

water

hydrolysis (hldrol'isis) n. [Gk. hydor,

Dewater
lyein, to dissolve.]
composition of a chemical compound by the addition of water
;

(phys.).

n.

[Gk. hydor,

water \poros, opening.] The opening into the right hydrocoel in the
rhiza, root.] The creeping
root-like portion of the coenosarc

water

of a hydroid colony

(zool.).

hydrosome (hl'drosom) n. [Gk. hydor,

The consoma, body.]

spicuously hydra-like stage in a
coelenterate life-history (zool.).
hydrospire (hl'drdspir) n. [Gk. hydor,
water ; L. spira, coil.] The folds
on the stereom of blastoids rewater

spiratory structures (pal.).

(hl'drostom) n.
[Gk.
hydor, water ; stoma, mouth.] The
mouth of a hydroid polyp (zool.).

hydrostome

hydrotaxis (hi'drotak'sis) n.
[Gk.
hydor, water taxis, arrangement.]
;

The

response

of

certain

small

HYD-

organisms or of certain organs to

the stimulus of water (biol.}.
n.

hydrotheca (hl'drothe'ka)

[Gk.
The
theke, cup.]
hydor, water
cup-like structure into which the
;

polyp may withdraw, found in

Coelenterates ; a product of
the ectoderm (zool.}.

many

hydrotropism (hldrot'ropTzm) n.
water

hydor,

to

trepein,

[Gk.
turn.]

n.

[Gk. hydor,
simple
hypothetical

(hl'droola)

water.]

polyp (zool.}.
hygrophilous (higrof'Ilus) a.
[Gk.
Inhygros, wet philein, to love.]
;

habiting moist or marshy places

(bot.}.

hygrophyte

hymen, skin

pherein, to carry.]
portion of the sporoof
a
fungus (bot.}.
phore
;

The hymen

hymenopterous

(hl'me'nop'tSrus)

[Gk. hymen, skin

Having membranous wings

certain insects

(hl'grofit) n.

[Gk. hygros,
wet phyton, plant.] A plant which
lives and thrives under conditions
of plentiful moisture (bot.}.
;

hygroplasm (hl'groplazm)

n.

[Gk.

hygros, wet
plasma, something
moulded.] The more liquid part.
of protoplasm
stereoplasm.
cf.
;

appl.

(zool.}.

hyobranchial (hl'obrang'kfal)

T
brangchia, gills.]
and hyoid (zool.}.
;

a.

wing.]

pteron,

a.

[Gk.

Pert,

gills

hyoepiglottic (hfoepiglot'ik)

Hydrotaxis.

hydrula

HYP-

139

a.

[Gk.

upon
glotta,
tongue.]
Connecting the hyoid and the epiepi,

glottis (anat.}.

hyoglossal (h6glos'al)

hyoid (anat.}.
hyoid (hi'oid) a.
Pert,

shaped.]

a.

Pert,

glossa, tongue.]

T;

[Gk.

tongue and

[Gk. hyoeides, Yor designating a

bone or series of bones lying at

the^base o\the tongue and de-

veioped 4^p m tne hyoid arch of

ine embryo (anat.}.
hyoideus (hloid'cus) n. [Gk. hvocides,
Y-shped.] A nerve which suppji^s

the

mucosa of the mouth and

Ofche muscles of the hyoid region

(bioJ.}.
hygroscopic (hi'groskop'ik) a. [Gk. -^
hygros, wet
skopein, to regard..3t/hyomandibular (hf omandib'ul&r) a.
Sensitive to moisture (bot.}.
*\
[Gk. T L. mandibulum, jaw.] Pert.
hylophagous (hllof'Xgus) a.
hyoid and the mandible
pert.
dorsal segment of the hyoid arch
Eathyle, wood phagein, to eat.]
;

ing

wood

appl.

insects

certain

itself

(zool.}.

hylophyte

wood

n.

(hl'loflt)

phyton,

[Gk.

plant.]

hyle,

plant

growing in woods (bot.}.

hylotomous (hllot'omus) a. [Gk.

wood

temnein,

cutting

appl.

to

hyle,

Wood-

cut.]

insects

certain

(zool.}.

(hi'm&n) n. [Gk. hymen, memthin fold of mucous

brane.]
membrane situated at the orifice
of the vagina (anat.}.

hymen

hymenial
skin.]

in fishes

(hlme'nlal) a.
[Gk. hymen,
Pert, hymenium (bot.}.

hymeniferous

(hi'm6nTf'6rus) a.

[Gk.

L. ferre, to carry.]
hymen, skin
Having a hymenium (bot.}.
;

hymenium

(hl'me'nium)

n.

[Gk.

hymen, skin.] The outermost layer

of a mushroom lamellae, or similar
fungus, consisting of barren cells
or paraphyses and basidial cells
(bot.}.

hymenophore (hfmSnofor)

n.

[Gk.

n.,

the dorsal segment

of the hyoid arch in fishes

(zool.}.

hyomental (hi'timgn'tal) a. [Gk. X

L. mentum, chin.]
Pert, hyoid and

chin (anat.}.

hyoplastron (hfoplas'tron)

n.

F. plastron, breast-plate.]

[Gk.

The

second lateral plate in the plastron

of Chelonians (zool.}.
hyosternum (hfosteYnum) n. [Gk.

The

T;
sternon,
breast.]
plastron (zool.}.

hyo-

[Gk. X ;
stylos, pillar.]
Having the jaw
articulated to the skull by the
agency of the hyomandibular or

hyostylic

(hfostil'ik)

a.

corresponding part (zool.}.

hyothyroid (hfothfroid) a. [Gk. T
thyreos, shield

eidos, like.]

Pert.

the hyoid and the thyroid cartilages

of the larynx ; appl. structures
associated with them (zool.}.
/

hypallelomorph (hi'pal61 6m6rf) n.

[Gk. hypo, under ; allelon, of one

HYPanother

HYP-

140
Allelo-

morphe, shape.]

morphs which under

certain conthemselves compound

ditions are

hyper, above para, beside ; sites,

food.]
parasite which is parasitic on
or in another parasite
;

(biol.}.

(biol.}.

hypanthium (hipan'thmm)

n.

[Gk.

hypo, under anthos, flower.] Any

enlargement of the torus (dot.}.
;

hypanthodium

n.
(hip'antho'dium)
anthodes, like
inflorescence with a
concave capitulum on the walls of
which the flowers are arranged

under

[Gk. hypo,

An

flowers.]

(bot.}.

hypantrum

n.

(hipan'trum)

[Gk.

A
antron, cave.]
hypo, under
notch on the vertebrae of certain
;

reptiles

with

articulation

for

the

hyposphene (pal.}.
hypapophysis (hip'apof'isis) n. [Gk.
hypo, under apo, upon phyein, to
A ventral process on a
grow.]
;

vertebra (anat.}.
hyparterial (hip'arte'rial) a.
[Gk.
L. arteria, channel.]
hypo, under
Situated below an artery
appl.
branch of the right bronchus
;

(anat.}.

hyperpnoea

n.
[Gk.
(hl'perpne'a)
hyper, above pnoe, breath.] Rapid
breathing due to an insufficient
supply of oxygen (phys.}.
;

hyper-sensitivity (hl'pgrsen'sitiv'itT) n.
L. sentire, to
[Gk. hyper, above
condition of being unduly
feel.]
sensitive to any drug (phys.}.
;

hypertely (hlper't&li)
above telos, end.]

n.
[Gk. hyper,
Any imitation
colour or pattern which has
overshot the mark (zool.}.
;

in

hypertonia (hi'pgrto'ma) n.
tonos, tone.]
hyper, above

postero-lateral
phyein, to grow.]
process of the dorsal side of a
vertebra (zool.}.

hyperchromasy

hypertrophy
hyper, above

An

(hlper'troff) n.
[Gk.
trophe, nourishment.]
excessive growth or develop-

ment
hypha

(biol.}.

(hi'fa) n.
[Gk. hyphe, web.]
The thread-like element of the
vegetative mycelium of a Fungus

(hl'perkro'masT) n.
;
chroma, colour.]

hyphasma
ma,

mycelium

woven.]

appl. thick leaves where the veins

are not visible from the surface
(bot.}.

hypnocyst
sleep

superabundant supply
of chromatin to cytoplasm in a cell

(hlp'nosist) n.

kystis, bladder.]

simply rests

hyperchromatosis (hi'perkro'mato'sis)
n.
chroma,
[Gk. hyper, above
;

The excess of nuclear

substance in a cell just previous to

colour.]

[Gk. hy^per,
eidos, like.]

(hl'pfirkor'akoid)

above

korax,

a.

crow

Pert, or designating
bone at the base of a

the upper
pectoral fin in Fishes

hypermetamorphosis
mor'fosis) n.
meta, after ;

(zool.}.

hypnogenic

and
thoroughgoing
protracted
metamorphosis (zool.}.
hyperparasite (hl'perpar'aslt) n. [Gk.

(hip'nojen'ik)

sleep

genos,

a.

[Gk.

offspring.]

Sleep-producing
appl. influences
or localities which tend to produce
hypnosis (phys.}.
hypnospenn (hip'nosperm) n. [Gk.
;

hypnos,

(hl'perme't'a-

[Gk. hyper, above

A
morphe, shape.]

by

[Gk. hypnodia,
long
resting
certain larval

(zool.}.

hypnos,

(zool.}.

hypercoracoid

passed

period

organism

(zool.}.

(hlp'nodl) n.
The
sleepiness.]

forms

[Gk. hypnos,
A cyst in

contained

the

hypnody

(biol.}.

[Gk. hyphasA barren

(bot.}.

hyphodrome (hl'fodrom) n. [Gk.

dromein, to run.]
hyphe, web
Running throughout the tissues

which

relatively

(hifaz'ma) n.

thing

[Gk. hyper, above

division

Ex-

(bot.}.

hypaxial (hipak'sial) a. [Gk. hypo,

under L. axis, axis.] Ventral, or
below the vertebral column appl.
muscles (zool.}.
hyperapophysis (hi'perapof'isis) n.
apo, from
[Gk. hyper, above

[Gk.

cessive tonicity (phys.}.

sleep

spernia,

seed.]

hypnospore (bot.}.
hypnosporangium(hip'n6sp6ran'jium)
n.

seed

[Gk. hypnos, sleep

anggeion, vessel.]
;

sporos,

spor-

angium containing resting spores

(bot.}.

HYP.
hypnospore

under

//.
(hip'nospor)
[Gk.
hypnos, sleep
sporos, seed.]
resting spore ; a zygote that remains in a quiescent condition
during winter (dot.}.

hypocotyledonary(hl'p6k6t'ile'donari)
a.
[Gk. hypo, under ; kotyle, holBelow
the
low.]
cotyledons

(zool.).

(bot.).

hypocrateriform (hi'pokrater'iform) a.
[Gk. hypo, under krater, cup L.

(bot.).

hypoblast (hl'poblast) n. [Gk. hypo,

under
The inner
blastos, bud.]
(hl'poblas'tlk)

a.

[Gk.

endodermal (biol.).
hypobranchial (hl'pobrang'kial) a.
[Gk. hypo, under brangchia, gills.]
Pert, the lower or fourth segment
;

of the branchial arch (anat.).

hypocentrum (hfpose'n'trum) n. [Gk.
kentron, centre.]
hypo, under
transverse
that arises
cartilage
below the nerve cord and forms
part of the vertebral centrum

(zool.}.

Having a gamo-

forma, shape.]

layer in a gastrula (emb.),

Pert.
blastos, bud.]
hypo, under
or derived from the inner layer

eiiios,

(zool.).

hypobasal (hl'poba'sal) n. [Gk. hypo,

under L. basis, base.] The lower
segment of a developing ovule

hypoblastic

hypocotyl (hi'pokot'il) n. [Gk. hypo,

under kotyle, hollow.] That portion of the stem below the cotyledons in an embryo (emb.).

germ

korax, crow

Pert, the lower bone at the

base of the pectoral fin in Fishes
like.]

hypoarion (hl'poar'ion) n. [Gk. hypo,

under oarion, little egg.] A small
lobe below the optic lobes of most
Teleosts

HYP-

141

petalous corolla with a long narrow

tube, and the limbs at right angles
to the tube (bot.).

hypodactylum

(hl'podak'tilum)

n.

[Gk. hypo, under daktylos, digit.]

The under surface of a bird's toes
;

(zool.).

hypodenna

(hi'podeYma)

tissue just
plants.

n.

[Gk.

derma, skin.] The

under the epidermis in

hypo, under

hypodermal

(hl'poder'mal) a.
[Gk.
derma, skin.] Pert.
hypo, under
the
hypoderma or hypodermis
;

(biol.).

hypochilium (hl'pokil'ium)
[Gk.
The
cheilos,
hypo, under
lip.]
lower portion of the lip of an orchid
.

(bot.).

hypochondrium

(hl'pokon'drlum) ;/.
[Gk. hypo, under
chondros, cartilage.] A region below the epigastric
;

and above the lumbar (anat.).

hypochordal (hl'pokor'dal) a.
[Gk.
hypo, under chorde, string.] Below
the notochord (anat).
hypocleidium (hi'pokli'dium) n. [Gk.
The
kleis,
hypo, under
key.]
;

interclavicle.

hypodermalia

n.
(hl'poderma'lTa)
hypo, under ; derma, skin.]
Sponge spicules situated just below
the derma or skin (zool.).

[Gk.

hypodermic (hi'podeYmik)

a.

[Gk.

L. dennis, skin.]
hypo, under ;
Pert, the parts just under the skin
(zool.).

hypodermis

(hl'podgr'mis) n.
[Gk.
L. dermis, skin.] The
hypo, under
cellular layer lying beneath and
secreting the cuticle of the Annulata, Arthropoda, etc. ; the hypoblast (zool.)
hypodema (bot.).
;

hypocone (hi'pokon) n. [Gk. hypo,

under konos, cone.] The posterointernal cusp of an upper molar
;

(zool.).

hypoconid (hi'poko'nid) n. [Gk. hypo,

under konos, cone.] The posterobuccal cusp of a lower molar
;

(zool.).

hypoconulid (hl'pokon'ulid) n. [Gk.

The
konos, cone.]
hypo, under
postero-mesial cusp of a lower
molar (zool.).
hypocoracoid (hfpokor'akoid) a. [Gk.
;

hypodicrotic (rifpodikrot'ik)
hypo, under

di,

two

a.

[Gk.

krotein, to

Exhibiting the phenomenon

of having two arterial beats for the
one cardiac (phys.).
hypogastric (hl'pogas'trlk) a.
[Gk.
beat.]

hypo, under ; gaster, belly.] Pert.

the lower median region of the

abdomen

(anat.).

hypogastrium

(hi'pogas'trium)

[Gk. hypo, under ; gaster, belly.]

The lower median region of the

abdomen

(anat.).

HYP-

hypogeal (hl'pqje'al) a. [Gk. hypo,

under ;gaia, earth.] Subterranean

appl. stems, etc.

(dot.).

hypogenesis (hfpojgn'gsis) n.
[Gk.
Dehypo, under genesis, origin.]
velopment without alternation of
;

generations occurring

hypogenous

a.

hyponasty (hl'ponas'ti) n. [Gk. hypo,

under nastos, close-pressed.] The
state of growth in a flattened
structure in which the under surface
grows more vigorously than the
upper (bot.).
;

hyponome

(bzol.).

(hlpoj'e'nus)

[Gk.

Growhypo, under genos, birth.]

ing on the lower surface of anything
;

(hl'ponom) n. [Gk. hyponome, underground passage.] The

funnel of the Cephalopods (zool.,

Pal.).

hyponychium

(dot.).

hypogeous

(hi'poje'us) a.

[Gk. hypo,
under
ge, earth.]
Growing or
under
the
earth
(hot.,
maturing
;

zool.).

hypoglossal (hl'poglos'al) n.
hypo, under glossa, tongue.]
;

[Gk.

The

twelfth paired cranial nerve, distributed to the base of the tongue

[Gk.
(hi'ponik'ium) n.
The
hypo, under
onyx, nail.]
the
on
which
layer of epidermis
;

nail rests (anat.}.

hypopetalous (hl'popet'alus) a. [Gk.
Havhypo, under ; petalon, petal.]
ing the corolla inserted below and
not adherent to the gynoecium
(bot.).

hypophare

(anat.).

hypoglottis

n.

(hl'poglot'is)

[Gk.

hypo, under ; glotta, tongue.] The

under part of the tongue (anat.) ;
a division of the labium of beetles

(hi'pofar) n.

hypognathous

(hl'pogna'thus, hipog'-

nathus) a.
[Gk.
hypo, under ;
gnathos, jaw.]
Having the lower
jaw slightly longer than the upper

[Gk. hypo,

under
The
pherein, to bear.]
lower part of the sponge in which
there are no chambers cf. spongophare (zool.).
;

hypopharyngeal

(zool.).

(hi'pofarin'jeal, -far'-

under
a.
inje'al)
[Gk. hypo,
pharynx, pharynx.] Pert, or situated below or in the lower surface
of the pharynx (zool.).

hypopharynx (hl'pofar'ingks) n. [Gk.

(zool.).

hypogynium

(hi'pqjin'ium)

n.

[Gk.

hypo, under gyne, female.] That

structure which supports the ovary
in such plants as sedges (bot.).
;

hypogynous

a.
(hipqj'inus)
[Gk.
Inhypo, under
gyne, female.]
serted below the gynoecium, and
not
adherent
perigynous
cf.
;

(bot.).

under ; pharynx, pharynx.]

lingua of many insects ; in
mosquitoes, an outgrowth from the
base of the labium which bears the
salivary groove or duct (zool.).

hypo,

The

hypophloeodal (hi'pofle'odal) a. [Gk.

Livhypo, under phloios, bark.]
ing or growing under the bark
;

(bot.).

hypohyal
under
;

(hl'pohl'al)

n.

[Gk. hypo,

hyoeides, Y-shaped.]

The

hyoid element lying between the

ceratohyal and the basihyal (anat.).
hypoischium (hl'pois'kTum) n. [Gk.
hypo, under

ischion, hip.]

A small

bony rod passing backwards from

the ischiadic symphysis and supporting the

ventral

cloacal wall

(zool.).

hypomere

n.

(hl'pomer)
[Gk. hypo,
The lower
meros, part.]
or lateral plate zone of the coelomic
pouches (emb.\
hypomeron (hlporn'e'ron) n.
[Gk.
The
hypo, under ; meros, part.]
lateral inflexed side of a coleopter-

under

HYP-

142

ous prothorax

(zool.).

hypophyllium

(hi'poffl'ium) n.
[Gk.
phyllon, leaf.]
hypo, under
scale-like leaf below a cladophyll

(bot.).

hypophysial (hl'pofiz'ial) a.
[Gk.
under
hypo,
physis,
growth.]
Pert, the hypophysis (anat.).
hypophysis (hlpof'isis) n. [Gk. hypo,
under physis, growth.] The pitu;

itary body (anat.) ; the olfactory

pit in the lancelet (zool.) ; the last
cell of the suspensor (bot.).

hypoplastron (hl'poplas'tron) n. [Gk.

F. plastron, shield.]
hypo, under
;

The third lateral bony plate in the

plastron of turtles (zool,).
hypopodium (hfpopo'dium)
[Gk.
hypo, under
podion, little foot.]
.

HYPThe

basal portion of any

cluding the stalk (dot.).

leaf,

in-

[Gk.

The

hypopygium (hl'pdplg'mm, hfpopi'jmm) n. [Gk. hypo, under pyge,

buttocks.] The clasping organ of
;

a male dipterous insect

hyporachis (hi'pora'kis)
under rhachis, spine.]
.

the

after-shaft

of

(zool.}.

[Gk. hypo,

The stem
a

feather

(zool.}.

hyporhachis, see hyporachis.

hyposkeletal (hrposkel'Stal) a. [Gk.
hypo, under skeletos, hard.] Lying
beneath or internally to the endo;

skeleton

(zool.}.

hyposphene (hi'posfen) n. [Gk. hypo,

under
sphen, wedge.] A wedgeshaped process on the neural arch
;

of the vertebrae of certain extinct

reptiles which fits into the hypan-

trum (pal.}.
hypostereom (hl'posteYeom)
under stereos, solid.]
hypo,
.

base of the
hypothetical

little

finger (anat.}.
the ultimate
units,
parts of protoplasm
ultracellular units ranking between
the molecule and the cell
also
called variously, physiological units,

component

pangens,

gemmules,

biophores,
bioblasts, somacules, idiosomes, plasomes, micellae, plastidules, inotagmata, idioblasts, biogens, gemmae,

and microzymas (biol.}.

hypotonic (hfpotSn'ik) a. [Gk. hypo,
under
tonos, tension.]
Appl. a
solution whose osmotic pressure is
less than that of serum (phys.}.
hypotrichous (hlpot'rlkus) a.
[Gk.
Pert.
thrtx, hair.]
hypo, under
Infusorians in which the cilia are
mainly restricted to the under surface, and often form strong seta;

[Gk.

The

third or inner layer of the thecal

plates of a Cyst id ; the inner layer
of the integument of a Crinoid

like structures (zool.}.

hypotrochanteric

(hl'potrok'anteVik)
[Gk. hypo, under ; trochanter,
Beneath the trochanter
runner.]

a.

(zool.}.

hypostoma

(hi'posto'ma)

hypo, under

n.

sfoma, mouth.]

[Gk.

The

fold bounding the posterior margin

of the oral aperture in Crustacea ;
the oral projection or manubrium

of a Hydrozoan (zool.}.
hypostomatous (hfpostom'atus) a.
stoma, mouth.]
[Gk. hypo, under
Having the mouth placed on the
;

lower or ventral side

(zool.}.

hypostome, see hypostoma.

hypotarsus (hl'potar'sus) n.
[Gk.
The
tarsus, ankle.]
hypo, under
"
calcaneum " of a bird (zool.}.
hypothalamus(hl'potharamus). [Gk.
hypo, under; thalamos, chamber.]
The subthalamic tegmental region
and the structures forming the
;

greater part of the floor of the

third ventricle (anat.}.

hypothallus (hl'pothal'us) n.
[Gk.
under
thallus, flattened
hypo,
The
marginal hyphal outplate.]
growth a membranous case bearing sporangia (bot.}.
;

hypothecium
.

The layer of dense hyphal threads

below the thecium in Lichens the
upper layer of the ascoma (bot.}.
hypothenar (hi'pothe'nar) a.
[Gk.
thenar, palm of the
hypo, under
Pert,
the
hand.]
prominent part
of the palm of the hand above the
;

(hlpop'tllum) n.
hypo, under ptilon, down.]
after-shaft (zool.}.

hypoptilum

of

HYP-

143

(hl'pothe'sTum, -shlum)
;
theke, cup.]

[Gk. hypo, under

(anat.}.

hypotympanic

(hr'potlm'panik)

a.

L. tympanum,
[Gk. hypo, under
drum.] Situated below the tymthe
panum pert,
quadrate (anat.}.
;

hypoxanthin (hfpozan'thln) n. [Gk.

hypo, under xanthos, yellow. J A
;

nitrogenous substance
found in muscle tissue and in some
seeds (phys.}.
crystalline

hypozygal (hfpozl'gal) n. [Gk. hypo,

under
The lower
zygon, yoke.]
ossicle of a syzygial pair bearing no
;

pinnule

(zool.}.

hypselodont (hlp'selodont)
odous, tooth.]
hypsi, high
;

a.

[Gk.

Hypso-

dont.

hypsodont

a.
(hlp'sodont)
[Gk.
hypsos, height ; odous, tooth.] Pert.
or designating teeth with high
crowns and short roots (zool.}.

hypsophyll (hip'sofll) n. [Gk. hypsi,

Any leaf
high
phyllon, leaf.]
beneath the sporophylls (bot.}.
a.
hypural (hlp'ural)
[Gk. hypo,
under ; oura, tail.] Pert, a bony
;

HYS-

144

formed by the fused

spines of the last few
which
vertebrae,
supports the caudal
fin in certain Fishes (zool).
structure,

haemal

hysterogenic

[Gk.
(his'terojen'ik) a.
later ; genos, birth.]
Of

hysteros,
later development or

growth

ILIL.
personal
musculus,
muscle.]
Appl. contraction of a
idios,

muscle

degenerated

artificially

stimulated (phys.).

idioplasm

n.

(id'ioplazm)
idios, distinct
plasma,

[Gk.

something

moulded.] Chromatin the generative or germinal part of a cell

cf.

(zool.}.

trophoplasm

(cyt.).

icliosome (id'iosom) n.
[Gk. idios,
distinct
An idiosoma, body.]
blast or biophore.
See hypothetical units.
;

I
(ik'thnk) a.
[Gk. ichthys,
Pert, or characteristic of
Fishes (zool.).
ichthyoid (ik'thioid) a., ichthyic.
ichthy elite (ik'thidllt) n. [Gk. ichthys,

ichthyic
fish.]

fish

lithos, stone.]

fossil fish or

part of one (pal.).

(ikthiol'oji)
fish ;
logos,

n.

[Gk.

discourse.]

That part of zoology treating of

n.

ichthyopterygia
[Gk.

plu.

wing or

(ik'thiopterij'ia)
fish ; pteryx,

ichthys,

Paired

fin.]

fins

fish

id (id) n. [Gk. idios, distinct.] A

the
hypothetical structural unit
;

chromomere
idant

idiothermous (id'iother'mus)

Warm

personal
-

(cyt.).

(1'dant) n.

[Gk. idios, distinct.]

A unit

resulting from an aggregation of ids the chromosome (cyt.).

idioblast (id'ioblast) n.
[Gk. idios,
biodistinct
blastos, bud.]
;

phore an ultimate cell unit. See

hypothetical units.
idiochromatin (id'iokro'matin) n. [Gk.
distinct
chroma, colour.]
idios,
Temporarily dormant generative
chromatin
trophochromatin
cf.
;

(cyt.).

idiochromidia (id'iokromld'ia) n. plu.

[Gk. idios, distinct chroma, colour.]
Sporetia
generative chromidia
cf. trophochromidia (cyt.).
;

idiochromosome (id'iokro'mosom)

n,

[Gk. idios, distinct ; chroma, colour ;

soma, body.] An additional chromosome with a relation to sex, observed in certain germ cells one or
more may be present (cyt.).
idiomuscular (id'fomus'kular) a. [Gk.

blooded

a.

[Gk.

thermos,

hot.]

homoiothermal

(zool.).

idiozome

n.

(id'ib'zom)

[Gk. idios,

zoma, girdle.] In spermatogenesis a separated portion of

archoplasm which ultimately becomes the head-cap of the spermatozoon

(zool.).

icosandrous (I'kosan'drus) a.
[Gk.
Having
eikosi, twenty aner, man.]
twenty or more stamens (pot.).

a.

idios,

distinct

fishes.

(id'iothal'amus)

thalamos,
personal ;
in
Lichens
receptacle.]
Appl.
which various parts are differently
coloured from the thallus (bot.).

[Gk.

idios,

ichthyology
ichthys,

idiothalamous

(cyt.).

idorgan

n.
[Gk. idios,
organon, instrument.] A

(idor'gan)

distinct

purely morphological multicellular

unit which does not possess the
features of a soma (biol.).
ileocaecal (H'eose'kal) a. [L. ileum,
groin caecus, blind.] Pert, ileum
;

and caecum

fossae,

appl.

folds,

etc. (anat.).

ileocolic

groin

(il'eokol'fk)

a.

[L.

ileum,

Pert, ileum
kolon, the gut.]
;
appl. artery, lymph

and colon

gland, etc. (anat.).

ileum

(il'eum) n.

The lower

[L. ileum,

part
testine (anat.).

groin.]

of the small in-

iliac (Il'lak) a. [L. ilia, flanks.] Pert.

ilium, a pelvic bone ; appl. artery,
vein,
fossa,
furrow,
tuberosity,

muscle, etc. (anat.).

iliocaudal (Il'ioko'dal)

a.

[L.

ilia,

flanks ; cauda, tail.]

Connecting
ilium and tail appl. muscle (anat.).
;

iliococcygeal
cuckoo.]
appl. a
iliocostal
flanks ;

(iliokok'sije'al,

[L. ilia, flanks

eal) a.

Pert, ilium

muscle

-koksij'-

Gk. kokkyx,

and coccyx

(anat.).

(Tl'fokos'tal)

a.

costa,

In region of

rib.]

[L.

ilia,

and

ilia

ribs

appl. several muscles

a.

[L. ilia,
Pert, the
appl. a ligament

femur, thigh.]

and femur

(Tl'iohl'pogas'trik)

[L. ilia, flanks

gaster,

ilioinguinal

and
abdomen

ilium

Pert,

belly.]

a.

Gk. hypo, under

lower anterior part of the

appl. a nerve (anaf.).

a.

(il'ibin'gwlnal)

[L.

in%uen, the groin.] In

region of ilium and groins
appl. a nerve (anaf.).
illolumbar (il'Iolum'bar) a. [L. ilia,
flanks
lumbus, loins.] In region
of ilium and loins
appl. artery,
ligament, vein (anaf.).
flanks

the

iliopectineal (Tl'fope'ktin'eal) a.
[L.
ilia, flanks
pecten, crest.] Appl.
an eminence marking the point of
union of ilium and pubis (anaf.).
;

iliotibial

a.

(il'iotib'ial)

[L.

ilia,

Appl. a tract
or band of muscle at the lower end
flanks

tibia, pipe.]

of the thigh (anaf.).

iliotrochanteric (il'iotrokanter'ik) a.
Gk. trochanter, a
[L. ilia, flanks
Uniting ilium and trorunner.]
chanter of femur ; appl. a ligament
;

(anaf.).
n.

ilium,

[L.

flank.]

That part of the hip-bone supporting

the flank (anaf.) ; the dorsal bone,
articulating with the backbone, of
the pelvic arch (zoo/.).

imaginal
image.]

a.

(imaj'inal)

Pert,

an

imago,

[L.

imago

appl.

larval discs, patches of cells

which new organs develop

from

(zool.).

imago

(Ima'go) n.
[L. imago, image.]
last or adult stage in insect
the
;
metamorphosis
perfect insect

The

(zool}.

imbricate (im'brikat)
tile.]

a.

[L. imbricare,

Having parts overlying

each other

like house-tiles

scales, plates, etc. (zool.}

scales, bracts, etc. (hot}.

appl.

bud-

imitative

(im'itativ) a.
[L. imitari,
to imitate.] Appl. form, structure,
for
assumed
habit, colouring, etc.,

protection (zool}.

immaculate

(fmak'ulat)

a.

[L.

in,

not macula, spot.] Without spots

or marks of different colour.
;

(Tm'unlz,

imu'nlz)

To

free.]

v.

[L.

render invul-

to

toxin,
usually by
injecting the toxin in small quantities at short intervals, without the

of

severe

symptoms

(Phys.}.

immunity

(imu'nTt!) n.

immunis,

[L.

An organism's
resistance, natural or acquired, to
the onset of pathological conditions
from infection, natural or artificial,
by any of the micro-organisms
from duty.]

free

(phys}.

imparidigitate (impar'idij'itat) a. [L.

impar, unequal
digitus, finger.]
;

Having an odd number of

on a limb (zool}.

digits

imparipinnate (impar'ipin'at) a. [L.

impar, unequal pinna, wing.] Un;

equally pinnate
pinnate with an
odd terminal leaflet (hot}.
imperfect metamorphosis, see in;

complete.
imperforate (ImpeVforat) a. [L. in,
not per, through foratus, bored.]
;

Not pierced ; appl. foraminifera

shells without fine pores in addition
to principal opening (zool.}.
impervious (TmpeVvIus) a.
[L. in,
not per, through via, way.] Not
permeable (biol}
appl. nostrils
with a septum between the nasal
;

;
;

ilium (Ilium)

to

nerable

appearance

(anaf.).

iliohypogastric

ilia,

immunise
immunis,

(anaf.).

iliofemoral (Tl'iofgm'oral)
flanks
ilium

INA-

145

ILI-

cavities (zool}.
import (im'port) n.

bring

in.]

ingestion

in

[L. importare, to

method of foodAmoeba, food being

drawn in on contact (phys}.

impregnation (im'prggna'shun)

n.

[L.

Transimpraegnare, to fertilize.]
ference of spermatozoa from male
to

body

of female.

impression (impre'sh'on) n. [L. in,

into premere, to press.] An indentation mark resulting from contact of organs or pressure of one
on another, as those on the surfaces
;

of the liver, the rhomboid of the

the trigeminal of the
clavicle,

temporal (anaf.).
inantherate (Inan'thgrat) a.
[L. in,
not Gk. antheros, flowery.] With;

out anthers (bot}.

inarticulate (Tnartik'ulat) a. [L. in,
Not
not ; articulatus, jointed.]

segmented (biol}.
inaxon (inak'son) n.

[Gk.

is,

fibre

INB-

axon, axis.] A nerve-cell with axiscylinder branching at a distance

from

it

(phys.).

inbreeding, breeding through a succession of parents belonging to the

same stock, or very nearly related
(biol.}.

incaliculate (Tnkalik'ulat) a.
[L. in,
not ; caliculus, small flower-cup.]
Wanting a calicle (zoo!.).
incasement theory, see preformation theory.
incised (TnsTzd') a. [L. incisus, cut
into.]

With deeply notched margin

(biol.}.

incisiform (insl'zif6rm) a. [L. incisus,

cut into ; forma, shape. J Incisorshaped.
a.
[L. incisus, cut
Pert, or in the region of the
incisors ; appl. bones, foramina,

incisive

(insl'zlv)

into.]

fossa, canals (anat.}.

incisor (Insfzor) a. [L. incisus, cut
into.]
Adapted for cutting appl.
mammalian premaxillary teeth n.
a crest or ridge of bone (anat.}.
;

included (inklood'e'd)

a.

[L. includere,

Having stamens and

to shut in.]

pistils not protruding beyond the

corolla ; not exserted (hot.}.

incomplete metamorphosis, insect

metamorphosis in which the young
are hatched in the general adult
form and develop without a quiescent stage

(zoo/.).

a.

[L.

Not
incongruens, not suiting.]
suitable or fitting ; appl. surface of
which
do
not
fit
joints
properly
(anat.}.

currere, to run.]
Leading into ;
ectoderm - lined canals of
appl.

Sponges which admit water and

inhalent siphons of Molluscs (zool.}.
incurvate (Inkur'vat) a. [L. in, in
;

curvus,

Of a

bend.]

structure,

curved inwards or bent back on

itself.

incurvation

(m'kiirva'shun) n.
[L.
The
curvare, to bend.]
on
itself
of
a
strucback
doubling
ture or organ, as of a spirochaete
about to divide (zoo!.).
in,

in

incus (ing'kus) n. [L. incus, anvil.]

Part of a Rotifer mastax ; the anvilshaped ear ossicle of Mammals
(zooL).

indeciduate (Tn'desid'uat)
not

down

de,

Non-caducous

a.

cadere,

[L. in,
to fall.]

with maternal part

of placenta not coming away at

birth (zoo/.).
indeciduous (Tn'desTd'uus) a. [L. in,
not ; de, down
cadere, to fall.]
not falling off at
Persistent
maturity
everlasting ; evergreen
;

(bot.}.

indefinite (indef'init) a. [L. in, not ;

Not limited
de, down finis, end.]
not determinate ; of no fixed number
;

incoordination (in'koor'dina'shun) n.
cum, together ordo,
[L. in, not
Want of coordination
order.]
irregularity of movement due to
;

loss of

Appl. type of Rotifer mastax

with large and hooked rami and
reduced mallei (zoo/.).
incumbent (mkum'bent) a. [L. incumbere, to lie upon.] Lying upon
bent downwards to lie along a base
cotyledons with hypocotyl
appl.
applied to the back (bot.}
appl.
hairs or spines applied lengthwise
to their base (zoo/.).
incurrent (inkur'gnt) a. [L. in, into
anvil.]

incongruent (Tnkong'grooent)

muscle control

incrassate (mkras'at)
sare, to thicken.]

a.

(phys.}.
[L. incras-

Thickened.

incubation (in'kuba'shun)

n.

[L. in-

The hatching

cubare, to lie on.]

of

eggs by means of heat, natural or

artificial (emb.}.

incubous (in'kubus)
to lie on.].

(bot.\

indehiscent (in'dehis'ent) a. [L. in,

not; dehiscens, gaping.] Not splitting at maturity appl. certain fruits
;

indeterminate growth, growth of

stem, branch or shoot not limited
or stopped by development of a
terminal bud indefinite prolongation and subdivision of an axis
;

a.

[L. incubare,
Appl. leaves so arranged

that the base of each is covered by

the upper portion of the next lower
(bot.}.

incudate

IND-

146

(mg'kudat)

a.

[L.

incus,

indeterminate inflorescence,
growth of a floral axis by indefinite
branching because unlimited by
development of a terminal bud
(bof.).

INDindex finger,

case,

(indu'zium) n.
[L. induere,
to put on.] An insect larva case
an
of
(zool.) ;
outgrowth
plant epi-

derm covering and protecting a

(In'dlrgkt) a.
[L. in, not ;
Not by a
directus, straightened.]

sorus (bot.) ; the supracallosal gyrus

of the olfactory lobe of the cereindusium
the
griseum

simple method complicated appl.

development, mitosis, selection, em;

brum,

(anat.).

(biol.).

individual (in'divid'ual) a.
not
dividuus, divisible.]

[L.

induviae

(indu'vie) n.plu. [L. induere,

to put on.]
Scale-leaves, or those
which remain attached to stem
after withering (bot.).

in,

Pert, a
or unit, as indi-

single example
vidual variations of colour (biol.)
n. a person or zooid of distinctive
function of a hydrozoan colony
;

(zool.).

individualism (m'divTd'ualizm)
in,

biosis

indusium

indirect

bryogeny

(zool.)

(indfj'enus) a. [L. in, in ;

Belonging to
gignere, to beget.]
the locality ; not imported (biol.).

indigenous

appl.

larvae

insect

having an indusium (bot.).

indusiform (mdu'ziform) a. [L. induere, to put on forma, shape.]
Resembling an indusium (bot.).

next to the thumb.

indifferent (indif'e're'nt) a. [L. in,
not ; dis, apart
ferre, to carry.]
Undifferentiated.

not

INF-

147
the forefinger or digit

'

n.

[L.

dividuus, divisible.] Symwhich the two parties

in

together form what appears to be

a single organism (biol.).
indlviduation (in'divTdua'shiin), development of interdependent functional units, as in colony formation
(biol.).

induced movement,

induviate (indu'viat) a. [L. induere,

to put on.]
Covered with scale-

movement

dic-

leaves or induviae (bot.).

inequilateral (Ine'k'wllat'e'ral) a. [L.
in, not ; aequus, equal ; latus, side.]

Having two sides unequal having

unequal portions on either side of
a line drawn from umbo to gape of
a bivalve shell (zool.).
inequilobate (ingk'wllo'bat) a. [L. in,
not ; aequus, equal
Gk. lobos,
With lobes of unequal size
lobe.]
;

(biol.).

and influenced by external

stimulus, as plant curvature (bot.).
external
stimulus, an
which
the
stimulus
influences

inequivalve (Tngk'wivalv) a. [L. in,

not aequus, equal ; -ualvae, folding
Having the two valves or
doors.]

growth or behaviour of any organism (biol.).

inerm

tated

inductive

indumentum

(In'dumen'tum) n.

[L.

indumentum, covering.] The pluma hairy covering

age of birds
;

(zool.).

induplicate (indu'plikat) a. [L. in,

in ; duplex, double.]
In vernation
having bud-leaves bent or rolled
without overlapping in aestivation
having bud sepals or petals folded
inwards at points of contact (bot.).
induplicative (indu'plikatTv) a. [L.
in
in,
duplex, double.]
Appl.
vernation or aestivation with induplicate foliage or floral leaves
;

respectively (hot.}.
indusial (indu'zlal) a.

[L. induere, to

put on.] Containing larval insect

cases, as certain limestones (pal.) ;
pert, the indusium (bot.).
indusiate (indu'zfat) a. [L. indriere,
to put on.]

Having an enveloping

halves of the shell unequal

Mollusca

appl.

(zool.}.

(ine"rm') a.

[L. in, not

arma,

without means
arms.] Unarmed
of defence and offence (biol.).
inermous (ineYmus)
inerm.
;

.,

inferior (mfe'rlor) a.
[L. inferior,
lower.] Appl. the lower placed of
the axis ;
the
farther
down
two,
growing or arising below another

organ

(bot.).

inferoanterior (tn'fgroante'rior)

a. [L.
inferus, beneath; anterior, anterior.]
Below and in front (biol.).

inferobranchiate (in'f grobrang'klat) a.

[L. inferus, beneath ; Gk. brangchia,
With gills under the margin
gills.]
of the mantle, as in certain Mollusca
(zool.).

inferolateral
inferus,

(In'fe'rolat'e'ral)

beneath

Below and

at or

a.

latus,

[L.
side.]

towards the side

(zool.).

inferomedian (in'fe"r6me'dlan)

a.

[L.

INFinferus,

beneath

medius, middle.]

Below and about the middle.

inferus,

behind.] Below and behind.

inferradial (in'ferra'dial) n. [L. inradius.]
ferus, beneath ; radius,
The lower part of transversely bisected radials of certain fossil
Crinoids (pal.).
inflated (infla.'te'd) a. [L. in, into ;
Puffed out ; disflare, to blow.]

tended

(bot.).

a.

[L. inflectere,

to bend in.]
Curved or abruptly
bent inwards or towards the axis
(biol.).

inflexed (mflek'sd) a., inflected.

inflorescence (m'flores'ens) n. [L. in-

begin to blossom.]
flowering or putting forth blossoms
the method in which flowers are

florescere, to

arranged on an axis

(dot.}.

a.

(in'fraaksil'ari)

below
axilla,
Branching off below the

infra,

[L.

armpit.]

axil (bot.).

inftabasal (m'fraba'sal) n. [L. infra,

below; basis, base.] One of a series
of plates, perradial in position,
below the basals in Crinoids (zool.).
infrabranchial (in'frabrang'kial) a.

below
Gk. brangchia,
Below the gills appl. part
of the pallial chamber (zool.).

[L.

infra,

gills.]

infracentral

(in'frasen'tral)

below

infra,

a.

[L.
centre.]

centrum,

Below a vertebral centrum

infraclavicle
infra,

(zool.).

n.

below

(anat.).

infralabial (in'frala'bial) a. [L. infra,

below labium, lip.] Beneath the
;

lower lip (anat.).

inframarginal (in'framar'jinal) a. [L.
below
margo, margin.]
infra,
Under the margin, or marginal
;

structure appl. a cerebral convolution (anat.)

appl. certain plates on
the carapace of Chelonians below
the marginals
appl. the lower of
two series of plates round the
of
stelleroid
arms and
margin
discs (zool.).
;

inflected (inflek'ted)

infraaxillary

Below
eidos, like.]
glenoid
fossa appl. a tuberosity (anat.).
infrahyoid (m'frahl'oid) a. [L. infra,
Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
below
Beneath the hyoid appl. muscles
the

(m'feroposte'rior) a.
beneath ; posterior,

inferoposterior
[L.

INF-

148

(m'fraklav'ikl)
[L.
;
clavicula, little key.]
bone occurring in the

A membrane

inframaxillary (in'framaksirarl) a.
maxilla, jaw.]
[L. infra, below
Situated beneath the maxilla; appl.
nerves (zool.).
;

infraorbital

(m'fraor'bital)

a.

[L.

Bebelow
orbis, circle.]
neath the orbit appl. artery, canal,
foramen, groove, nerve, etc. (anat.).
infra,

infrapatellar (in'frapatel'ar) a.
[L.
infra, below ; patella, knee-cap.]
Appl. a pad of fat beneath the
patella (anat.).

infrascapular (in'fraskap'ular)

a.

[L.

below
scapula, shoulderblade.] Beneath the scapula appl.

infra,

artery (anat.).

infraspinatous (m'fraspl'natus)
infra,

below

neath

the

a.

sptna, spine.]

[L.

Be-

beneath

the
spine
scapular spine ; appl. muscle, fossa
;

(anat.).

pectoral girdle of some Ganoids and

Teleosts (zool.).
infraclavicular (in'fraklavik'ular) a.
clamcula, small
[L. infra, below
Beneath the clavicle appl.
key.]
branches of brachial plexus (anat.).
infracortical (m'frakor'tlkal) a.
[L.

infraspinous, infraspinatous.
a.
infrastapedial
(in'frastape'dial)
stapes, a stirrup.]
[L. infra, below
the
of
the
Beneath
ear
stapes
appl. a part of the columella

Be-

Beneath

below Gk. sternon, breast.]

Beneath the breast-bone
appl.
notch at the lower end of the
sternum (anat.).
infratemporal (m'fratem'poral) a. [L.
temporalts, temporinfra, below
Beneath the temporal bone
ary.]

the dentary bone (anat.).

infraglenoid (in'fragle'noid) a.
[L.
infra, below ; Gk. glene, socket ;

appl. a crest or fossa (anat.).

infratrochlear (m'fratrok'lear) a. [L.
infra, below ; Gk. trochos, wheel.]

below
cortex, bark.]
neath the cortex (anat.).

infra,

infracostal (in'frakos'tal) a.

below
ribs

costa,

appl.

infradentary
infra,

below

rib.]

muscles

[L. infra,

Beneath the

dens, tooth.]

a.

(anat.).

infrasternal
infra,

(tn'fraster'nal)

a.

[L.

(anat.).

(in'fraden'tari)
;

[L.

INF-

149

Beneath the trochlea

appl. a nerve

(anat.\

infructescence
///,

into

(in'friiktSs'gns) n.

frtictus,

[L.

An

fruit.]

florescence matured

into

in-

fruit

(fat.).

infundibular

shaped
(anaf.)

corolla

a.

(in'fiindlb'ular)

[L.

Funnelappl. an abdominal muscle

a
funnel-shaped
appl.

infundibttlum,

funnel.]

Infundibular.

infundibulum (In'fundlb'ulum)

n.

[L.

infundibulum, funnel.] Any funnelshaped organ or structure ; appl.

part of the brain, of the ethmoid
bone, of right ventricle, etc. (anaf.};
a cephalopod siphon
part of a
oviduct
flattened
the
bird's
stomach-like cavity of a Cteno>hore, lying in the transverse plane
pnore,
;

(zool.).

[L. in, into ;

Tinged to appear

infuscate (Infus'kat)

a.

fuscus, dark.]
dark, as insect wings

(zool.).

infusoriform (in'fuzo'riform) a.
[L.
infusus, poured into forma, shape.]
;

Resembling an Infusorian
appl.
embryonic forms of some Coelenter;

ates

[L. infusus, poured into; genos, offspring.]

gastrula-like phase in developn.

ment of certain Mesozoa

(zool.).

[L. ingestus, taken

food material into
the alimentary canal or food-cavity
in.]

commenced

(phys.).

inhibitory (inhTb'ftori) a. [L. inhibere,

to prohibit.]
Appl. nerves which
control
movement or secretion
inion (fn'ion) ;/. [Gk. inion, back of
head.] The external protuberance
of the occipital (anaf.).
ink sac, in Sepia, a pear-shaped
body in the wall of the mantle
cavity which secretes a black substance, ink or sepia, the ejection of
which is a means of defence (zool.).

innate

[L. in, in ; gnatus,

Basifixed ;
appl. anther
filament is only attached to

(In'nat) a.

born.]

when

its base (bot.).

innervation (in'nerva'shun)

(inject') v.

To convey

n.

into ; neruus, sinew.]

distribution (anaf.) ; vital
force (phys.).

in,

[L.

Nervenerve

innominate (Innom'Tnat) a. [L. in,

not
Nameless
nomen, name.]
appl. various arteries and veins
;

(anaf.).

innominate bone,

(zool.).

infusorigen (m'fuzo'rijSn)

ingest

inspiring or drawing in, as terminal

pores of incurrent canals in Sponges,
or siphons in Molluscs (zool.).
inhibition (In'hibish'on) n.
[L. inProhibition or
hibere, to prohibit.]
checking of an action already

(Phys.).

(bot.).

infundibuliform (m'fundib'uliform) a.
Jorma,
[L. infiindibuluin, funnel
shape.]

INS-

lateral

of

half

the hip-bone or
the pelvic girdle

(anat.).

innovation (in'dva'shun) n. [L. innovare, to renew.] A growth or shoot

of Mosses which develops into a
new plant by the dying-off of the
portion of the parent-plant behind
it (bot.).

ingestion (injeYchon) n. [L. ingestus,

The swallowing or
taken in.]
assumption of food-material (phys.).
ingluvies (ingloov'iez) n. [L. inglu-vies,
a dilacrop.] The crop of a bird
tation of the oesophagus (zool.).
inguinal (tng'gwinal) a. [L. inguen,
the groin.]
In the region of the
groin (anaf.).
inguinal ring, see abdominal ring.
inguino - abdominal (Ing'gwino - abIn region of abdomen
dom'inal) a.
;

and groin (anat.).

inguino-crural (ing'gwlnd-kroor'al) a.
In region of groin and leg (anat.).
inhalent (Inha'ldnt) a. [L. in, into

halare,

to

breathe.]

Adapted

for

inocular (Tnok'ular) a. [L. in, into

oculus, eye.]
Appl. antennae inserted close to the eye (zool.).
inogen (I'nojen) n.
[Gk. is, fibre
A nitrogenous
genos, offspring.]
substance of muscle tissue (phys.).
inotagmata (Tnotag'mata) n. plu.
[Gk. is, fibre tagma, arrangement.]
Ultimate hypothetical units (phys.).
inquiline (m'kwilin) n. [L. inquilinus,
tenant.] An animal living in the
home of another and getting share
of its food
a partner in commensal ism (zool.).
term appl.
inscriptions, tendinous,
three fibrous bands crossing the
rectus abdominalis muscle (anat.).

INSinsectivorous (in'sekttv'orus)
insectus, cut off

a.

[L.

-vorare, to devour.]

Insect-eating appl. certain animals

and carnivorous plants.
inserted (insgr'tgd) a.
[L. in, in ;
United by natural
serere, to join.]
;

growth.
insertion (insSr'shun) n. [L. insertus,
Point of attachment of
joined.]
organs, muscles ; the point on
which the force of a muscle is
applied (anat.}.
insessorial (m'sgso'rial)
sedere, to

a.

Adapted

sit.]

ing (zool.}.
insistent (insis'tgnt)

[L. in, in ;
for perch-

[L. insistere,
Appl. hind toe of
persist.]
certain birds whose tip only reaches
the ground (sool.}.
[L. in-

inspiration (inspira'shun) n.
spirare,

to

inhale.]
into

air

drawing

The

of

act

the

lungs

(Phys.\
instaininate (mstaminat) a. [L. tn,
not stamen, something standing.]
;

Not bearing stamens

(hot.).

instar (in'star) n. [L. instar, form.]

Each stage in insect metamorphosis
where a moult occurs (zool.}.
insula (in'sula) n. [L. insula, island.]

A triangular eminence lying deeply

in the lateral fissure of the

temporal

lobe (anat.}.
integrifolious (intgg'rifo'lms) a. [L.
integer, whole folium, leaf.] With
entire leaves (bot.}.
integripallial (mtgg'ripal'ial) a. See
;

integripalliate.
integripalliate (integ'ripa.riat) a. [L.
integer, whole ; pallium, mantle.]

Having an unbroken pallial line ;

appl. shells of Molluscs with small
or no siphons (zool.}.
integument (mtgg'umgnt)

[L.

Among
gland

a.
[L.
acinus, a grape.]
the alveoli of a racemose

(in'tgras'fnus)

between

(anat.}.
a.
[L.
small
alveolus,
alveoli ; appl. cell

interalveolar (in'tgralve'olar)
inter,

cavity.]

among

Among

between
ambulare, to
Appl. area of echinoderm
between two ambulacral areas

inter,

walk.]
test

n. a plate of that area (zool.}.

interambulacrum(in'tgrambula'krum)
n.
ambulare,
[L. inter, between
to walk.] The area between two
ambulacral areas (zool.}.
;

interarticular (m'terartik'ular)

a.

[L.

between articulus, a joint.]

Between articulating parts of bones;
appl. certain ligaments and fibrointer,

cartilages (anat.}.
interatrial (in'tgra'trial)

a.

[L. inter,

between atrium, a hall] Appl. a

groove separating the two atria of
the heart (anat.}.
interauricular (in'terorik'ular)

a.

[L.

between auricula, little ear.]

Between the auricles of the heart

inter,

(anat.}.

interaxillary

(in'tgraksil'ari)

a.

[L.

between ; axilla, armpit.]

Placed between the axils (hot.}.

inter,

interbrachial (in'tgrbra'kial) a.
[L.
inter, between ;
brachium, arm.]
Between arms, rays, or brachial
plates

(zool.}.

interbranchial

(in'tgrbrang'klal)

a.

between Gk. brangchia,

Appl. septum between suc-

[L. inter,
gills.]

cessive gill

slits (zool.}.

interbreed (in'tgrbred')

between

A.S.

v.
[L. inter,
To
brod, brood.]
varieties of plants

cross different
or animals experimentally.
intercalare (in'tgrkala're, -kalara)
In many
[L. intercalaris, inserted.]
Fishes and fossil Amphibia, an
additional element in the neural
arch (zool.}.
intercalary (m'tgrkal'ari, intgr'kalari)
.

Ad[L. intercalaris, inserted.]

ditional ; appl. meristematic layers

a.
n.

coverintegumentum, covering.]
ing, investing, or coating structure
or layer an investing layer of an
ovule (hot., zool.}.

Interacinous

[L.

a.

to

inter,

INT-

150

masses of permanent
growth elsewhere than at
the growing point (bot.}.
tissue

intercapitular (in'terkapit'ular) a. [L.

inter, between ; capitulum, head.]
Between the capitula appl. veins
of fingers (anat.}.
intercarotid (m'terkarot'id) a.
[L.
inter, between ; Gk. karos, deep
Between the two carotid
sleep.]
;

arteries (anat.}.

intercarpal (m'tgrkar'pal) a.

islets (anat.}.

interamtoulacral (in'tgrambula'kral)

between

a.

between

carpus,

wrist.]

[L. inter,

Among

INT;

appl.

(tn'tgrkarpgl'arl)

between

infer,

intercostal (In'tgrkos'tal)

a.

[L. inter,

between

joints (anat.}.

intercarpellary
[L.

INT-

151

or between the carpal bones

Gk.

a.

karpos,

Between the carpels (dot.}.

fruit.]
intercartilaginous (Tn'tgrkartilaj'inus)

Between the
; costa, rib.]
as arteries, glands, membranes,
nerves, veins, muscles (anat.}.
intercostobrachial
(m'tgrkSs'tobra'ribs,

kial) a.
[L. inter, between ; costa,
rib ;
brachium, arm.]
Appl. a
lateral branch of the second inter-

intercavernous (in'tgrkaVgrnus) a.
cavus, hollow.]
[L. inter, between
Appl. sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses, part of the ophthal-

nerve which supplies the

upper arm (anat.}.
intercostohumeral
(m'tgrkSs'tohu'mgral) a. [L. inter, between costa,
rib humerus, the humerus.] Inter-

a.

between
Within the

inter,

[L.

gristle.]

cartilago,

cartilage

costal

appl. ossification (emb.}.

;

mic veins

intercellular

(in'tgrsgl'ular)

a.

[L.

between cellula, little cell.]

Among or between cells, as the
inter,

biliary passages among the livercells (anat.}.

Intercentral (m'tgrsgn'tril) a.
[L.

between
centrum, centre.]
Uniting two centra ; between two

inter,

costobrachial.

(anat.}.

intercoxal (in'tgrkSk'sal) a. [L. inter,

between ; coxa, the hip.] Between
the coxae or first-limb joints of

Arthropods

(zool.}.

intercrescence (In'tgrkrgs'gns)

intercrural

interchondral (In'tSrkon'dral) a. [L.

Gk. chondros, cartiinter, between

intercuneiform

Appl. articulations and

ligaments between the costal cartilage.]

lages (anat.}.
interclavicle (m'tgrklav'ikl)

between

inter,

key.]
ventral

n.

[L.

bone between the

Gk.

a.

kline,

[L.

bed

fibrous process
joining the anterior and posterior
clinoid processes (anat.}.
eidos,

like.]

intercolumnar (m'tgrk61um'nar)<z. [L.

columna, column.]
inter, between
Between columnar structures, as
certain abdominal muscle fibres
;

(in'tgrkon'dlloid)

between

a.

Gk. kondylos,
Beeidos, resemblance.]
an
the condyles
appl.

inter,

knob

(anat.}.

tween
eminence of the tibia, and fossae
of the femur (anat.}.
;

(in'tgrkune'iform)

a.

between ; cuneus, wedge

forma, shape.] Connecting the three
cuneiform bones of the ankle ; appl.
articulations and ligaments (anat.}.
[L. inter,

interdeferential

(In'tgrdgfgr'gn'shal)

a.

bundle.]

Situated

between

the

fascicles or vascular bundles (hot.}.

interfemoral (m'tgrfgm'oral) a. [L.

inter, between femur, thigh bone.]
;

Between the thighs (anat}.

interfertile (In'tgrfgr'til) a. [L. inter,
between ; fertilis, fertile.] Able to
interbreed (biol.}.
interfllamentar (in'tgrfilamgn'tar) a.
between ; filamentum,
[L. inter,
thread.] Appl. junctions or horizontal bars connecting molluscan
gill

(anat.}.

intercondyloid
[L.

Appl.
across the external oblique muscles

deferentia (zool.}.
interfascicular(in'tgrfasTk'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ; fasciculus, small

a.

(m'tgrklavlk'ular)
[L. inter, between ; clavicula, small
Between the clavicles ; appl.
key.]

between

tendinous

clavicles

interclavicular

inter,

a.
[L.
the leg.]
crus,
fibres
arching

(in'tgrkroo'rSl)

between

[L. inter, between ; de, down ;

Between the vasa
ferre, to carry.]

(zool.}.

a ligament (anat.}.
interclinoid (m'tgrkll'noid)

inter,

small
a median

clavicula,

The episternum

[L.

tissues.

centra (anat.}.
inter-centrum (In'tgrsgn'trum) n. [L.
inter, between ; centrum, centre.]
A second central ring in an embolomerous vertebra (zool.}.
;

n.

between ; crescere, to grow.]

growing into each other, as of

inter,

filaments

(zool.}.

interfllar (Tn'tgrfflar) a.
[L. inter,
between ; filum, thread.]
Appl.
the ground substance of protoas
to
the
reticular
plasm,
opposed
(cyt.\

interfoliaceous

(m'tgrfolla'shus)

a.

INT-

INT-

152

&

Inter-

maxilla, jaw.]
inter, between
tween the maxillae
pert, the
appl. a gland in the
premaxillae
nasal septum of certain Amphibians

interganglionic (in'te"rganggli6n'ik) a.
Gk. gangglion,
[L. inter, between
a little tumour.] Connecting two
ganglia, as nerve cords or strands

intermediary (in'terme'diari) a. [L.

medius, middle.]
inter, between
Acting as a medium appl. nervecells receiving impulses from affer-

inter, between
folium, leaf.]
Situated or arising .between two
opposite leaves (hot.).

[L.

interfoliar (In'terfo'liar)
foliaceous.

a.

(anat.).
a.

(Tn'terjen'ital)

[L.

between genitus, produced.]

Between the genitals appl. certain
echinoderm plates (zool.).
inter,

interglobular (m'terglob'ular)

a.

[L.

between

;
globulus, small
globe.] Appl. a series of spaces
towards the outer surface of den-

inter,

due to imperfect

calcification

(anat.).

intergular (m'tergu'lar)

n.

[L. inter,

gula, gullet.] A paired

or unpaired plate in front of the
in
Chelonia
(zool.).
gulars

between

interhyal

between

n.

(in'tgrhl'al)

inter,

[L.

Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]

small bone between hyomandibular and rest of hyoid of some
higher vertebrates (zool.).
interlamellar (In'terlameTar) a. [L.
inter, between ; lamella, a plate.]
Appl. vertical bars of tissue joining
the gill lamellae of Molluscs (zool?).
;

interlaminar (in'terlam'mar) a. [L.

between
inter,
lamina, plate.]
Uniting laminae between laminae
;

(anat.).
a.

(in'tgrlob'ular)

between; lobus,
ring between lobes

inter,

lobe.]
appl.

[L.

Occurkidney

arteries, etc. (anat.}.

interlocular (in'tSrlok'ular) a.
[L.
inter, between; loculus, small place.]
Between the loculi (bot.).

interloculus

ment.]

(in'tgrlSk'ulus)
;
loculus,

between

n.

[L.

compart-

The space between two

(bot.).

efferent cells

(phys.)._

intermediate (in'terme'diat) a.
[L.
medius, middle.]
inter, between
two
between
points or
Occurring
appl. a nerve-mass (emb.)
parts
;

appl. certain areas of the brain

(phys.) ; appl. a disc in striated

muscle (anat.).
intermediate host, the host
vening between two others
life-history

interin the

certain

of

parasites,
in the life-history of

as Limnaeus
Distomum (zool.).
intermedium (in'terme'dlum) n. [L.
inter, between
medius, middle.]
A small bone of carpus and tarsus
;

(anat.).

intermesenteric (In't6rmgs'6nt6r'lk) a.
Gk. mesos,
[L. inter, between
middle
enteron, gut.]
Occurring
between the mesenteries
appl.
spaces between the mesenteries in
;

sea-anemones (zool.).
intermuscular (m'terinus'kular) a.
between
inter,
musculus,
[L.
muscle.] Between or among muscle
;

(m'tgrmandib'ular)

between
mandibuBetween mandibles or

[L. inter,

lum, jaw.]

internal (inteVnal)

a.

[L. internus,

within.] Located on the inner side

nearer the middle axis (biol.).
internal secretion gland, a ductless gland, e.g. spleen (phys.).
internasal (in'te'rna'zal) a. [L. inter,

Between
nasus, nose.]
;
the nostrils ; appl. septum, gland
between
(zool.).

interneural (m'tgrnu'ral) a. [L. inter,

between Gk. neuron, nerve.] Between neural processes, arches or
spines (anat.)
appl. sharp bones
attached to dorsal fin rays (zool.).
internodal (m'terno'dal) a. [L. inter,
;

intermandibular
a.

fibres (anat.).

interlobular

loculi

(zool.).

ent cells and transmitting them to

intergenital

inter,

and Reptiles

tine

rami (anat.).
Intermaxllla (m'tgrmaksll'a) n. [L.
between
maxilla,
inter,
jaw.]
Bone between the maxillae the
;

premaxilla (anat.).

Intermaxillary

(in'termaksll'ari)

between nodus, knot.] Pert, the

part between two nodes (hot., phys.).
;

internode (in'ternod')

n.

inter,

[L.

between nodus, knot.] A structure

between two nodes or joints as of
;

a.

INT.
a stem

of

(bot.),

nerve

fibre

mandible

(zool.).

interopercular bone,
culum.

the interoper-

interoperculum(in'tgropgr'kulum).
Interopercle.
interoptic (Tn'tgrop'tik)

a.

[L. inter,

between Gk. optikos, pert, sight.]

Between the optic lobes (anat.).
;

interorbital

a.

(in'tgror'bital)

[L.

between orbis, circle.] Between the orbits appl. septum of

inter,

skull

trophibasic

sinus

appl.

(zool.}.

Jnterosculant (Tn'teros'kulant)
inter,

between

a.
[L.
osculari, to kiss.]
common to

Possessing characters
Iwo or more groups

or

species

(tool.).

interosseous

(Tn'teros'eiis) a.

[L. inter,

between
os,
bone.]
Occurring
between bones
appl. arteries,
nerves
membranes, muscles,
(anat.).
;

interparietal (in'tgrparfe'tal)

between

a.

[L.

In
paries, wall.]
many vertebrates a bone arising
between the parietals and supra-

inter,

occipital (anat.).
;

Interpetaloid (in'terpeYaloid)

between

a.

[L.
Gk. petalon, petal ;

Between the
resemblance.]
petaloid areas of an echinoderm

eidos,

test (zool.}.

interpetiolar
inter,

(m't6rp6t'idlar) a.

between

[L.
petiolus, little foot.]

Situated between the petioles or

bases of opposite leaves (bot.).

interphalangeal

a.

(in'tgrfalan'jeal)
inter, between ; Gk. phalanx:,
fL.
ine of battle.] Appl. articulations

between
(anat.).

between placenta,
Between placentae (dot.}.
;

a.

[L.

flat plate.]

interpleural (m'te'rploo'ral) a.
[L.
Gk. pleuron, side.]
inter, between
Between pleurae (anat.}.
interpubic (Tn'tgrpu'bik) a. [L. inter,
between piibis^ mature.] Appl. the
;

fibrocartilaginous

lamina between

the pubic bones (anat.}.

interradial (in'tgrra'dlal) a.

[L. inter,

between ; radius, radius.] Pert.

an interradius (zool.}.
interradium (in'tgrra'dlum) n.
[L.
inter, between; radius, radius.] The
area between two radii of any
radially symmetrical animal (zool.}.
interradius (in'tgrra'dius)

n.

[L. inter,

between

The
;
radius, radius.]
radius of a radiate animal halfway
between two perradii (zool.}.

interramal (Tn'te'rra'mal) a. [L. inter,

between; ramus, branch.] Between
branches or rami (biol.\
interramicorn (m'tgrram'ikorn) n. [L.
inter, between
ramus, branch
cornu, horn.] A piece of a bird's
bill beyond the mandibular rami
forming the gonys (zool.}.
;

interrenal (in'tgrre'nal) a. [L. inter,

between ; renes, kidneys.] Between
the kidneys ; appl. veins and adrenal organs of uncertain function
in most vertebrates (zool.}.

interrupted (in'tgrrup'ted) a.
[L.
inter, between
rumpere, to break.]
;

with continuity
Unsymmetrical
broken
irregular (hot.}.
interruptedly pinnate, pinnate with
;

interpeduncular (In'tSrpSdung'kular)
a.
[L. inter, between pedunctilus,
little foot.]
Appl. a fossa between
and also
the cerebral peduncles
a ganglion (anat.).
inter,

interplacental (Tn'tgrplasgn'tal)
inter,

(Phys.).

internodia (Tn't6rno'dia) n.plu. Phalanges.

interocular (in'tgrok'ular) a. [L. inter,
between
Placed
oculus, eye.]
between the eyes (zool.).
interopercle ( In'tgropeYkl) n.
[L.
inter, between
operculum, lid.] A
membrane bone of the operculum
of Teleostomes attached to the

INT-

153

successive

phalanges

pairs

of small

leaflets

between larger ones

occurring

(dot.).

interscapular (Tn'tgrskap'ular)
inter,

a.

[L.

between scapula, shoulderBetween the shoulder;

blade.]

blades ; appl. feathers (zool.).

interseptal (Tn't6rs6p'tal) a. [L. inter,
between septum, division.] Pert.
spaces between septa or partitions.
interspicular (in'tgrspik'ular) a. [L.
inter, between ;
spiculum, sharp
;

point.]
Occurring
ules (zool.).

between

interspinal (in'tgrsprnal)

a.

spic-

[L. inter,

between spina, spine.] Occurring

between spinous processes or between spines appl. bones, muscles
;

(anat.).

INTinterspinous (in'tgrspl'nus)

a.

between

stapes,

a.

[L.
stirrup.]

Appl. a part of the columella of the

ear (anat.).
(m'tgrsteril'iti) n.
[L.
sterilis, unfruitful.]
;
for
interbreeding
(biol.).
Incapacity
intersternal (in'tgrsteYnal) a.
[L.
inter, between ; Gk. sternon, breast-

intersterility

between

inter,

Between the sterna

with maternal blood (smb.} occurring between villi (anat., zool).

interzonal (m'tgrzo'nal) a. [L. inter,
between zona, belt.] Between two
zones ; appl. spindle fibres uniting
groups of daughter chromosomes
in the anaphase of mitosis (cyt.).
interzooecial (in'tgrzoe'shial) a. [L.
filled

spinal.

interstapedial (in'tgrstape'dial)
inter,

INT-

154
Inter-

inter,

between zoon, animal oikos,

Occurring among zooecia

(zool.).

(zool.);

intestinal

connecting the
manubrium and body of sternum

testinus,

plate.]

ligaments

appl.

(m'tgrstish'al)

a.

[L.

between ; sistere, to set.]

Occurring in interstices or spaces ;
appl, cells within tissues.
Intel-temporal (m'tgrtgm'poral) n. [L.
inter, between ; temporalis, tempopaired membrane bone,
rary.]
part of the sphenoid complex, fusing
inter,

with the alisphenoids (zool.).

intertentacular (in'te'rte'ntak'ular) a.
tentaculum, a
[L. inter, between
Between the tentacles ;
feeler.]
tube
a
ciliated
opening at the
appl.
base of the tentacles and connecting coelom and the exterior, found
in the Molluscoida (zool.).
;

intertidal

between

(in'tferti'dal)
;

A.S.

tid,

shore animals

between

high-

a,

[L. inter,

time.]
plants

and
and

Appl.
living

low-water

(biol.).

(m'tgrtrokanteVik)

Gk. tro[L. inter, between

Between the
chanter, a runner.]
trochanters
appl. crest, and line

a.

(anat.).

intertrochlear (in'tertrok'lear)

between

a.

[L.

Gk. trochos, wheel.]

Appl. an ulnar ridge fitting into a

groove of the humerus (anat.).
interventricular (in'tgrvgntrik'ular) a.
small
[L. inter, between ventricula,
;

Between the ventricles

cavity.]
appl. a foramen (anat.).
intervertebral

intestine (intgs'tin) n. [L. intestinus,

internal.] That part of the alimentary canal from pylorus to
anus, or the part corresponding to
this in lower forms (zool.).
intextine (intek'stin) n. [L. intus,
within ; exter, without.] An inner
membrane of an extine (bot.\
intima (m'tima) n. [L. intimus, innermost.] The innermost lining membrane of a part or organ (anat.").
intine (in'tin) n. [L. intus, within.]
The inner covering membrane of a
pollen grain (bot.}.
intrabiontic (Tn'trablon'tik) a.
[L.
Gk. bios, life on fa,
intra, within
beings.] Appl. a process of selection occurring in a living unit
;

(phys., biol.).

intracapsular (m'trakap'sular) a. [L.

intra, within capsula, small chest.]
Contained within a capsule, as the
protoplasm of Radiolarians (biol.).
intracardiac (Tn'trakar'diak) a.
[L.
Gk. kardia, heart.]
intra, within
Within the heart (zool., anat.}.
intracartilaginous
(Tn'trakar'tilaj';

intertrochanteric

inter,

a.
in(intgs'tinal)
[L.
Pert, the ininternal.]
testines; appl.< arteries, glands, villi,

etc. (anat.).

(anat.).

interstitial

marks

house.]

(in'tervgr'tgbral)

a.

between ;
vertebra,
inter,
[L.
vertebra.] Occurring between the
vertebrae ;
fibrocartilages,
appl.
foramina, veins, discs (anat.).
intervillous (in'tgrvil'us) a. [L. inter,
between ; villi, hairs.] Appl. the
spaces in the trophoblastic network

inus) a.
gristle.]

[L. intra, within

cartilage,

Inside the cartilage appl.

;

ossification (emb.).

intracellular (in'trasgl'ular) a. [L.

intra, within
cellula, little cell.]
Within the cell (biol., phys.).
intracortical
[L.
(in'trakor^tikal) a.
intra, within cortex, rind.] Uniting
parts of the brain cortex, or within
;

it

(anat.).

intrafascicular (in'trafasTk'ular) a.
[L. intra, within fasciculus, little
bundle.] Within a vascular bundle
;

(bot.).

intrafoliaceous

(m'trafolia'shus)

a.

INT-

intra, within
folium, leaf.]
Appl. stipules encircling the stem
and forming a sheath cf, ochrea

[L.

(bot.}.

Intrafusal (m'trafu'sal) a. [L. infra,

within ; fusus,
Appl.
poured.]

and

fasciculi

connected

fibres

re-

spectively with neurotendinous and

neuromuscular spindles (anat.}.
intraglobular (in'traglob'ular) a. [L.
Ocintra, within ; globus, globe.]

curringwithin aglobule or corpuscle

(Phys.}.

intrajugular
infra,

(in'trajoog'ular) a.

within

jugulum,

[L.
throat.]

Appl. a bony spicule or process in

the middle of the jugular notch
(anat.}.

intralamellar (Tn'tralamel'ar)
intra, within

a.
[L.
lamella, thin plate.]

Within a lamella afipl. the trama

of gill-bearing Fungi (bot.}.
;

intralobular (in'tralob'ular) a. [L.

lobulus, small lobe.]
intra, within
Occurring within lobules ; appl.
veins draining the liver lobules
;

(anat.}.

intramembranous(in'trame'rn'branus)
a.

[L.

film.]

INT-

155

within

membrana,
Appl. bone developed in
intra,

membrane

a.

F. molecule, small

Appl. plant respiration

from the splitting up of complex
particle.]

substances within the cell (bot.}.

intranuclear (in'tranu'klear) a. [L.
within
nucleus, kernel.]
intra,
Within the nucleus appl. spindles,
;

fibres, etc. (cyt.}.

intraparietal (in'trapari'e'tal) a. [L.

Enintra, within
paries, wall.]
closed within the walls of an organ ;
within the parietal lobe, as sulcus,
;

intrapetalous (In'trapgt'alus) a. [L.

Gk. petalon, petal.]
intra, within
Situated in a petaloid area, in
;

(zool.}.

intrapetiolar (m'trapgt'iolar) a. [L.

intra, within petiolus, little foot.]
Within the petiole base expansion
;

intrastelar (in'traste'lar) a. [L. intra,

within ; stele, pillar.] Within the
stele of a stem or root
appl.
;

ground tissue, bundles, etc. (bot.}.

intratarsal (in'tratar'sal) a. [L. intra,
within ; tarsus, ankle.] Within the
tarsus ; appl. joint of reptilian limb
between the rows of tarsal bones
(zool.}.

intrathyroid (In'trathl'roid) a.
[L.
intra, within ; Gk. thyreos, shield
eidos, like.]
Appl. a cartilage joining the laminae of the thyroid
cartilage during infancy (anat.}.
intrauterine (In'trau't6rin) a.
[L.
;

intra, within

uterus,

womb.]

a.

intrapleural (in'traploo'ral)
[L.
Gk. pleuron, side.]
intra, within
Within the thoracic cavity.
intraselection
(In'traseWshun) n.

De-

veloping or passed within the

uterus (emb.}.
intravaginal (in'travaj'inal) a.
[L.
within
intra,
vagina, sheath.]
Within the vagina (zool.}
contained within a sheath, as grass
branches (bot.}.
intravascular (m'travaVkular) a. [L.
within
intra,
vasculum, small
Within the blood-vessels
vessel.]
;

(anat.}.

(m'travgntrik'ular)

ventriculus,
[L. intra, within
small cavity.] Appl. the caudate
nucleus of the corpus striatum,
seen within the ventricle of the
brain ; within a ventricle (anat.}.
intravesical (m'traves'ikal) a.
[L.
within ; vesica,
intra,
bladder.]
Within the bladder (anat.}.
intravitelline (in'travitglfn) a. [L.
intra, within ; vitellus, egg-yolk.]
Within the yolk of an egg (emb.}.
a.

intraxylary
intra,

(in'trazl'lari)

within

a.

[L.

Gk. xylon, wood.]

(bot.}.

intrinsic (mtrm'sik) a. [L. intrinsecus,

inwards.] Appl. inner muscles of
tongue ; opp. extrinsic (anat.}.
introitus (Intro'itus) n.
[L. intro,
within ; ire, to go.] An opening

or orifice (anat.}.
intromittent (In'tromit'fint)
intro,

(bot.}.

Within the wood or xylem

fissure, etc. (anat.}.

Echinoderms

selectus, chosen.]
Selection within an organ of cells

fittest to survive.

intraventricular

(anat.}.

intramolecular (m'tramolgk'ular)
[L. intra, within

[L. intra, within

a.
[L.
;
mittere, to send.]
for inserting ; appl. male

within

Adapted

copulatory organs (zool.}.

introrse (Intr&rs') a. [L. intro, within
Turned inwards
versus^ turned.]
;

INT-

or towards the axis

of anthers,
opening on the side next the
;

pistil (60 f.).

Introvert (m'trovert) n.
[L. intro,
within ; vertere, to turn.]
That
which is capable of involution, as
the anterior region of the body of
certain zooids, of certain Annulates,
the mouth extremity of certain
Molluscs (zool.} v. to turn, bend,
or draw inwards (biol.).
Intussusception (m'tussusgp'shun) n.
within ; suscipere, to
intus,
[L.
;

receive.]

Growth

in surface-extent

or volume by intercalation of particles among those already present

(biol.).

(in'ulas) n.
[L. inula, the
ferment of
plant elecampane.]
plants which acts on inulin (bat.).
inulin (m'ulin) n. [L. inula, the plant
form of starch
elecampane.]

inulase

found in plant-cell sap (bot.).

invaginate (mvaj'inat) v.
[L.
;

draw

exterior

{zool., bot.).

invagination (invaj'ina'shun) n. [L. in,

into vagina, sheath.]
Involution
introversion gastrula-formation by
;

volucrum, covering.] Bearing involucres (bot.).

involucre (in'volu'ker) n. [L. involucrum, covering.] Bracts at the
base of chief branches of compound

umbels (bot.).
involucrum (in'volu'krum)

n.

[L.

In Hydromedusae, the protective cup into

which nematocysts can be spirally

involucrum, covering.]

retracted
the metanotum of Orthoptera (zool.) an involucre (hot.).
involuntary (invol'untarl) a. [L. in,
not voluntas, a wish.] Not under
;

will
appl. certain
plain unstriped muscles, as of the
alimentary canal, and to their

control of the

movements

(phys.).

involute

(in'volut) a.
[L. involutus,
rolled up.]
Of leaves, having the
inwards
at each side
edges rolled
of shells, closely coiled
(bot.)
;

(zool.).

in,

vagina, sheath.] To involute

into a sheath ; appl. the
insinking of a wall of a cavity or
vessel
apparently reducing the
original cavity and leaving a new
cavity or groove visible on the
into

or

IRI-

156

infolding of the blastula wall (zool.}.

invertase (inveVtas) n. [L. invertere,
to turn into.] A ferment of plants
which acts on cane sugar (bot.).

invertebrate (invgr'tgbrat) a. [L. in,

not
Back-bonevertebra, joint.]
less ; without spinal column.
investing bones, membrane bones.
investment (mv&st'ment) n. [L. in,
;

in
The outer
vestire, to clothe.]
covering of a part, organ, animal,
or plant.
involucel (invol'use'l) n. [Dim. of L.
involucrum, covering.] The small
bracts at the base of a secondary
umbel a partial involucre (hot.}.
involucellate (Invol'usSl'at) a. [Dim.
of L. involucrum, covering.] Bear;

ing involucels (bot.).

involucral (in'volu'kral) a.
[L. involucrum, covering.] Pert, or like
an involucre (bot.).
involucrate (m'volu'krat) a. [L. in-

involution (in'volu'shun)
volvere, to roll up.]
that have become
structure owing to

n.

[L. in-

Appl. forms

deformed

in

unfavourable
to such an
conditions,
extent as to be incapable of recovery if the conditions improve
as the so-called "latent bodies" in
the Haemoflagellate life - history
but

not

(zool.).

iodothyrin (lo'dothl'nn)
violet

n.

[Gk. iodes,

An iodine
thyreos, shield.]
in the colloid material

compound

of the thyroid gland (phys.).

the filtration angle of
an angular recess at the
surface of the attached
margin of the eye (anat.).
iridocytes (ir'idoslts) n. plu. [L. iris,
rainbow; Gk. kytos, hollow.] Guanin
granules, bodies or plates, of which
the reflecting tissue of the skin of
Fishes is composed
iridescent
cells in the integument of Sepia
iridial angle,

the eye
anterior

(zool.).

iridomotor (ir'idomo'tor) a. [L. iris,

rainbow movere, to move.] Connected with the movements of the
;

iris (phys.).

iris

(I'ris) n.
[L. iris, rainbow.]
thin, circular, contractile disc susin the aqueous humour of

pended

the eye between

lens (anat.).

the cornea and

IRR-

157

irritability (ir'itabil'itl) n. [L. irritare,

Power of receiving
to provoke.]
external impressions or stimuli, and
reacting to them, inherent in living

matter

(phys.).

(phys.).

isobilateral symmetry,
the quality
of leaves whose upper and lower
surfaces are similar (dot.).

irritant (Ir'itant) n.
[L. irritare, to
An external stimulus
provoke.]

which provokes a response (phys.).

Ischial.
ischiadic (is'kTad'lk) a.
ischial (Ts'kial) a. [Gk. ischion, a hip.]
Pert, or in the region of the hip
appl. artery, vein (anat.).

isocarpous (I'sokar'pus) a. [Gk. isos,

equal karpos, fruit.] Having carpels and perianth divisions equal
;

in

a.
ischiocapsular
(Ts'kTokap'sular)
L. capsula, little
[Gk. ischion, hip
a
chest.]
ligament joining
Appl.
the capsular ligament and the hip
;

(anat.).
a.

[Gk. ischion, hip

(Ts'kTokav'ernus)
L. cavus, hollow.]
;

Appl. muscle between the hip and

the corpora cavernosa (anat.).
ischiopodite (fs'kiop'odlt) n.
[Gk.
The
ischion,
hip
pous, foot.]
proximal joint of the walking legs
of certain Crustacea, or of the
maxillipedes (zool.).
ischiopubic (Is'kTopu'bTk) a.
[Gk.
ischion, hip L. pubis, adult.] Appl.
a gap or fenestra between the
ischium and pubis (anat.).
ischiopubis (Ts'kTopu'bTs) n.
[Gk.
The
L. pubis, adult.]
ischion, hip
ischium of Pterodactyls, the pubis
being excluded from the acetabulum a fused ischium and pubis
;

ischiorectal

a.

(Is'kTorgk'tal)

hip

L.

rectus,

ischium

(Ts'kTum)

n.

[Gk.

straight.]

ischium and rectum

and muscles (anat.).

Pert,
fossa

appl.

[Gk. ischion,

The ventral and posterior

bone of each half of the pelvic
girdle of Mammals an ischiopodite
hip.]

(zool.).

isidia (bot.).

isidioid (IsTd'Toid) a.
cidos, like.]

[Gk.
soredia on

plu.

[Gk.

isis,

the

.,

plant

(bot.).

isidia (Isid'ia)
Coral-like

plant.]

surface

Lichens (bot.).
isidophorous (I'sTdof'oriis)
plant

isis,

Like an isidium

isidium (IsTd'ium)

iferous.

isocercal

equal
bral

(bot.).

(I'soseYkal) a.
kerkos, tail.]

column ending

in

[Gk.

With

tsos,

verteline

median

of caudal fin (zool.).

isochela (I'soke'la) n. [Gk. isos, equal
A chela with two
chele, claw.]
parts equally developed (zool.).
isocytic (I'sosTt'ik) a. [Gk. isos, equal
kytos, hollow.]

With

all cells

equal

(biol.).

isodactylous (I'sodak'tiliis) a.
[Gk.
Havisos, equal; daktylos, finger.]
all
the
of
ing
digits
equal size
(zool.).

isodiametric (I'sodiamgt'rik) a. [Gk.

dia, through
t'sos, equal
metron,
With cells or other
measure.]
structures of equal diameter (bot.).
isodont (I'so'dont) a. [Gk. isos, equal
;

odous,

equal

tooth.]

Having

teeth

all

(zool.).

isodynamic

(I'sodtnam'ik) a.
[Gk.
Of
equal dynamis, power.]
foods
;
equal strength appl.
(phys.).
isogamete (I'sogamet') n. [Gk. isos,
equal gamos, marriage.] One of
a pair of equal gametes, not
differentiated from one another.
isos,

isogamous (Isog'amus)

a.

equal gamos, marriage.]

the gametes alike (hot.).
;

[Gk.

isos^

Having

isogamy

(isog'amT) n.
[Gk. isos,
Sexual
gamos, union.]
equal
union, or union of similar gametes
;

isidiferous (I'sTdif'erus) a. [Gk. isis,

plant
Bearing
~L.ferre, to bear.]

isis,

number

ischiocavernous

ischion,

ISO-

islets of Langerhans,
spherical or
oval bodies scattered throughout
the pancreas, concerned in the
metabolism of sugar in the body

of some

(biol.).

isogenetic (I'sojengt'ik) a. [Gk. isos,

equal ; genos, offspring.] Arising
from the same or a similar origin
(biol.).

isogenous (isoj'e'nus) a. Isogenetic.

isognathous (Isog'nathus) a.
[Gk.
isos,

a.

[Gk.

pherein, to bear.]

Isid-

equal; gnathos, jaw.]

Having

both jaws alike (zool.).

isomastigote (I'somas'tTgot) a
isos,

equal; inastix, whip.]

[Gk.

Having

ISOthe

of

flagella

equal

length

(zool.).

isomere (I'somer)

n.
[Gk. isos, equal;
meros, part.]
homologous structure or part (zool.).
isoinerous (Isom'Srus) a.
[Gk. isos,

equal; meros, part.] Having equal

numbers of different parts appl.
flowers with the same number of
;

parts in each whorl (dot.).

isomorphic (I'somor'fik) a. [Gk. isos,
equal
morphe, shape.]
Super;

ficially alike (biol.\

Isomorphism

n.

(I'somor'fizm)
[Gk.
equal
morphe, shape.] Apparent similarity of individuals of
different race or species (diol.).
isomorphous (I'somor'fus) a. Isomortsos,

phic.

isopedine

(isop'edin) n.

[Gk. isopedos,
A layer of compact bony
level.]
material in certain fish scales (zool.).
isopetalous (I'sopeYalus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal
petalon, petal.]
Having
similar petals (dot.).
isophytoid (I'sofi'toid) a.
[Gk. isos,
" indiequal phyton, plant.] An
vidual" or part of a compound
plant not differentiated from the
;

rest (dot.).
isopodous (Isop'odus) a.

equal

JAC-

158

pous, foot.]
legs alike and equal
;

constantly repeated in a
regular manner, as in crinoid
brachia (zool.).
isotonic (I'soton'ik) a.
[Gk. isos,
Of equal
tonos,
equal
tone.]
tension (phys.).
n.
isotonicity (I'sotonis'iti)
[Gk. isos,
equal ; tonos, tone.] Normal tension under pressure or stimulus
tion

(phys.).

isotropous (isot'ropiis) a. [Gk. isos,

to
Not
equal
turn.]
trepein,
influenced in any one direction
more than another (dot.) ; without
;

predetermined

(emd.).

isozoic (I'sozo'ik) a.
[Gk. isos, equal
Inhabited
zoon,
by
animal.]
similar forms of animal life (dial ).
;

isozooid

isthmiate
neck.]

isospore (I'sospor ) n. [Gk.

equal
An agamete prosporos, seed.]
duced by schizogony opp. anisospore (zool., hot.).
isosporous (Isos'porus) a. [Gk. isos,
equal
seed.]
sporos,
Having
spores of one kind only (hot.).
isostemonous (I'sostgm'onus) a. [Gk.
L. stamen, standing.]
isos, equal
Having stamens equal in number
to that of sepals and petals (dot.).
isos,

n.

(is'miat) a.

[Gk.

isos,

eidos,

like.]

the

parent

[Gk. isthmos,

Connected by an isthmus-

like part.
(is'mus)

neck.]

(I'sozo'oid)

equal ; zoon, animal

A zooid similar to
stock (zoo!.).

isthmus

Isopogonous
[Gk.
Of
isos,
equal
pogon, beard.]
feathers having the two webs
and
similar
(zool.).
equal

eggs

isotropy (isot'ropi)
[Gk. isos,
Absence
equal
trepein, to turn.]
of predetermined axes in eggs.

(zool.).
(I'sopog'onus) a.

in

n.

Having the

[Gk. isos

as

axes,

(zool.).

n.

[Gk. isthmos,

narrow structure con-

necting two larger parts, as those

of aorta, acoustic meatus, limbic
lobe, thyroid, etc. (anat.).
iter (ft'Sr) n.
[L. iter, way.]
passage or canal, as those of the
middle ear, brain, etc. ; an aque-

duct (anat.).
ivory (I'vori) n.
[L. edur, ivory,
through French.] Dentine of teeth,
usually that of the elephant's tusks
and similar structures, formed from
the odontoblasts.

isotely

(Tsot'glT) n.

[Gk.

isos,

equal

end.] The close resemblance

homologous character, feature,
or organ which has undergone
subsequent modifications on a
telos,

in a

similar line although

it

widely divergent groups

isotomy
equal

in

(zool., dot.).

n.
[Gk. tsos,
temnein, to cut.] Bifurca-

(Ts6t'6mT)
;

may be

Jacobson's cartilage, a special cartilage formed in the nose region,

supporting Jacobson's organ.

Jacobson's organ, a diverticulum of
the olfactory organ in many vertebrates, often developing into an
epithelium-lined sac which opens
into the mouth.

JAC-

KAR-

159

jaculator (jak'ulator) n. [L. jaculatus,

A placental process,
thrown.]
usually hook-shaped, of certain
fruits (hot.).

jugum (joog'iim) n. [L.jugum,

pair of opposite leaflets

yoke.]

a ridge

on the mericarp of umbelliferous

plants (dot.} a small forewing lobe
of a very few moths with no frenulum (zool.} ; the union of the small
sphenoidal wings in the first year
after birth (anat.}.
juice (joos) n. [L.jus, mixture.] The
fluid contained in animal flesh or
plant structure (phys.).
;

jaculatory (jak'ulatorf) a. [L. jaculatorius, throwing.]

Darting out;
capable of being emitted (zoo/.).
jaculatory duct, a portion of the
vas deferens in many animals,
which is capable of being protruded (zool.}.
jaculiferous (jak'ulif'erus) a.
[L.
jaculum, a dart ferre, to carry.]
;

Bearing dart-like spines.

jaw (jo) n. [Akin to chaw, cheivl\
structure of vertebrates supported

by bone or

Jurassic (jooras'ik) a. [Jura mountains.]

Occurring in the middle
Secondary rock-system, the eighth
of the thirteen systems (pal.}.

naked or

cartilage,

sheathed in horn, or bearing teeth

or horny plates, forming part of
the mouth, and helping to open
in invertebrates, a
or shut it
similarly placed structure.
jaw-bone, the mandible.
jaw-foot, a maxillipede of Arthropods (zool.}.

jecorin (jSk'orin)

n.

lecithin-like

stance

present
of the

organs

quantities,
(phys.}.

jejunum
empty.]

[L.jecur, liver.]
submany of the

phosphorized
in

body in minute
and soluble in ether

(jejoon'um) n. [L. jejunus,

The part of the small

intestine stretching from the duodenum to the ileum (anat.}.

the mucoid tissue
jelly of Wharton,
found in connection with the vessels

of the umbilical cord (anat.}.

jubate (joob'at) a.
[L. jubatus,

With mane-like growth

maned.j

(joog'al) n.

[L.

jugum, yoke.]

The malar bone, between

maxilla

and squamosal.
jugate

(joog'at) a.

Having

pairs

furnished with a

jugular

of

leaflets

jugum

lum, a collar-bone.]
;

(bot.}

(zool.).

[L.

Pert,

jugu-

neck or

appl. ventral fish-fins bein front of pectoral fins

neath and
(zool.).

jugulum

(joog'ulum, jug-) n.
[L.
jugulum, collar-bone.] The foreneck region of a bird's breast ; in
Insects, the jugum of the wing
(zool.}.

[Gk.

kalldium

In-

[Dim. Gk.
form of sporocarp

(kalid'ium) n.

kalia, a hut.]
(bot.}.

kalymmocytes

(kaltm'osits) n. plu.
covering ; kytos,
In
Ascidians, certain folliclecell.]
cells which migrate into the egg
after maturation (zool.}.

[Gk.

kalymma,

karyaster (karias'ter)

n.
[Gk. karyon,
nucleus ; aster, star.] A star-shaped
group of chromosomes (cyt.}.

karyenchyma
karyon,

(kar'Igng'kTma) n. [Gk.

nucleus

in-

;
engchyma,
Nuclear sap (cyt.}.

fusion.]

karyogamy

n.

(kar'iog'aml)

nucleus

games,

[Gk.
union.]

Union and interchange of nuclear

material

(cyt.}.

karyokinesis (karfokine'sis)

[L.jugum, yoke.]

(joog'ular, jug-) a.

throat

(kak'ojen'gsls) n.

;
genesis, descent.]
ability to hybridize (biol.}.

karyon,

(zool.\.

jugal

kakogenesis
kakos, bad

n.
[Gk.
karyon, nucleus ; kinein, to change.]
Indirect cell-division; mitosis (cyt.}.

karyolymph

n.

(kar'iolimf)

karyon, nucleus

[Gk.

L. lympha, water.]
Nuclear sap (cyt.}.
karyolysls (kar'iol'lsls) n. [Gk. kar-

yon,

nucleus

lyein,

to

loosen.]

Supposed dissolution of the nucleus

in mitosis (cyt.}.

karyomlcrosome (kar'iomi'krosom)

11.

[Gk. karyon, nucleus ; mikros, small ;

A nuclear granule
soma, body.]
(cyt.}.

KARkaryomite

[Gk. kar-

(kar'lomlt') n.

yon, nucleus

mitos,

karyon, nucleus

thread.]

chromosome (cyt.}.
karyomitome (karTomitom')

n.

[Gk.

mitoma, network.]

mitos, thread.]
karyon, nucleus
Indirect nuclear division (cyt.}.
;

n.

(kar'ion)

The

nucleus.]

karyophans

[Gk.

karyon,

cell-nucleus

(cyt.}.

(kar'iofanz') n. plu.

[Gk.
to
nucleus
karyon,
phainein,
nucleusor
Microsomes
appear.]
like granules surrounded by an
the
ovoid matrix, which form
;

spironeme and axoneme

of Infusoria

karyoplasm

in

stalk

(cyt.}.

n.
[Gk.
karyon, nucleus plasma, something
The
moulded.]
nucleoplasm or
nuclear substance (cyt.}.

(kar'toplazm)
;

karyorhexis

(kar'iorek'sis) n.
[Gk.
rexis, breaking.]
karyon, nucleus
Fragmentation of the nucleus (cyt.}.
karyosome (kar'iosom) n. [Gk. karyon, nucleus ; soma, body.] One
of the nucleoli of the "net-knot"
a chromosome
a special
type
aggregation of chromatin in the
the
cell-nucleus
nucleus
resting
;

itself

cf.

karyota

plasmosome

(cyt.}.

(kario'ta) n. plu.

yon, nucleus.]

[Gk. kar-

Nucleated

cells,

karyotheca

(kar'iothe'ka) n.
[Gk.
theke, covering.]
karyon, nucleus
;

The nuclear membrane

(cyt.}.

katabolism

(katab'olizm) n.
[Gk.
kata, down ballein, to throw.] The
of
metabolism
destructive processes
(phys.}.
kataphoric (katafor'ik) a. [Gk. kata,
down pherein, to carry.] Appl.
passive action, the result of lethargy
;

(phys.}.

kataplexy

down

(kat'aplek'si) n.

[Gk. kata,

to strike.]
Conplessein,
dition of an animal feigning death
;

(Phys.}.

katastate (katas'tat)

down

n.

stasis, state.]

[Gk. kata,

Any product

of katabolic activity of protoplasm

(katl'on)
ienai, to go.]

;/.

[Gk. kata,

moves

which
kathode or

down

A positively

charged
towards the

negative pole
opp.
anion (phys.}.
keel (kel) n. [A.S. ceol, ship.] The
carina or breast-bone of flying birds
the boat-shaped structure
(zool.}
;

formed by the two anterior petals

of the Leguminosae (bot.}.
keraphyllous (keraf'iltis) a.
[Gk.
keras, horn
phyllon, leaf.] Appl.
layer of a hoof between the horny
;

and

sensitive parts.

keratin

n.
[Gk. keras,
insoluble
substance
of
the
basis
forming
epidermal
structures
such as horns, nails

(ker'atin)

An

horn.]

(zool.}.

keratinization

n.

(kerat'iniza'shun)

[Gk. keras, horn.] State of becoming horny appl. cells of epiderm

developing in a horny material
;

(zool.}.

keratogenous (keratqj'e'nus) a. [Gk.

keras, horn gignesthai, to produce.]
Horn-producing (zool.}.
;

keratoid (ker'atoid) a. [Gk. keras,

horn eidos, resemblance.] Horny
resembling horn (zool.}.
keratose (ker'atos) a. [Gk. keras,
Having horny fibres in
horn.]

their skeleton, as certain

Sponges

(zool.}.

a
small grain.] The inner part of a
seed containing the embryo (bot.}.

kernel

(ker'nel)

kidney

[A.S.

cyrnel,

n.
[M.E. kidnere,
urine-secreting organ

(kld'ni)

kidney.]
(anat.}.

kinaesthetic (kln'esthet'ik)

a.

[Gk.

kinein, to move ; aisthesis, perception.] Pert, sense of muscular effort ;

motorial appl. sense, area (phys.}.

kinesodic (km'esod'ik) a. [Gk. kinesis,
;

movement

odos, way.]
Conveying
motor impulses (phys.}.
kinetic (klnet'lk) a. [Gk. kinein, to
move.] Appl. energy employed in
producing or changing motion
(phys.}
appl. division centre in
;

cell-division

(cyt.}.

kinetoblast

(phys.}.

kathodic (kathod'ik)

kation
ion

Nuclear network of fibres (cyt.}.

karyomitosis (kar'iomito'sis) n. [Gk.

karyon

KIN-

160

a.

[Gk. kathodos,
descent.] Not arising in conformation to the genetic spiral ; appl.
leaves (bot.}.

n.
[Gk.
(kine'toblast)
The
kinein, to move ; blastos, bud.]
outer ciliated investment of aquatic

larvae with special locomotor properties (zool.}.

KIN-

n.
kinetogenesis
(kine'toje'n'e'sis)
[Gk. kinein, to move gignesthai,
to produce.]
The evolution theory
that animal structures have been
produced by animal movements
;

(biol.}.

kinetonucleus

n.
(klne'tonu'kleus)
[Gk. kinein, to move ; L. nucleus,
kernel.] The secondary nucleus,

in forms such as
Trypanosomes,
in close connection with the flagellum and undulating membrane
cf. trophonucleus (cyt.}.
kinetoplasm (kine'toplazm) n. [Gk.
kinein, to move
plasma, some-

thing formed.] An iron-containing nucleo-protein forming a source

of energy to Nissl granules of
nerve-cells (phys.}.

kinoplasm
kinein,

rays,

n.

[Gk.

plasma,

some-

(km oplazm)

to

move

The substance of

thing formed.]

which

astral
attraction-sphere,
and spindle-fibres consist

archoplasm (cyt.}.
klasma-plates (klas'ma-plats) n. plu.
L. platus,
[Gk. klasma, fragment
Small parts of compound
flat.]
ambulacral plates separated by
growth pressure in certain Echi;

noids

Fertilized in closed flowers (bot.}.

knee (ne) n. [A.S. cnecnu, knee.]
The joint between femur and tibia
;

a root-process of certain

swamp-growing trees (bot.}.

knot (not) n. [A.S. cnotta, a knot.]
In wood, the base of a branch surrounded by new layers of wood
and hardened by pressure (dot.)

in

nuclear-meshwork, the small

of chromatin where the

particles

meshes cross

small
The lower petal,
lip.]
morphologically posterior, of an
orchid (bot.} a small lobe beneath
;

the labrum in certain insects ; one

of the proboscis lobes in certain
insects (zool.}.
(la'bia) n. plu.
[L. labium, lip.]
Lip-like structures (anat.}.
labia cerebri, the margins of the

labia

hemispheres of the brain overlapping the corpus callosum (anaf.}.

labia majora, the outer lips of the
vulva (anat.}.
labia minora, the inner vulvular
lips (anat.}.

labial (la'blal) a. [L. labium, lip.]

Pert, or resembling a lip (zool.}.
labial palp, the lobe-like structure
near the mouth of a mollusc the
jointed appendage on the labium
of Insects (zool.}.
labiate (la'blat) a. [L. labium, lip.]
or
possessing
lips
Lip-like ;
;

thickened margins (zool.} having

the limb of the calyx or corolla so
divided that the one portion over;

laps the other (bot.}.

labiatiflorous (la'biatiflo'rus)

a.

[L.

labium, lip ; flos, flower.] Having

the corolla divided into two liplike portions (bot.}.

(zool.}.

kleistogamous (kllstog'amus) a. [Gk.

kleistos, closed
gamos, marriage.]

(zool.}

LAii-

161

labidophorous (lab'idof'orus)
forceps

labis,

Possessing

organs

pincer-like

(zool.}.

labiella (la'bleTa) n. [L. labium, lip.]

One of the mouth organs of Myria-

pods

(zool.}.

labiodental
a.
(la'biodgn'tal)
[L.
Pert.
labium, lip ; dens, tooth.]
lip

and

teeth

appl.

an em-

to

bryonic lamina (emb.}.

labium

(la'bium) n. sing, of labia

the fused second maxillae of Insects
;

(*/.).
labral (la'bral)

(cyt.}.

a.
[Gk.
pherein, to carry.]

Pert, a

a.

labrum

[L. labrum,

lip.]

(zool.}.

labrum

labra

(la'brum) n.,
(la'bra)
[L. labrum, lip.] The anterior
of Insects, Crustaceans, and
certain other Arthropods ; the outer
margin of the mouth of a gastropod

plu.
lip

labellate (labeTat) a. [L. labellum,

small lip.] Furnished with labella
or small lips (dot., zool.}.
labelloid (labeToid) a. [L. labellum,
small lip Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
Like a labellum.
;

labellum (labeTum)

n.

[L. labelling

shell (zool.}.
(lab'frinth)

n.

rinthus, labyrinth.]
internal ear, bony or

The complex
membranous

labyrinth

[L.

laby;

the portions of kidney cortex with

LAG-

162

I,ABthe uriniferous tubules (anat.)

tracheal tympanum (zool.).

labyrinthodont

lactescent

the

(lakteVgnt) a. [L. lacturn to milk.] Producmilk (zool.)

yielding latex

tescere, to

(lab'irin'thodont)

a.

ing

[Gk. labyrinthos, labyrinth ; odous,

a tooth.] Having teeth with great
complexity of dentine arrangement

lactic (lak'tik) a.
[L. lac, milk.]
Pert, milk ; appl. bacilli (phys.).

(zool.}.

lactiferous (laktif'erus)

laccate

Appearing as

if

varnished

lacerated (Ias'6rat6d)
to

a.

(dot.).

latex

[L. lacerare,

a.

(lasfir'tiform)

lizard

[L.

forma, shape.]
shape of a lizard

Having the

lactoglobulin (lak'toglob'ulin) n. [L.

lac, milk ; globulus, dim. of globus,

(zool).

The specific proteid

globe.]
milk, insoluble in water (phys.).

lachrymal, see lacrimal.

laclnia (lasin'ia) n. [L. lacinia, flap.]
Segment of an incised leaf (hot.) ;
internal endopodite of labium of
Insects (zool.).
laciniate (lasm'Iat) a. [L. lacinia,
as
incised,
flap.]
Irregularly

flap.]

lactoproteid
lac,

milk

Any

first

of

the

of
[L.

eidos,

milk

proteids (phys.).

lacuna (laku'na) n. [L. lacuna, cavity.]

A space between cells a sinus
;

a urethral follicle a cavity

in bone (anat.)
a small cavity or
depression on the surface in Lichens

lacinia,

(zool.)

Small lacinia (hot., zool.}

sharp point of the

(bot.).

(tot.).

lacinulate (lasin'ulat) a. [L. lacinia,

Having lacinulae (dot., zool.).
flap.]

lacunar

lacrimal (lak'rimal)

lacunae (zool., anat.).

lacunose (laku'nos) a.

a.

Pert, or situated
'nejjii-^e
lacrimal organ; appl. bone, duct,

lacrima, tear
the lacrimal

lactase (lak'tas) n.

An enzyme

found

[L. lac,
in the

body forming glucose,

[L.

glands

[L.

An

resembling
[L.

With numerous

lacuna,
cavities

(lak'unosoroo'gos)
lacuna, cavity
rugosus,
wrinkled.] Having deep furrows or
pits, as some seeds and fruits (bot.).

a.

[L.

lacustrine (lakus'trin) a. [L. lacus,

Pert, or being in or beside
lake.]
lakes (tot., zool.).
laeotropic (le'otrop'ik) a. [Gk. laios,
left

trepein,

to

milk.]

animal
from

lagena

(lagen'a, laje'na)
(lage'na, lajen'e) plu.

flask.]

An

Inclined,

turn.]

turned, or coiled to the

laeotropous (leot'ropus).

etc.,

lactose (phys.).
lactation (lakta'shun) n.
[L.
Secretion of milk in
milk.]

lacuna,

[L.

or

lacunosorugose

'

duct (anat.).
lacrimose (lak'rimos) a. [L. lacrima,
tear.]
Bearing tear-shaped appendages, as the gills of certain

a.

(zool., bot.).

nasum, nose.] Pert.

and nasal bones or

Fungi (bot.).
lactalbumin (lak'talbu'min) n.
lac, milk
albumin, albumin.]
albumin found in milk (phys.).

Having

cavity.]

'

.,
papillae, sac, etc. (anat.).
lacrimonasal (lak'rlmona'zal) a.

(laku'nar)

cavity.]

[L. lacrima,

tear.]

mammary

n.

(lak'topro'teid)

Gk. protos,

resemblance.]

the inflexed
petal

(phys.).

petals ; fringed (hot.).

lacinula (lasin'ula) n.
[L.

lac,

colouring matter of a nitrogenous

nature supposed to be in milk

(hot., zool.}.

lacerta,

(tot.).

lactochrome (lak'tokrom) n. [L.

milk
Gk. chroma, colour.]

apex deeply cut into irregular lobes

lacertiform

lac,

[L.

Having the margin or

tear.]

a.

milk ;ferre, to carry.] Forming or

carrying
carrying milk (zool}

varnish.]

[It. lacca,

(lak'at)tf.

(bot.).

left (zool.).

Laeotropic.
;/.,

[L.

lagenae
lagena,

outgrowth of the sac-

culus, the terminal portion of the

lac,

the

(zool.).

lacteals (lak'tealz) n. plu. [L. lac,

milk.] Thechyliferous or lymphatic
vessels of the smallintestine (anat.);
ducts which carry latex (tot.).

cochlea

(zool.).

lageniform (lage'mform, laje'niform)

a.
[L. lagena, flask forma, shape.]
;

Shaped

like a flask (zool.).

lagopodous

a.
(lagop'odus)
[Gk.
lagos, hare pous, foot.] Possessing
or
feet
hairy
feathery
(zool.).
;

LAM

LAP-

Lamarckian

a.

(lamark'ian)

or pert.

Lamarck

Lamarck,

biologist.]

laminiform (lamin'iform) a. [L. lamina, plate forma, shape.] Laminar.

laminiplantar (lam'inTplan'tar) a. [L.

[F.

Of

the theories put forward by

planta, sole of foot.]

scales of the metatarsus

lamina, plate

(diol.).

Lamarckism

n.

(lamark'izm)

Having the

[F.

The

biologist.]

lanate

lambda

Woolly

appl.

a.

[Gk. A,
Aresemblance.]
a cranial suture

eidos,

shaped

lambdoidal, lambdoid.
lamella (lamel'a) n. [L. lamella, a

Any thin plate-like

structure (anat., zool.)
the gill of

leaves (dot.).
lanceolate (lan'seolat)

[L. lamella, a
Composed of, or
a.

little

lance-shaped

(dot., zool.).

gills.]
Having platelike gills on each side ; with bilaterally compressed symmetrical
body, like a bivalve (zool.).

brangchia,

a.

[L. lanceola,
at base and

Broad

lance.]

lance-oval (lans'-o'val) a.
lance ; ovalis, oval.]
between lanceolate and
lance-ovate (lans'-o'vat) a.
lance ; ovalis, oval.]

(lameTikorn)

a.

tapering to the point

possessing thin plates (zool., dot.).

lamellate (lamel'at). Lamellar.
lamellibranchiate (lameTibrang'kiat)
a.
Gk.
[L. lamella, thin plate

lamellicorn

plate.]

lamina,

lance-oblong (lans'-ob'long) a.
[L.
lancea, lance ; odlongus, oblong.]
Oblong with tapering ends appl.

small plate.]

small

(zool.)

[L.

lana, wool.]
covered with short
[L.

a.
lance-linear
(lans'-lin'ear)
[L.
lancea, lance ; linea, line.] Between
lanceolate and linear in form ; appl.
leaves (dot.).

(anat.).

an Agaric (dot.).
lamellar (lameTar)

a.

(lan'at)

a.

hair-like processes giving a woolly

appearance to the surface (dot.).

sagittal sutures (anat.).

(lam'doid)

smooth ridge

in a

(zool.).

laminous (lam'inus)
plate.] ^Laminar.

lambda (lam'da) n. [Gk. A, lambda.]

The junction of the lambdoid and

lambdoid

meeting behind

evolution
theory of Lamarck, embodying the
that
characterprinciple
acquired
istics are transmissible (diol.).

Lamarck,

between

laftceolate

lancefejaafoisi,

[L.

[L. lancea,

Something
oval

(dot.).

[L. lancea,

Something

and ovate

(dot.).

speciad'plates support-

Hav- I &iHf&^e water-vascular vessels of

lamella, plate
ing antennal joints expanded into \,^TJlastoMs (jppJit).
flattened plates (zojf.).
Langerhans, see islets of Langercornu, horn.]

lamelliferous

(lam'elif'e'rus)

lamella,

plate

Having

small

to

ferre,
plates

or

[L. y. V nAnsT
cawy.j Vlanguet,

a.

scales

the

(zool.).

lamelliform (lamel'iform) a. [L. laPlatemella, plate forma, shape.]

bearing

ridges

lamelloss (lameTos, lam'los), lamellar.

lamina (lam'ina) n. [L. lamina, plate.]
A thin layer, or scale one of the
thin plate-like expansions of sensitive tissue which fit into the grooves
on the inside of the horse-hoof
the blade of the leaf (dot.).
(zool.)
laminar (lam'mar) a.
[L. lamina,
plate.]
Consisting of plates or thin
;

layers

in

(dot., zool.).

pieces.]

canine tooth
lantern,
.

process on
of Ascidians

see

[L. laniare,
appl.

Term

to
to

(zool.).

lantern

Aristotle's

(zool.).

lanthanin (lan'thanin)
thanein,

(zool.).

n.

a.

(lan'iari)

tear

lamellar-like

(lang'gwe't)

sac

(zool.).

like (zool.).

bill

branchial

laniary

lamellirostral (lamgl'iros'tral) a. [L.

lamella,
plate ;
rostrum,
beak.]
Having the inner edges of the

languette

[F. langue, tongue.]

to

n.

conceal.]

[Gk. lan-

Oxychro-

matin.

lanuginous
wool.] Woolly

(lanu'jinus) a.

lanugo

[L. lanugo,

(dot., zool.).

(lanu'go) n.

The downy
shed early

[L. lanugo, wool.]

covering on a foetus,

in life (anat.).

lapidicolous (lap'Idik'olus) a.
[L.
lapis, stone ; colere, to cultivate.]
under
that
live
animals
Appl.
stones (zool.).

LAPlappaceous (lapa'shus)
bur.]

Prickly

lappet

(lap'et) n.

hanging

a.

[L. lappa,

[M.E. lappe, a loose

One

part.]

n.

(lar'va)

An embryo

[L.

of the paired

larva, ghost.]

becomes

which

of development

circumstances

(dot.).

lobes extending downwards from

the distal end of the stomodaeum
in jelly-fish ; the lobes of a seaanemone gullet ; the wattle of a
bird (zool.).

larva

LAX

164

self-

stages

resting

under favourable
buds (hot.)

appl.

(zool.)

character-

istics (biol.).

latent bodies, the resting stage of

certain Haemoflagellates (zool.).
a.
lateral
[L. latus, side.]
(lateral)
Pert, or situated at a side (zool.)
or at a side of an axis (bot.).
lateral chain theory, see side chain
;

theory

(phys.).

and independent before

has assumed the characteristic
features of its parents (zool.).
larval (lar'val) a. [L. larva, ghost.]

lateral line, a longitudinal line at

each side of the body of Fishes
marking the position of supposedly

Pert, or in the larval stage (zool.).

larviform (lar'viform) a. [L. larva,
ghost forma, shape.] Shaped like

and with the pneumogastric nerve

sustaining
it

a larva (zool.).
larvigerous (larvlj'erus) a.
ghost gerere, to bear.]
;

[L. larva,

Coarctate

(zool.).

larvlparous (larvip'arus) a. [L. larva,

ghost parere, to produce.] Producing live larvae (zool.).
larvlvorous (larviv'orus) a. [L. larva,
ghost vorare, to devour.]" Larvaeating (sool.).
larvule (lar'vul) n. [L. larvula, small
;

Young

larva.]

laryngeal

larva

(larin'jeal,

lar'fnje'al)

a.

(anat.).
larin'jo-) a.

(laring'gotra'keal,

[Gk. larynx, windpipe

L. trachea, trachea.]

and trachea

appl.

Pert, larynx,

embryonic tube

(lar'inks);*.,

larynges

(larin'jez)

plu. [Gk. larynx, the larynx.] The

organ of voice in most vertebrates,
with the exception of birds (zool.).
filamented
lasso-cells,
hemispherical cells investing the tentacles
of Ctenophores, which adhere to
foreign bodies (zool.).
(lat'ebra)

n.

[L.

latebra,

The bulb of the

hiding-place.]
flask-shaped mass of white yolk in

latex (la'teks) n. [L. latex, fluid.] A

milky fluid found in some plants
(bot.).

fluid

latex

a.
[L. latex,
Conveying
ferre, to carry.]
;
appl. cells, tissue, vessels

(bot.).

latiplantar (lat'iplan'tar) a. [L. latus,

side
sole of foot.]
Having
filanta,
the hinder tarsal surface rounded
(zool.).

latirostral (lat'iros'tral) a. [L. latus,

broad
Broadrostrum, beak.]
;

(emb.).

Inhabiting holes.
latent (la'tSnt)

a.

[L. latere, to lie

Lying dormant but capable

(zool.).

latiseptate (lat'isep'tat) a. [L. latus,

broad ; septum, septum.] Having
a broad septum in the silicula
(bot.).

Laurer-Stieda canal, a canal leading

from the junction of the oviduct
and vitelline duct to open externally on the dorsal surface in Tre-

matodes

(zool.).

laurinoxylon

(lor'inok'silon)

laurus, laurel

Any

latebricole (latgb'rikol) a. [L. latebra,

colere, to cultivate.]
hiding-place

hid.]

With

latus, side ; nervus, sinew.]

lateral veins (bot.).

beaked

(emb.).

eggs

laterigrade (lat'erigrad) a. [L. latus,

side ; gradus, step.] Walking sideways, as a crab (zool.).
laterinerved (lat'erinervd') a.
[L.

laryngotracheal

latebra

(zool.).

lateral mesenteries, the mesenteries

ofZoantharia, excludingthe directive
or dorsal and ventral pairs (zool.).

laticiferous (lat'isif'erus)

(zool.).

[Gk. larynx, upper part of windpipe.] Pert, or near the larynx ;

etc.
vein,
artery,
nerve,
appl.

larynx

sensory cells connected together,

law

fossil

n.

[L.

Gk. xylon, wood.]

wood.

of acceleration,

the generaliza-

tion that organs of greater importance develop more quickly (emb.).

lax(laks)a. [L. laxus, loose.]

as appl. panicle (bot.).

Loose,

LAY-

LEP-

layer of Langhans,

see cytotropho-

blast.

leader

laedan, to
lead.]
Highest shoot or part of
trunk of a tree (bot.).
An
leaf (lef)
[A.S. leaf, leaf.]
(le'der)

n.

[A.S.

outgrowth of a
usually green (bot.}.
lechriodont (Igk'riodont') a.

expanded

lechrios,

slantwise

odous,

a row which

transverse

is

nearly

if

teeth
not quite

white of egg.] A substance, consisting of albumin and lecithin, said

to exist in various organs in the
(phys.).

lecithin

(leYithin) n.
[Gk. lekithos,
egg-yolk.]
phosphorized fat of
cell-protoplasm (phys.).
lecithoblast (leVithoblast) n.
[Gk.

egg-yolk ; blastos, bud.]

In developing eggs, the yolk-conblastomeres
(smb.).
taining
lecithocoel (leYithosel) n. [Gk. lekilekithos,

egg-yolk koilos, hollow.] The

segmentation cavity of holoblastic
eggs (emb.\

celled,

(IggunV, leg'um) n.
[L. legdehiscent onepulse.]
two-valved carpel, as pod of

pea or bean

legumin

(dot.).

(Iggu'min) n.
[L. legumen,
pulse.]
proteid found in the
seeds of the Leguminosae (bot.).

lemniscus
lemniskos,

n.

(le"mms'kus)
fillet.]

One
at

[Gk.
of paired
base of

club-shaped organs
proboscis
acanthocephalan
a fillet of fibres on each side
(zool.)
of the cerebral peduncles (anat.).

the

A
lens (16nz) n.
[L. lens, lentil.]
transparent part of the eye which
focusses rays of light on the
retina ; the crystalline lens (anat.);
the modified portion of the cornea
in front of each element of a
compound eye

(zool.).

lenticel (16n'tTs61) n.

Ventilating

stems

pore

[L. lens, lentil.]

in

Angiosperm

(bot.).

lenticular (16ntik'ular) a.
[L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lentil.]
Shaped
like a double convex lens (bot.,
zool.).

The

tip of

with

often ossified

the
as

a separate unit (anat.).

lenticulate (16ntik'ulat) a. [L. lens,
Meeting in a sharp point
lentil.]

lentiform (len'tiform) a.
[L. lens,
lentil forma, shape.]
Lenticular.
lentigerous (le'ntij'e'rus) a. [L. lens,
lentil
Furnished
gerere, to bear.]
with a lens (zool.).

n.
(Igs'ithalbu'min)
[Gk. lekithos, egg-yolk ; L. albumen,

legume
ume n,

is

[Gk.
tooth.]

(zool.).

thos,

which

depressed, circular, and frequently

ribbed (zool.).

lecithalbumin

body

stapes,

stem,

With vomerine and pterygoid

in

lenticular (Igntik'ular) n.
the incus articulating

lentiginose (IgntTj'Inos)

from

lens,

a.

lentil.]

[L. lentigo,

Freckled

bearing numerous small

speckled
dots (zool., bot.).
lentiginous (IgntijTnus). Lentiginose.
lepidodendroid (lep'idode'n'droid) a.
dendron, tree
[Gk. lepis, scale
Pert, lepidodendron
eidos, like.]
;

scale-like leaf-scars (pal.).

having
lepidophyte (lep'idoflt) n.
scale
phyton, plant.]

[Gk.

lepis,
fossil

plant of the fern family (pal.).

lepidopterous (16p'Id6p't6rus) a. [Gk.
pteron, wing.] Pert.
lepis, scale
the Lepidoptera, i.e. having wings
covered with minute over-lapping
scales (zool.).
lepidote (Igp'Idot) a. [Gk. lepis, scale.]
Covered with minute scales (bot.).
lepidotic (lep'IdSt'lk) a.
[Gk. lepis,
scale.]
Appl. an acid found in
wings of some Lepidoptera (phys.).
lepidotrichia (Igp'idotrik'ia) n. plu.
[Gk. lepis, scale ; thrir, hair.] In
;

Teleostomi, bony dermal fin-rays,

probably modified scales (zool.).
lepospondylous (Igp'ospon'dllus) a.
husk
[Gk.
lepos,
sphondylvs,
vertebra.]
Having amphicoelous,
;

or

hour-glass

vertebrae

shaped,

(zool.).

leptocephaloid (16p't6k6f'aloid, -s6f-)

a.
kephale,
[Gk. leptos, slender
Rehead
eidos, resemblance.]
sembling or having the shape of
a Leptocephalus (zool.).
leptocercal (Igp'tosgr'kal) a.
[Gk.
;

leptos, slender; kerkos, tail.]

With

long slender tapering tail, as some

Fishes (zool.).
a.
leptodactylous
(lep'todak'tilus)
slender;
daktylos,
[Gk.
leptos,
or
slender
small
finger.]
Having
digits (zool.).

LEP-

LIE-

166

leptodermatous (Ifip'todeYmatus)
[Gk. leptos, slender

a.

derma, skin.]

Thin-skinned; appl, various thecae

leukos, white

(bot.}.

leucocyte

(bot.}.

leptodermic (Igp'todgr'mik). Leptodermatous.

leptodermous (Igp'toder'mus). Leptodermatous.
leptome (Igp'tom) n.
[Gk. leptos,
tissue
of
Vascular
slender.]
phloem bast (bot.}.
plant stems
leptophloem '(ISp'toflo'Sm) n.
[Gk.
;

slender

leptos,

smooth

phloios,

Rudimentary bast

bark.]

kyanos, dark blue.]

in certain Algae

pigment found

tissue

loo-)

(lu'koslt,

leukos, white

amoebocyte

n.

[Gk.

An

kytos, hollow.]

a colourless blood-

corpuscle (anat.}.
leucocy togenesis
(lu'kosi'toj en'esls,
loo-) n.
[Gk. leukos, white kytos,
hollow ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Leucocyte formation (phys.}.
leucoplastids (lu'koplas'tidz, loo-) n.
[Gk. leukos, white ; plastos,
plu.
formed.] Colourless plastids from
;

which amylo-, chloro-, and chromoleptophyllous (lep'tofil'us)

[Gk.
slender
leaf.]
leptos,
phyllon,
With slender leaves "(bot.}.
leptosporangiate (Igp'tosporan'jiat) a.
[Gk. leptos, slender
sporos, seed
a.

anggeion,

genous

tissue

With

vessel.]

sporo-

developing

from

outer cell of periclinal division

opp. eusporangiate (bot.}.
leptostroterate (lep'tostrot'grat) a.
slender ;
leptos,
strotos,
[Gk.
covered.] With ambulacra! plates
narrow and crowded together, as
in certain Stelleroidea (zool.}.
;

leptoxylem

(lep'tozl'lgm)

slender

leptos,

Rudimentary wood
leptus

(Igp'tus) n.

The

six-legged

n.

xylon,
tissue

[Gk.

wood.]
(bot.}.

[Gk. leptos, small.]

larva of mites

(zool.}.

[L. letum, death.]

Of a parasite, fatal or deadly in
relation to a particular host (zool.}.
(lu'sgin,

lu'seen,

loo-)

n.

An amino[Gk. leukos, white.]

acid formed during the decomposition of proteids (phys.}.
leucine (lu'sen, lu'sln, loo-) n. [Gk.
A white nitroleukos, white.]
genous substance found as a
constituent of various tissues and
organs

(phys.}.
leucite (lu'sit, loo-) n.

white.]

(bot.}.

plasm which may develop into

or
chromatophores
amyloplasts
(bot.}.

levator

n.

(16va/tor)

[L. levare,

A name

to

given to muscles
serving to raise an organ or part

raise.]

(anat.}.

Leydig's

duct,

the

Wolffian

duct

(emb.}.

minute organs on

Leydig's organs,
the antennae of Arthropods, supposed to be organs of smell (zool.}.
liana (lian'a) n. [L. ligare, to bind.]
Any luxuriant woody climber of
tropical

or

semi-tropical

forests

(bot.}.

lethal (le'thal) a.

leuceine

plastids arise

leucoplasts (lu'koplasts, loo-) n. phi.

[Gk. leukos, white; plastos, formed.]
Colourless granules of plant cyto-

[Gk. leukos,
colourless plastid (bot.}.

leucoblast (lu'koblast, loo-) n. [Gk.

A
leukos, white ; blastos, bud.]
colourless blood-corpuscle in de-

velopment (emb.}.
leucocarpous (lu'kokar'pus, loo-) a.
[Gk. leukos, white
karoos, fruit.]
With the fruit white (bot.}.
leucocyan (lu'kosfan, loo-) n. [Gk.
;

liber (ll'ber) n.

[L. liber,

inner bark.]

Bast (bot.}.
lichenism (ll'kgnizm) n. [Gk. leichen,
Symbiotic relationship
liverwort.]
between Fungi and Algae (bot.}.
lichenoid (H'kgnoid)
liverwort

a.

[Gk. leichen,

eidos,
resemblance.]
Resembling a Lichen (bot.}.
lichenology (Il'ke"n61'6ji) n.
[Gk.
;

leichen, liverwort; logos, discourse.]

The study of Lichens (bot.}.

Lieberktihn's crypts, tubular glands
of the intestines (anat.}.
lien

(ll'6n, le'6n) n.

[L. lien, spleen.]

Spleen.
lienal (ll'enal) a.
[L. lien, spleen.]
Pert, spleen ; appl. artery, vein,

nerve plexus (anat.}.

lienculus (lign'kulus) n.
[L. lien,
An accessory spleen
spleen.]
(anat.}.

lienogastric (lle'nogas'trlk, lea'no-)

a.

TJF[L. /ten, spleen

liguliflorous

a.
(ITg'ulIflo'rus)
[L.
ligula, little tongue ; flos, flower.]
Having ligulate flowers only (dot.).

gaster, stomach.]

and stomach
appl.
artery supplying spleen and parts
of stomach and pancreas (anat.).
Pert, spleen

limacel (Hm'asgl) n. [L. Umax, slug.]

The concealed vestigial shell of

the various phases through

which an individual species passes

life-cycle

to maturity

slugs

(zool.).

limb (Hm) n.
Branch arm

[L. lignes-

become woody.] Developwoody tissue

(anat.).

limbous
;

ing on

\L.lignum,

colere, to cultivate.]

wood

limbus,
su-

[L.

overlapping

limbus

n.
limbus,
(lim'bus)
[L.
border.] Any border if distinctly
marked off by colour or structure

(tot.).

Wood-formation, the thickening of

plant cell-walls by the deposition
of lignin (tot.).
lignin (Ilg'nen, lig'ntn) n. [L. lignum,
wood.] The substance which, modified by cellulose, causes the thickening of plant cell-walls, and so forms

(zool., hot.).

limicolous (limlk'olus)

mud
ing

[L. lig-

num, wood vorare, to devour.]

Eating wood; appl. various Insects
;

[L. limus,

Living

in

(zool., tot.).

limivorous (lirmVorus)
;

a.

[L. limus,

Mud-eatvorare, to devour.]
appl. certain aquatic animals

mud

which swallow
a.

a.

colere, to dwell.]

mud;

mud

(tot.).

lignivorous (ligmv'orus)

(zool.).

limnetic (llmngt'lk) a. [Gk. limne,

marsh.] Living in marshes pert.
organisms of marshy habitat (tot.,
;

zool.).

(zool.).

lignocellulose (Ifg'noseTulos) n.

lignum, wood

limnophilous

[L.

cellula, little cell.]

The

essential constituent of woody

tissue, lignin and cellulose com-

bined

a.

(lim'bus)

border.]
Appl.
tures (anat.).

Grow-

ligniflcation (Hg'nifika'shun) n.
[L.
lignum, wood facere, to form.]

wood

limb.]

ing the characters of

(dot.).

wood

ligmicolous (iTgnik'olus)tf.

Urn,

[A.S.

leg
wing,
limbic (llm'blk)a. [L. limbus, border.]
Bordering appl. a cerebral lobe

(tot.).

cere, to

[L.

Like
a slug (zool.).
limacine (Itm'asin) a.
[L. Umax,
Pert, or resembling a slug
slug.]
;

(lignSs'e'nt) a.

a.

(limas'lform)

Umax, slug forma, shape.]

liga-

[L.

strong
fibrous band of tissue connecting
two or more moveable bones (anat.).
ligneous (ITg'neus) a. [L. lignum,
of the nature of
wood.] Woody
lignescent

(zool.).

limaciform

(biol.).

ligament (lig'amgnt)
mentum, bandage.]

wood

TJX-

167

Living

(limnofilus) a. [Gk.
philein, to love.]

marsh
in

fresh-water

marshes

appl. snail, etc. (zool.).

limnoplankton

(tot.).

lignose (lig'nos) n. [L. lignum, wood.]

A variety of cellulose (tot.).
ligula (lig'ula) n. [L. ligula, little
band of white matter
tongue.]
in the wall of the fourth ventricle
a process on the wall of
(anat.)
the mouth of Insects (zool.).
ligulate (Itg'ulat) a. [L. ligula, little
tongue.] Having or pert, ligules
strap-shaped, as the ray flowers of

Compositae

limne,

(Iim'noplang'kt6n) n.

marsh ; plangktos,
limne,
[Gk.
wandering.] The floating animal
and plant life in fresh-water ponds
and marshes cf. hallplankton.
;

line

(lin)

n.

[A.S. line,

cable.]

anatomical term, such

nuchal, temporal line (anat.).
line

linea (Hn'ea) n.
line,

which

[L. linea, line.]

as

see.

linear (lln'ear)

a.

[L.

linea,

line.]

Thread-like^/.,^/.),

(tot.).

llgule (Hg'ul) n.
[L. ligula, little
membranous appendtongue.]
at
the
age
junction of blade and
petiole a supra-sporangial scale in
Selaginella (tot.) one of the lobes
qf the annelidan parapodium (zool.).

linear-ensate

[L.
(lln'ear-gn'sat) a.
Between
linea, line ; ensis, sword.]
linear and ensiform in shape ; appl

leaves (tot.).
linear - lanceolate
a.

(lln'ear-lan'seolat)
[L. lineO) line ; lanceola^ small

LIN-

lance.] Between linear and lanceolate in shape ; appl. leaves (bot.).

linear-oblong (Im'ear-ob'long) a. [L.
tinea, line
oblongus, long across.]
;

Between

linear

and

oblong

in

shape appl. leaves (hot.).

linellae (linel'e) n. plu.
[L. linella,
fine thread.]
system of filaments
in certain Sarcodina holding together the xenophya (zool.}.
lineolate (lin'eolat) a. [L. linea, line.]
Marked by fine lines or striae
;

(bot., zool.).

(ling'gwa) n.
[L.
lingua,
tongue.] The floor of the mouth in
mites ; the hypopharynx of insects
a tongue or tongue-like structure

(zool.).

lingual (ling'gwal)

a.

lingua,

[L.

tongue.] Pert, tongue ; appl. radula

of Molluscs (zool.) ; appl. artery,
gyrus, nerve, vein (anat.).
lingula (Img'gula) n. [L. lingula,
A small tongue-like
little tongue.]
process of bone or other tissue, as
of cerebellum or sphenoid (anat.}.
linin (ffnln) n.
[L. tinum, flax.]
The substance of the achromatinic
reticulum of a cell-nucleus (cyt.).

Linnaean (Hne'an) a. [L. Linnaeus,

or
Swedish naturalist.]
Pert,
designating the system of classification established by Linnaeus
(biol.).

One of
[A.S. lippa, lip.]
the fleshy folds round the mouth
a lip-like structure, such as labia,

lip (lip) n.

labella, etc. (zool., anat.).

a sporangium cell
lip cell,

point of dehiscence (bot.).

lipase (lip'as) n. [Gk. lipos,

at

fat.]

the

An

enzyme, lipolytic in action, found in

blood and in various organs, and
also in various seeds (phys.).
lipochrome (lip'okrom) n. [Gk. lipos,
fat
chroma, colour.] A pigment
found in some Polychaetes (zool.),
;

in

some

lipogastry
belly.]

the

(bot.).

[Gk.

;
gaster,
obliteration of

as

cavity,

in

some

[Gk.

lipos,

(zool.).

lipogenous (lipoj'6nus)
fat

be lacking

Temporary

gastral

Sponges

plants

(lip'ogas'tri)

to

leipesthai,

a.

gignesthai, to produce.]

producing

resemblance.] Any fatty substance, such as lecithin, cholesterin,

eidos,

found

in cells (phys.).

(Hp'olTt'ik) a.
[Gk. lipos,
Capable of
lyein, to reduce.]
fat
;
fat-reducing
dissolving
(phys}.

lipolytic
fat

lipomerism

(Ifpom'e'rlzm)

n.

[Gk.

leipesthai, to be lacking ; meros,

Suppression of segmentapart.]
tion, or coalescence of segments, as
in Crustaceans (zool.).

lipostomy (ITpos'tom!) n. [Gk. leipesstoma, mouth.]

thai, to be lacking
;

lingua

and

LIT-

168

Fat-

(bot., zool.).

lipoid (iTp'oid)

a.

[Gk.

lipos,

fat

Temporary obliteration
mouth or osculum (zool.).
lipoxenous

of

the

a.
(lipok'sgnus)
[Gk.
to be lacking ; xenos,

leipesthai,
host.]
Leaving

the

host before

completion of development, as in
case of certain parasites (bot.).
lipped (Hpt) a.
[A.S. lippa, lip.]
Labiate (bot.).
lirella

n.

(lireTa)

linear

[L. lira, furrow.]

apothecium of Lichens

(**).
lissencephalous (lis'gnkeTalus, -sgf-)
smooth engkephalon,
a.
[Gk. lissos,
brain.]
Having few or no convolutions on the brain (zool.).
;

lissoflagellate (lis'oflaj'glat) a.
[Gk.
L. ftagellum, whip.]
lissos, smooth
no
collar
Having
surrounding the
;

base of the flagellum (zool.).

lithite (iTth'lt) n.
[Gk. lithos, stone.]
A calcareous secretion found in
connection with the ear, or with
otocysts, lithocysts,

and tentaculo-

cysts, the supposed auditory organs

of many invertebrates (anat., zool.).
lithocysts (lith'osists) n. plu.
[Gk.
stone ;
lithos,
kystis,
bladder.]
Minute sacs or grooves, containing
lithites, found in various invertebrates ; the marginal sense-organs
of certain Coelenterates (zool.).

lithodesma (lith'odeVma)

n.
[Gk.
stone ; desma, bond.]
A
small plate, shelly in nature, found
in certain bivalves (zool.).

lithos,

lithodomous (lithod'timus)

a.
[Gk.
stone
demein, to build.]
Living in rocks (zool.).
lithogenous (Hthqj'e'nus) a.
[Gk.
lithos, stone
gignesthai, to prolithos,

duce.]
Rock-forming, or
building, as certain corals

lithophagous

(lithof'agus) a,

rock(zool.).

[Gk.

LIT-

stone
phagein, to eat.]
as
Birds
rockStone-eating,
burrowing, as Molluscs (zoo/.).
a.
lithophilous
(lithofilus)
[Gk.
stone
lithos,
love.]
philein, to
Growing on stones or rocks (bot.).
lithophyll (lith'ofil) n.
[Gk. lithos,
stone
A fossil leaf,
fihyllon, leaf.]
or leaf-impression (J>al.).
lithos,

lithophyte (lith'oflt) n. [Gk. lithos,

stone
A plant
phyton, plant.]
growing on rocks or in rocky
;

places

(bot.).

lithotomous

(lithot'omiis) a.
[Gk.
stone temnein,\.o cut.] Stoneboring, as certain Molluscs (zoo/.).
littoral (Ht'oral) a.
[L. littus, seashore.]
Growing or living at or
near the sea-shore (biol.).
liver (liv'er). [A.S. lifer, liver.] A bilesecreting gland of vertebrates (zoo/.).
lithos,

an organ in Molluscs
and Crustaceans combining the functhe
tionsof
liver and pancreas (zoo/.).

liver-pancreas,

lobate (lo'bat)

a.

Divided into

[Gk. lobos, lobe.]

lobes.

lobe (lob) n. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]

flap-like structure on the toes of
certain birds (zoo/.)
any rounded
projection of an organ.
;

lobed (lobd)

a.

[Gk.

lobos,

lobe.]

Having the margin cut up into

rounded divisions by incisions
which reach less than half-way to
the mid-rib (bot.).
lobopodia (lo'bdpo'dia)
lobos,

LON-

169

lobe

pous,

n.

phi.

foot.]

pseudopodia of Protozoa
lobose (16'bos)

[Gk.
Blunt

(zoo/.).

a.

[Gk. lobos, lobe.]

Having lobes, or divided up into
lobes (hot., zoo/.).
lobular (16b'ular) a. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
Like or pert, small lobes (anat.).
lobulate (ISb'ulat) a.
[Gk. lobos,
Divided into small lobes.
lobe.]
lobule (lob'ul) n. [Gk. lobos, lobe.]
A small lobe (anat.).
lobulus (lob'iilus). Lobule.
lobus (lo'bus). Lobe.
localization (lo'kaliza'shun) n.
L.
The state of being
locus, place.]
localized (phys.).
localization of function, reference
to different parts of the brain as

communicating

centres

various senses (phys.).

localization of sensation,

of

the

tion

on surface of body of exact

spot affected (phys.).

locellus (loseTus) n.

[L.

locellus,

from locus, place.] A small compartment of an ovary (bot.).

locomotor rods, hooked or knobbed
rods for crawling, on the ventral surface of certain round- worms (zoo/.).
locular (lok'ular) a. [L. loculus, from
locus, place.]
Containing, or composed of loculi (bot., zoo/.).
loculate (lok'ulat). Locular.
loculicidal (lok'ulfsl'dal) a. [L. locus,

place caedere, to cut.] Dehiscent

dorsally down the middle of the
carpels (dot.).
loculus (lok'ulus)
loculi (ISk'ulI,
.,
;

lok'ule), plu. [L. loculus, from locus,

small chamber or cavity ;
place.]
the cavities between the septa in

certain Coelenterates
a chamber
of a foraminiferal shell (zoo/.) one
of the cavities of an ovary (bot.).
lodicule (16d'Ikul) n.
[L. lodicula,
scale at the base of
coverlet.]
;

the ovary in grasses supposed to

represent a perianth (bot.).
loma (lo'ma) n. [Gk. loma, fringe.]

thin membranous flap forming

a fringe round an opening (zoo/.).

lomastome (lo'mastom') n. [Gk. loma,

stoma, mouth.]
fringe
Having
the margin of the lip recurved or
;

reflected (zoo/.).

loment (16'mSnt) n. [L. lomentum,

mixture of bean and rice meal.]
A legume or pod constricted between the seeds (bot.).
lomentaceous (I6'm6nta'shus) a. [L.
Pert, or
lomentum, bean meal.]
resembling a loment, or having
loments (bot.}.
lomentum (lomeVtum). Loment.
longicorn (lon'jikorn) a. [L. longifs,
long; cornu, horn.] Having long antennae appl. certain beetles (zoo/.).
longipennate (ISn'jipe'n'at) a.
[L.
longus, long \penna, wing.] Having
long wings, or with long feathers
;

(zoo/.).

longlrostral (Ifin'jlros'tral) a.
[L.
longus,
rostrum,
beak.]
long ;

With a long beak (zoo/.).

longitudinal (lon'jltu'dlnal) a.
[L.
longus, long.] Running lengthwise
or along the line of axis
appl.
muscle, nerve, etc. (anat.).
;

identifica-

LOPlophiostomate (Io'ff6st5'mat)
lophion, small crest

a.
[Gk.
stoma, mouth.]

With crested conceptacle-opening

(tot.).

lophobranchiate

a.

(lo'fobrang'kiat)

[Gk. lophos, crest

With

brangchia,

gills.]

n.

(lo'fokal'throps)

[Gk. lophos, crest A.S. coltraeppe,

a kind of thistle.] A sponge spicule with all the rays crested or
;

branched
lophocercal

a.
(lo'foseVkal)
[Gk.
; kerkos, tail.]
Having
caudal fin like a ridge

round the end of the vertebral

column (zool.}.
lophodont (lo'fodont) a. [Gk. lophos,
odous, tooth.] Having transridges on the cheek-teeth
grinding surface (zool.).
;

verse

lophophore

(lo'fofor) n.
[Gk. lophos,
pherein, to carry.] An oval
tentacle-supporting organ in Polyzoa and Brachiopods (zool.).

crest

lophoselenodont

(lo'fosfile'nodont) a.
crest ; selene, moon ;

[Gk. lophos,
odous, tooth.]
Having the cheek
teeth ridged with crescentic cuspid
ridges on the grinding surface (zool.).

lophosteon

(lo'fos'teon) n. [Gk. lophos,

The keelridge ; osteon, bone.]
ridge of a sternum (zool.).
lophotriaene (lo'fotri'en) n.
[Gk.
lophos,
ridge ; triaina, trident.]

Lophocalthrops.
lophotrichous (lofoYrikus) a.
[Gk.
Having
lophos, ridge thrix, hair.]
long whip-like flagella (hot., zool.).
lophs (lofs) n. flu. [Gk. lophos, ridge.]
Crests which may connect the
cones in teeth and so form ridges
;

(zool.).

loral (lo'ral) a.
[L. lorum, thong.]
Pert, or situated at the lore (zool.).

lorate

(lo'rat)

a.

Strap-shaped
lore (lor) n.

[L. lorum,

thong.]

(tot.).

bill

and

The

eyes

in

birds (zool.).
lorica (loYlka) n. [L. lorica, corselet.]
protective external case found in
Rotifers and Infusorians (zool.).
loricate (lor'ikat) a. [L. lorica, corse-

let.]

Insects

(zool.).

a.
[Gk. loxos,
odous, tooth.]
Having
oblique
molar teeth with shallow grooves
between the ridges (zool.).
luciferase (loostf'e'ras) n.
[L. lux,
;

An oxidizing

Covered with protective

or scales (zool.).
lorication moment,

enzyme which acts on

causing

mals

luciferine,
luminosity in certain ani-

(phys.).

luciferine (loosif'grin)

n.

[L.

lux,

The subferre, to carry.]

stance oxidized by luciferase, causing luminosity ; it appears to have
some of the properties of proteins
light

(phys.).

lumbar

(lum'bar) a.
[L. htmbus,
Pert, or near the region of
the loins ; appl. artery, vein, ver-

loin.]

tebra, plexus, gland (anat.).

lumbocostal (lum'bokos'tal) a.

[L.
Pert.
loin ;
costa, rib.]
ribs ; appl. arch (anat.).
lumbosacral (lum'bosa'kral) a.
[L.
lumbus, loin ; sacrum, sacred.]
loins and sacrum ;
Pert,
appl.

lumbus,
loins

and

nerve-plexus, trunk (anat.).

lumbriciform (Iumbrls'if6rm) a. [L.

earth-worm
lumbricus,
forma,
shape.] Like a worm (zool.).
lumbricoid (lum'brlkoid). Lumbrici;

form.

lumen

(lii'mSn, loo-) n.

light.]

The

[L. lumen,

cavity of a tubular

part or organ (anat.).

luminous organs,

specialized organs
for the production of light, found

in fireflies, deep-sea fishes, glowworms, etc. (zool.).

lunar (lu'nar, loo-) a.
[L. luna,
also
moon.] Appl. carpal bone
called semilunar and intermedium
;

[L. lorum, thong.]

space between

lorum (lo'rum) n. [L. lorum, thong.]

The piece of the under jaw on which
the submentum lies in certain

light \ferre, to carry.]

(zool.).

lophos, crest

a rayless

deposition of silica for an

entire skeleton at one time (zool.).
the

loxodont (lok'sodont)

tufted gills (zool.).

lophocalthrops

crest

LITN-

170

shell

lunate

lunare (lunar'e, loona'ra) n. [L. luna,

moon.] The lunar bone (anat.).
lunate (lu'nat, loo-) a.
[L. luna,
moon.] Somewhat crescent-shaped
(zool.).

lung

(lung)

n.

The paired
organ

the occasion of

(zool.).

of

[A.S. lunge, lung.]

or single respiratory
higher
air-breathing

a.nimal forms (zool.).

LUN-

lung-book, the respiratory organ of

Scorpionids, formed like a purse
with
numerous
compartments
(zool.}.

marking

(zool.}.

(lu'nulSt, loo-) n.

moon.]

[L. lunula,

small

lunule

(zool.}.

lupulin

loo'pulln)

(lu'pultn,

n.

[L.

lupus, a hop.] The resinous glandular scales of hops (hot.} ; an

organic compound, bitter and acrid,

obtained from these (phys.}.

lutein

on the addition of a fluid

lyophobe (phys.}.
lyophobe (Ifofob) a.
[Gk. lyein,
;

cf.

to

loose
phobos, fear.]
Appl. solutions which, after evaporation to
dryness, remain as a solid ; cf.
;

lunular (lu'nular, loo-) a. [L. lunula,

small moon.] Marked with crescent-shaped marking (zool.}.
lunulate (lu'nulat, loo-). Lunular.
lunule (lu'nul, loo-) n.
[L. lunula,
small moon.] A crescent-shaped
lunulet
small

MAC-

171

(lu'tein,

loo-)

n.

luteus,

[L.

orange-yellow.] The yellow pigment of egg-yolk (phys.}.

lychnidiate (liknld'iat) a. [Gk. lychLuminnis, phosphorescent gem.]
ous (zool.}.

lymph

(limf) n.
[L. lympha, water.]
alkaline colourless fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels

An

(anaf., phys.}.

lymph

heart, a contractile expansion of a lymph vessel where it

opens into a vein, found in many
of the vertebrates (zool.}.

lymphatic (Hmfat'ik) a. [L. lympha,

water.] Pert, or conveying lymph
(anat.}.

lymphocyte

(lim'foslt) n.

fympha,

[L.

Gk. kytos, hollow.]

colourless corpuscle found in blood

water

and lymph
lymphogenlc

(phys.}.
(llm'fojen'ik)

lympha, water

[L.

in the

lymph-

glands (phys.}.

lymphogenous

(limfoj'e'nus)

lympha, water
produce.]

(phys.}.

lyra (li'ra) n. [Gk. lyra, lyre.] Triangular part of the corpus callosum,
marked with lines as a lyre (anat.}.
lyrate (ffrat) a.
[Gk. lyra, lyre.]
Lyre-shaped appl. certain leaves
;

(bot.}.

lysactinic (Hsaktln'Ik) a. [Gk. lysis,

a loosing ; aktis, ray.]
Of Stelleroidea, having the podia limited
to the lower half of the body instead
of continued to the apical plates

desmactlnic (zool.}.
cf.
lyslgenous (lisij'gnus) a.

[Gk. lysis,
loosing ; gignesthai, to produce.]
Appl. formation of tissue cavities
caused by the degeneration and
breaking down of cell-walls in the
centre of the mass (bot.}.
lysln (li'sin) n. [Gk. lysis, loosing.]
Any substance capable of destroying bacteria (phys.}.
lysogenesls (Irsojen'ests) n.
[Gk.
lysis, loosing ; gignesthai, to produce.] The action of lysins (phys.}.

lysogenous

a.

[L.

(llsoj'e'nus).

(lis'a) n.
[Gk. lyssa, madness.]
vermiform structure of cartilage,

under

and
the

connective

tongue

water

tissue,

Mammals

(anat.}.

Gk. gignesthai, to

Lymph-forming

(phys.,

(lim'foid) a.
[L. lympha,
Gk. eidos, resemblance.]

of

lytta (llt'a) n. [Gk. lytta, madness.]

cartilaginous or fibrous rod lying
in the tongue of Carnivores (zool.}.

anat.}.

lymphold

Lysigenous.

lyssa

muscle,
a.

Gk. gignesthai, to

Produced

produce.]

lyophll (phys.}.
lyotropic (llotrop'ik) a. [Gk. lyein, to
loose ; trope, a turning.]
Appl.
solutions which are dependent on
in
the
solvent
itself
changes

Appl. retiform tissue with meshes

largely occupied by lymph corpuscles adenoid (phys.}.
lyophll (li'ofil) a. [Gk. lyein, to loose ;
Appl. solutions
philos, loving.]
;

which, after evaporation to dryness, go readily into solution again

macerate (m&s'erat)
to soften.]
isolate the

v.

[L. macerare,
or to
of a tissue or

To wear away
parts

to soften and wear

(zool.}
away by digestion or other means

organ

(phys.}.

machopolyp (mak'6p611p)

n.

[Gk,

MACmache, fight

foot.]

polys,

many

pous,

nematophore of certain

Hydromedusae

with

provided

or adhesive

cnidoblasts

globules

(zool.).

macrobiotic (mak'robiot'ik) a. [Gk.

bios, life.]
makros, large
Long;

life-prolonging

(btol.).

macroblast

[Gk.
(mak'rdblast) n.
A
blastos, bud.]
makros, large
large cell or corpuscle (zool.).
macrocarpous (mak'rokar'pus) a. [Gk.
makros, large karpos, fruit.] Pro;

ducing large

fruit (bot.).

or female conjugant

(zool.).

n.

gametes,
[Gk. makros, large
spouse kytos, hollow.] The mothera macrogamete, considered
female term used mainly in connection with Protista (biol.).
macrogamy (makrog'ami) n. [Gk.
makros, large
gamos, marriage.]
;

a.

[Gk.
head.]

makros,

Having

thickened

(bot.)

large ; kephale,
the cotyledons

big-headed

(anat.).

macrocnemic (mak'rokne'mik)

[Gk.

makros, large kneme, tibia.] Appl.

Zoanthidae having the sixth protocneme or primary pair of mesen;

teries perfect (zool.).

macroconidium (mak'rokonid'ium)

n.

konis, dust.]
[Gk. makros, large
A large asexual spore or conidium
;

(bot.).

macroconjugant (mak'rokon'joogant)
n.
[Gk. makros, large ; L. conjuThe large indigare, to unite.]
vidual of a conjugating pair, as the
Vorticellan to
sedentary
ordinary
which the motile microconjugant
or individual attaches itself (zool.).

macrocyst (mak'rosist) n. [Gk. makros,

large
large ; kystis, bladder.]
reproductive cell of certain Fungi
a large cyst or case, as for spores
;

(mak'rosi'tas)

n.

[Gk.

makros, large kytos, hollow.] The

enzyme of macrophages or endo;

thelial cells (phys.).

macrodactylous (mak'rodak'tilus)

a.

[Gk. makros, large ; daktylos, finger.]

With long digits (zool.}.

macrodont (mak'rodont)

Syngamy between full-grown individuals of a species, as in Actinophrys (zool.).

macroglossate (mak'roglos'at) a. [Gk.
makros,

large

tongue.]

glossa,

Furnished with a large tongue.

macrognathic

a.
(mak'rognath'ik)
[Gk. makros, large gnathos, jaw.]
Having specially developed jaws
(zool.).

macrogonidium

(mak'rogonid'itim) n.

[Gk. makros, large gone, generaA large gonidium (bot.).

tion.]
macromere (mak'romer) n.
[Gk.
In
makros, large ; meros, part.]
the cleavage of telolecithal eggs,
one of the larger cells of the lower
;

hemisphere (emb.).
macromerozoite (mak'romer'dzo'it)

a.

; odous, tooth.]
large teeth (anat.).

macrogamete (mak'rogamet')

n.

[Gk.

With
[Gk.

large; gametes, spouse.]

larger of two conjugants,
usually considered as equivalent

n.

meros, part
[Gk. makros, large
zoon, animal.] One of the many
divisions produced by the macroschizont stage of a
Sporozoan

(zool.).

macromesentery
n.

(mak'romes'enteri)

makros, large ; mesas,

One of the
enteron, gut.]

[Gk.

middle

larger complete mesenteries of an

Anthozoan

(sool.).

macromyelon (mak'roml'elon)
makros,

large

myelos,

The medulla oblongata

n.

n.

[Gk.

marrow.]

(anat.).

[Gk. makros,

The larger
ons, being.]
of two sets of cells formed after
schizogony in Neosporidia, the
macront giving rise to macrolarge

gametes (zool.).
macronucleus (mak'ronu'kleus)

n.

L. nucleus,
large
kernel.] The larger of two nuclei
in a cell, usually supposed to be
of a vegetative or somatic nature

[Gk.

makros, large

makros,

macront (mak'ront)

(bot.}.

macrocytase

cell of

;'

macrocephalous (mak'rokef'alus, -s6f-)

The

ovum

to the

macrogametocyte (mak'rogame'toslt)
;

inacrandrous (makran'drus) a. [Gk.

makros, large aner, man.] Having
large male plants or elements

lived

MAC-

172

makros,

(zool.).

macrophage

n.
(mak'rofaj)
[Gk.
large
phagein, to eat.]
large phagocyte or endothelial

makros,

MAC-

MAC-

173

cell possessing the enzyme macrocytase (phys.).

macrophyllous (mak'rofil'us) a. [Gk.
makros, large phyllon, leaf.] Having elongated leaves or leaflets
;

macropodous (makrop'ddus)
makros, large \pous, foot.]
a long stalk, as a leaf or
having the hypocotyl large
portion to the rest of the

[Gk.

Having
leaflet

macrosporophore (mak'rospo'rofor)
[Gk. ma&ros, large
pherein, to bear.]

(bot.).

a.

A
makros, large
sforos, seed.]
large anisospore or gamete of
one
of
the
Sarcodina (zool.)
larger
spores of heterosporous plants (&>/.).

in pro-

developing macrosporangia (dot.}.

macrosporophyll (mak'rospo'rofil) n.
sporos, seed
[Gk. makros, large
Macrosporophore.
phyllon, leaf.]
;

embryo

(&>/.).

macropterous (makrop'te'rus)

a.
[Gk.
makros, large \pteron, wing.] With
unusually large fins or
wings

n.

sporos, seed ;
leafy lobe

macrosporozoite (mak'rospo'rozo'it) n.
[Gk. makros, large
sporos, seed
A larger endozoon, animal.]
gamous sporozoite of Sporozoa
;

(zool.).

macroschizogony

(mak'roshizog'oni)
schizein,
[Gk. makros, large
to
cleave
generation.]
gone,
Method of multiplication of the
.

macroschizonts

macroschizont

n.

to

cleave.]
stage in the life-cycle
of
certain
Haemosporidia de-

veloped from a sporozoite, and

giving rise to a number of macromerozoites (zool.).
macroscopic (mak'roskop'ik) a. [Gk.
makros, large
skopein, to view.]
;

Visible to the

naked

eye.

macrosepalous

a.
(mak'rosep'alus)
[Gk. makros, large ; sepalon, sepal.]
With specially large sepals (dot.).
n.
macroseptum
(mak'rose'p'tum)
[Gk. macros, large ; L. septum,
or
division.]
primary
perfect
septum of the Anthozoa (zool.).

macrosmatic (mak'rosmat'ik)
makros, large
well

a.

osme, smell.]
developed sense of

a.

[Gk. makros, large ; stoma, mouth.]

With very large mouth.

macrostylospore (mak'rostl'lospor)

n.

[Gk. makros, large ; stylos, pillar

A large spore-like
sporos, seed.]
stalked body (dot.).

(mak'roshiz'ont)
large ; schizein,

makros,

[Gk.

(zool.).

macrostomatous (mak'rostom'atus)

[Gk.

With
smell

macrostylous

(mak'rostl'lus) a.
[Gk.
makros, large stylos, pillar.] With
long styles (&?/.).
macrotherm (mak'rothgrm) n. [Gk.
A
makros, large
therme, heat.]
a plant requiring
tropical plant
heat and moisture (bot.\
macrotous (makro'tus)'a. [Gk. makros,
;

ous, an ear.]
large
ears (zool.~).
;

With

large

macrotype (mak'rotip) n. [Gk. makros,

L. typus, a typej A modilarge

fied arrangement
of Anthozoan
mesenteries containing more macromesenteries than the normal micro;

type

(zool.).

macrozoogonidium(mak'r6z6'6gonld'ium) n. [Gk. makros, large zoon,

animal gone, generation.] A large
zoogonidium (dot.).
macrozoospore (mak'rozo'ospor)
[Gk. makros, large zoon, animal
;

macrosomatous (mak'rosom'atus)

a.

soma, body.]
Possessing an abnormally large
body.
inacrosporangiophore(rnak'r6sp6ran'n.
jlofor)
[Gk. makros, large
seed
sporos,
anggeion, vessel
[Gk. ma&ros, large

pherein,

to

bear.]

structure

bearing a macrosporangium

(hot.}.

macrosporangium (mak'rosporan'jium) n. [Gk. makros, large

seed anggeion, vessel.]
;

sporos,

spor-

angium developing macrospores or

megaspores (bot.).
macrospore (mak'rdspor)

[Gk.

sporos,

seed.]

motile

large

spore.

macula (mak'ula)
ula) plu.

[L.

//.,

maculae

ni.ik'-

A
macula, spot.]
a small
;

spot or patch of colour

or depression ;
a
pit

tubercle

(anat.).

macula

the yellow spot of

lutea,
the retina, an oval yellowish area
in the centre of the posterior part
of the retina at the point of most
perfect vision (anat.).

MACmaculate (mak'ulat)

a.
[L. macula,
Spotted.
maculation (mak'ula'shun) n.
[L.
macula, spot.] The arrangement
of the spots on a plant or animal

spot.]

macula, spot
Spotted.

ferre,

a.

[L.
bear.]

to

branching
poros, friable stone.]
the plate at the exstony Coral
ternal opening of the stone canal
;

Echinoderms (zool.}.
madreporic (mad'rSpor'ik)

malar

(ma'lar) a.
[L. mala, cheek.]
Pert, or in the region of the cheek ;
n.

the zygomatic bone (anat.}.

(mal) n. [L. mas, a male.] Pert.

a.

madrepore.]

madrepore,

madrepore or madreporite
tubercle,

plate,

[F.

Pert,

appl.

canal

testes

(zool.}

or

fertilizing

organs of flowers, as stamens (bot.};

symbol $
male pronucleus, the nucleus of the
spermatozoon.
malleate (mal'eat) a.
[L. malleus,
.

Hammer-shaped

hammer.]

appl.

(zool.}.

malleoincudal (mal'eoln'kudal) a.

[L.
malleus, hammer
incus, anvil.]
Pert, malleus and incus of the
;

ear (anat.}.

(zool.}.

madreporic canal, see stone canal.

madreporite (mad'repo'rlt, madrgp'orlt) n.
[F. madrepore, madrepore.]
flat circular or pentagonal per-

forated plate marked by grooves,

lying at the end of an interambulacral area in many, or free between
two ambulacral areas in other
Echinoids, or between the rays in
the Asteroids
a modified genital
;

plate (zool.}.
maggot (mag'ot) n. [M.E. magot, a
grub.] The most lowly organized,
completely worm-like, insect larva
withoutappendages or distinct head
(zool.}.

(ma'la)

n.-,

malae (mala)

plu.

[L. mala, the cheek.]

maxilla of

some

Part of the
Insects, of the

mandible of certain Myriapods

of the exterior of the lower

jaw of Birds (zool.}.
malacoid (mal'akoid) a. [Gk. malaSoft in texture.
kos, soft.]
part

malacology

male or a masculine organism

appl. organs of reproduction, as

a type of trophi of Rotifer gizzard

in

malakos,

the

maculose (mak'ulos). Maculate.

madrepore (mad'rfipor) n. [F. madrepore from L. mater, mother Gk.

mala

[Gk. malakos, soft ostrakon, shell.]

Soft-shelled (zool.}.

male

(biol.}.

maculiferous (mak'ulif'erus)

body,

MAL-

174

(mal'ak61'6jl) n.
[Gk.
soft ;
logos, discourse.]

The department

of zoology dealing

with Molluscs.

Ruminants

[L. dim. of

The

malleus, hammer.]
fibula of

vestigial

pert, or in
the region of the malleolus appl.
arteries, folds, sulcus (anat.}.
malleolus (male'olus) n. [L. dim. of
;

a.,

hammer.]

malleus,

Median and

the lower extremity prolongations of tibia and

fibula respectively (anat.}.
malleoramate (mal'eora'mat) a. [L.
malleus, hammer ; ramus, branch.]
Appl. type of trophi with looped
manubrium and toothed incus in
Rotifer gizzard (zool.}.
malleus (mal'eus) n.
[L. malleus,
hammer.] A part of the Rotifer
mastax or gizzard ; one of the
chain of auditory ossicles of Mammals one of the Weberian ossicles
of Fishes (zool.}
lateral

malleolus,

Malpighian

(malplg'ian) a.

[After

Malpighi, of Pisa.] Discovered by

or named after Malpighi.
Malpighian body, or corpuscle, in
a nodular mass of lymphoid
spleen,
tissue
ensheathing the smaller
arteries
in the kidney, a tuft or
glomerulus of convoluted capillary
blood-vessels enclosed in a dilata;

malacophilous (mal'akof'ilus)

a.
[Gk.
malakos, soft ; philein, to love.]
Pollinating through the agency of

Gastropods (bot.}.
malacopterous (mal'akop'te'rus)
[Gk. malakos, soft
Soft-finned (zool.}.

malacostracous

malleolar (male'olar) n.

pteron, wing.]

(mal'akos'trakus)

tion of the uriniferous tubule (anat.,

zool.}.

a.

a.

the basal layer

of the epidermis next to the true
skin (anat.}.
Malpighian tubes, slender thread-

Malpighian layer,

MALlike excretory tubes

leading into
the posterior part of the gut of
Insects.

Malpighian

see

tuft,

Malpighian

corpuscle.

maltase

n.

(m61'tas)

(A.S.

A plant

mealt,

ferment which conmalt.]

verts malt-sugar into grape-sugar
n.

(mol'tos)

[A.S.

mealt,

Malt-sugar (phys.~).
mamelon (mam'Slon) n. [L. mamilla,
nipple.] A small pimple-like structure in the centre of a tubercle of
an Echinoid interambulacral plate
malt.]

nipple.]

n,

A nipple

[L. mamilla,
(anat., zoo!.).

the
superior tubercle connected with
the transverse processes of the lower
thoracic vertebrae (anat.).

mamlllary process or tubercle,

inanimate (mam'ilat) a. [L.mamilla,

Studded with small pronipple.]
tuberances.

mamma

(mam'a)

n.

[L.

mamma,

the

The milk-secreting organ

Mammals, functionless in the

breast.]

(zoo!.).

mammal

(mam'al)

n.

[L.

mamma,

the breast.] An animal of the class

of higher vertebrates of which the
females suckle the young (zoo!.).

mammary

(mam'ari) a. [L. mamma,

the breast.] Pert, the breast appl.
arteries,
veins,
glands, tubules
;

(anat.}.

mammiferous

(mamif'grus) a.
[L.
the breast ferre, to bear.]
mammae
milk-secretDeveloping

mamma,

ing

mammalian

(zoo!.).

mandible (man'dibl)

n.

[L.

mandibu-

The lower jaw of vertebrates, either a single bone or

composed of a number or generally, either jaw ; a paired appendage connected with the mouth in
lum, jaw.]

a.
Gk.
[L. mandibulum, jaw ;
In the region
hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
of the mandible and hyoid (anaf.).

mandibulo-maxillary

(mandib'ulo[L.

mandib-

maxilla, jaw.] Pert.

;
maxillae and mandibles of Arthro-

ulum, jaw

pods

(zool.}.

manducation (man'duka'shun) n. [L.

manducare, to chew.]
Chewing

mastication (phys.).

mandibular (mandlb'ular) a.
[L.
mandibulum, jaw.] Pert, the jaw

appl. arch,

(man'Ikat) a. [L. maniCovered with entangled hairs or matted scales (dot.).

manna (man'a) n.
[Gk. manna,
manna.] The hardened exudation
of the bark of certain trees (hot.}
honey-dew secreted by certain
Coccidae (zoo!.).
mantle (man'tl) n. [L. mantellum, a
The outer soft fold of
cloak.]
integument next the shell of Molluscs
a pallium ; a sheath of
the body-wall
spongoblast cells
of Ascidians (zool.}.
mantle cavity, a space between the
catus, sleeved.]

mantle and body proper

(zoo/.).

mantle

a cell of the tapetum

cell,
or investing tissue of a sporangium
(bot.\

mantle

fibres,

the spindle fibres of

a fully formed spindle (emb.).

mantle layer, a layer of the embryonic medulla spinalis representing
the future gray columns (emb.).
dorsal and ventral
lobes,
flaps of the mantle in bivalves

mantle

(zooL).

manual
hand.]

manus
feather

(man'ual) n.
[L. manus,
A wing-quill borne on the
hand of Birds ; a primary

or

(zoo!.).

manubrial (manu'brial)

a.

[L.

manu-

brium, handle.] Pert, a manubrium

Arthropods.

canal, foramen, fossa,

nerve, notch (anaf.).

mandibulate (mandlb'ulat) a. [L.
mandibulum, jaw.] Having a lower
jaw having functional jaws hav;

appl. certain insect maxillae (zoo!.).

mandibulo-hyoid (mandib'ulo-hi'oid)

manicate

(zoo!.).

mamilla (mamil'a)

male

mandibulum, Jaw forma, shape.]

Resembling, or used as a mandible;

[L.

mak'silari, -maksil'-) a.

(dot.).

maltose

of

MAN-

175

ing mandibles (zoo!.).

mandibuliform (mandib'ullform)

handle-shaped (zoo!.).
(manu'brium)

manubrium

[L.

cell promanubrium, handle.]

jecting inwards from the shield of
an antheridial globule of Thallophytes (dot.) ; a hypostome or conical elevation at the distal end of a
Hydrozoan polyp the clapper-like
portion hanging down from the
;

a.

n.

MAN-

under surface of Medusae (zool.) ;

the handle-like part of the malleus
of the ear ; the anterior part of the

sternum

(anat.).

manns (ma'nus) n. [L. manus, hand.]

The hand, or part of the fore-limb
corresponding to
vertebrates from

it,

as found in

Amphibia

wards (zool.~).
manyplies, the omasus or

up-

marcescent (marses'ent) a. [L. marcescere, to wither.]

Withering but
not falling off; appl. a calyx or
corolla persisting after fertilization
a.

[L.

margo,

edge.] Pert, at or near the margin,

edge, or border ; appl. a form of
nervation (bot.) ; appl. a convolution of the frontal lobe (anat.).

marginal organ or

vesicle,

a litho-

(zool.).

the system of
plates,
round the margin of a
Chelonian carapace (zool.).
marginalia (mar'jina'lia) n. plu. [L.
margo, edge.] Prostalia or defensive spicules on the body surface
round the osculum (zool.).
marginate (mar'jinat) a. [L. margo,
edge.] Having a distinct margin

marginal
plates

in structure or colouring.

marginicidal (mar'jmisl'dal) a.
[L.
to
caedere,
cut.]
margo, edge
Dehiscing by line of union of
;

(bot.).

marginiform (mar'jmlform) a.
[L.
margo, edge forma, shape.] Like
a margin or border in appearance
;

or structure.

marginirostral (mar'jiniros'tral) a.
rostrum, beak.]
[L. margo, edge
Forming the edges of a bird's bill
;

(zool.).

marmorate (mar'morat) a. [L. marmor, marble.] Of marbled appear-

up

(mar'6) n.

[M.E. marow,

The connective

tissue filling
the cylindrical cavities in the

pith.]

bodies
spaces

of long bones, and the

of the cancellous tissue,

differing in composition in different

bones.

with the pelvic girdle in certain

Mammalsj
marsupium (marsu'pium) n.
[L.
marsupium, pouch.] Any pouchwhich the young
of an animal complete their desuch
as
the abdominal
velopment,
pouch of Marsupials the gill caviof
ties
bivalves ; a recess formed
;

by diverging spines and a supportthe

ing membrane in Stelleroids
structure protecting the acrocyst in
Sertularians (zool.).
;

(mas'kd) a. [F. masque, a

Personate, as appl. corolla

mask.]
(bot.).

masseter (mase'ter) n. [Gk. masse ter,

one that chews.] The muscle which
raises the lower jaw and assists
in chewing (anat.).
masseteric (mas'eter'ik) a.
[Gk.
Pert.
masseter, one that chews.]
or near the masseter muscle of the
cheek
appl. artery, vein, nerve
;

(anat.).

massula

(mas'ula)

n.

[L.

massa,

mass of microspores in
a sporangium of certain Pteridoa
massed
phytes
group of micromass.]

spores in Orchids (bot.).

niastax (mas'taks) n. [Gk. mas tax,
the mouth.] The gizzard of Rotifers
(zool.).

mast

cells (Mastzellen of Ehrlich),

spheroid or ovoid cells of soft protoplasm, very granular, numerous in
parts where fat is being laid down.
mastication (mas'tika'shun) ;/.
[L.
Process of
masttcare, to chew.]
chewing food with the teeth till
reduced to small pieces or a pulp
(Phys.).

masticatory stomach, the gastric

mill or stomodaeal apparatus of
Crustaceans for grinding and straining food material

ance.

marrow

masked

(bot.).

marginal (mar'jmal)

carpels

marsupial (marsu'pial) a. [L. marsupium, a pouch.] Pert, a marsupium

pouch - bearing, as a kangaroo
appl. certain bones in connection

like structure in

psalte-

rium, the third chamber of the

stomach of Ruminants so-called
from its folded structure (zool.).

cyst

MAS-

176

(zool.).

mastigium

n.
(mastij'ium)
[Gk.
defenmastigion, little whip.]
sive posterior lash of certain insect
larvae (zool.}.

mastigobranchia (mas'tlgobrang'kla)
n.
[Gk. mastigion, little whip

brangchia,

gills.]

The

epipodite of

MAS-

mem-

branous lamina extending upwards

between the gills (zool.}.

mastoid (mas'toid)

a.
[Gk. mastos,
breast; eidos, resemblance.] Nippleshaped
appl. a process of the
temporal bone, also cells, foramen,
;

fossa,

notch

(anat.}.

mastoideosquamous

(mastoid'e'6-

skwa'mus) a. [Gk. mastos, breast

L. squama, scale.] Pert.
mastoid and squamous parts of the
temporal bone (anat.}.
mastoidohumeralis(mastoid'6humer-

eidos, like

[Gk. mastos, breast ; eidos,

like
L. humerus, the humerus.]
A muscle of certain quadrupeds

a'lis) a.
;

connecting mastoid and humerus

(zool.}.

masto-occipital (mas'to-oksip'ital) a.
[Gk. mastos, breast ; L. occiput, the
occiput.]

bone and

Pert, occipital

the mastoid process of the temporal

(anaf.).

maxillary

(maksil'ari) a.

[L. maxilla,
Pert, or in the region of the
maxilla or jaw ; appl. artery, nerve,
vein
sinus,
process,
tuberosity,

jaw.]

(anaf.).

maxillary glands, paired renal organs opening at the base of the

maxilla in Crustacea (zool.}.
maxilliferous (mak'sillf e"rus) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw \ferre, to carry.] Bearing maxillae (zool.}.

maxillifonn (maksil'Iform) a.
[L.
Like
maxilla, jaw forma, shape.]
;

a maxilla

(zool.}.

maxillipede (maksil'iped) n.
[L.
maxilla, jaw
pes, foot.] An appendage, in one, two, or three
;

pairs, posterior to the maxillae in

Arthropods (zool.}.
a. [L.
maxillpdental (maksil'oden'tal)
maxilla, jaw

dens,

Pert.

tooth.]

jaws and teeth (anaf.).

maxillojugal (maksll'ojoo'gal) a. [L.
maxilla, jaw jugum, yoke.] Pert.
;

mastoparietal

a.

(mas'topari'e'tal)

mastos, breast ; L. paries,

Pert, the parietal bone and
wall.]
the mastoid process of the temporal

[Gk.

(zool.}.

jaw and jugal bone

maxillomandibular

(anaf.).

(maksH'omanjaw manAppl. arch forming

dib'ular) a.

[L. maxilla,

dibulum, jawj
the jaws of primitive Fishes pert.
maxilla and mandible (anaf.).
maxillopalatal (maksH'opaTatal) a.
the
maxilla, jaw
palatus,
[L.
;

mastotympanic (mas'totimpan'lk)

a.

[Gk. mastos, breast

tympanon,
drum.] Appl. part of the tympanic
cavity's boundary in certain Reptiles
;

palate.]

bones

(zool.}.

matrix

n.

mater,
(ma'triks)
[L.
The ground substance
mother.]
of connective tissue ; the part
beneath the body and root of the
nail
the uterus (anaf.) the body
upon which a Lichen or Fungus
;

grows
mattula

MEA-

177

adult Decapoda, a bilobed

(dot.).

(mat'ula) n.

[L. matta, mat.]

The

fibrous network covering the

petiole bases of palms (dot.}.
(mSt'ura'shun) n.
[L.

maturation

maturus, ripe.] The completion of

germ-cell development, consisting
of the reduction of the chromatin,
usually visible

formation

in

the polar

body

(cyt.}.

maxilla (maksU'a) n.
[L. maxilla,
jaw.] The jaw part of the upper
an
jaw beyond the premaxilla
appendage of most Arthropods
;

mandible, modified
in various ways in adaptation to
function and requirements (zool.).
posterior to the

of Birds

jaw and

Pert,
appl.

palatal

a maxillary process

(zool.}.

maxillopharyngeal

(maksirofarln'Gk.
maxilla, jaw
Pert,
lower jaw
pharynx, gullet.]
jeil)

a.

[L.

and pharynx

(anaf.).

maxillo-premaxillary (maksfl'6-pre'maksirari) a.
[L. maxilla, jaw ;
Pert, the whole of
pre, before.]
the upper jaw
appl. jaw when
maxilla and premaxilla are fused
;

(anat.}.

maxilloturbinal (maksH'otur'blnal)
maxilla, jaw
maxilla and

a.

whorl.]
turbinals
bone arising from the lateral
., a
wall of the nasal cavity which
supports the sensory epithelium

[L.

Pert,

turbo,

the

(anat.}.

maxillula (maksirula)
of maxilla, jaw.]

n.

dim.
maxilla

[L.

first

Crustacea when there are more

pairs than one (zool.}.
meatus (mea'tus) n. [L. vteatus, a
in

MEC-

passage.] A passage or channel,

as the acoustic or auditory, and the
nasal meatus (anat.}.
Meckelian cartilage or rod. [After

The
Meckel, German anatomist.]
lower jaw of lower vertebrates, and
in the higher the axis round which
the membrane bones of the jaw are
arranged and formed (anat.}.
Meckel's rod or cartilage, Meckelian
rod or cartilage.

meconidium (mgk'onid'ium)

n.

[Gk.

Sessile or pedicelmedusae usually

mekon, poppy.]

late extracapsular

lying on the top of the gonangium

of certain Hydroids (zool.}.

media (me'dia).

[L. medius, middle.]

middle structure, such as a layer

of tissue, a central nervure (anat.,
zool.} ; as a plu., substances of
various kinds, such as bouillon, in
which cultures are grown (biol.}.

mediad (me'diad) adv. [L. medius,

middle.] Towards but not quite in
the middle line or axis (anat.}.
medial (me'dial) a.
medius,
[L.
middle.] Situated in the middle.
median (me'dlan) a.
[L. medius,
middle.] Lying or running in the
axial plane ; intermediate ; middle.

mediastinal

MED-

178

(me'dias'tmal,

-astl'nal)

[L. mediastinus, a servant.] Pert.

or in the region of the mediastinum;
appl. cavity, arteries, glands, pleura
a.

(anat.}.

mediastinum (me'dias'tinum, -astl'num) n. [L. mediastinum, servant.]

The space between the right and
left pleura in and near the median
sagittal chest plane an incomplete
vertical septum of the testis (anat.}.
;

mediodorsal (me'diodor'sal) a. [L.

medius, middle dorsum, the back.]
In the dorsal middle line.
mediopalatine (me'dioparatin) a. [L.
medius, middle
palatus, palate.]
Between the palatal bones appl.
a cranial bone of some Birds (zool.}.
mediopectoral (me'diopgk'toral) a.
[L. medius, middle pectus, breast.]
Appl. the middle part of the sternum
;

mediotarsal (me'diotar'sal)
medius, middle
tarsus,
;

Pert, that portion of the columella

auris of certain animals external to
the stapes (anat.}.

[L.

ankle.]

In the middle ventral

line.

medithorax (me'ditho'raks)
medius, middle

thorax

n.

[L.

Gk. thorax, the

middle part of the

The

breast.]

the mesothorax of Insects

(zool.}.

medium (me'dmm)

n., media (me'dia)

plu. [L. medius, middle.] Any of
the structures through which a
force acts, as the refracting media
of the eyebulb (anat.} any of the
more or less solid substances in
which cultures are reared or
tissues are propagated (phys.}.
;

medulla (mgdul'a) n. [L. medulla,

marrow, pith.] Marrow of bones
the central part of an organ or

tissue (anat.}

the pith or central

portion of a stem (hot.}.

oblongata, the posterior
portion of the brain continuous
with the medulla spinalis, or spinal

medulla

cord

(anat.}.

medullary

(mgdul'ari) a. [L. medulla,

Pert, or in the region of

pith.]

the

medulla

appl.

axis,

artery,

membrane, bone, spaces

lamina,
(anat.}.

canal or cavity,
the
hollow cylindrical portion of a long
bone containing marrow (anat.}
the neurocoel (emb.}.
medullary groove, a groove on the
surface of the medullary plate,
bounded by folds which, growing
up, coalesce and convert the groove
into a canal
the neurocoel (emb.}.
medullary keel, a down ward growth
towards the archenteron, the rudiment of the central nervous system

medullary

in the

development of certain primi-

tive vertebrates (smb.}.

a thick subcortical
layer of the thallus of some Lichens

medullary layer,
(bot.}.

medullary
formation

(anat.}.

mediostapedial (me'diostape'dial) n.
[L. medius, middle stapes, stirrup.]

a.

Between the tarsal bones.

medioventral (me'dioven'tral) a. [L.
medius, middle -venter, the belly.]

plate,

of

the

plate-like

ectoderm

cells

bordering the blastopore of early

embryo the earliest rudiment of
the nervous system (emb.}.
medullary rays, a number of strands
of connective tissue extending be
;

MED.

tween the pith and the pericycle

(**}
stems (dot.) ; a layer of white
material
glistening
surrounding
the axis cylinder of a medullated
nerve-fibre (zool.).

medullated

(mgdula'tSd)

a.

[L.

medulla, pith.] Provided with

medullary sheath.

medullated nerve-fibres,

the fibres
of the white part of the brain and
spinal cord, consisting of an axiscylinder or neuraxis of primitive

surrounded by medullary
sheath, which is in turn covered by
a delicate membrane, the neurifibrillae,

lemma

(anat.).

medullispinal (mgdul'ispi'nal)
medulla, pith

the

spina,

a.

[L.
spine.]

Of the spinal cord.

medusa (mgdu'sa) n. [Gk. Medousa,
one who rules.] A jelly-fish (zool.).
medusiform (medu'siform) a. [Gk.
Medusa
L.
Medousa,
forma,
shape.] Like a medusa or jelly-fish.
medusoid (medu'soid)
n.
[Gk.
Medousa, Medusa
eidos,
like.]
A medusa - like free - swimming
gonophore of Hydrozoa (zool.) a.,
like a jelly-fish or medusa (zool.).
;

medusome

n.
(mSdu'som)
[Gk.
Medousa, Medusa
soma, body.]
A name given to the medusoid
stage in the life-history of Obelia
;

n.
[Gk.
megas, large gametes, a spouse.]
A rounded cell regarded as an
ovum or its equivalent developed
from a megagametocyte after a
process akin to maturation (zool.).
;

megagametocyte

(mgg'agame'toslt)
[Gk. megas, large ; gametes, a

A cell
spouse
kytos, hollow.]
developed from a merozoite, and
itself giving rise to a megagamete,
frequently requiring transference
to another host before its development can proceed (zool.).
;

megakaryocyte

n.

(meg'akar'ioslt)
large ; karyon, nut ;
hollow.]
giant-cell of
marrow with one large annular
lobulated
nucleus, containing a
number of nucleoli (anat.).

[Gk.

(meYaleVthets)

[Gk. megalon, great

aistheti-

Sensory organs,
sometimes in the form of eyes in
the Placophora (zool.).
megaloblast (meg'aloblast) n. [Gk.
kos,

perceptive.]

blastos, bud.J
megalon, great
large erythroblast (anat.).
;

megalogonidlum (mgg'alogonTd'Ium)
n.

[Gk.

megalon,

great

gonos,

offspring.]
large gonidium (dot.).
megalopa (mfig'alo'pa). Megalops.

megaloplc

a.

(mgg'alop'ik)

megalon, great ;
longing to the

ops,

[Gk.

Be-

eye.]

megalops

stage

(zool.).

megalopore

(meg'alopor) n.
[Gk.
megalon, great poros, a channel.]
in
the
dorsal
pore
plates in
Chiton for placing a megalaesthete
in direct communication with the
;

exterior

(zool.).

megalops

(me'g'alops) n.

Gk

meg-

larval
great ; os, eye.]
stage of certain Crustaceans, as
stalked
crabs, conspicuous by large
eyes (zool.).

alon,

megalospherlc
[Gk.

megalon,

globe.]

a.
(mgg'alosfgr'ik)
great ; sphaira, a

Of polythalamous Foramin-

ifer shells, having a megalosphere

or large initial chamber (zool.}.

megamere (meg'amer)

n. [Gk. megas,
One of the
large ; meros, part.]
large cells formed after the primary
divisions of a developing ovum

(emb.\

(zool.).

megagamete (mgg'agamet)

kytos,

megalaesthetes
plu.

medullary sheath, a ring of protoxylems round the pith of certain

n.

MEG-

179

megas,

meganucleus (mgg'anu'kleus)

n. [Gk.
L. nucleus, kernel.]
;
larger nucleus, or vegetative
nucleus, of the Infusoria (zool.).

megas, large

The

megasclere

n.

(mSg'askler)

megas, large

skleros,

[Gk.

hard.]

the general
supporting framework, as opp. a
microsclere (zool.).
skeletal

of

spicule

megaspherlc (mgg'asfeVlk). Megalospheric.

megasporangium (me'g'asporanjium)
n.

[Gk. megas, large

seed; anggeion, vessel.]

sporos,

macrospore-producing sporangium (bot.).

megaspore
megas,

(me'g'aspor)
sporos,

great

of

n.

seed.]

[Gk.

dimorphic
larger-sized spore
forms in reproduction by sporeformation (zool.) the larger spore
;

MEG-

of heterosporous plants, regarded

as female
the embryo sac-cell of
;

a seed plant

(bot.}.

megasporophyll

(meg'aspo'rofil)

n.

[Gk. megas, great

sporos, seed
phyllon, leaf.] A spore-bearing leaf
;

developing megasporangia

megatherm (meg'atherm)
great

megas,

(bot.}.

n.

[Gk.

therme, heat.]

tropical plant (bot.}.

(meg'azo'oid) n.
[Gk.
megas, great ; zoon, animal ; eidos,
The larger zooid resulting
like.]

megazooid

from binary or other fission (zool.}.

megazoospore (meg'azo'ospor) n. [Gk.
megas, great zoon, animal sporos,
;

seed.] A large zoosppre, as in the

reproduction of certain Radiolaria
a zoogonidium of certain
(zool.')
;

Algae

glands of the
eyelid with a sebaceous secretion
(anat.}.
(ml'ofil'I) n.
[Gk. melon,
phyllon, leaf.] The suppression of one or more leaves in
a whorl (bot.}.
;

meiostemonous

(ml'ostem'onus) a.
[Gk. melon, smaller ; stemon, a spun

thread.]
Having fewer stamens
than petals or sepals (hot.}.
meiotaxy (ml'otak'si) n. [Gk. melon,
;

pression

taxis,

of a

arrangement.] Supwhorl or a set of

organs (bot.}.
meiotic (mlot'fk) a.
[Gk. melon,
smaller.] Appl. reduction division,
which see also maiotic (cyt.}.
Meissner's
plexus, a
gangliated
plexus of nerve fibres in the submucous coat of the small intestine
;

n.

sucking (zool.}.
mellivorous (meliv'orus)

a.

[L. mel,

honey vorare, to devour.] Feeding

on honey (zool.}.
;

member

(mem'ber)

n.

[L.

membrum,

a member.] A limb or organ of

a well-defined
the body (zool.}
part or organ of a plant (bot.}.
;

n.

[L.

mem-

brana, a membrane.] A thin film,

skin or layer of tissue covering a
part or organ of animal or plant
or a thin skin-like covering of
or
cells
unicellular
organisms

n.

kytos,

n.

[Gk. melas,
A black
hollow.]

pigmented lymphocyte

melanospermous

(phys.}.

(ineTandsper'iniis) a.

[Gk. melas, black

sperma, seed.]
Appl. seaweeds with dark-coloured
spores (bot.}.
;

brana, which see.

bone, a bone developing
directly from membrane without
passing through a cartilage stage

membrane

(anat.}.

membranella (mem'branel'a)

n.

[L.

A flapping

membrana, membrane.]

or swinging membrane formed by

fusion of rows of cilia, found among
the Protozoa (zool.}.

membranoid (mem'branoid) a. [L.

membrana, membrane Gk. eidos,

Excessive development of
black pigment in skin or bodycovering (biol.}.

black.]

melanocyte (mel'anosit)

consistency or having the structure

of a membrane (biol.}.
(mem'bran), a mem-

membrane

[Gk. me/as,

cf.

zoin (phys.}.

melanism (mel'anTzm)

(biol.}.

membranaceous (mem'brana'shus) a.
Of the
[L. membrana, membrane.]

haemo-

[Gk. melas,

Black or dark-brown pig-

ment, as of the retina

black;

producing (bot.}.
melliphagous (melif'agus) a. [L. mel,
honey Gk.phagein, to eat.] Feeding on honey (zool.}.
mellisugent (mel'Isu'jent) a. [L. mel,
honey sugere, to suck.] Honey-

membraniferous (mem'branif'erus) a.
[L. membrana, membrane
ferre,
to carry.]
Enveloped in or bearing a membrane.

(j>hys.\

melanin (mel'anln)
black.]

a.
[Gk. melas,
black.]
Having black pigment unusually developed.
melliferous (melif'erus) a. [L. mel,
honey ; ferre, to carry.] Honey-

meiophylly

smaller

melanotlc (meTanot'ik)

membrana (membra'na)

(bot.}.

Meibomian glands,

smaller

MEM-

180

like.]

Resembling membrane.

membranous (mem'branus)
membrana,

membrane.]

a.

[L.

Resem-

bling or consisting of membrane

pliable and semitransparent.

membranous cranium,

mesenchy-

mal investment enclosing the whole

brain (emb.}.
membranous labyrinth, the internal
ear, separated from the bony cavi-

MEMties

by perilymph, and

taining

endolymph

con-

itself

mensa

column,

a continuous sheath of mesoderm,

enveloping notochord and neural
tube (emb.}.

membranula

(me'mbran'ula) n,
[L.
dim. of membrana, membrane.]
concrescence of cilia, as in certain

Infusoria

(zoo/.).

membranule (mgm'branul)

n.

[L.

dim. of membrana, membrane.] A

small opaque
in
some
space,
dragon-flies' wings, lying close to
the body of the insect in the anal

area of the wing

(zoo/.).

factor
or
law,
pert,
character which behaves according to the results of Mendel's

Mendellan,

experiments.
Mendellsm, a law or rule governing
the inheritance of characters in
plants and animals discovered by

This principle
Gregor Mendel.
deals with the inheritance of " unit
characters," the presence or absence of one or other of a pair of
It
also
contrasting characters.
shows that the offspring of organisms with a pair of contrasting
characters will be produced in a
ratio.

From

are able to get a

more

this

law we

correct

and

definition of "purity of
a breed." It may be extended to
deal with groups of characters.
scientific

meningeal

to violent concussion, such as wrist

and knee

(ana/.).

membranous vertebral

definite

MER-

181

(mgn'Inje'al, mgnm'jeal) a.

[Gk., meninx, a membrane.] Pert.

or in the region of the meninges
appl. artery, vein, nerve (ana/.).

joints (anat.}.
n.
[L.

(m&n'sa)

table.]

The chewing

mensa,

surface of a

tooth.

menstruation

(men'strooa'shun)

[L. mensis, a month ; struere, to

monthly discharge from
flow.]

the

female

reproductive

organs,

chiefly in higher mammals (zoo/.).

(mgn'tal) a.
[L. mentum,
Pert, or in the region of
chin.]

mental

chin
appl. foramen, nerve,
spines, tubercle, muscle (anat.}
mentum
the
of insects ; apj>L
pert,
scale or plate of fish and of reptile
the

(anat.}.

mentigerous (me'ntij'e'rus) a.
[L.
mentum, chin gerere, to carry.]
;

Supporting or bearing the

mentum

(zoo/.).

mentomeckelian (me'n'tome'ke'lian) a.
Ger. Meckel,
[L. mentum, chin
;

Appl. a
comparative anatomist.]
cartilage bone present in a few
lower vertebrates at either side of
the union of the two halves of the
lower jaw (zoo/.).
mentum (mgn'tum) n. [L. mentum,
an unchin.] The chin (anat.}
divided mouth-part of Insects, continuous with submentum or gula
;

to labial palps and

palpigers ; a projection between
the head and foot of some Gastro-

and posterior

pods (zoo/.).
mericarp (meYikarp)

n.

[Gk. meros,

one-seeded

part ; karpos, fruit.]

indehiscent part of a schizocarp

(**}

meninges

meridional canal, in Ctenophores, a

canal extending upwards and downwards beneath a swimming-plate,
into which the adradial canals

mater (anat.}.
meningosis (mgn'ingo'sis) n.
[Gk.
Attachmeninx, a membrane.]
ment by means of membranes.
meningo-spinal (mening'go-spl'nal) a.

merism (meYizm)

(me'nin'jez) n. plu.
[Gk.
meninx, a membrane.] The three
membranes enclosing the brain and
spinal cord, from without inwards
the dura mater, arachnoid and pia

[Gk.

meninx,

spine.]

spina,

cord membranes

membrane
Pert,

the

L.

spinal

(anat.}.

menisci
(mgnis'kus) n.,
[Gk. meniskos, a
moon.] Interarticular fibro-

meniscus

(mgnts'kl) plu.
little

cartilages found in joints

exposed

open

(zoo/.).

"A

n.

repetition
logous parts."
part.]

[Gk.
of

meros,

homo-

merismatic

[Gk.
(meYfzmat'ik) a.
Dividing
merismos, a partition.]
or separating into cells or segments ; consisting of meristem, as
merismatic tissue (oof.).
Gk.
merismoid (mgrlz'moid) a.
merismos, partition ; eidos, like.]

With branched pileus (bot.\

merispore (mgrfspor) n. [Gk. meros,

MER-

part ; sporos, seed.] A segment or

spore of a multicellular spore-body
(bot.).

meristele (mer'istel)

n.

[Gk. meros,
A separate
part ; stele, pillar.]
of
stem
a
monostelic
passing
part
outwards from stele to leaves ; the
branch of a stele supplying a leaf

meristem

n.
[Gk.
Tissue formed
of
division, as
capable
merisfound at growing points
matic or meristematic tissue (bot.}.

(meYistgrn)

meristes, a divider.]

of cells

all

merlstematic (mgr'istemat'Ik) a.
meristes, a divider.]
sisting of meristem
cells of

[Gk.

Pert, or conappl.

growing point

tissue,

merismatic

(bot.).

meristic (mSris'tik) a. [Gk. meristes,

divided
a divider.]
Segmented
;

off into parts (bot.).

meristic variation, changes in the

number of parts or segments, and
in the geometrical relations of the
substantive variation
parts
cf.
;

(biol.).

meristogenetic

(me'ris'tqje'ne't'ik)

a.

[Gk. meristes, a divider ; genesis,

descent.]
Developing from meristem (bot.).

merithallus

n.

(me'rlthal'us)

meros, part

thallos,

An

young

[Gk.
shoot.]

internode (bot.).
the horny floating
or fixed egg-envelope of skates and
sharks (zool.).

mermaid's purse,

meroblastic (mer'oblas'tik)
meros, part

blastos,

a.

bud.]

[Gk.

Appl.

ova which undergo only partial

segmentation or cleavage in development (zool.) developing from
part of the opsphere only (bot.).
merocerite (meros'e'rlt) n. [Gk. meros,
;

thigh

keras,

horn.]

The

segment of crustacean

fourth

antennae

(zool.).

merocyte

n.

(mer'oslt)
[Gk. meros,
nucleus
part ; kytos, hollow.]
lying in the yolk, directly below
the blastoderm in a meroblastic

ovum

(cyt.).

merogastrula

MER-

182

n.
(mer'ogaVtroola)
[Gk. meros, part ; dim. of gaster,
The
formed
gastrula
stomach.]
from a meroblastic ovum (zool.).
orogenesis (meVoje'n'e'sis) n. [Gk.

meros, part

gigncsthai, to produce.]

Formation of parts segmentation.

merognathite (meVognath'it) n. [Gk.
;

meros, thigh ; gnathos, jaw.] The

fourth segment of a crustacean

mouth-part

(zool.).

merogony

(merog'onT) n. [Gk. meros,

gone, generation.] Development of normal young of small size,
from part of an egg, in which there
part

was no female pronucleus (zool).

meroistic (meYois'tlk) a. [Gk. meros,
part.]
Appl. certain insect ovaries
which produce vitelligenous cells
in addition to ova (zool.).
(mer 6m6r'f6s!s) n.
/

meromorphosis

[Gk. meros, part morphosis, change.]

Regeneration of a part when the
new part is less than that lost
;

(zool.).

meront

(mSront') n.
[Gk. meros,
part ; ons, being.] A uninucleate
schizont-stage in Neosporidia succeeding the planont-stage, which
multiplies by fission (zool.).
meroplankton (mer'oplang'kton) n.
meros,
part ;
[Gk.
plangktos,
Plankton living only
wandering.]
near
the
surface
part-time
(bot.,
zool.).

meropodite

n.
(merop'odit')
[Gk.
The
meros, thigh ; pous, foot.]
fourth segment of a thoracic appendage in the Crustacea (zool.).

meros

The

(me'rfis) n.
[Gk. meros, thigh.]
fourth segment of a crustacean

appendage (zool.).
merosomatous (meVosom'atus)

a.

[Gk. meros, part ; soma, body.]

Appl. ascidiozooids divided into
two regions, thorax and abdomen
(zool).

merosome (mer'osom)

n.
[Gk. meros,
soma, body.] A body segor
metamere
ment, somite,
(zool.).
merosthenic (me'rosthe'n'ik) a. [Gk.
meros, thigh ; sthenos, strength.]
With unusually developed hindlimbs (zool.).

part

merotomy (merot'dmi)

n.

[Gk. meros,

part ; temnein, to cut.] Segmentation or division into parts (zool.).

merozoite

(mer'ozo'it) n.
[Gk. meros,
part
zoon, animal.]
cell, the
in
of
a
schizont
division-product

Sporozoa

merozoon

(zool.).

(mer'6zo'8n) n.

[Gk. meros,

MERA

part ; zoon, animal.]

fragment
of a unicellular animal containing
of the macronucleus, obtained
Eart
y artificial division (zool.}.
merrythought, the furcula of birds,
formed by the coalescence of clavicles (zool.).

merus

(me'rus) n.

Meros, which

[Gk. meros, thigh.]

see.
cells,

nucleated cells of the blood islands

from which blood corpuscles are
derived (emb.).

mesarch (meVark)

a.

[Gk. mesos,

middle arche, beginning.] Appl.

xylem having metaxylem developing in all directions from the
;

protoxylem, characteristic of ferns

having the protoxylem surrounded

by metaxylem (bot.\
mesaxonic (meYakson'lk)

a.
[Gk.
mesos, middle
axon, axis.] With
the line dividing the foot, passing
up the middle digit (zool.).
;

mesencephalon (m6s'6nk6f'alon, -s6f-)

n.
en, in
[Gk. mesos, middle
;

The

head.]

mid-brain,

comprising corpora quadrigemina

(bigemina) and cerebral peduncles
(anat.).

mesenchyma
mesas,
in.]

(me'se'ng'kima) n.
engchein, to

middle

A mass

[Gk.

pour

of tissue, intermediate

between ectoderm and endoderm

chyma.
mesenterlal

mez'e'nte'rl) n.

[L. mesenterium, a mesentery.]

peritoneal fold serving to hold the

viscera in position there are three,

the mesentery proper, the transverse mesocolon, and the sigmoid

mesocolon (anat.) ; a muscular partition, complete or incomplete, extending inwards from the bodywall in Coelenterates

Mesen-

(mgse'ng'klm).

part.]

meYgnte'-

[Gk. mesos, middle ; enteron,

Pert, a mesentery ; appl.
filaments of Actinozoa (zool.).
rlal) a.

gut.]

mesenteric (meYenteVik, mez'enteYik)

a.
enteron,
[Gk. tnesos, middle
Pert, a mesentery
gut.]
appl.
;

The epimeron

thorax of an insect

(me'se'th'moid) a.
[Gk.
mesos, middle ; etJimos, sieve ; eidos,
Between the two ectethmoid
like.]
bones ; appl. ethmoid plate of

cranium when

it

ossifies

brates

mesiad

(me'zlid) adv.
[Gk. mesos,
Towards or near the
middle.]
middle plane.
mesial (me'ziai) a. [Gk. mesos, middle.]
In the middle vertical or longitudinal plane.

meslan

a.

(me'zlan)

middle.]

[Gk.

mesos,

n.

[Gk.

Mesial.

mesoarlum

(mSs'oa'rlum)

mesos, middle

mesobenthos

oarion, a small egg.]

(mes'obe'n'thSs) n.
;

(zool., bot.).

mesoblast (mes'oblast)
[Gk. mesos,
middle blastos, bud.] The mesoderm or middle layer of an embryo
.

Mesoblast.
mesoblastlc (mes'oblas'tlk)

position (anat.).

mesenterium

(me's'e'nte'rTum,
n.

(emb.).

(mes'oblaste'ma).
a.

[Gk.

mesos, middle ; blastos, bud.] Pert.

or developing from the middle layer
(emb.).

meY-

mesenterium, a
mesentery.] A mesentery.
mesenteron (me'se'n'te'rSn) n.
[Gk.
gnte'rium)

[Gk.

middle
benthos, depths.]
The animal and plant life of the
sea-bottom when the depth is between 100 fathoms and 500 fathoms

mesoblastema

derived from the mesentery, retaining the vermiform appendix in

(zool.).

[L. dim. of mesenterium,

a mesentery.]
fold of peritoneum
Snte'rlol) n.

(anat.)

a median cranial bone of verte-

artery, glands, nerves, veins (anat.).

meY(meYgnte'riol,

mesenterlole

of the meso-

(zool.).

mesethmoid

mesos,
(me's'e'nte'rlal,

(zool.).

mesepimeron (m6s'fiplm'6r6n) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle
upon meros
ejbi,

A mesovarium.

of a gastrula (emb.).

mesenchyme

and other Coelenterates; the portion

of the alimentary canal lined by

endoderm (zool.).
mesentery (me's'e'nte'r!,

mesamoeboid (meVame'boid)

kephale,

MES-

183

[L.

mesos, middle ; enteron, gut.] The

main digestive cavity of Actinozoa

mesobranchial
[Gk.
gills.]

(mes'bbrang'klal) a.
mesos, middle
brangchia,
Pert, the middle gill-region,
;

as in Crustacea

mesobronchus
[Gk.

mesos,

(zool.).

.
(mes'obrSng'kus)
middle
brongchos.
;

MES-

In birds, the main

wind-pipe.]
trunk of a bronchus in the lung

beyond the

ventricle

it

gives rise

to secondary bronchi (zoo/.).

mesocaecum (mes'ose'kum)
mesos, middle

L.

n.

caecus,

[Gk.
blind.]

The mesentery connected with

the

caecum (anat.).
mesocardium (mes'okar'dlum) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle
-

kardia, the heart.]

An embryonic

mesentery binding

the heart to the pericardial walls

(emb.);
part of the pericardium
enclosing veins (venous m.) or
aorta (arterial m.) (anat.).
mesocarp (mes'okarp) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; karpos, fruit.] The middle
layer of the pericarp or coat of a
fruit (bot.).

mesodermal (mes'oder'mal)

a.
[Gk.
derma, skin.] Pert.
derived or developing from meso-

mesos, middle

derm (emb.).
mesodesm (mes'odezm)

n.

middle desma, bond.]

mesocycle (bot.).
;

[Gk. mesos,
Part of the

mesodont (mes'6d8nt)

a.
[Gk. mesos,
odous, tooth.] Appl. stagbeetles having a medium development of mandible projections (zoo/.).

middle

mesogaster (mes'ogas'te'r) n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle gaster, belly.] The
mesentery proper, or fold of peritoneum supporting the stomach
;

(anat.).

mesogastric (mes'ogas'trik) a. [Gk.

mesos. middle gaster, belly.] Pert.
a mesogaster or mesogastrium
gastric region
pert, the middle
;

mesocentrous (mes'ose'n'trus)tf. [Gk.

mesos, middle L. centrum, a centre.]
Ossifying from a median centre
;

(anat.).

(anat.).

mesogastrium

n.
(mes'ogas'trium)
[Gk. mesos, middle gaster, belly.]
;

mesochilium (mes'okil'ium) n.
mesos, middle cheilos, a lip.]
;

[Gk.

The

middle portion of the labellum of

orchids

(bot.).

mesocoel (mes'osel) n.
[Gk. mesos,
middle koilos, hollow.] The second
of three main parts of the coelom
of Molluscs (zoo/.).
mesocolic (mes'okol'ik) a. [Gk. mesos,
middle kolon, the large intestine.]
Pert, the mesocolon
appl. lymph
glands (anat.).
mesocolon (mes'oko'lon) n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle kolon, the large inA
or
fold
of
mesentery
testine.]
peritoneum attaching the colon to
;

the dorsal wall of the

abdomen

The mesentery connecting stomach

with dorsal abdominal wall in the
the middle abembryo (emb.)
;

dominal region (anat.).

mesogloea (mes'ogle'a) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle
An intergloia, glue.]
mediate
non-cellular
in
layer
Sponges and Coelenterates (zoo/.).
mesognathion (mes'ognath'ion) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle gnathos, jaw.]
The lateral segment of the maxilla,
;

bearing the lateral incisor (anat.).

mesohepar (mes'ohe'par) n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. hepar, liver.] The
the
liver
mesentery supporting
(anat.).

mesohydpophytic
a.

(anat.).

mesocoracoid (mes'okor'akoid) a. [Gk.

mesos, middle korax, crow eidos,
Situated between
resemblance.]
hyper- and hypo-coracoid
appl.
a middle part of the coracoid arch
;

of certain Fishes

(zoo/.).

mesocycle (mes'oslkl) n. [Gk. mesos,

middle kyklos, a circle.] A layer of
tissue between xylem and phloem
of a monostelic stem part of the
;

conjunctive tissue of the stele (hot.).

n. [Gk. mesos,
middle derma, skin.] The mesoblast or embryonic layer lying between the ectoderm and endoderm

mesoderm (mes'odgrm)
;

(emb.).

MES-

184

[Gk.

mesos,

(mes'ohl'droflt'ik)

middle

hydor,

water phyton, plant.] Growing in

temperate regions but requiring
much moisture (bot.).
mesolecithal (mes'oleVlthal) a. [Gk.
mesos, middle
lekithos, yolk of
egg.] Appl. eggs with yolk in the
;

centre (emb).

mesology

(mes81'ojT) n.

[Gk.

mesos,

middle
Biologos, discourse.]
nomics the relation between organism and environment.
;

mesomere (mes'omer)
middle

n.

meros, part.]

[Gk. mesos,

The middle

zone of the coelomic pouches in

the embryo
a mesoblastic somite
;

or protovertebra (emb.).

MES-

MES-

185

intermiddle phyllon, leaf.]

nal parenchyma of a leaf (bot.).
mesophyte (mes'oflt) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; phyton, plant.] A plant
thriving in temperate climates with
a normal amount of moisture (bot.).

mesometrium

(mes'ome'trium) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; metra, uterus.]
The mesentery of uterus and connecting tubes (anat.).

mesomitosis (mes'omito'sis) n. [Gk.

middle
mttos,
thread.]
mesos,
;

Mitosis within the nuclear membrane, without co-operation of cyto-

plasmic elements

cf.

The

mesoplankton

(mes'6plang'kt6n) n.
middle
plangktos,
[Gk. mesos,
animal and
Floating
wandering.]
plant life from a hundred fathoms
;

metamltosis

(emb.).

mesomyodian

(mes'dmlo'dlan) a. [Gk.
middle ; ntys, a muscle.]
with
muscles of syrinx
birds
Appl.
attached to middle of bronchial

downwards.^
mesoplast (mes'oplast) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle plastos, moulded.] A cell

semi-rings

mesoplastron (mes'6plas'tr5n) n. [Gk.

F. plastron, breastmesos, middle
A plate between hyo- and
plate.]
hypo plastron of certain Turtles

mesos,

(zoo/.}.

meson (mes'8n, mez^n) n.

The central
middle.]
region of

nucleus

[Gk. mesos,
plane, or

it (zool.).

mesonephric (mes'oneTrik) a. [Gk.

mesos, middle
nephros, kidney.]
Pert, mesonephros, or mid-kidney;

(zool.).

mesopleuron (mes'oploo'rSn)
[Gk.
A
mesos, middle
gleura, side.]
lateral part of an insect mesothorax
.

appl. duct, tubules

mesonephridium

(cyt.).

(zool.).

(mes'one'frfd'ium) n.

(zool.).

[Gk. mesos, middle; nephros, kidney.]

nephridium or excretory organ
of certain invertebrates, derived

mesopodlal (mes'opo'dlal) a.
mesos, middle
pous, foot.]
a mesopodium (bot., zool.).

from mesoblast

mesopodium (mes'opo'dlum)

(zool.).

mesonephros (mes'6neTr5s)

n.

[Gk.
mesos,
;
nephros, kidney.]
The intermediate part of the excretory organ in vertebrate embryos
it becomes the functional kidney
in lower
Craniata, it atrophies
in the higher forms (zoo/.) ; the
Wolffian body (anat.).

middle

mesonotum

(mes'ono'tum)

n.

[Gk.

mesos, middle ; noton, the back.]

The dorsal part of an insect meso-

thorax

(zool.).

mesoparapteron (mes'6'parap'tSron) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle para, beside
;

The small sclerite

pteron, wing.]
of the mesothorax of insects (zool.).
mesopetalum (mes'opfit'alum) n. [Gk.
mesos,

petalon, a petal.]
or lip of an orchid

middle

The labellum

middle

mesos,

pous,

n.

[Gk.

foot.]

The

leaf-stalk or petiole region of a leaf

(bot.)

the middle part of a mol-

luscan foot

(zool.).

mesopraescutum

(mes'opresku'tum)
[Gk. mesos, middle ; L. prae,
before ; scutum, a shield.]
The
praescutum of mesothorax in Insects

n.

(zool.).

mesopterygium

(mes'6pt6rij'Ium)

mesophragma (mes'ofrag'ma) n.
mesos, middle

[Gk.

phragma, a fence.]
A chitinous piece descending into
interior of insect body with postscutellum for base (zool.).
mesophryon (mesofrion) n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle ophrys, an eyebrow.]
The elevated median head-region
of Trilobites (Pal.).
raesophyll (mes ofil) n. [Gk. mesos,
;

n.

[Gk. mesos, middle ; pterygion, a

The middle of
little wing or fin.]
three basal pectoral fin-cartilages
in recent Elasmobranchs (zool.).

mesopterygoid (mes'5pt6rTgoid) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ;pteryx, a wing
The middle
eidos, resemblance.]
of three pterygoid bone elements of
;

Teleosts

the ectopterygoid

mesorchium (mes&r'klum)

(bot.).

[Gk.
Pert.

mesos, middle

The
testis,

(zool.).

n.

[Gk.

orchis, a testicle.]

supporting the
attached to dorsal abdominal

mesentery

wall in

pensory

mammalian embryos
in adult

Fishes

sus-

(zool.).

mesorectum

(mes'b'rgk'tum) n.
[Gk.
L. rectus, straight.]
mesos, middle
The mesentery supporting the
;

rectum (anat.).
mesorhlnal (mes'ori'nal)

a.

[Gk.

MES-

Be-

middle
rhts, nose.]
tween the nostrils (zool.).

mesos,

mesorhinium (mes'orm'fum)

n.

[Gk,

bird's bill (zool.).

mesosalplnx (mes'osal'pmgks) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle salpingx, a trumpet.]
;

The

portion of supporting ligament

stretching from uterine tube to the
lerel of the ovary (anat.).

mesoscapula (mes'oskap'ula) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle L. scapula, shoulder;

The

blade.]

scapular

spine

(anat.).

mesoscutellum

n.

(mes'oskuteTum)

[Gk. mesos, middle ; L. scutellum,

a small shield.] The scutellum of

mesothorax

n.

[Gk.

mesos, middle ; L. scutum, a shield.]

The scutum of insect's mesothorax

soma, body.]

[Gk. mesos,

The middle

part of the body ; the praeabdomen

of Arthropods, or anterior broader
part of abdomen (zool.).

mesosperm (mes'ospgrm)

n.

[Gk.

mesos, middle ; sperma, seed.] The

integument investing the nucellus
of an ovule (bot.).

mesospore (mes'ospor) n. [Gk. mesos,

middle sporos, seed.] The intera
mediate of three spore coats
;

resting-spore stage (bot.).

(mes'ospo'rrum). Mesospore.
mesostate (mes'ostat) n. [Gk. mesos,
middle ; stasis, a standing.] An
intermediate stage in metabolism
(phys.\
mesostereom (mes'6st6r'e8m) n. [Gk.
mesos, middle ; stereos, solid.] The
middle layer of thecal plates of

mesosporium

Cystidea

part of the developing

mesosternum

(emb.).

mesosternum (mes'osteYnum) n. [Gk.

mesos, middle ; L. sternum, breastThe middle part of the
bone.]
sternum of vertebrates the gladiolus (anat.) ; the sternum of the
mesothorax of Insects (zool.).
;

mesostethium

stethos,

the

mesosternum

(zool.).
(mes'osti'lus) a.
[Gk.

mesostylous
mesos, middle

stylos, pillar.]

Hav-

ing styles of intermediate length ;

appl. heterostylous flowers (bot.).
mesotarsal (mes'otar'sal) a.
[Gk.
mesos, middle ; L. tarsus, anklePert, a mesotarsus of an
joint.]
Insect
(zool.).^

mesotarsus (mes'otar'sus) n.
[Gk.
L. tarsus, anklemesos, middle
;

middle-limb tarsus of
insects (zool.).
mesothecium (mes'othe'sium, -shium)
n.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; theke, cup.]
The middle investing layer of an
joint.]

anther-sac

(bot.).

n.

[Gk.

mesos, middle thele, nipple.] Mesoderm bounding the primitive coelom

and giving rise to muscular and
;

(anat.).

mesotherm (mes'othgrm)

n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle ; therme, heat.J
in
heat
a
moderate
plant thriving

(bot.).

mesothoracic (mes'dthoras'ik) a. [Gk.

mesos, middle thorax, chest.] Pert.
or in the region of the meso;

thorax

appl. a spiracle of Insects

(zool.).

mesothorax (mes'otho'raks)

n.

[Gk.

thorax, chest.] The

middle segment of the thoracic
of
Insects
(zool.).
region

mesos, middle

mesotriaene (mes'otri'en) n.
[Gk.
mesos, middle
triaina, a trident.]
;

An

aberrant type of triaene spicule

(zool.).

mesotrochal (mesot'rokal) a.
[Gk.
middle
mesos,
trochos,
wheel.]
an
annulate
larva
with
circlet
Appl.
of cilia round the middle of the
body (zool.).
;

mesotympanic

(zool.).

mesosternebra (mes'oste'r'ne'bra) n.
[Gk. mesos, middle sternon, breastbone.]

connective tissue

(zool.}.

mesosoma (mes'oso'ma) n.
middle

middle

mesos,

mesothelium (mes'othe'lium)

(zool.).

mesoscutum (mes'osku'tum)

[Gk.

chest.]

mesos, middle ; rhis, nose.] The

internarjal surface region of a

insect's

MES-

186

(mes'oste'thlum)

n.

(mes'otimpan'Ik) a.
[Gk. mesos, middle ; tympanon, a
The symplectic ; one of
drum.]
the bones in the suspensory apparatus of the lower jaw in Fishes
(zool.).

mesovarlum

(mes'ova'rium) n. [Gk.
L. ovarium, an
mesos, middle
The mesentery of the
ovary.]
;

ovary
Fishes

suspensory

mesentery of

(zool., anat.).

mesoventral (mes'ovgn'tral)

a.

[Gk.

MES-

MET-

187

L. venter, belly.]
mesas, middle
In the middle ventral region.
;

Mesozoic (mes'ozo'ik) n. [Gk. mesos,

middle zoe, life.] The middle or
secondary group of rock-systems
;

metacoel

(mgt'asel) n.
[Gk. meta,
hollow.] The third
posterior part of the coelom

after

and

of Molluscs

[Gk.

n.
[Gk. meta,
The posteroexternal cusp of an upper molar

Condition
organism lives only
has prepared its

metaconid (met'ako'nid) n. [Gk. meta,

after
konos, cone
eidos, resem-

bios, life.]

in which one
after another

environment and died

metabolic (mgt'abol'ik) a.
after

able

n.

(met'ablo'sis)

me/a, after

chemical

appl.
in

occurring

living

[Gk. meta,

Changechanges
organism
;

metamorphosing (biol.\
metabolln (metab'olin) n. [Gk. metaA product of metabole, change.]
bolism (phys.}.
metabolism (metab'ollzm) n. [Gk.
metabole, change.] The chemical
change, constructive and destrucoccurring in living organisms

tive,

(biol.).

metabranchial

a.

(mgt'abrang^kTal)
[Gk. meta, after brangchia, gills.]
or in the
region of the
posterior gill region (zoo/.).
metacarpal (mgt'akar'pal) a.
[Gk.
meta, after ; L. carpus, the wrist.]
Pert, the metacarpus ; appl. bones,
;

Pert,

articulations, etc. (anat.~).

metacarpophalangeal
falan'jeal) a.
[Gk.
L. carpus, wrist ;
series.]

(mgt'akar'pometa, after;

Gk.

phalanx,
Appl. the articulations be-

tween metacarpals and phalanges

meta,

The

after ;
skeletal

L.

part

between wrist
sisting

of five

n.

[Gk.

wrist.]
carpus,
of the hand

and

fingers,

con-

cylindrical bones

(anat.).

metachromatinic grains,

chroma-

toid bodies found in cells very

similar to chromatin in properties
and characteristics (cyt.).

metachrosis (met'akro'sis)

n.
[Gk.
meta, after
chrosis,
colouring.]
to
colour
Ability
change
by expansion of pigment cells, as in some
Fishes and Reptiles (zoo/.).
;

metacneme

(meYaknem)

n.

[Gk.
kneme, the tibia.] A
secondary mesentery of Zoantharia

meta, after
(tool.).

(tool.)

The postero-internal cusp

of a lower molar (zoo/.).
metaconule

(meYako'nul) n.
[Gk.
The
meta, after ; konos, cone.]
posterior secondary cusp of an

upper molar
metacoracoid

(zoo/.).

(met'akSr'akoid)

n.

meta,
;
korax, crow ;
resemblance.] The posterior
part of the coracoid (zoo/.).
metacromion (mSt'akro'mlon) n. [Gk.
meta, after ; akros, summit ; omos,
shoulder.]
posterior branchprocess of the acromion-process of
the scapular spine (zoo/.).
metadiscoidal
a.
(mgt'adiskoid'al)
[Gk. meta, after ; diskos, a quoit ;
after

[Gk.

eidos,

eidos, resemblance.] Appl. placenta

in which thevilli are at first scattered

and later restricted to a disc, as in

man and monkey (zoo/.).
metadromous (mgtad'romus) a. [Gk.
meta, after

dromos, a

running.]

With primary veins of a segment

arising from the upper side of the

midrib

(bot.).

metaesthetism

n.
(metgs'thgtlzm)
;
aisthetos, perThe
the senses.]
doctrine that " consciousness is a
product of the evolution of matter

[Gk.

(anat.).

metacarpus (mgt'akar'pus)

konos, cone.]

blance.]

(biol.}.

ballein, to throw.]

;
;

(zoo/.).

metacone (met'akon)
after

metabiosis

koilos,

and

after

meta,

ceptible

by

force."

metagastric (met'agas'trlk)

a.
[Gk.
meta, after ; gaster, belly.] Pert.
the posterior gastric region (zoo/.).
metagastrula (m&t'agas'troola) n.
[Gk. meta, after ; gaster, belly.]
modified form of gastrula (zoo/.).
metagenesis (mgt'ajen'gsis) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; genesis, descent.] Alternation of generations, which see.

metakinesis (met'Skine'sIs) n.
[Gk.
meta, after kinein, to move.] The
middle stage of mitosis, during which
the chromosomes are grouped in
;

the equatorial plate

metaloph

(met'alof)

(cyt.}.

n.

[Gk.

meta,

MET-

The posterior
crest of a molar, uniting metacone,

after; lophos, a crest.]

metaconule, and hypocone (zool.}.

n.
[Gk. me/a,

metamere (mSt'amer)
after

meros,

part.]

body

segment (zoo/.).
metameric (m 6 t'amg r'lk) a. [Gk. me fa,
after meros, part.] Pert, metamer;

ism or segmentation

(zool.}.

metamerism (mStam'Srizm)
meta, after
condition of

meros,

n.

[Gk.

The

part.]

body divided up

segments more or
zonal
segmentation
into

mented

product

n.
[Gk.
peptos, cooked.]
the action of gastric

juice on albumins (phys.}.

metaphase (meYafaz)

n.
[Gk. meta,
phainein, to appear.] The
stage in mitosis in which the
chromosomes are split up in the

after

equatorial plate

(cyt.}.

symmetry

(me'ta'm'e'rizd)
;

meros,

a.

[Gk.

Seg-

part.]

[Gk. meta,
Dis-

bear.]

(bot.}.

n.

mitos, thread.]

[Gk.
Mitosis

which cytoplasmic and nuclear

elements are both affected
cf.
;

mesomitosis.
;

adult stage, as in Insects (zool.}

interference with normal symmetry
in flowers (bot.}
internal chemical

metamps

(me'tamp's,

me'tamps)

n.

plu.
[Gk. meta, after
morphe,
Different forms of the same
form.]
species, as in certain Sponges (zool.}.
;

metanauplius (mgt'anop'lius).

[Gk.
meta, after L. nauplius, a kind of
The larval stage of
shell-fish.]
Crustacea succeeding the nauplius
stage (zool.}.
metanephric (meYaneTrik) a. [Gk.
meta, after
nephros, a kidney.]
Pert, or in the region of the hind;

(emb.}.

metanephros

(m6t'angf'r6s) n.
[Gk.
nephros, a kidney.]
behind
the
organ arising
;

mesonephros and replacing

it

the

fully-

functional kidney of
developed amniotes (zool.}.

as

metanotum

(mgt'ano'tum) n.
[Gk.
The
meta, after ; noton, back.]
notum or tergum of the metathorax of Insects (zool.}.

metanucleus

(me't'anu'kleus) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]
term appl, by Haecker to the

[Gk.

The
(bot.}.

[Gk.

meta, after
phragma, a fence.]
internal metathoracic septum
in Insects (zool.}.
;

An

metaphyte

(mgt'afit) n.
after
phyton, plant.]
cellular plant (bot.}.

metaplasia

[Gk. meta,
A multin.

(met'apla'zia)

[Gk.

after
moulding.]
plasis,
Conversion of tissue from one
form to another, as in ossification

meta,

metaplasia
meta,

(phys.}.

after

metamorphosis (mgt'amor'fbsis) n.
[Gk. meta, beyond morphe, form.]
Change of form and structure undergone by an animal from embryo to

change

(mgt'aflo'gm) n.
meta, after
phloos, bark.]
of
phloem
secondary xylem

metaphragma (mSt'afr&g'ma) n.

in

of

placement of organs

(zool.}.

meta, after

meta,

after

meta,

metaphery (mgtaf'grl)
beyond pherein, to

metamitosis (mSt'Smito'sis)

The

metapeptone (met'apep'ton)

metaphloem
after

kidney

egg-nucleus after its extrusion from

the germinal vesicle (cyt.}.

less alike

(zool.}.

metamerized
meta,

MET-

188

n.
(metap'lasts)
[Gk.
after ;
moulding.]
plasis,

The mature

period in the

an individual

metaplasm

life

of

(phys.}.
n.

(mgt'aplazm)

[Gk.

meta, after
plasma, something
moulded.] The lifeless ingredients
of protoplasm, as opp. to the living
;

material

(cyt.}.

metaplastic (mgt'aplas'tik)
meta,
Pert,

after

plastos,

metaplasia

or

a.

[Gk.

moulded.]

metaplasm

(cyt.}.

or
metaplastic
bodies,
grains
granules of protoplasm which are
stages or products of metabolism
and not true protoplasm (cyt.}.

metapleural (met'aploo'ral)

a.
[Gk.
pleura, a side.] Possituated
teriorly and
laterally
pert, a metapleure or metapleuron

meta, after

(zool.}.

metapleure
meta, after

(meYaploor) n.
[Gk.
pleura, a side.] An
;

abdominal or ventro-lateral fold of

integument of certain of the lowest
vertebrates

(zool.}.

metapleuron (mSt'aploor'Sn)

n.

[Gk.

MET-

meta, after pleura, a side.] The

pleuron of an insect metathorax

metarachis

(mgt'aralrts) n. [Gk. meta,

rhachis, a spine.] The face
of Pennatulacea which coincides
with the sulcar aspect of the terminal zooid, otherwise the so-called
dorsal surface (zool.).

after

(zool.).

metapneustic

a.
(met'apnu'stik)
[Gk. meta, after pneuma, breath.]
larvae
with
insect
the
only
AppL
terminal pair of spiracles (zool.).
;

(met'askuteTum) n.
[Gk. meta, after L. scutellum, a
small shield.] The scutellum of an
;

of an insect's abdomen behind the

petiole or podeon (zool.).

metapodeum

insect metathorax (zool.).

metascutum

Meta-

(mfit'apo'deum).

thorax

(meYapo'dial) a.
[Gk.
meta, after pous, foot.] Pert, a
or
metapodeon
metapodium (zool.).
n.

n.
(mSt'asit'Izm)
[Gk.
The acmeta, after
sitos, food.]
quisition of a cannibalistic mode
of life (zool.).
;

[Gk.

after ; pous,
The
meta,
foot.]
posterior portion of a molluscan
the portion of the foot
foot
between tarsus and digits
in
four-footed
metaanimals, the

metasoma

(mSt'aso'ma)
[Gk. meta,
soma, body.] The posterior
body-region of Arachnids (zool.).
after

[Gk.
Pert.
(zool.).

metasperm

(met'aspe'rm) n.
[Gk.
meta, after spertna, seed.] A plant
having seeds in a closed ovary ; an
;

angiosperm (bot.).
metastasis (mgtas'tasis)

prolongation of a vertebral articular process developed

in certain vertebrates (zool.} ; the

n.
[Gk.
meta, after stasis, standing.] Metabolism ; transference of function
;

mammillary process (anat.).

metapore (met'apor) n. [Gk. meta,

The
channel.]
medial aperture in the roof of the
fourth ventricle of the brain
a

Magendie's foramen (anat.).

metapostscutellum
(met'apostskuL.
teTum) n. [Gk. meta, after
;

after ; scutellum,
a small
post,
The post-scutellum of
shield.]
an insect metathorax (zool.).

metapraescutum

(met'apresku'tum)
n. [Gk. meta, after L.prae, before
The praescutum
scutum, shield.]
of an insect meta-thorax (zool.).
;

a.

meta, after ; soma, body.]

or situated in the metasoma

of cells of the polar cap of the

rhombogen of Rhombozoa.
metapophysis (meYapof'isis) n. [Gk.
meta, after apo, from phyein, to

poros,

metasomatic (met'asomat'lk)

carpus and metatarsus (zool.).

metapolar cells, the second circlet

(zool.).

metasitlsm

metapodium (met'apo'dium)

metapterygium

(meYapte'rlj'ium) n.
[Gk. meta, after pterygion, a little
The
wing.]
posterior basal fincartilage or bone, either pectoral
;

or pelvic, of recent Elasmobranchs

(zool.).

from one organ to another (phys.).

metastatlc (meVastat'ik) life-history
that of certain Trematodes in which
the young form after entering the
intermediate host, metamorphoses
into the adult, after which the
intermediate host is swallowed by
the final host

(zool.).

metasternum (mgt'asteVnum)
meta, after

[Gk.

sternon, breast-bone.]
The sternum of insect metathorax ;
the posterior sternal part of Anura
the xiphoid or ensiform process,
the posterior part of the sternum
;

of higher vertebrates

(zool.).
a.

metasthenic (meYasthenlk)
meta,

after

[Gk.

sthenos,

With well-developed

strength.]
posterior part

of the body (zool.).

metastlgmate (meYastlg'mat) a. [Gk.
meta, after stigma, mark.] Hav;

metapterygoid

(mt'apter'fgoid) tt.
meta, after
pteryx, wing
The posterior
eidos, resemblance.]
of three pterygoid elements in
certain lower vertebrates (zool.).

[Gk.

The scutum

podeon.

(mSt'asku'tum) n. [Gk.
L. scutum, shield.]
of an insect meta-

after

meta,

metapodial

after

metascutellum

metapodeon (met'apo'deon) n. [Gk.

meta, after pous, foot.] That part

grow.]

MET-

189

ing posterior tracheal openings or

stigmata, as in Mites (zool.).
metastoma (meYasto'ma) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; stoma, mouth.] Thetwolobed lower lip of Crustacea (zool.).

METmetatarsal

(meYatar'sal) a.
[Gk.
meta, after ; L. tarsus, the ankle.]
In the region of the tarsus appl.
arteries, veins, etc. pert, the meta;

bones (zool., anat.}.

metatarsophalangeal
(me't'atar'sotarsal

falan'jeal) a.
tarsus, ankle

[Gk.

me fa,

after

L.

Gk. phalanx, troop.]

Appl. articulations between the
metatarsus and phalanges of the
;

foot (anat.}.

metatarsus

(met'atar'sus) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; L. tarsus, ankle.] The
the
the
ankle
of
foot
between
part
and toes (anat.}.

rnetathalamus

(met'atharamus) n.
[Gk meta, after; thalamos, chamber.]
The geniculate bodies of the brain
(anat.}.

metathorax

(met'atho'raks) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; thorax, the chest.] The
posterior segment of the thorax

of Insects

a.
[Gk.
trofihe, nourishment.]
Living on decaying organic matter

(meYatrof'ik)

meta, after

a globe.] A product
blood decomposition (phys.}.

of

globus,

metochy

n.

(met'oki)

a sharing.]

[Gk. metoche,
relationship be-

The

tween a neutral guest insect and

host

its

(zool.}.

metoecious (mSte'shus)

a.

metope (meYope)

n.

[Gk. meta,

Metoxenous

a house.]
; oikos,
or heteroecious (dot.}.
after

[Gk. metopon,

The middle frontal

forehead.]
portion of a Crustacean (zool.}.
metopic (metop'ik)

a.

[Gk. metopon,

Pert, the forehead

forehead.]
appl. the frontal suture (anat.}.

metosteon (mStos'teon)

n.

[Gk. meta,
after ; osteon, bone.]
A posterior
sternal ossification in birds (zool.}.

metovum
cell

(meto'vum)

n.

[Gk. meta,

An eggsurroundedbynutritive material

after

L.

ovum, an egg.]

(cyt.}.

metoxenous (metok'sgnus)

(zool.}.

metatrophic

meta, after
sitic

a.

xenos, a guest.]

on different hosts

stages in life-history

[Gk.
Para-

at different

(dot.}.

n.
[L. dim. of mica,
morsel.] An ultimate supra-molecular unit of a cell.
See hypothetical units.

micella (miseTa)

(bot.}.

metaxylem

(mSt'azi'lem) n.
[Gk.
meta, after ; nylon, wood.] Secondary xylem with thick walled cells

micraesthetes

(t>ot.}.

metazoaea
after

MIC-

190

(mgt'azo'ea) n.
[Gk. meta,
larval stage of
zoe, life.]

Crustacea between zoaea and megalopa stages

(zool.}.

metazoon (mSt'azo'on)

n.

[Gk. meta,

A multicellu-

after ; zoon, animal.]

lar animal (zool.}.

metencephalon (met'enkef'alon,

-sef-)

[Gk. meta, after ; en, in ; kephale,

The hind-brain or cerehead.]
bellum.

n.

metenteron

(meten'teron) n.
[Gk.
An
enteron, gut.]
meta, after
intermesenteric chamber of a seaanemone or other Coelenterate
;

(zopl.}.

metepimeron (mSt'e'pim'gron) n. [Gk.

meta, after epi, upon meros, part.]
;

The epimeron
thorax

of an insect meta-

(mlkres'thets) n. plu.
aesthetikos, per;

[Gk. mikros, small

The

ceptive.]

smaller

sensory

organs of Placophora (zool.}.

microbe (mi'krpb) n.
[Gk. mikros,

small bios, life.] A bacterium a

micro-organism.
microbiology (ml'kroblpl'oj!) n. [Gk.
;

mikros, small ; bios, life

Bacteriology.

logos, dis-

course.]

microcalthrops (ml'krokal'throps)

n.

[Gk. mikros, small ; A.S. coltraeppe,

a kind of thistle.]
A primitive
with four
tetraxon, or euaster
persistent rays (zool.}.
(mi'krosen'trum)
[Gk. mikros, small ; L. centrum,

microcentrum
centre.]

cell

The dynamic

centre of

composed of centrosomes

(cyt.}.

microconjugant (ini'krdkon'joogant) //.

(zool.}.

metepisternum (met'e'pisteVnum) n.
[Gk. meta, after epi, upon sternon,
;

breast-bone.]

The episternum

an insect metathorax

of

(zool}.

methaemoglobin (mgthe'moglo'bm) ;/.

[Gk. meta, after

haiina, blood

L.

[Gk. mikros, small ; L. conjugare,

to unite.] A motile ciliated freeswimming conjugant or gamete
which attaches itself to a macro-

conjugant and fertilizes it (zool.}.

microconidium (mi'krbkonid'ium)

n.

MIC-

[Gk. mikros, small ; font's, dust.]

comparatively small conidium

(dot.).

microcyst (mf kroslst) n. [Gk. mikros,

small kystis, bladder] A restingspore stage of slime Fungi (hot.}.
microcytase (mfkrosftas) n.
[Gk.
;

mikros, small

The

kytos, hollow.]

enzyme of microphages

or smaller

microcytes (mf kroslts)

small

mikros,

n. plu.

[Gk.
hollow.]
half the

kytos,

about

Blood-corpuscles

of erythrocytes, numerous in
diseased conditions (phys.).
size

microdont

(mfkrodont)
small

mikros,

odous,

a.

[Gk.

tooth.]

With comparatively small

teeth

puscles, etc. (phys.).

micront (mfkront)
small

n.

[Gk.
mikros, small ; gametes, a spouse.]
The smaller of two conjugant
gametes, regarded as male (zool.).

microgametocyte

(mfkrogame'toslt)
n.
[Gk. mikros, small ; gametes, a
A cell
spouse
kytos, hollow.]
developed from a merozoite in
certain Protozoa, and giving rise
to a microgamete (zool.).
;

microgamy (mlkrQg'amT)

n.

[Gk.

small

;
gamos, marriage.]
Syngamy between the smallest individuals, produced by fission or
gemmation, as in Foraminifers

mikros,

(zool.).

spring.]

small

gonos,

comparatively

n.
off-

small

gonidium (dot.) a male gamont or

gametocyte (zool.).
mlcromere (mfkromer) n.
[Gk.
;

small
A
meros, part.]
of the upper or animal hemisphere in meroblastic and other
mikros,

cell

eggs (emb.).
micromerozoite (ml'kromeYozoit)

n.

[Gk. mikros, small ; meros, part ;

zoon, animal.] A cell derived from
a raicroschizont and developing
into a gametocyte
in
Haemosporidia

(zool.).

micromesentery (mf krome's'e'nte'rl)

[Gk. mikros, small

n.

mesos, middle

enteron, gut.]
secondary incomplete
mesentery in Zoantharia
(zool.).

sporidia

(zool.).

mikros, small ; L. nucleus, a kernel.]

The smaller nucleus of many Protozoa, lying in close proximity to the

meganucleus (zool.).
micro-organism (mfkro-6r'ganizm)

/;.

[Gk.

mikros,

n.

an
[Gk. mikros, small ; organon,
instrument.]
microscopic organism ; a bacterium or microbe.

[Gk.
eat]

n.

(ml'krofa'jez)

small

mikros,

plu.
to

phagein,
Leucocytes possessing the
enzyme microcytase (phys.).

microphagocyte

(mi'krofag'oslt)

n.

[Gk. mikros, small ; phagein, to

eat ; kytos, hollow.]
microphage
or small phagocyte of blood (phys.).

microphyllous (mf krofil'us)

a.

mikros, small ;phyllon, leaf.]

small leaves (bot.).

[Gk.

With

microphyte (mfkroflt) n. [Gk. mikros,

small

;
phyton, plant.]
scopic plant (bot.).

microphytology

discourse.]

microphytes
ology (bot.).

vegetable

small

n.

phyton, plant ;
The science of

micropodous (mikrSp'odus)
mikros,

micro-

(mfkrofltol'qjl)

[Gk. mikros, small

bacteria.

pous, foot.]

[Gk.

With

rudimentary or small foot or feet.

micropore (mf kropor) n. [Gk. mikros,
small poros, a channel.] A small
pore in a Chiton shell containing a
sense-organ (zool.).
inicropterism (mlkrop'terizm) n. [Gk.
mikros, small pteron, wing.] Condition of having unusually small
;

wings, as in some insects (zool.).

micropterous (mlkrop'tgrus) a. [Gk.
mikros, small ; pteron, a wing.]
Having small hind wings invisible
till tegmina are expanded, as in
some insects with small or rudi;

mentary fins (zool.).

micropyle (mfkropll) n.

[Gk. mikros,
small pyle, a gate.] The aperture
admission of pollen-tube at the
;

(mi'kron)

[Gk. mikros,
small cell

formed by schizogony, itself giving

rise
to
microgametes in Neo-

logos,

inicrogonidium (ml'krogonld'ium)
mikros,

n.

ons, being.]

microphages

(zool.).

microgamete (mfkrogamet')

micron

One-thousandth part of a
small.]
millimetre,
symbol M, used in
measurement of diameters of cor-

micronucleus (mfkr6nu'kleus). [Gk.

leucocytes (phys.).

[Gk.

MIC-

191

for

MIC-

ovule apex (dot.)

the aperture in
the egg-membrane for admission
of spermatozoon ; a pore in the

angium

microstome

(mi'krostom) n.
[Gk.
mikros, small
stoma, mouth.] A
small opening or orifice (zool.).
;

microstylospore (ml'krostl'lospor)

(zool.).

microschizont

n.

[Gk. mikros, small ; stylos, pillar

A comparatively
sporos, a seed.]
small stylospore (dot.).

(inl'kroshl'zont) n. [Gk.
mikros, small schizein, to cut.] A
male schizont of certain Protozoa

microstylous

(mi'krostl'lus) a.
[Gk.
mikros, small stylos, pillar.] Havshort
styles ; appl. heterostylous
ing
flowers (bot.).-

(zool.).

microsclere (ml'kroskler) n.
[Gk.
mikros, small skleros, hard.] One
of sponge spicules found lying

scattered

the

in

freely

microtherm

tissues

(inl'krotherm) n.
[Gk.
mikros, small
therme, heat.] A
plant of the north temperate zone

(zool.).

microseptum (ml'krosep'tum)
small

n.

[Gk.

L.

septum, partiAn incomplete mesentery

tion.]
of Zoantharia (zool.).
microsmatic (ml'krosmat'ik) a. [Gk.
mikros, small osme, smell.] With
feebly-developed sense of smell
;

(bot.).

microtype

[Gk. mikros,

microsome

n.
(ml'krosom)
[Gk.
micros, small ; soma, body.] The
granule of protoplasm as opposed
to the ground-substance (cyt.).

microsphere

(mi'krotlp) n.
L. typus, type.]

The normal
arrangement of mesenteries in
Anthozoa (zool.).
microzooid (mi'kroz5'oid) n.
[Gk.
mikros, small zoon, animal eidos,
A free-swimming
resemblance.]
small

(Phys.).

(ml'krosfer)
sphaira,

mikros, small
ifera

microspor-

insect eggs (zool.).

microrhabdus (ml'krorab'dus) n. [Gk.
mikros, small ; rhabdos, a rod.]
minute monaxon or rod-like

The

bear.]

(dot.).

microsporophyll (rm'krospo'rofll) n.
[Gk. mikros, small
sporos, seed
A microsporangiumphyllpn, leaf.]
leaf
(bot).
bearing
microsporozoite (ml'krospo'rozo'it) n.
[Gk. mikros, small
sporos, seed
A smaller endozoon, animal.]
of
genous sporozoite
Sporozoa(sw/.).

spongin-coat of Sponges for escape

of gemmules (zoo).
raised promicropyle apparatus,
cesses or porches, sometimes of
very elaborate structure, developed
round the micropyle of certain

micros,

to

pherein,

spicule

MID-

192

n.

[Gk.

initial chamber of Foraminwhen very small (zool.).

a.

[Gk.

sphatra, a globe.]
Appl. Foraminifera when the initial
chamber of the shell is small

mikros, small

microzoospore

(ml'krozd'ospor)

n.

zoon, animal ;
[Gk. mikros, small
A small planogamete
(bot.); a small anisospore of Radio;

a globe.]

microspheric (mi'krosfgr'ik)

motile ciliated bud of Vorticella

and other Protozoa (zool.).

sporos, seed.]

larians (zool.).
(mi'krozl'ma)

microzyma

n.
[Gk.
small ; zyme, leaven.] A
biophore or idioblast,a hypothetical
ultimate unit (biol.).

mikros,

microzyme (ml'krozlm) n. [Gk. mikros,

(zool.).

microsporangium(mi'krospdran'jium)
n. [Gk. mikros, small sporos, seed
A sporangium
anggeion, vessel.]
bearing a number of microspores
;

(bot.).

microspore

(mlkrospor) n.
[Gk.
mikros, small sporos, seed.] The
in
a
microsporspore developed
angium of heterosporous plants
a smaller anisospore of
(bot.) ;
;

Sarcodina (zool.).
microsporophore (ml'krospo'rofor)
[Gk. micros, small

n.

sporos, seed

small

zyme, leaven.]

micro-

organism of fermenting or decomposing liquids (phys.).

mid-body, a cell plate or group of
granules in the equatorial region
of the spindle in the anaphase of
mitosis (cyt.).
mid-brain, the middle zone of the
the
primitive or embryonic brain
mesencephalon of adults, consisting
corof the cerebral peduncles, the
pora quadrigema, and the aque;

ductus Sylvii

(anat.).

MID-

(bot.}.

midriff (mid'rif) n.
hrif, the belly.]

[A. S. mid, middle

The diaphragm

or

between the
thoracic and abdominal cavities
muscular

partition

(anat., zool.}.

Miescher's tubes,

see

Ralney's

tubes.

migration

n.
(migra'shun)
[L.
migrare, to transfer.] Change of
according to climate or
food-supply, observable chiefly in
birds, also in reindeer, bats, certain

habitat,

fishes, etc. (zool.}.

migratory

cell,

an amoeboid

cell or

leucocyte of the blood.

miliary

MIX-

193

mid-rib, the large central vein of a

leaf, the continuation of the petiole

Of

millet.]

The

mitochondria (mi'tokon'dria)

n. plu.
chondros, grain.]
of
Ergastoplasmic
granulations
protozoan
protoplasm ;
spheroa
rounded
mass
of
(zool.}
plasts
granules or fibrils near the nucleus
of pancreas cells (anat.}.

[Gk. mitos, thread

mitochondrial sheath, an envelope

containing mitochondrial granules
sheathing the spiral thread of a
spermatozoan body or connecting
piece (emb.}.
(ml'tom)

mitome

n.
[Gk. mitos,
The reticulum of cellprotoplasm, as opposed to groundsubstance (biol.}.
mltoschisis (mitos'krsls) n.
[Gk.
mitos, thread ; schizein, to cleave.]
Indirect nuclear division ; mitosis

thread.]

a.

[L. milium,
granular appearance

(mil'iar!)

of meirakion, a stripling.]
ciliated embryo or youngest
stage in the life-history of a Trematode (zool.}.

dim.

small and numerous (zool.}.

milk-teeth, the first dentition of
Mammals, shed soon after or before
birth.

milt (milt)

The

[A.S.

tnilte,

the spleen.]

spleen.

The

or male
generative organ of Fishes.
mimetic (mfmgt'ik) a. [Gk. mimetikos,

n.
[Gk. mitos,
Indirect or karyokinetic
nuclear division, with chromosome-

(mito'sts)

thread.]

milt (milt) n. [A corruption of milk,

due to confusion with milt, the
spleen.]

mitosis

soft

imitative.]

roe,

Appl.

animals

formation, spindle-formation, and

with or without centrosome activity,
and final reduction of the chromo-

somes (cyt.}.
mitosome (mit'osom)

n.

[Gk. mitos,

and plants which practise mimicry

thread

(biol.}.

arising from the spindle-fibres of

mimic

v.

(mim'lk)
[Gk. mimikos,
To assume, usually for
imitating.]
protection, the habits, colour, or
structure
of another organism

(mim'ikri) n.
[Gk. mimikos,
imitative.]
Assumption of resemblance in colour or structure as a

means of self-protection (dial.}.

mine (mm) n. [L. minare, to con-

tunnel or gallery constructed by an insect (zool.}.

minimus (min'imus) n. [L. minimus,
The fifth digit of hand or
least.]
duct.]

foot.

Miocene

(ml'osen) a.
[Gk. melon,
kainos, recent.]
Appl. the
eleventh of the thirteen rocksystems, and belonging to the
Cainozoic or Tertiary group (pal.}.
less

miostemonous,

meiostemonous

body

spermatozoon

(zool.}.
a.

(mitot'ik)

Pert,

thread.]

mitosis

appl.

or

[Gk.

mitos,

produced

division,

by

figure,

phase (biol.}.
mitra (mi'tra) n.
[L. mitra, headA helmet-shaped part of
band.]
or corolla
the mitriform
pileus of certain Fungi (bot.}.

calyx

pyramidal cells with

thick basal dendrites, found in the
molecular layer of the olfactory
bulb (anat.}.
mitral valve, the bicuspid valve,
guarding the left auriculo-venmitral

cells,

tricular orifice of the heart (anat.}.

mitriform (mit'riform) a. [L. mitra,

head-band forma, shape.] Mitre;

shaped.

(Art).

miracidium

body.]

secondary spermatocytes, eventually said to form the connecting

piece and tail envelope of the
mitotic

(zool.}.

mimicry

soma,

(mTr'asTd'ium)

n.

[Gk.

mixipterysrium (mlk'sIpteYIj'Ium)

//.

MIX-

pterygion, a
clasper of
male Elasmobranchs, the medial
lobe of the pelvic fin (zool.}.
mixotrophic (mik'sotrofik) a. [Gk.
mixis, mixing; trephein, to nourish.]
Combining holophytic with saproobtaining
phytic nutrition (zool.}
part of the nourishment from an outside source
partly parasitic (bot.}.

mtxts, mixing
EGk.
ittle wing or fin.]

The

modiolus (modl'olus)

n. [L. modiolus,
The conical
small measure.]
central axis of the cochlea of the
ear (anat.}.

molar

(mo'lar) a.
[L. molere, to
grind.]
Adapted for grinding, as
appl. teeth
appl. certain buccal
;

glands

MON-

194

monos, alone aner, male.] Having

only one stamen (bot.}.
monarch (mon'ark) a. [Gk. monos,
With
alone
arche, beginning.]
only one protoxylem (bot.}.
monaster (monas'ter) n. [Gk. monos,
The astral
alone ; aster, star.]
arrangement of the V-shaped
chromosomes at the end of the
prophase of mitosis (cyt.}.
monaxial (monak'sial) a. [Gk. monos,
alone
Having one
axon, axis.]
line of axis ; uniaxial (biol.}; having
inflorescence
the
developed on the
;

primary axis
alone

[Gk. monos,
A type of
a
single axis
upon

axon,

axis.]

built

spicule

(anat.}.

molecular hypothesis, the supposition that muscle and nerve are

(bot.}.

monaxon (monak'son) n.

(zool.}.

monaxonic (mon'akson'ik)

a.
[Gk.
axon, axis.] Elonmonos, alone
gate appl. types of Protozoa with
one long body-axis (zool.}.
monembryonic (monem'brlon'ik) a.
(Phys.\
molecular layer, the external layer
[Gk. monos, alone embryon, foetus.]
of the cortex of cerebrum and cereProducing a single embryo at a
a layer of the olfactory
bellum
time (bot.}.
bulb (anat.}.
monergic (moner'jik) a. [Gk. monos,
molluscoid (molus'koid) a. [L. molalone
Having
energos, active.]
Gk. eidos, like.] Reone energid
litscus, soft
consisting of one
a
Mollusc
cell
nucleated
sembling
(bot.}.
charactetTsAc^
of a Mollusc (zool.}.
^imonilicorn (monil'ikorn) a. [L. monile,
monacanthid (mon'akan'thid) a. [Gk.
necklace
cornu, horn.]
Having
alone
antennae with appearance of a
monos,
akantha, (fhoftrf:^
With one row of ambulacral spines,
of beads (zool.}.
^rtain

composed of molecules or particles,

like the molecules of a magnet,
with positive and negative surfaces

'

as certain Starfishes

moniiiform

(zool.}.

monactinal

(monak'tlnal) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone ; aktis, ray.] Appl.
a monactine or single-rayed spicule
(zool.}.

monactinellid (monak'tinel'id) a. [Gk.

monos, alone aktis, ray.] Contain;

uniaxial spicules
certain Sponges (zool.}.

ing

monad

only,

as

n.

(mo'nad)

Protozoan

primitive

(biol.}.

monadelphous (monadel'fus)
monos, single

a.

[Gk.

adelphos, brother.]

Having the stamens united into

one bundle by union of their filaments (bot.}.
monadiform (monad'iform) a. [Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
monas, a unit
Like a flagellate Protozoan (zool.}.
;

monandrous

(monan'driis)

[L.

tractions and expansions alternately,

as the branches of certain roots
(bot.}.

[Gk. monas, a
organism or
a
flagellula form of
organic unit;
unit.]

a.

(monil'iform)

necklace ; forma, shape.]

Constricted at regular intervals,
giving the appearance of a chain
of beads ; appl. the nucleus of
certain Infusoria (zool.} ; with con-

monile,

a.

[Gk.

monimostylic (mon'imostflik)
monimos, fixed
stylos,
;

a.

[Gk.

pillar.]

Having the quadrate united to the

squamosal, and sometimes to other
bones, as in certain Reptiles ; cf.
streptostylic (zool.}.
monocardian (mon'b'kar'dian) a. [Gk.
alone
heart.]
monos,
kardia,
;

Having one

auricle

and

ventricle

(zool.}.

monocarp (mon'okarp)
alone

n.

karpos, fruit.]
carpic plant (bot.}.
;

[Gk. monos,

mono-

'

MONmonocarpellary (mon'okarpeTar!)
[Gk. monos, alone

monocarpic (mon'okar'pik)
monos, alone

once

[Gk.

Dying

monocarpous (mon'okar'pus)

a.
[Gk.
monos, alone karpos, fruit.] Having one ovary developed from the
;

[Gk. monos, alone; kephale, head.]

With one capitulum only (tot.).
monocercous (mon'oser'kus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone
kerkos, tail.] With
one flagellum, as certain Protozoa
;

(zool.).

monoecious

(mone'shus) a.
[Gk.
monos, single oikos, house.] With
male and female flowers on the
same plant with sex organs on
;

one gametophyte
rodite

(tot.)

hermaph-

(zool.).

monogamous (monog'amus)

a.
[Gk.
monos, single
gamos, marriage.]
Consorting with one mate only
;

(zool.).

monoganglionic

(zool.).

inonocerous (monos'grus) a.
monos, alone keras, horn.]
ing only one horn (zool.).

[Gk.

Hav-

monochasium (mon'oka'zTum) n.
monos, alone

cymose

[Gk.

chasis, division.]

inflorescence

main

with

axes producing only one

each (tot.).

branch

[Gk. monos, alone ; cftlamys,

cloak.] Apetalous
having calyx
but no corolla (tot.).
monociliated (mon'osll'iated) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; L. ciliutn, lash.]
a.

Having one flagellum (zool.). (

monoclinous (mou'okll'nus) a. [Ok.
monos, alone aline, couch.]
ing both stamens and pistiUi
;

(tot.).

monocotyledonous

(monokot'ile'-

[Gk. monos, alone

a cup-shaped hollow.]
one
cotyledon or embryoHaving
a.

kotyledon,

(tot.).

monocrepid (mon'okrSp'id)

a.
[Gk.
monos, alone
krepis, foundation.]
a
formed
desma
by
secondary
Appl.
silica deposits on a monaxial spicule
;

[Gk.

[Gk. monos,
alone
L. oculus, eye.] A oneeyed animal, as certain Insects and
Crustacea (zool.).
monocyclic (mSn'osik'lik) a.
[Gk.
alone
monos,
kyklos,
circle.]
one
whorl
or
circular
Having
.

(biol.).

monodactylous

(mon'ogang'glionik)
monos, alone ; gangglion,

a little tumour.] Having a single

ganglion (zool.).
monogastric (mon'ogas'trik) a. [Gk.
monos,

With

single

a.

[Gk. monos, alone daktylos, finger.]

With one digit only (zool.).
;

stomach.]

gaster,

cavity

gastric
n.

[Gk.

monos, alone
genesis, descent.]
Asexual reproduction
the theory
;

of the development of all organisms

from a>^ingle cell (biol.).
(m&n'ojenet'ik) a.
[Gk.
a\m&\\^genests, descent.]
asexually
direct, as
reproduction (biol.).
,
monogenetic.
monogenous (monoj'finus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; genos, offspring.]
Asexual, as appl. reproduction
itic

*nos,

(biol.).

monogonoporous

(m6n'6g6n5p'6rus)
[Gk. monos, alone ; gonos, offspring ; poros, channel.] Having
one genital pore common to both
male and female organs, as in
certain Turbellarians (zool.).

a.

monogony

(monog'oni)
alone ; gonos,

Non-sexual

schizogony

reproduction

(biol.).

n.

[Gk.

offspring.]
;

asexual

monogynoecial

(mSn'ojme'shlal) a.
[Gk. monos, alone ; gyne, female
oikos, house.] Developing from one

pistil (tot.).

monogynous

[Gk.
(monqj'inus) a.
monos, alone gyne, female.] Having one pistil only (tot.) ; consorting with one female mate, of male
animals (zool.).
;

(mon'odak'tllus)

one

only

(zool.).

monos,

(zool.).

monocule (mon'okul)

structure

a.

monogenesis (mon'qjen'esis)

monochlainydeous (mon'oklamld'eus)

lobe

[Gk. monos,
;
odous, tooth.]
Having one
persistent tooth ; appl. the narwal
with one tusk ten or twelve feet

-sef-)

a.

donus)

monadelphous.

monodont (mon'6'dont) a.

long

(dot.).

gynoecium (bot.).
monocephalous (mon'okeTalus,

monodelphous,
alone

(bot.).

a.

karpos, fruit.]

after bearing fruit

a.

karpos, fruit.]

Containing a single carpel

flower

MON-

195

MONmonohybrid

(mon'ohl'brid)
L. hybrida,
;

monos, alone

ing one petal only having petals

united all round (hot.).

[Gk.

mongrel]

A hybrid offspring of parents differ-

monophagous (monof'agus)

a.
[Gk.
monos, alone
phagein, to eat.]
one
kind
of
food
on
Subsisting

ing in one character (biol.).

monokaryon (mon'okar'Ion) n. [Gk.
numonos, alone; karyon, nut.]
cleus with a single centriole (cyt.).

appl. Sporozoa living permanently

in a single cell (zool?).
monophyletic (mon'ofilet'ik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone phyle, tribe.] Derived
from a single common parent form

monolophous

(mon'olof'us) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone lophos, crest.] Appl.
spicules with one ray forked or
branched like a crest (zool.).
;

monomastigate, monomastigote.
monomastigote (mon'omas'tlgot)

(biol.).

monophyllous
a.

monomeniscous (mon'omems'kus)

a.

one segment

a.
[Gk.
meros, part.] Pert.
derived from one

[Gk. monos, alone ; meros,

Having bodypart ; soma, body.]
segments all fused together, as in
certain Insects (zool.).
a.

monomerous (monom'erus)

a.

meros, part.]
;
sisting of one part only
flower-whorls (hot.).

monomial (mono'mlal) a.

name
one

L. notnen,

[Gk.

Con-

monos, alone

alone

appl.

name.]

a
Appl.

or designation consisting of
binomial
only
cf.

term

(biol.).

a.
(mon'omor'fik)
[Gk. monos, alone morphe, form.]
with
no
or
very slight
Developing
change of form from stage to stage,
as in certain Protozoa and Insects
;

polymorphic

(zool.)

a.
[Gk.
plakous, a flat cake.]
one plate only, of any par-

monos, alone

ticular kind (biol.).

monoplacula (mon'oplak'ula)

n.
[Gk.
monos, alone plax, a flat plate.]
A single-layered placula (biol.).
monoplastic (mon'oplas'tik) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; plastos, formed.]
;

Persisting in one form (biol.).

monopodial (mon'opo'dlal) a.
[Gk.

monos, alone ;pous,

[Gk. monos,

monomorphic

cf.

monoplacid (mon'oplas'id)

With

(biol.).

monomerosomatous(mon'6mer'6som'atus)

a.
(mon'dfl'odont)
[Gk. monos, alone
phyein, to
odous, tooth.]
Having
produce
only one set of teeth, the milk
dentition being absorbed in foetal
life or absent altogether (zool.).
;

monomeric (mon'omer'ik)
;

monophyodont

[Gk. monos, alone ; meniskos, a

small moon.]
Having an eye
with only one lens (zool.).

monos, alone

(mon'ofil'us) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone phyllon, leaf.] Havunifoliate
ing one leaf only
having a one-piece calyx (dot.).
;

mastis, whip.]
[Gk. monos, alone
Having a single flagellum, as
certain Protozoa (zool.).

part

MON-

196
n.

producing

spores of one kind only (hot.).

n,
[Gk. monos,
alone.] A single individual reprowithout
ducing
conjugation, as opp.
sporont or zygote (zool.).
mononuclear (mon'onu'klear) a. [Gk.
monos, alone ; L. nucleus, kernel.]
With one nucleus only (biol).
mononychous (mon'onflc'us) a. [Gk.
monos, alone onyx, claw.] Having
a single claw (zool.).

monont (mon'ont)

monopetalous (mon'opeYalus) a. [Gk.

monos, alone; petalon, petal.] Hav-

foot.]

Branch-

ing from one main or primary axis

acropetally (bot.).
monopodium (mon'opo'dlum) n. [Gk.
single
monos, alone ;pous, foot.]
main or primary axis from which

all

main

lateral

as in the pine

branches develop,

(bot.).

monopyrenous

a.
(mon'opfre'nus)
[Gk. monos, alone pyren, kernel.]
Single-stoned, as a fruit (bot.).
monorhinal (mon'ori'nal) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone rhis, nose.] Having
only one nostril, as the Cyclostomes
;

(zool.).

monosepalous (mon'osep'alus) a. [Gk.

monos, alone sepalon, sepal.] Hav;

ing a single sepal ; having

united into one (bot.).

monosiphonic

all

sepals

(mon'b'sifon'ik) a.

[Gk.
monos, alone siphon, a small pipe.]
the
tubes
of
a
hydrocaulus
Having
distinct from one another, as in
;

certain Hydromedusae (zool.).

monosiphonous (mon'osl'fonus)

a.

MON-

MOR-

197

siphon, a small
single central
tube in the filament, as in certain

monothalamic

red Algae

from single flowers

having one
gynoecium (dot.}.
monothalamous (mon'otharamus) a.

[Gk. monos, alone

Having a

pipe.]

(bot.}.

monospermous

a.

sperina, seed.]

n.
(mon'ospeYml)
sperma, seed.]
[Gk. monos, alone
Normal fertilization by the entrance
of one sperm only into an ovum
;

(emb.}.

(mon'ospondil'ik)

a.

[Gk. monos, alone

sphondylos, a
vertebra.] Appl. vertebrae without
;

intercentra

(zool.}.

(dot.}.

monothelious (mon'othe'llus)

a.
[Gk.
alone
female.]
monos,
thelys,
with
Appl. a female consorting
more than one male (biol.}.
;

monosporangium (mon'dsporan'jTum)
[Gk. monos, alone sporos, seed
A sporangium
anggeion, vessel.]
producing simple spores (bot.}.
monospore (mon'ospor) n. [Gk. monos,
alone sporos, seed.] A simple or
undivided spore (bot.}.
monosporous (monos'porus) a. [Gk.
monos, alone sporos, seed.] Having
only one spore or a simple spore
n.

monotocous

a.

(monot'oktis)

alone

monos,

tokos,

[Gk.

offspring.]

Having one at a birth (biol.}.

monotrochous (monot'rokus) a. [Gk.
alone ;
trochos,
monos,
wheel.]
Having a single-piece trochanter,
as in most stinging Hymenoptera
(zool.}.

monotrophic (mon'otrof'ik)

(biol.}.

monostachyous

a.

(mon'ostak'ms)
[Gk. monos, alone stachys, a cornWith only one spike (bot.}.
ear.]
monostele (mon'ostel) n. [Gk. monos,
An axis
alone
stele,
column.]
stele when only one is the direct
continuation of the plerome (bot.}.
;

monostelic (mon'osteTik) a.
monos, alone stele, column.]

[Gk.

Hav-

ing a single stele or central cylinder

running through the whole axis
(bot.}.

monostichous

a.
(monos'tikus)
monos, alone
stichos, row.]
;

Arranged in one row (zool.} along

one side of an axis (bot.}.
monostigmatous (mon'ostig'matus) a.
;

stigma, mark.]
[Gk. monos, alone
With one stigma only (bot.}.
monostylous (mon'osti'lus) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone stylos, pillar.] Having
one style only (bot.}.
monosy (mon'osl) n. [Gk. monos,
The separation of parts
alone.]
normally fused (biol.}.
;

monosymmetrical

(mon'osTmet'rikal)
syn, with
[Gk. monos, alone
Having only
metron, measure.]
one plane of bilateral symmetry
(bot.}.

thalamos,
single

chambered appl. shells of Foraminifers and other Protozoa (zool.}.

monothecal (mon'othe'kal) a.
[Gk.
monos, alone theke, box.] Having
one loculus
single chambered
;

monospondylic

a.

alone
monos,
Unilocular
chamber.]

[Gk.

(bot.}.

monospermy

[Gk.

(mon'ospeYmus)

[Gk. monos, alone

One-seeded

(mon'othal'amik) a.
alone
thalamos,
manes,
chamber.]
Appl. fruits formed

[Gk.

a.
[Gk.
monos, alone trophe, nourishment.]
Subsisting on one kind of food
;

(btol.}.

monotype
alone

(mon'otlp) n.
L.

typus,

[Gk. monos,
A single

type.]

type which constitutes a species or

genus (biol.}.
monozoic (mon'ozo'ik)
alone

a.

zoon, animal.]

[Gk. monos,
Appl. archi-

spores forming only one sporozoite

liberation from the cyst
producing one sporozoite only (biol.}.
monticolous (montik'olus) a.
[L.
mons, mountain colere, to inhabit.]
mountainous
regions
Inhabiting

on

(biol.}.

morphalaxls (mor'falak'sls) n. [Gk.

morphe, form L. laxare, to release.]
Transformation of one part directly
;

into

another,

in

regeneration

of

parts (zool.}.

morphology

n.
(morfol'qji)
[Gk.
morphe, form ; logos, discourse.]
The science of the form and structure of plants or animals, as distinct from consideration
of the

functions.

morphon

(mor'fon) n. [Gk. morphe,

form.]
definitely formed individual, as opp. a bion (biol.}.

MORmorphosis

(m6r'fos!s,

morfo'sis)

n.

morphosis, a forming.] The

of part or

[Gk.

manner of development
organism (biol.}.
morphotic (morfot'ik)
phosis, a forming.]

a.
[Gk. morTissue-building

[L. morum, a
solid cellular globufirst result of ovum
the stage in de-

(mor'ula) n.

mulberry.]
lar mass, the

segmentation
velopment preceding the gastrula
;

stage (emb.}.
(morula'shun) n.
[L.
Morulamorum, a mulberry.]
formation by segmentation (emb.}.
morulit (mor'ulit) n. [L. morum, a
Nucleolus or karymulberry.]

morulation

osome (cyt.}.
motor (mo'tor)

n.
[L. mucus,
substance produced in

(mu'sllaj)

mucus.]

cell-walls of certain plants due to

changes in the cellulose or pectose
constituents, causing exudations of
gum when degeneration of the cellis

excessive (bot.}.
a cell which secretes
cell,

mucilage

mucilage (bot.}.
mucilaginous (mii'silaj'inus)

a.

[L.

mucus, mucus.] Pert, containing,

resembling, or composed of mucilage appl. certain glands of joints
;

(anat.}
slits

mucin

canals,

appl. cells, ducts,

(boL\
(mu'sln) n.

[L.

mucus, mucus.]

A glucoproteid of mucus (phys.}.

mucinogen (mustn'qjgn) n. [L. mucus,
mucus
Gk. genos, offspring.] A
substance producing mucin by
;

movere, to
Pert, or connected with
move.]
movement ; appl. nerves (anat.,
a.

[L.

phys.}.

reaction of alkalies (phys.}.

muciparous (musip'arus)
mucus, mucus
parere,
;

motor areas, areas of the brain

where motion is supposed to be
correlated (phys.}.
motor end-plates, the terminal expansions of nerves in muscle fibres
(anat.}.

motor neurons,
nerve cells with
appendages and branches, concerned in the regulation of movement (anat.}.
motor ocull, the third cranial nerve
(anat.}.

a.
[L.
to beget.]

Mucus-secreting (phys.}.

mucocutaneous (mu'kokuta'neus) a.
mucus
cutis,
skin.]
[L. mucus,
Pert, skin and mucous membrane
;

(anat.}.

mucodermal (mu'koder'mal) a. [L.

Gk. derma, skin.]
mucus, mucus
Pert, skin and mucous membrane
;

(anat.}.

mucoid (mu'koid) a.
mucus,
[L.
mucus
Gk. eidos, like.] Pert, or
caused by mucus or mucilage
;

motorium (moto'rium)

n.

Motor areas

[L. movere,

the part
of the nervous system where the
motorial sense is localized (phys.}.

to move.]

moult

mucilage

wall

(phys.}.

morula

MUC-

198

(molt)z/. [L. mutare,\.o

change.]
To cast or shed periodically the
outer covering, whether of feathers,
hair, skin, or horns (zool.}.
mouth part,
a head or mouth
appendage of Arthropods or Insects (zool.}.
mucific (musif'ik) a.
[L.
mucus ; facere, to make.]

mucus,

Mucus-

(phys.}.

mucosa (muko'sa) n.
A mucous
mucus.]

tissue

mucus,

[L.

membrane

(anat.}.

mucoserous (mu'kose'rus) a.
[L.
mucus
serum,
mucus,
whey.]
Secreting mucus and body fluid
;

mucous

mucus,
(mu'kus) a.
[L.
Secreting, containing, or
pert, mucus
appl. glands, sheaths,

certain granules

tissue (anat}.

mucro

muclform (musiform) a. [L. mucus,

mucus forma, shape.] Resembling
mucus (phys.}.
mucigen (mu'sTjgn) n. [L. mucus,
mucus Gk. genos, offspring.] The
of
of

(bot.}

(anat.}.

mucus.]

secreting (phys.}.

substance
the cells

degeneration

appl.

in

mucous membrane

a sharp
sharp point
an
organ
terminating

(mu'kro)

point.]

abruptly

n.

stiff

[L. mucro,

or

(biol.}.

mucronate (mu'kronat)

a.

[L.

mucro,

a sharp point.] Abruptly terminmucroated by a sharp spine

;

niferous.

mucronulate (mukron'ulat)

a.

[L.

MUC-

mucronule (mu'kronul)

Tipped with
[L.

by mucous membrane (phys.}.

Mullerian (mule'rlan) a. [Joh. Muller,

German

and other
anatomist,
Miillers.]
Appl. eminence, fibres
(anat.} ;
corpuscles (bot.} ; larva
(zool.}.

Miillerian ducts, ducts arising on

the lateral aspects of the Wolffian
ducts (emb.}.

multangular (multSng'gular)

a.

[L.

multus, many ; angulus, angle.]

Appl. two carpal bones, the greater
lesser

multangulum, respect-

ively the trapezium

zoid (anat.}.

multiarticulate

and the trape-

(mul'tlartik'ulat)
;

jointed

many

multidigitate

(zool.}.
(mul'tifid) a.

multifid

many

multiflagellate (mul'tlflaj'elat) a. [L.

multus, many
flagellum, whip.]
Furnished with several or many
;

polymastigote (zool.}.
multiflorous (mul'tiflo'rus) a.
[L.
multus, many ; flos, flower.] Bearing many flowers (hot.}.
multifoliate (mul'tlfo'liat) a.
[L.
multus, many folium, leaf.] With
flagella

many leaves (bot.\

multifoliolate (muf'tifo'liolat) a.

many

multus,
leaf.]

capsula,

little

With many capsules

chest.]

multicarinate (mul'tikar'Inat)

(bot.}.

a.

multus, many carina, keel.]

ing many keels.
multicellular (murtiseTular) a.
;

many

multus,

many

a.

[L.

centrum, centre.]
than one centre of

With more

growth or development (biol.}.

multicipital (mul'tisip'ital) a.
[L.
multus, many ; caput, head.] With
heads
or
branches
many
arising
from one point (bot.}.
multicostate (mul'tikos'tat)
multus,

many
many

many

multicuspid

costa,

or veins

ribs

ridges

rib.]
(bot.}

[L.

With

(mul'tlkus'pld)

Having

[L.

a.

[L.

jugum,

yoke.]

of

leaflets

pairs

(bot.}.

multilamlnate
[L. multus,

a.
(mul'tTlam'inat)
lamina, plate.]
;
of several or many

many

laminae (biol.}.
multilobate (mul'tilo'bat)

a.

[L.

Com-

multus, many ; lobus, lobe.]

posed of many lobes.

multilobulate (mul'tllob'ulat) a. [L.

lobulus, a small
multus, many
;

lobe.]

Having many

lobules.

multilocular (mul'tilok'ular) a. [L.

loculus, chamber.]
multus, many
Having many cells or chambers.
multinervate (mul'tlneYvat) a. [L.
;

many

nervus,
sinew.]
or nervures

With many nerves

(zool.}.

multinodal

[L.

a.

circle.]
gyrus,
tortuous (biol.}.

(mul'tijoog'at)

many
many

multus,

multus,
a.

(mul'tijl'rat)

many
With many gyri

with

many ; cuspis, spear-head.]

several cusps or tubercles ;
appl. molar teeth (anat.}.
multtis,

[L.

(anat.}.

With

(zool.}.

(mul'trgang'-

multus, many
[Gk. gangglion, a small tumour.]
With several or many ganglia
a.

multus,
a.

[L.

small

leaflets (bot.\

multiganglionate

Composed
[L.

storeroom.]
consisting of more
cella,

Many-celled ;
than one cell (biol.}.
multlcentral (mul'tisSn'tral)
multus,

[L.

Hav-

foliolum, a

With many

multljugate

multus,

[L.

Having many

fidus, cleft.]

Multilocular with many chambers.

multlcapsular (mul'tikap'sular) a. [L.

many

[L.

finger.]

clefts or divisions (dot.}.

multus,

digitus^

Many-fingered

multigyrate

(zoo/.).

a.

(mul'tldij'itat)

many

multus,

multicamerate (mul'tlkam'erat) a.
[L. multus,many; camera, chamber.]

multus,

a.

(mul'tidgn'tat)
[L.
many ; dens, tooth.] With
teeth, or indentations (biol.}.

glI6nat)
a.

many articulus, joint.]

With many articulations
many[L. multus,

multidentate
multus,

n.

mucro,
a sharp point.] A small mucro.
muculent (mu'kulnt) a. [L. mucus,
Mucoid
mucus.]
containing
mucus mucilaginous (hot.}.
mucus (mu'kus) n. [L. mucus, mucus.]
The slimy, glairy substance secreted

and

MUL-

199

mucro, a sharp point.]

a small mucro.

a.
(mul'tlno'dal)
;
nodus, knot.]

many

many nodes (bot.}.

multinomial (mul'tlno'inlal)
nomen,
multus,
many
;

Appl. a

name

a.

\L.

With
[L.

name.]

or designation com-

MUL-

MUS-

200

posed of several names or terms

cf. binomial (biol.}.
multinucleate (mul'tlnu'kleat) a. [L.

a small hump.]
Having several
or many tubercles or small prominences.

multus, many ; nucleus, kernel.]

several or many nuclei (cyt.}.
xnultinucleolate (mul'ttnu'kleolat) a.
nucleolus, a
[L. multus, many ;
small kernel.]
With more than
one nucleolus (cyt.}.

multituberculy

multiovulate

multivalve (mul'tivalv) n.

With

a.

(mul'tlo'vulat)

multus, many ; ovum, egg.]

several or many ovules (hot.*).

[L.

With

a.
(multip'arus)
[L.
;
parere, to beget.]
or
more
than
several,
Bearing
one, at a birth (zool.} ; developing
several or many lateral axes (hot.}.
multiple corolla, a corolla with two

many

multus,

or

more whorls of petals

multiple

fission,

parts or spores

multipolar

(bot,\

repeated division
large number of
;

into a

division

(mul'tipo'lar)

a.

[L.

multus, many
polus, an axisnerve-cells
with
end.]
Appl.
many dendrites or branching processes (anat.}.
;

multiradiate

(mul'tira'dlat)

a.

(mul'tirarn'os)

multus, many
Much branched.
;

multiseptate
multus,

Having

ramus,

(mul'tise'p'tat)

many

[L.

Many-

multus, many; radius, ray.]

rayed.

multiramose

a.

[L.

branch.]
a.

[L.

septum, partition.]
numerous septa or par;

titions.

multiserial
multus,

Arranged

a.
(miU'tise'rial)
;
series,
in
several
or

many

(tool,},

many

[L.

row.]

many

rows.

valvae,

composed

[L. multus,
folding-doors.] A
of more valves or

pieces than two (zool.~).

multivincular (mul'tiving'kular) a.
multus,
vinculum,
many
[L.
chain.]
Appl. the hinge of bivalve shells when it has several
ligaments (zool,}.
multivoltine (mul'tTvortTn) a. [L.
;

many

multus,

It.

volta,

turn.]
in

Having more than one brood

appl. silkworms (zool.),

multocular (multok'ular) a.
[L.
oculus,
multus,
many ;
eye.]

a year

(biol.},

n.

shell

multiparous

(mul'titubeVkuli)

tuberculum, a
[L. multus, many
small hump.]
The theory that
molar teeth are derived from
forms with a number of tubercles

Many-eyed.
multungulate
multus,
Having the

[L.

(multung'gulat)

a.

many; unguis, hoof.]

hoof in more than

two parts (zool.}.

muricate (mu'rikat)

a.

[L. muricatus,

of sharp points.] Formed with

sharp points covered with short
sharp prickles (bwl.}.
muriform (mu'riform) a. [L. murus,
wall forma, shape.]
Like a brick
wall; appl. a variety of parenchyma
so arranged, occurring in medullary
rays of Dicotyledons and in corky
formations (bot.}.
muscicoline (muslk'olin)
a.
[L.
muscus, moss
colere, to inhabit.]
full

multispiral (mul'tispl'ral) a.
[L.
multus, many spira, coil.] With

Livin

or growing

among mosses

many

coils or whorls,

multistaminate

muscicolous,

(mul'tTstam'inat)

a.

multus, many stamen, something standing.] Having several

or many stamens (bot,\
[L.

multisulcate

(mul'tisurkat) a. [L.
sulcus,
furrow.]

multus, many
Much furrowed.

multitentaculate

(mul'tltentak'ulat)
[L. multus, many ; tentaculum,
feeler.]
Having many tentacles
a.

(zool.}.

multituberculate
a.

[L. multus,

muscicoline.

muscle

(mus'l)

muscle.]

n.

[L.

musculus,

mass of

contractile

fibres with motorial function ; the

fleshy part of the body, composed of

muscular tissue (phys.}.

muscle-banners, folds or plaits of
mesogloea on the sulcar aspects of

Anthozoan mesenteries, supporting

the retractor muscles (zool.}.

muscoid (mus'koid) a. [L. muscus,

moss
Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
;

(mul'tTtubeYkulat)

many

tuberculum^

Mossy.
muscous,

muscoid,

MUSmuscular (mus'kulXr)

a.

[L.

musculus,

or

consisting of
sense, excitability

Pert,

muscle.]

muscle

;
appl.
stomach (zool.\
fibres,
(phys.},
process,' tissue, triangle (anat.}.
musculature (miis'kulatur) n.
[L.

The system

musculns, muscle.]

or

arrangement of muscles as a whole

(zool.}.

a.

neus)
cutis,

(mus'kulokuta'-

musculus, muscle
Pert, muscles and

[L.

skin.]

and nerves of leg

and arm supplying muscles and skin
appl. veins

genesis,

de-

Produced by a Fungus.

scent.]

mycetogenic,

mycetogenetic.
(mlse'toid) a.
[Gk. mykes,
fungus eidos, resemblance.] Fungoid fungus-like.
mycetology, mycology.
mycetophagous
(mfsetSfagus) a.
[Gk. mykes, fungus
phagein, to
Fungivorous
feeding on
eat.]

mycetoid

musculophrenic

(mus'kulofre'n'ik) a.

[L. musculus, muscle ; Gk. phren,

midriff.] Supplying diaphragm and

body-wall muscles

appl.

an artery

(anat.}.

Fungi

(zool.}.

mycoderm

(mfkodfirm) n.
[Gk.
A
derma, skin.]
mykes, fungus
bacterium of alcoholic fermentation.
;

(mlkol'qjl) n.
[Gk. mykes,
The
logos, discourse.]

fungus
department of botany dealing with
Fungi.
mycoplasm (mfkoplSzm) n.
[Gk.
A
mykes, fungus plasma, form.]
substance
of
cereal
seeds
parasitic
which may give rise to a rust
;

musculospiral

(mus'kulospl'ral)

a.

muscle spira, coil.]

Appl. a nerve which passes spirally

[L. musculus,

down the humerus (anat.}.

mutation (muta'shun) n. [L. mutare,
Gradual variation
change.]
towards a definite change of structure
discontinuous variation the
theory of De yries that new fonns,
differing sufficiently to constitute a
to

variety,

arise

spontaneously

and remain true (biol.}.

mutlcous (mu'tikus) a. [L. muticus,
maimed.] Without defensive structures, as clawless, toothless, blunt
(zool.\

mutilation (mu'tilashun) n.
to
Loss
tilare,
maim.]

[L. ntu-

essential part of a structure

putation

of
;

an

am-

(zool.}.

mutualism

(mu'tualizm)

n.

[L.

A form of
mutuus, exchanged.]
symbiosis in which both parties
derive advantage without sustaining injury

myarian

mycology

(ana/., zooL).

new

mykes, fungus

[Gk.

musculocutaneous

skin

MYE-

201

(biol.}.

a.
[Gk. mys,
Appl. classification acmusculature (biol.}.
mycele, mycelium.
mycelioid (mlse'lloid) a. [Gk. mykes,
mushroom
eidos,
resemblance.]
Like mycelium.
mycelium (mlse'Iium) n. [Gk. mykes,
fungus.] The network of filamentous cells forming the typical vegetative structure of Fungi (hot.}.

(mla'rian)

muscle.]

cording to

mycetogenetlc

(mlse'toje'ne't'lk)

a.

Fungus (bot.}.
mycorhiza (miTcorfza)

n.

[Gk. mykes,

rhiza, root.] Association

fungus
of a fungus with the roots of a
higher plant, with mutual benefit
;

(bot.).

myelencephalon(ml'6lgnk6f'al8n,-sgf-)
n.
en, in
[Gk. myelos, marrow
kephale, head.] The posterior part
of the
hind-brain
the
(emb.) ;
medulla oblongata ;
brain and
;

spinal cord generally (anat.).

n.
(ml'e'lin)
[Gk. myelos,
highly refracting fatty
marrow.]
material forming the medullary

my elm

sheath of nerve fibres

(anat.}.

myelination (mr'SUna'shun) n. [Gk.

myelos, marrow.] Acquisition of a
medullary sheath (anat.}.
myelinization,

myelination.
[Gk. myelos,
The
;
koilos,
hollow.]
cord
canal
(anat.}.
spinal
myelocyte (mfgloslt) n. fGk. myelos,
marrow ; kytos, hollow.] An amoeboid marrow cell, resembling a

myelocoel

(ml'e'ldsel) n.

marrow

lymphoid corpuscle
myeloid (mfe'loid) a.

marrow
marrow

(anat.}.

[Gk.

myelos,

Like
eidos, resemblance.]
in appearance or structure

(anat.}.

myelon

(ml'e'lbn)

marrow.]
vetebrates

myeloplast

The

n.

[Gk. myelos,
spinal cord of

(zool.}.

(ml'gloplast)

n.

[Gk.

MYEmarrow

myelos,

plastos, formed.]
of bone marrow.

A leucocyte
myeloplax

flat.]

n.

(ml'eloplaks)

marrow

myelos,

[Gk.

plax, something

giant-cell of

marrow and

organs, sometimes
multinucleate, but in most cases
multinucleolate (anat.}.

blood-forming

mylohyoid

(ml'lohl'oid) a.
[Gk. myle,
In the
hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
region of hyoid bone and posterior

mill

of mandible

part
appl. artery,
groove, muscle, nerve (anat.}.
myoalbumin (ml'oalbu'min) n. [Gk.
mys, muscle L. albumen, white of
;

An albumin product of
muscle (phys.}.
myoblast (ml'oblast) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle; blastos, bud.] A cell which
develops into muscle fibre (smb.}.
egg.]

myocardium

(mi'6'kar'dium) n.

mys, muscle

myochrome

[Gk.

The

kardia, heart.]

muscular walls of the heart

(ml'b'krom) n.

(anat.}.

[Gk. mys,

muscle chroma, colour.]

;

A muscle-

(ml'osel) n. [Gk. mys, muscle

Part of the coelom

koilos, hollow.]

enclosed in a myotome (emb.}.

(ml'okom'a) n. [Gk. mys,
A
muscle
komma, a clause.]
myoseptum or ligamentous connec-

myocomxna
;

tion

between successive myotomes

lar tissue (anat.}.

myoglobulin (ml'oglob'ulin) n. [Gk.

L. globulus, a small
mys, muscle
globe.] A globulin of muscle (phys.}.
;

myohaematin (ml'ohe'matm)

n.
[Gk.
A
haima, blood.]
mys, muscle
of
muscular
tissue
pigment
(phys.}.
;

[Gk. mys, muscle

resemblance.] Resembling or
muscular
of
fibres (anat.}.
composed

myoid

(ml'oid) a.

eidos,

myolemma

(mi'blem'a) n.

[Gk. mys,

muscle lemma, skin.] The sheath

of muscle fibre
sarcolemma.
;

myology

(mlol'oji)

n.

[Gk.

(mi'oslt) n.
[Gk. mys,
muscle; kytos, hollow.] A contractile layer of ectoplasm of Gregarines
a contractile cell (zool.}.
myodome (mfodom) n. [Gk. mys,
A
L. domus,
muscle
house.]
chamber containing the eye-muscles
;

some Teleosts

myodynamic

myomere

n.

(mi'omer)

[Gk.

mys,

muscle meros, part.] A musclesegment of Arthropods, divided off

;

connective

insertions

tissue

myocomma (zool.}.
myoneme (ml'bnem) n.
muscle

[Gk.

mys,

minute
nema, thread.]
contractile fibril of Protozoa (zool.}.
;

myoneure

n.

(mi'onur)

[Gk.

mys,

A motorial

muscle neuron, nerve.]

;

nerve-cell (phys.}.

(zool.}.

(ml'odinam'ik)

muscle

a.

[Gk.
power.]

(mi'dnis'iti) n.
[Gk. mys,
The contracting power
of muscular tissue (phys.}.

muscle.]

myophan

n.

[Gk.

mys,

muscle pkainein, to appear.]

The

(ml'bfan)
;

contractile layer of Protozoa (zool.}.

myophore (ml'of or) n. [Gk. mys,
strucmuscle pherein, to bear.]
ture adapted for muscle attachment

(zool.}.

myophrisk

(ml'ofrisk) n.

Pert, muscular force or contraction

muscle

phrix, ripple.]

(Phys.}.

neme

mys,

mys,

muscle
The
logos,
discourse.]
department of anatomy dealing
with muscles.

myonicity

(emb.}.

myocyte

in

cells with contractile outgrowths,

as in Coelenterates (zool.}.
myoflbrillae (ml'ofIbril'e) n. plu. [Gk.
mys, muscle ; L. fibrilla, a small
Contractile fibrils of muscufibre.]

by

pigment.

myocoel

MYO-

202

dynamis,

myoepicardial

(mi'oe'pikar'dial) a.

muscle

[Gk. mys,
kardia, heart.]
consisting of

walls, destined to

epi,

upon

mantle,

mesocardium
form the muscu-

and epicardial
heart (emb.}.

lar

of the

walls

[Gk.

upon
and

thele,

epi,

muscle

Pert,

thelium (anat.}

or

Protozoa

myopolar

appl.

epi-

epithelium

[Gk. mys,

of

(zool.}.

(ml'bpo'lar)

a.

[Gk. mys,

myoproteid (mi'opro'teid)
mys, muscle
protos,
;

muscle

myo-

element

contractile

muscle polos, an axle-end.]

muscular polarity (phys.}.

globulin

(ml'oepithe'lial) a.

myoepithelial
mys, muscle
nipple.]

Appl.
the

like

n.
first.]

substance

of

Pert.

[Gk.

fish

(phys.}.

myoseptum

[Gk.
(ml'osep'tum) n.
mys, muscle ; L. septum, partition.]

A myocomma,

which

see,

MYOmyosin (mfosin)

A globulin

n. [Gk. mys, muscle.]

of dead muscular tissue

(Phys.\

myotasis
muscle

n.

(mlot'asis)
;

fast's,

tension.]

[Gk.

mys,

Muscular

tension or tonicity (phys.~).

myotome (mi'otom) n. [Gk. mys,
muscle ; fame, a cutting.] One of
a series of hollow cubes formed in
the early vertebrate embryo (emb.)
a muscular metamere of primitive
vertebrates and segmented invertebrates (zoo/.).
;

myotonia (mloto'ma)
muscle

n.

tonos, tension.]

[Gk.

mys,

Muscular

tension or tonicity (pkys.\

myrmecophagous (mirmSkof'agus) a.
[Gk. myrmex, ant ; phagein, to

Ant-eating

eat.]

nanism

(nan'izm)

n.

[Gk.

nanos,

Dwarfishness.

dwarf.]

nanoplankton

(nan'6'plang'ktSn)

n.

dwarf; plangnanos,
[Gk.
ktos, wandering.]
Microscopic
plankton.
napiform (na'piform) a. [L. napus,
turnip
Turnipforma, shape.]
shaped appl. roots (bot.).
;

narcotic

n.

(narkfit'ik)

[Gk. narke,

[Gk.

Nostrils (zoo/.).
nares, nostrils.]
the openings of
nares, anterior,
the olfactory organ to the exterior

(zoo/.).

(mir'mgkoflt) n.

(na'vos, ne'vos) a. [L. naevus,

Freckled spotted with congenital marks (zoo/.).
nail (nal) n.
[A.S. naegel, nail.] The
terminal horny plate of finger or
toe (zoo/.).
nail bone, the terminal bone of finger
or toe.
spot.]

(mir'mSkofil) n. [Gk.
;
philos, loving.]
insect in a nest of ants

mynnecophyte

naevose

A drug which pronumbness.]

duces unconsciousness (zoo/.).
nares (na'rez, na'rgz) n. plu.
[L.

(zoo/.).

myrmecophile
myrmex, ant
guest

NAS-

203

myrmex, ant phyton, plant.] A

myrmecophilous plant, or one that
benefits from ant inhabitants and
;

(zoo/.).

has special adaptations for housing

the openings of the

olfactory organ into the pharynx or
throat (zoo/.).

them (bot.).
myrosin (mir'osin) n. [Gk. myron,
unguent.] An enzyme of mustard
seeds, acting upon glucosides (bot.).

narial (na'rial) a. [L. nares, nostrils.]

Pert, the nostrils (zoo/.).
narial septum, the partition between
the nostrils (zoo/.).

myxamoeba

naricorn (nar'ik6rn)

(mik'same'ba) n.

[Gk.

myxa, slime amoibe, change.] A

mycetozoan spore in the amoebula
;

stage

(zoo/.).

n.
myxoflagellate
(mik'soflaj'glat)
L. flagellum,
[Gk. myxa, slime
;

whip.]
flagellula or zoospore,
the stage in mycetozoan development following the myxamoeba, and

which multiplies by

fission (zoo/.).

myxopodium (mik'sopo'dlum) n.
myxa, slime pous, foot.]
pseudopodium (zoo/.).
;

myxopterygium,

[Gk.
slimy

mixipterygium.

nares, posterior,

n.
[L. nares,
cornu, horn.] The terminal horny part of nostril of
Turbinares
nasal scale
(zoo/.) ;

nostrils

(anat.\

nariform (narTform) a.
[L. nares,
nostrils
Shaped
forma, shape.]
;

like nostrils (zoo/.).

nasal

(na'zal)

a.

nasus,

[L.

nose.]

Pert, the nose (zoo/.).

nasion (na'zton) n. [L. nasus, nose.]
The middle of the nasofrontal

suture (anat.).

a transmembrane,
parent sheet of membrane over
the enamel of the crown of a
mammalian tooth (phys.).
nasoantral (na'zoan'tral) a. [L. nasus,
nose antrum, cavity.] Pert, nose

Nasmyth's

nacreous (naTcreus)

a.
[Ar. nakir,
hollowed.] Yielding or resembling
mother-of-pearl (zoo/.).
nacrine (na'krin) n.
nakir,
[Ar.
hollowed.] Mother-of-pearl colour

(zoo/.).

and maxillary cavity

(anaf.).

nasobuccal (na'zobuk'al) a. [L. nasus,

nose
Pert, nose
bucca, cheek.]
and cheek (anaf.) pert, nose and
;

mouth cavity (zoo/.).

nasociliary (na'zosTltarl)

a.

[L. nasus,

NAS-

nose cilia, eyelashes.] Appl. nasal

nerve off which the ciliary nerves
branch (anat.).
nasofrontal
a.
(na'zofrun'tal)
[L.
nose
nasus,
forehead.]
frons,
AppL part of the superior ophthalmic vein in nose and forehead
;

region (anat.).
nasolabial (na'zola'bial) a. [L. nasus,
nose labium, lip.] Pert, nose and
;

lip
appl. muscle (anat.).
nasolacrimal (na'zolak'rimal) a. [L.
nasus, nose lacrima, tear.] Appl.
a duct from the lacrimal sac to the
meatus of the nose (anat.).
nasomaxillary (na'zomaksTrari) a.
[L. nasus, nose
mairilla, jaw.]
Pert, nose and jaw (anat.).
nasooptic (na'zoop'tlk) a. [L. nasus,
nose Gk. optikos, relating to sight.]
Appl. a furrow, an embryonic groove
between nasal and maxillary pro;

cesses (smb.).

nasopalatal (na'zopal'atal) a.
[L.
nose
nasus,
palatus,
palate.]
Appl. a canal between the nose
;

and palate

(anat.).

nasopalatine (na'zopal'atin) a.
[L.
nasus, nose palatus, palate.] Pert.
nose and palate (anat.).
;

nasopharyngeal

Gk.

Pert,

gullet.]

pharynx

(na'zofarin'jeal)

nose

nasus,

[L.

the

a.

pharyngx,
nose
and

(anat.).

nasopharynx (na'zofar'mgks)

n.

[L.

nasus, nose ; Gk. pharyngx, gullet.]

That part of pharynx continuous
with posterior nares (anat.).

nasoturbinal (na'zotur'binal) a. [L.

nasus, nose turbo, wheel.] Appl.
outgrowths from the lateral wall of
;

the nasal cavity increasing the area

of sensory surface (zool.).

nasus

(na'zus)

The nose
sect's

natal

head

n.

[L. nasus, nose.]

the clypeus of an in-

(zool.).

(na'tal)

Connected

[L. nates, buttocks.]

with

the

a.

[L.

buttocks

(anat.).

natant

(na'tant)

natare,

to

swim.] Floating on the surface of

water (zool., bot.).
natatorial (na'tato'rial) a. [L. natare,

Formed

to swim.]

swimming
natatory
nates'

NEC-

204

or adapted for

(zool.).

(na'tatorl) a.
n. plu.

(na'tfcz)

See natatorial
[L. nates, but-

tocks.]

Buttocks (anat.)

umbones

(zool.).

native (na'tiv) a. [L. gnatus, born.]

Appl. animals and plants which
originated in the district or area
in which they live, not those imported thereinto (biol.).
natural selection,
the processes
occurring in nature resulting in
the survival of the fittest and the
elimination of the individuals less

adapted to their surroundings (biol.).

nauplius (no'plius) n. [L. nauplius,
a

The

shell-fish.]

earliest

larval

stage of entomostracan Crustaceans

(zool.).

nautillform

a.
(notil'iform)
[L.
nautilus, nautilus
forma, shape.]
Shaped like a nautilus shell (zool.).
;

navel

(na'vgl) n.

[A.S. nafele, navel.]

Place of attachment of the umcord (emb.).

navicular (navik'ular) a. [L. navis,
bilical

ship.]
Boat-shaped.
naviculare (navlk'ulare) n. [L. navis,
The scaphoid radiale of the
ship.]
mammalian carpus (anat.).

nebenkern

(na'bgnkgrn) n.
[Ger.
An
neben, near
kern, kernel.]
extra-nuclear chromatinic body in
the spermatia (cyt.).
;

nebenk8rper (na'benker'pSr)
neben, near

n.

korper, body.]

[Ger.

A body

surrounded by oil-drops at the

hinder pole of Pyrodinium, perhaps
the seat of luminosity

(zool.).

necrogenous (nekroj'eniis) a. [Gk.

dead
nekros,
genos, offspring.]
Living or developing in dead bodies
;

(zool.).

necrophagous (nSkrof'agus) a. [Gk.

nekros, dead
phagein, to eat.]
Feeding on dead bodies (zool.).
;

necrophilous

(nekrof'Ilus)

a.

[Gk.

dead
philein, to love.]
Feeding on dead bodies (zool.).

nekros,

nectar (ngk'tar) n. [G\a.nektar, nectar.]

The sweet substance secreted by
special glands,
flowers (bot.).

the

nectaries,

in

nectar gland, see nectary.

nectar guides, the series of markings
on the petals of flowers, pointing
apparently to the easiest way to
reach the nectar, and at the same
time ensuring that the insect visitor
will cause cross-fertilization (biol.).

NEC-

nectarlferous (nek'tarif'grus) a. [Gk.

L. ferre, to carry.]
nektar, nectar
;

Producing or having nectar-secreting structures (hot.}.

nectarivorous (nek'tariv'orus) a.

[Gk.

L. vorare, to denektar, nectar

vour.]
Nectar-sipping
appl. to
certain Insects (zoo/.).
;

nectary

n.

[Gk. nektar,
nectar.] A group of sub-epidermal
cells of no definite position in a
flower, secreting a sweet substance
a nectar gland (dot.}.
nectonectocalyx (ngk'toka'liks)
.,
calyces (neYtoka'lisez) plu.
[Gk.
(ngk'tari)

swimming

nektos,

kalyx, cup.]

modified medusiform person adapted

swimming purposes found as
part of a
Siphonophore colony

for

(zoo/.).

n.

nectocyst (nek'toslst)

swimming

[Gk. nektos,

kystis, bladder.]

cavity of a nectocalyx
nectophore (neVtofor) n.

The

(zoo/.).

[Gk. nektos,

pherein, to carry.]
that portion of the
nectocalyx
common coenosarc on which the
nectocalyces are borne (zoo/.).

swimming

nectopod (neVtopod)

n.

[Gk. nektos,

swimming pous, foot.] An appendage modified for swimming (zoo/.).

;

nectosac (ngk'tosak)

swimming
nectocyst

L.

n.

[Gk. nektos,

saccus,

sac.]

(zoo/.).

nectosome (nk'tos6m)

n.

[Gk. nektos,

swimming soma, body.] The upper

swimming part of a Siphono;

or

phore
nectozooid

(zoo/.).

eidos,

n.
(nSk'tozo'oid)
[Gk.
;
zoon, animal ;

swimming

nektos,

resemblance.]

nectocalyx

(zoo/.).

negative

tropism,

move away from a

a tendency to
source of stimu-

The
nema, thread
kalyx, cup.]
"
"
Guard-polyp of a Plumularian,
carrying nematocysts (zoo/.).
nematocyst (ngm'atosist) n.
[Gk.
nema, thread kystis, bladder.] A
;

stinging cell

nematogene

(zoo/.).

(nfim'atojen)

(nek'ton)

n.

[Gk.

nektos,

swimming.]

The organisms swim-

ming about

the surface of the sea

nemathecium
athe'shium)

(ngm'athe'sium, ngm'.
[Gk. nema, thread
A protuberance on the
;

theke, box.]
thallus of Thallophytes (hot.).

nematoblast (ngm'atoblast)
nema, thread

n.

blastos, bud.]

the parent by perforating the

wall (zoo/.).

nematogone (nSm'atogon)

matocyte.

nematocalyx (ngm'atoka'llks)

n.

[Gk.

body

n.

[Gk.
gonos, offspring.] A
thin-walled propagative cell in cer-

nema, thread

tain Mosses (oof.).

nematophore (nem'atofor)

n.

[Gk.

nema, thread
pherein, to carry.]
A nematocalyx (zoo/.).
nematopnorous(nm'a.t6f'6rus) a. [Gk.
nema, thread
pherein, to carry.]
Pert, a nematophore (zoo/.).
;

nematozooid (nem'atozo'oid) n.
nema, thread zoon, animal
;

resemblance.]
in a Hydrozoan

[Gk.
eidos,

defensive zooid

(zoo/.).

nemorose (ngm'oros) a. [L. nemus,

woodland with pasture.] Inhabiting
open woodland places (dot.).
Neo-Darwinism, a revival of Darwin's doctrine of natural selection
as the chief factor in evolution, and
of non-transmissibility of acquired
characters.

neogamous (neog'amus) a, [Gk. neos,

young gamos, marriage.] Appl.
;

forms of Protozoa exhibiting precocious association of gametocytes

(zool.\

of
a
revival
doctrine of evolution,
that inherited acquired characters
formed the inception of specific

Neo-Lamarckism,
Lamarck's

differences.

young
age

a.

[Gk. neos,
Pert, that
the
Palaeo-

stone.]

lithos,

on

following

lithic (pal.\

young

(ne'omorf)

morphc, form.]
from type

[Gk. neos,

struc-

tural variation

(dioL).
(ne'omor'fosis) n. [Gk.

neomorphosis
neos, young
Regeneration

[Gk.
Sper-

[Gk.

neomorph

(Vol.).

n.

nema, thread genos, birth.] Appl.

the phase of Dicyema when its
vermiform embryos escape from

Neolithic (ne'olith'Ik)

lus (phys.\

nekton

NEO-

205

the
the

new

part

morpkosis, change.]
the case where
unlike anything in

in
is

body (oio/.).
neonychium (neonTk'Ium)

n.

[Gk.

NEO-

new onyx, nail.] A soft pad

enclosing each claw of the embryo
of all unguiculate vertebrates and
of some other mammals, probably
to prevent the tearing of the foetal
membranes during movements of
the embryo
also found in the
chick (zool.}.

neos,

neopallium (ne'opal'i'um) n.
[Gk.
L. pallium, cloak.]
neos, young
;

In the mammalian brain, a definite

area of pallium for impressions of
and other senses
tactile, visual,
(anat.}.

neoteinia (ne'oti'ma)

n.

[Gk.

neos,

young ; teinein, to stretch.] The

state of having development arrested
to prolong immaturity (biol.}.
neoteinic

a.
[Gk. neos,
young ; teinein, to stretch.] Appl.
substitution royalties of termites
which remain undeveloped in certain respects (zool.}.

(ne'otl'nik)

neoteny

(neot'Sni) n.
teinein, to stretch.]

larval characters

[Gk. neos, young;

The retention of

beyond the normal

period, or the occurrence of adult

characteristics in the larva, ex-

emplified in

Amphibia

young

a.

[Gk.

trepein, to turn.]

Pert.

designating a zoogeographical
region consisting of South America,
the Antilles, and tropical North

or

America.
Neozoic (ne'ozo'ik) a. [Gk. neos, young
Pert, the period from the
zoe, life.]
Mesozoic to the present day (pal.}.
nephric (nefrik) a.
[Gk. nephros,
kidney.] Pert, the kidney (anat.}.
nephridial (nefrid'ial) a. [Gk. nephros,
kidney.] Nephric, usually appl. the

small excretory tubules in the kidney (anat.} alsoperf. the excretory

organ or nephridium of Invertebrates (zool.}.
;

nephridiopore (nefrid'iopor) n. [Gk.

poros, passage.]
nephros, kidney
The external opening of a nephridium
;

(zool.}.

nephridium

(nefrid'mm) n.
[Gk.
kidney.]
Any excretory
the
excretory organ
organ ; usually
of Invertebrates (zool.}.

nephros,

nephrocytes (ngf'roslts) n. plu. [Gk.

kytos, hollow.]
nephros, kidney
Cells in Sponges which secrete
;

waste
surface

and then migrate to the

of the body to discharge

(zool.}.

nephrodinic

(nef'rodin'lk)

a.

[Gk.

kidney
odis,
labour.]
Having one duct, serving for both
and
excretory
genital
purposes
nephros,

(zool.}.

nephrogonaduct (nef'rogon'adukt)

n.

[Gk. nephros, kidney

gonos, offExspring ; L. ducere, to lead.]
cretory and genital duct in one
;

(zool.}.

nephroid (ngf'roid) a. [Gk. nephros,

kidney eidos, resemblance.] Kidney-shaped (anat., zool.}.
;

a.
nephrolytic
(nef'rdllt'ik)
[Gk.
nephros, kidney lyein, to dissolve.]
Pert,
or designating enzymatic
action destructive to the kidneys
;

(Phys.}.

nephropore (nef 'ropor). \G\s..nephros,

kidney poros, passage.] A neph;

ridiopore

nephros

(zool.}.

n.

(nef'ros)

kidney.]
functional

kidney

portion

[Gk. nephros,
usually the

of

kidney

(anat.}.

nephrostome (nefrostom)

(zool.}.

Neotropical (ne'otrop'lkal)
neos,

NER-

206

n.

[Gk.

kidney
stoma, mouth.]
of a nephridial tubule
into the coelom or body cavity

nephros,

The opening
'

(zool.}.

nephrotome

n.
(ngf'rotom)
[Gk.
nephros, kidney ; temnein, to cut.]
That part of a somite developing
into an embryonic excretory organ

(emb.}.

nervated (ngr'vatgd) a. [L. nervus,

sinew.]
Having nerves or veins
(bot.}.

nervation (nerva'shun)
sinew.]
in a leaf

The

[L. nervus,

(bot.}.

nerve (nerv)

One

n.

disposition of nerves

of the

n.

[L.

nervus, sinew.]

numerous grey

fibrous

cords connecting the brain with all

other parts of the body (anat.} ; the
vein of an insect wing (zool.} ; a
vein (dot.}.
nerve canal, a canal for passage of
nerve to the pulp of a tooth (anat.}.
nerve cell, a cell characteristic of
brain and nerve tissue (anat.}.
nerve centre, a collection of nerve
cells associated with one particular
function (phys.}.

NER-

NEU-

207

nerve eminence,

a superficial group
of cells in some Fishes, acting as a
sense organ and connected with
the lateral line system (zool.).
nerve ending,
the terminal distal
portion of a nerve, modified in
various ways (anat.).
nerve fibres, the thread-like structures of which nerves are composed
(anat.).

nerve pentagon, the five-sided nerve

ring round the mouth of Echinoderms (zoo!.).
nervimotion (nerVimo'shun) n. [L.

the canal formed by

the neural arches (anat.).
neural plates, the lateral members
of a neural arch (anat.) the median
row, usually of eight bony plates,
in the carapace of a turtle (zool.).

neural canal,

neurapophysis (nuYapSf'isfs) n. [Gk.

neuron, nerve
apo, from phyein,
;

The spinous process of

a vertebra (anat.).
neuraxis (nurak'sis) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve L. axis, axle.] The central
cylinder of a medullated nerveto grow.]

fibre (anat.).

nervus, sinew

neuraxon (nurak'son) n.

Motion due

nerve axon, axle.] Neuraxis.

neurenteric (nur'gnteYik, nurgn'terik)
a.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; enteron,
Pert, the neurocoele and
gut]

;
movere, to move.]
to direct stimulus from

nerves (phys.).
nervous (neYvus)

a.

[L. nervus,
designating
nerves
appl. tissue composed of
nerve fibres (anat.).

Pert.

sinew.]

or

nervous system, the brain, spinal

cord, nerves and all their branches
taken collectively (anat.).
nervule (neYvul) n.
[L. dim.
A branch
nervus, sinew.]
terminal portion of a nervure
an insect wing (zool.).
nervuration (ner'vura'shun)
.

nervus,
sinew.]
nervures (zool.).

nervure

Disposition

of
or

of
[L.

enteric cavity (anat.).

neurenteric canal, a short canal

connecting the posterior end of
the central canal of the spinal
cord with the posterior end of the
enteric cavity (emb.).

neuric

(nu'rik) a.

Neural.
neuricity
nerve.]

nervus,

[L.
(nerVur)
One of the rib-like strucsinew.]
tures which support the membranous wings of Insects, branches of the
tracheal system (zool.); a vein (dot.).

nervus lateralis (neVvus

[Gk. neuron, nerve.]

n.
[Gk. neuron,
Property peculiar to nerves

(nuris'itl)

of
neurillty

n.

[Gk. neuron,

lat'gral'is) n.

[Gk. neuron,
transmitting
capacity of nerves (phys.).
neuroblast (nu'roblast) n.
[Gk.
nerve ;
neuron,
blastos,
bud.]
Special epithelial cells from which
nerve cells are formed (emb.).
nerve.]

(nuril'iti)

The

stimuli

nervus, sinew ; lateralis, pert.

the side.] A branch of the vagus
nerve in Fishes connecting the
sensory "lateral line" with the
brain (anat.).
net-knots, karyosomes.
with veins in the
netted-veined,
form of a network (bot.).
the stinging cells in
nettling-cells,

neurocentral (nu'rosSn'tral) a. [Gk.

neuron, nerve L. centrum, centre.]
Appl. two vertebral synchondroses
persisting during the first few years

Hydra and its allies

neurad (nu'rad) adv.

neurocoel (nu'rosel) n. [Gk. neuron,

nerve koilos, hollow.] The cavityof
the central nervous system (anat.).
neurocyte (nu'rosit) n. [Gk. neuron,
nerve
Nerve cell
kytos, hollow.]

[L.

nerve.]

(zoo!.).

[Gk.
Dorsally (anat.).
a.
[Gk.

neural

(nu'ral)

nerve.]

Pert,

or

neuron,

neuron,
conclosely

nected with nerves (anal.).

neural arch,
the arch formed on
the dorsal surface of a vertebral
the
neural plates and
centrum, by
neural spine, for the passage of
the spinal cord (anat.).

of

life (anat.).

neurocirrus (nu'rostr'us) n.
L. cirrus,
neuron, nerve
;

The

cirrus of the

[Gk.
curl.]

neuropodium of

a polychaet Annelid

(zool.).

(anat.).

neurodendron(nu'r6den'dron). [Gk.
neuron, nerve
dendrite.

n euro-epithelium
n.

dendron, tree.]
-

(n u'ro gplth e'lfu

[Gk. neuron, nerve

epi,

upon

)
;

NEUThe

thele, nipple.]

superficial layer

of cells where specialized for a sense-

organ

(anat.}.

neuroflbrils (nu'rofi'brilz) n. plu. [Gk.

neuron, nerve L. fibrilla, fine fibre.]
Exceedingly fine fibres of which
;

a medullated nerve fibre is composed also present in nerve cells,

and believed to be the conductors
;

n.

neurogenesis (nu'rojen'esis)
[Gk.
neuron, nerve gignesthai, to proNerve production (phys.}.
duce.]
neuroglia (nu'rogle'a, nurog'lia) n.
glia, glue.]
[Gk. neuron, nerve
;

peculiar tissue,

and
cells

fibres,

composed of

supporting

and nerve

germinal bands from which the

nerve cord and the nephridia develop (zool.}.
neurophags (nu'rofagz) n. plu. [Gk.
neuron, nerve
phagetn, to eat.]
Phagocytic cells that encroach upon
;

and destroy

cells

the nerve

fibres (anat.}.

nerve-cells in old age

(Phys.}.

neurophane

(nu'rofan) a. [Gk. neuron,

phainein, to appear.] Nervous, sensory appl. supposed nervous fibrils of Ciliata (zool.}.

nerve

of nerve impulses (anat.}.

NEU-

208

neuropodium (nu'ropo'dium)

n.
[Gk.
The
neuron, nerve
pous, foot.]
ventral lobe of a polychaetan para;

podium (zool.}.
neuropodous (nurop'odus)

a.
[Gk.
"
Havneuron, nerve pous, foot.]
limbs directed towards the
ing
neural side " (zool}.
;

neurold (nu'roid) a.
[Gk. neuron,
Like
nerve
eidos, resemblance.]
a nerve (anal.}.
neurokeratin (nu'roker'atm) n. [Gk.
The
keras, horn.]
neuron, nerve
keratin of nervous tissue (phys.}.
;

neurolemma

(nu'rolem'a) n.
[Gk.
neuron, nerve lemma, skin.] The
delicate tubular sheath of a nerve
;

(anat.}.

neuropore (nu'ropor)

n.
[Gk. neuron,
passage.] The anterior opening of the neurocoel to
the exterior (einb.}.

nerve

poros,

neuropterous

(nurop'terus) a.
[Gk.
neuron, nerve; ptcron, wing.] Having wings with a network of nervures (zool.}.

(nurol'qji) n.
[Gk. neuron,
That
discourse.]
logos,
of
anatomy dealing with the
part
details of the nervous system.
neuroraasts (nu'romasts) n. plu.
[Gk. neuron, nerve inastos, knoll.]
Groups of sensory cells in the
lateral line of Fishes (zool.}.

neuroskeleton (nu'roskel'eton)

neuromere (nu'romer) n.

neurotendinous

neurology
nerve

[Gk. neuron,
nerve meros, part.] A spinal segment, a division of convenience not
;

structural (anat.}.
(nu'romus'kular) a.
[Gk. neuron, nerve ; L. nmsculus,
muscle.] Pert, nerve and muscle

neuromuscular

(anat ).

neuron

The

[Gk. neuron, nerve.]

nerve-cell with its outgrowths
;

also neurone.

neuroneme (nu'ronem) n. [Gk. neuron,

nerve
nema, thread.]
fibril running parallel to a
;

an Infusorian
neuronephroblast
in

skeletos,

n. [Gk.
dried up.]

Endoskeleton (zool.}.
neurosynapse (nu'rosmaps')

n.
[Gk.
neuron, nerve ; synopsis, union.]
Junction of nerve-cells through
terminal arborizations or cell processes (anat.}.

(nu'roten'dlnus)

a.

[Gk. neuron, nerve tenon, tendon.]

Concerning nerves and tendons
;

(anat.}.

neurotrophic

(nu'rotrof'ik) a.
[Gk.
; trephein, to nourish.]

neuron, nerve

Nourishing

the

nervous

system

(Phys.}.

(nu'ron) n.

(anat.}

neuron, nerve

nerve

myoneme

(zool.}.

(nu'roneTroblast)
n.
nephros,
[Gk. neuron, nerve
kidney ; blastos, bud.] One of cells
derived from one of the megameres
in the segmenting egg of Clepsine,
which later give rise to part of the
;

neurotropism (nurot'roptzm)

n.

[Gk.
neuron, nerve ; trepein, to turn.] The
attraction exerted by nervous tissue
upon developing nerve tissue (phys.}.
neuter (nu'ter) a.
[L. neuter, of
neither sex.] Sexless.

neutral (nu'tral) a. [L. neuter, neuter.]

Neither male nor female (zool.}.
neutrophil (nu'troftl) a.
[L. neuter,
neuter Gk. philein, to love.] Designating granules of white blood
corpuscles, which stain only with
;

neutral stains

(cyt.}.

NEU-

neutrophilic,
neutrophil.
nictitant (nik'titant) a. [L. nictare,
to wink.]
Appl. an ocellus with
central lunate spot (zool.}.
the third
nictitating membrane,
eyelid, a transparent membrane
which assists in keeping the eye
clean (zool.}.

nidamental

(nid'amgn'tal)

a.

[L.

nidus, nest.] Appl. glands which

secrete material for an egg-covering
(zool.}.

(phys.\
nidicolous (nldlk'olus) a. [L. nidus,
nest
colere, to cultivate.]
Living
in the nest for a time after hatching
;

(zool.}.

nidifugous

(nidlf'ugus) a.

[L. nidus,
nest fugere, to flee.] Leaving the
nest soon after hatching (zool.}.
nidulus (nid'ulus) n,
[L. dim. of
The nucleus from
nidus, nest.]
;

which a nerve originates (anat.}.

nidus (nl'dus) n.
[L. nidus, nest.]
A nest a nest-like hollow (zool.}
a nucleus (anat.} a cavity for the
development of spores (hot.}.
nidus hirundinalis (hirun'dlna'lTs) n.
;

A fossa of the cerebellum (anaf.).

nigrescent (ntgrSs'6nt) a.
[L. nigrescere, to turn black.]
Approachto
black
in
colour
ing
(zool.}.
nipple (ntp'l) n. [Dim. of A.S. nib,
for neb, nose.]

Mamma

teat (anat.,

granules, angular particles

found in the cytoplasm of nerve
cells (phys.}.

nisus formativus (nfsus formatl'vus)

n.
[L. niti, to strive formare, to
form.] The tendency to reproduce.
;

nitid (nit'id) a. [L nitidus, shining.]

Glossy.
nit id cms (nft'idus) a.
[L. nitidus,
shining.] Glossy.
nitrobacteria (ni'trobakte'ria) n. plu.
natron
bacterium,
nitruin,
[L.
bacterium.] The nitric bacteria of
;

(bot.}.

nitrogen (nftrojgn) n.
[Gk. nitron,
An elesoda
genos, descent.]
mentary gas composing four-fifths
of the volume of the atmosphere
(p/tys.}.

[Gk.
Pert.

or containing nitrogen.

nitrogenous
brium of

equilibrium,
equilimaintained by

body

equality of income
nitrogen (phys.}.

nitrophilous
nitron,

and output of
a.

(nltrof'Ilus)

soda

[Gk.

to

philein,

love.]

Thriving in nitrogenous soils (dot.}.

noctilucent (nok'tiloo'sgnt, -lu'-) a.
Phoslux, light.]
[L. nox, night
phorescent (biol.}.
nocturnal (noktur'nal) a.
[L. nox,
night.]
Seeking food and moving
about at night, and not in the
day-time (zool.}.
nodal (no'dal) a. [L. nodus, knob.]
Pert, a node (bot., zool.}.
node (nod) n. [L. nodus, knob.] The
knob or joint of a stem at which

leaves arise

(bot,}.
a.
[L.

nodose (no'dos)

nodus, knob.]

Having the intermediate and

ter-

minal joints thicker than the remainder having knots or swellings

;

(zool, bot.}.

nodular (nod'ular)

a.
[L. nodulus,
dim. of nodus, knob.]
Pert, a
nodule or knot (bot., zool.}.
n.
nodule (nod'ul)
[L. nodulus, dim.
of nodus, knob.] A small knob-

like structure.

noduliferous
nodus,

a.

(nod'ullf'e'rus)

knob

a.ppl.

nodus (no'dus)
A knob or node.

[L.

nodulus,
nodule.

[L. nodus, knob.]

nomenclature

(no'me'nkla.'tur,

n.

nomen, name

[L.

System of naming

calare, to call.]

plants, animals,

[L.

carry.]
roots of

(bot.}.

n.

dim. of nodus, knob.]

nomgn'klatur)

to

ferre,

Bearing a nodule
leguminous plants

nodulus (nod'ulus)

zool.}.

Nissl's

nitrogenous (nltroj'Snus) a.
nitron, soda genos, descent.]

nidation (mda'shun) n.
[L. nidus,
The renewal of the uterus
nest.]
between
menstrual
lining
periods

the soil

NOT-

209

organs, etc.

norma

(nor'ma) n. [L. nornia, rule.]

skull as a whole from
certain points (anat.}.
normal (nor'mal) a. [L. norma, rule.]
Consistent with type or standard.

View of the

normoblasts (nor'moblasts) n. plu.

Gk. blastos, bud.]
[L. norma, rule
Erythroblasts, which see.
;

nostrils
nosthyrl,

(nSs'trilz)

nostril.]

plu.

The

[A.S.
external

openings of the nose (anat.}.

notochordal (no'tokor'dal) a.

[Gk.

NOTback

noton,

Pert.

chorde, cord.]

or enveloping the notochord appL

sheath, tissue, etc. (anaf.).
notocirrus (no'tosir'us) n. [L. notum,
back cirrus, curl.] The cirrus of
the notopodium of a polychaet
;

Annelid

(zool.}.

notonectal

a.
(no'tonek'tal)
[Gk.
;
nektos, swimming.]

back

noton,

AppL Notonectidae, which swim

back downwards (zool.}.
notopodium (no'topo'dium) n.
noton, back
pous, foot.]
;

[Gk.

The

dorsal lobe of a polychaetan para-

podium

(zoo/.}.

nototribe (no'totrib)

back

a.

to

tribein,

[Gk. noton,

AppL

rub.]

flowers whose anthers and stigma

touch the back of insects as they
enter the calyx, a device for securing cross-fertilization (bot.}.
notum (no'tum) n. [L. notum, back.]
The dorsal portion of an insect

segment

tergum

[L. L. nucha, spinal

(nu'kal) a.

AppL two sense organs

as
on the
olfactory,
prostomium of Chaetopoda (zool.}.
a thin shieldnuchal cartilage,
shaped plate on the posterior
surface of the neck of Sepia
marrow.]
regarded

a.

nux,
Nut-bearing
[L.

(bot.}.

nucivorous (nusi/orus)
;

-vorare,

eating

to

kernel.]

a.

[L. nux,

devour.]

Nut-

(zool.}.

nuclear (nu'klear)
Pert,

a.

the

[L.

nucleus,

nucleus

(bot.,

zool.}.

nuclear disc, a star-like structure

formed by the chromosomes in the
equator of the spindle during
mitosis

(cyt.").

the
membrane,
membrane bounding a

nuclear

delicate

nucleus,

formed

the
from
surrounding
cytoplasm (cyt.}.
nuclear plate, the equatorial plate
(cyt.}.

spindle, a barrel - shaped

structure formed of a number of
fine fibrils in the cytoplasm sur-

nuclear

nucleate (nu'kleat)

a.

nucleus,

[L.

Having a nucleus

nucleus.]

nucleation

(cyt.}.

a.

(nuklea'shun)

[L.

Nucleus forma-

nucleus, kernel.]
tion (cyt.}.

nucleic

in

(cyt.}.

a.
[L. nucleus,
Pert, an acid containing
in
some nuclei
found
phosphorus,

(nu'kleik)

kernel.]
(pkys.}.

nucleiform
nucleus,

a.

(nu'klelform)
kernel ; forma,

[L.

shape.]

Shaped like a nucleus (cyt.}.

nuclein (nu'klein) n.
[L. nucleus,

One

kernel.]

chemical

the

of

found

compounds

in

nuclei,

similar to protein but with the

addition of phosphorus (phys.\
(nu'kleoklle'ma) n.
[L. nucleus, kernel ; Gk. chylos,
The ground substance of
juice.]
a cell-nucleus (cyt.}.

nucleochylema

plazm)

(nu'kleohl'alo[L. nucleus, kernel ; Gk.

n.

hyalos, glass
plasma, something
moulded.] The semi-fluid groundsubstance of a nucleus (cyt.}.
nucleolar (nukle'b'lar) a. [L. nucleus,
kernel.] Pert, a nucleolus (cyt.}.
;

nucleolus

(nukle'olus) n.
[L. nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, little kernel.]

rounded mass of pure plastin

occurring in a nucleus

nucleomicrosomes

(zool.}.

nuciferous (nusiferus)
nut ferre, to carry.]

nut

rounding the nucleus, a stage

mitosis

nucleohyaloplasm

(zool.}.

nucellus (nusel'us) n.
[L. dim. of
nux, nut.] The central region and
chief part of an ovule (hot.).

nuchal

NUD-

210

(cyt.^.

(nu'kleoml'kro-

somz) n. plu. [L. nucleus, kernel

Gk. mikros, small
soma, body.]
Nuclear chromatin granules (cyt.}.
;

nucleoplasm (nu'kleoplazm)

n.

[L.

Gk. plasma, somenucleus, kernel

thing moulded.] Reticular nuclear
substance cf. cytoplasm (cyt.}.
;

nucleoproteid
[L.

nucleus,

first

eidos,

(nu'kleb'pro'teid)

kernel

n.

Gk. protos,

resemblance.]

nu-

clein with much albumin (phys.}.

nucleus (nu'kleus) n.
[L. nucleus,
A complex spheroidal
kernel.]
mass essential to the life of a
cell (cyt.}.

nuculanium (nu'kula'mum)
nucula, small nut.]
like a grape (bot.}.

n.

[L.

fleshy fruit

nudibranchiate (nu'dibrang'kiat) a.
Gk. brangchia,
[L. nudus, naked
gills.] Having gills not covered by a
;

protective shell or

membrane

(zool.}.

NUDnudicaudate (nu'dlkod'at)
nudus, naked cauda, tail.]

a.

[L.

Having

a tail not coveredbyhairorfur(.sw/.).

nudlcaulous (nu'dikol'us) a.
[L.
nudus, naked caulis, stem.] Appl,
stems without leaves (dot.}.
;

nudlflorous (nu'diflo'rus).

naked

OBL-

211

;flos, flower.]

nymph (ntmf) n.

[Gk. nymphe, bride.]

following the larval in

stage

insect

metamorphosis

The

bride.]

(zool.).

minora

labia

(anat.).

[L. nudus,

Having flowers

without glands or hairs (bot).

nummulation (num'ula'shun) n.

[L.
nummus, coin.] The tendency of
red blood corpuscles to adhere

oar-feathers,

together like piles of coins (phys).

obcompressed (ob'komprgst')

nummulitic

(num'ulit'ik) a.

mus, coin.]
mulite

[L.

Like or pert, a

num-

Num-

(zool., pal.}.

nuptial flight, the flight taken by

the queen bee when fertilization
takes place

(zool.}.

single cells or layers of

to or surrounding
an egg-cell, probably for elaboration
of its food-material (cyt.}.

nurse

cells,

cells

attached

nurse generation, an asexual budding generation of some Tunicates,

in which the phorozooids act as
foster parents to the later formed
buds, the gonozooids (zool.}.
(nut) n.
[A.S. knutu, nut.]
dry, hard, indehiscent one-celled

nut

(hot.}.

nutlet (nut'let) n. [Dim. of nut.]

stone formed in drupaceous

The
fruits

(hot.}.

nutricism

(nu'trisizm) n.

(zool.).

a.

[L.

press.]

comprimere, to comFlattened in a vertical

direction

(bot.).

o&,

towards

obcordate
against

shaped

(obkor'da.t) a.
the heart.]

cor,

leaves

appl.

the stalk attached to

the heart (bot.}.

[L.

ob,

Heart-

which have
the apex of

obdiplostemonous (6bdiplost6m'6nus)
Gk. diploos,
a.
[L. 06, against
;

With
stemon, a warp.]
the outer series of stamens opposite
the petals (bot).
obelion (obe'lion) n. [Gk. obelos^ a
The point between the two
spit.]
foramina on the interparietal suture
double

(anat.).

obex (o'beks) n.

fruit (bot.).

nutation (nuta'shun) n. [L. nutare,

Curvature or change of
to nod.]
position in organs of a growing
plant

the wing feathers used

Birds

in flight in

[L. obex,

an obstacle.]

triangular layer of grey matter

in the roof of
the fourth ventricle (anat.).

above the calamus

obimbricate (obtm'brikat) a. [L. ob,

in the way
imbrex, a tile.] With
;

regularly overlapping scales, with

the overlapping ends downwards

[L. nutrix,

nurse.]

Symbiotic relationship with

all the benefit to one partner (biol.).
nutrition (nutrish'un) n. [L. nutrix,

oblanceolate (oblan'seolat) a. [L. ob,

Inlancea, a spear.]
reversely

nurse.] The ingestion and assimilation of food materials of animals

obligate or obligatory parasites,

parasites which are limited to one
mode of life, and cannot exist independently of a host cf. facultative

and plants (phys).

nutritive

(nu'tritlv) a.
[L. nutrix,
nurse.] Concerned in the function
of nutrition ;
appl. yolk, polyp,

zooid, plasma.
nyctipelagic (nlk'tfpelaj'ik)

nyktios, nightly

[Gk.

upwards

n.

[Gk.

trepein, to turn.]
to curve

Tendency of certain leaves

at night (bot.).

(bot.).

(biol.).

oblique- (oblek') a. [L. obliquus, bent.]

Placed obliquely
appl. certain
;

a.

nyktios, nightly ; pelagos, the sea.]

Rising to the surface of the sea
only at night (zool.}.

nyctitropism (niktit'ropizm)

versely lanceolate

muscles (anat.) asymmetrical (bot.).

obliquus (oble'kwus) a. [L. obliquus,
muscles
bent.]
appl.
Oblique
;

(anat.).

obliterate (obllt'grat) a. [L. ob^ reIndisversely ; litera, a letter.]

tinct or profuse ; appl. markings on
insects (zool.).

OBO-

obovate (obo'vat) a. [L. ob, reversely

ovum, an egg.] Egg-shaped, with
the narrow end attached to the
;

stalk

(tot.).

obovoid (obo'void) a. [L. ob, against

Gk. eidos, shape.]
ovum, an egg
roughly eggInversely ovoid
with
the
narrow
end downshaped,
wards (bot.).
obsolescence (obsoles'ens) n.
[L.
to
wear out.]
The
obsolescere,
gradual reduction and consequent
disappearance of anorganism (biol.)
a blurred portion of a marking on
any animal (zoo/.).
;

obsolete (ob'solet) a.
to

wear

out.]

[L. obsolescere,
Wearing out or dis-

appearing appl. any character that

is becoming less and less distinct
;

in

each

succeeding

generation

(biol.).

obturator

(ob'tura'tor) a.

[L. obturare,

Pert, any structure in

the neighbourhood of the obturator

to close.]

foramen (anaf.).
obturator foramen, an oval foramen
between ischium and pubis (zoo/.).
obtusilingual (obtusiling'gwal) a. [L.
obtundere, to make blunt
lingua,
a tongue.] Short-tongued (zoo/.).
;

obumbrate

(obum'brat) a.
[L.
obumbrare, to overshadow.] With
some structure overhanging the
part so as to conceal it partially
(zoo/.).

occiput (ok'sipoot, ok'sipiit)

[L.
The
occiput, back of the head.]
of
the
skull
occipital
region
(anaf.) ; the back of an insect's
.

head

(zoo!.).

occlude (oklood')

v.

[L.

occluderc,

to shut in.]
To absorb (phys.}.
occlusor (okloo'sor) a. [L. occludere,
to shut in.] Appl. muscles of an

operculum or movable

lid (zoo/.).

a.
[L. ocellus, a
Like an eye or eyes
appl. markings on many animals

ocellate
little

(b'sel'at)

eye.]

(zoo/.).

ocellated (osel'ated, os'elated) a. [L.

ocellus, a little eye.]
Having ocelli
having eye-like spots or markings
;

(zoo/.).

ocellation (os'ela'shun)

;/.

[L. ocellus,

Condition of having
ocelli, or of having ocellate markocellate marking (zoo/.).
ings
little eye.]

ocelli ferous

(os'elif'erus)

a.

[L.

a little eye ; ferre, to bear.]

Ocellated, which see.
ocelli (osel'i,
ocellus (osel'us)
.,
ocellus,

plu.

osel'e)

[L.

ocellus,

little

simple single eye or eyespot found in many of the lower

animals ; an eye-like marking as
seen in many Insects (zoo/.).
ochrea, ocrea (ok'rea, o'krea) n. [L.
A tubular sheath ocrea, a greave.]
like expansion at the base of the
a sheath (zoo/.).
petiole (bot.}
ocreaceous (ok'rea'shus) a. [L. ocrea,
agreave.] Ocrea-like; appl. various
structures in plants and animals.
ocreate (ok'reat) a.
[L. ocrea, a
Having an ocrea (bot.}
greave.]
eye.]

obverse

(ob'vers, obvers') a.
obvertere, to turn round.]

[L.

With

the base narrower than the apex

(bot.}.

obvolute (ob'volut)

a.
[L. obvolvere,
to
wrap round.]
Overlapping ;
appl. leaves when half of one leaf
is

OCT-

212

wrapped round half of another

similar leaf

obvolvent

(bot.).

a.
(obvol'vent)
to wrap round.]

[L.

Bent

booted, sheathed (zoo/.).

octactine (oktak'tin) n. [Gk. okta,
eight ; aktis, a ray.] A type of
sponge spicule with eight rays, a
modification of a hexactine (zoo/.).

octamerous

part of the head or the occipital

(oktam'eriis) a.
[Gk.
meros, a part.] Appl.
or
of
when
organs
parts
organs
arranged in eights appl. parts of
whorls of certain plants (bot.}
appl. parts of certain Alcyonaria

bones

(zoo/.).

obvolvere,

downwards

and

inwards

;
appl.
wings, elytra of insects, etc. (zoo/.).
occipital (oksip'ital) a.
[L. occiput,
back of the head.] Pert, the back

(anaf., zoo/.).

occipitalia (ok'sipita'lia) n. plu.

[L.
The
occiput, back of the head.]
group of parts of the cartilaginous
brain case forming the back part
of the head (zoo/.).

okta, eight

octandrous (oktan'drus) a. [Gk. okta,

eight aner, a man.] Having eight
stamens (bot.}.
octant (ok'tant) n. [L. octo, eight.]
One of the eight cells formed by
;

OCT-

the division of the fertilized ovule

in plants (dot.) ; one of the units
in the eight-celled stage in the
segmentation of the ovum (zool.}.

octogynous (oktoj'mus) a. [Gk. okta,

eight
gyne, a woman.] Having
;

eight pistils

(bot.}.

a.

[Gk.

eight

;
petal.]
petalon,
petals (hot.).
(ok'topod) a.
[Gk. okta,

Having eight
octopod

eight ; pous,
eight feet or

Having

foot.]

arms

(zool.').

octoradiate (ok'tora'diat) a.
eight ; radius, a spoke.]

arms

eight rays or

[L. octo,

Having

(zool.}.

octosepalous (ok'tosep'alus)
a
06 fa, eight
sepalon,

a.

sepals

[Gk.
sepal.]

Having eight

(bot.}.

octosporous (ok'tospo'rus, oktos'porus)

a.
[Gk. okta, eight sporos, a seed.]
;

Having eight spores

octostichous
;

stichos,

a.

a row.]

[Gk.

Having

the leaves in eights, as in phyllotaxis (bot.}.

octozolc

a.
[Gk. okta,
animal.]
Appl.
a spore of Gregarines, containing
eight sporozoites (zool.}.

eight

(ok'tozo'lk)

zoon,

an

ocular (Sk'ular) a. [L. oculus, an eye.]

Pert, or perceived by the eye.
ocular lobe, the projecting thoracic

some

beetles (zool.}.
the plates at the
ocular plates,
end of the ambulacral areas in sea

lobe in

urchins (zool.}.
oculate (ok'ulat)
eye.]

a.

like spots (zool.}.

ocullferous (ok'ulTf'Srus),
(6k'ulTj'6riis)

ferre, gerere,

oculus,

[L.

an

eyes, or having eye-

Having
a.

to

oculigerous

[L. oculus, eye;

Bearing
carry.]

eyes (zool.}.
oculofrontal (ok'ulofriin'tal) a.
[L.
oculus, eye frons, forehead.] Pert.
and
of
forehead
eye.
region
;

oculomotor

a.
(6k'uloino't6r)
[L.
eye ; move re, to move.]

oculus,

Causing

the

eyeball

appl.

[Gk.
a bud.]
of the columnar cells on the
outside of the pulp that form the
dentine (zool.}.
.

One

odontoclast (odfin'toklast) n.
[Gk.
klan, to break.]
odous, a tooth
One of the large multinucleate
cells that absorb the roots of the
milk teeth (zool.}.

movements
the

of the
third cranial

nerve (anat., zool.}.

oculonasal (ok'ulona'zal)

odontogeny

(odontqj'eni) n.
[Gk.
odous, tooth genos, offspring.] The
and
of
teeth.
development
origin
odontoid (odon'toid) a. [Gk. odous,
tooth
Tooth-like
eidos, form.]
pert, the odontoid process.
odontoid process, a tooth-like peg
on the axis round which the atlas
of the
it is the centrum
rotates,
atlas, which has first become free
and finally fused with the axis
;

(anat., zool.}.

(bot.}.

(oktSs'tikus)

okta, eight

odontoblast (odon'toblSst)
odous, a tooth
blastos,

octopetalous (ok'topeYalus)
okta,

OES-

213

odontophore

(odSn'tofor) n.
[Gk.
tooth
pherein, to carry.]
The radula or tooth-bearing organ
in Molluscs; a structure over which
the radula slides (zool}.

odour,

odontoplast (6d8n'topl&st)

n.
[Gk.
tooth
plastos, moulded.]
odontoblast cell (anat.}.

odous,

An

odontostomatous

(odon'tostom'atus)
[Gk. odous, tooth stoma, mouth.]
Having tooth-bearing jaws.
oecoid (e'koid) n. [Gk. oikos, a house.]
The stroma of a blood corpuscle
a.

(anat}.

ecology (ekol'qjl) n.
[Gk.
house
logos,
discourse.]
which
see.
nomics,
;

oikos,

Bio-

oedematin (edgm'atin) n. [Gk. oidema,

a swelling.]
The microsomes of
the ground substance of the nucleus
(cyt.}.

(e'nosit) n. [Gk. oinos, wine ;

One of the large
kytos, hollow.]
cells from the clusters which sur-

oenocyte

round the trachea and

Insects

fat

body of

(zool.}.

oesophageal

(esof'aje'al)

a.

[Gk.

Pert, or
oisophagos, the gullet.]
near the oesophagus, as ganglia
(zool.}.

a.

[L. ocuhts,

eye; nasus, nose.] Pert, eye and nose.

oculus (Sk'ulus) n. [L. oculus, eye.]

The eye (anat., zool.} a leaf-bud in
a tuber (bot.}.
;

oesophagus

(esof'agiis)

n.

[Gk.

oisophagos, the gullet.] That part

of the alimentary canal between the
pharynx and the stomach, or part
equivalent thereto (zool.}.

OESoestrual (e'strooal)

a.

aner, man.]
oligos, few
Having
few stamens (hot.}.
oligocarpous (ol'igokar'pus) a.
[Gk.
oligos, few
karpos, fruit.]
Having
few carpels (hot.}.
Oligocene (61'igosen') a. [Gk. oligos,
few kainos, recent.] Appl. a tertiary period between Eocene and

[Gk. oistros,

Pert, oestrus (phys.}

gadfly.]

also

oestrous.

oestruatlon (e'strooa'shun)
oistros,

State

gadfly.]

under sexual desire

oestrus

n.

[Gk.

of

being

rut (phys.}.

(e'strus) n.

[Gk. oistros, gadsexual heat of animals ;

The

fly.]

Miocene

rut (phys.}.

a short prostratebranch which

takes root at the apex and develops
new individuals (hot.}.
a lateral shoot from a main
offshoot,

(bot.}.

oligomerous (ol'igom'erus) a.
[Gk.
Havoligos, few ; meros, a part.]
ing one or more of the whorls with

an

n.

(oid'ium)
[Gk. oon,
egg.] The conidial stage of some
of the mildews (bot.}.

fewer members than the rest

oligonephrous
oligos, few
Having few

oikoplast (oik'oplast) n. [Gk. oikos,

house ; plastos, moulded?) One of
the large glandular ectoderm cells
which form the gelatinous layer of
Appendicularians (zool.}.
the uropygial gland in
oilgland,
Birds ; a gland which secretes oil

Pert,

oil.]

a.

(61'eaj'inus)
oil

[L.

oil

upper end
oil

n.
[Gk. olene,
large process at the
of the ulna (zool.}.

fern, to carry.]

number of whorls (bot.}.

oligotokous (ol'fgot'okus) a.
[Gk.
few
Beartokos, offspring.]
oligos*
ing few young (zool.}.
tion in the

[L. oleum,

Producing

oil

oliva

(bot.}.

oleln (6'lem) n.

[L. oleum,

oil.]

found

in

peratures (phys.}.
oleocyst (6'leosist) n.

Gk.

kystis, bladder.]

Pert,

[L. oleum, oil ;

diverticu-

lum of the nectocalyx

the oliva,

division

The

n.

n.

olivary

[L.

body

[L.

omasum,

psalterium or third

of a ruminant's

stomach

(zool.}.

omental
a

(6'mSn'tal) a.

fold.]

Pert,

omenta

(anat.}.

the

omentum (om&n'tum) n.
a fold.]

[L.

omentum,

omentum

or

[L. omentum,

fold of the peritoneum

either free or acting as the conlink
between viscera, etc.
necting
(anat.}.

ommateum

(61'Igakan'thus) a.

omma, the

eye

oligacanthous
[Gk.
few
akantha, a spine.]
oligos,
Bearing few spines (zool.}.
oligandrous (ol'igan'drus) a.
[Gk.

or

(oma'sum)

paunch.]

(61'iv)

(anat}.

omasum

(zool.}.

olfactory (61fak'torT) a. [L. olere, to

have a smell facere, to make.]
Pert, associated with, or designating
the structures associated with the
sense of smell.
olfactory lobe, a small lobe projecting from the anterior lower margin
of the cerebral hemispheres (anat.}.
olfactory pit,
any olfactory organ
of the nature of a small pit or
hollow (zool.} the depression which
later forms the nasal passage (eml>.).

olive

(oli'va),

A prominence on
olive.]
each side of the anterior end of the
medulla just below the pons (anat}.
olivary (61'ivari) a. [L. oliva, olive.]
oliva,

animal and vegetable

tissues and liquid at ordinary tem-

fat

Bearing few seeds (bot.}.

oligostemonous (ol'Igostern'onus) a.
[Gk. oligos, few stemon, a stamen.]
Having few stamens (bot.}.
oligotaxy (61'igotak'si) n. [Gk. oligos,
few taxis, arrangement.] Diminu-

producing
olecranon (olgk'ranon)

oleiferous (oleif'Srus) a.

[Gk.
kidney.]

Malpighian tubules

appl. Insects (zool.}.

a.
(ol'Igosper'mus)
[Gk. oligos, few ; sperma, a seed.]

oil (biol.}.

elbow.]

nephros,

oligospermous

olea,

containing

(bot.}.

(ol'igonef'rus) a.

(zool.}.

oleaginous

a.

(ol'igodinam'ik)

[Gk. oligos, few

dynamis, power.]
Caused by small or minute forces

(hot.).

oidium

(pal.}.

ollgodynamic

offset,

stem

OMM-

214

(om'ate'um)
eye.]

n.

[Gk.

Any compound

(zool.}.

ommatidium
omma,

(om'atid'ium) n.
One of the

eye.]

[Gk.

com-

OMM-

215

ponent elements of a compound

eye (zoo/.).

ommatoids (om'a'toidz) n. pin. [Gk.

omma, eye eidos, form.] Two or
;

spots on the
abdominal segment of Pedi-

four light-coloured
last

of disputed function (zoo/.).

ommatophore (Sm'atofor) n. [Gk.
omma, eye ; pherein, to bear.]
Any movable process bearing an
eye (zoo/.).
omnivorous (omniv'orus) a. [L.
vorare, to devour.]
omnis, all
Eating both animal and vegetable^
palpi,

tissue \zool.).

omohyoid

a.
(o'mohl'oid)
[Gk.
omos, shoulder; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, shoulder and hyoid ; appl. a

muscle

(anat.}.

The

ontogenesis (5n'tqj6n'gsls) n.
[Gk.
The
on, being
genesis, descent.]
of
a
individual
life-history
single
;

(biol.}.

ontogenetic (on'toje'ne't'rk) a. [Gk.

on, being genesis, descent.] Pert.
ontogeny, or the development of
the individual (biol.}.
;

ontogeny
;

onychium
a

n.

(ontqj'finl)

being genos,
which see.

birth.]

[Gk. on,
Ontogenesis,

(onik'Ium) n.
The layer

nail.]

nail (anat.}

[Gk. onyx,

below the
a pulvillus ; in some

spiders a special false articulation

at the end of the tarsus to bear
the claws (zoo/.).

onychogenic

(on'ikqjen'ik) a.
[Gk.
onyx, nail genos, offspring.] Capable of producing a nail or a naillike substance ; appl. a material
;

omoideum

n.

(omoid'eum)
shoulder
eidos,

omos,

001-

bone

pterygoid

[Gk.
shape.]
in a Bird's

skull (zoo/.).

omosternum (o'mosteVnum)

n.

[Gk.

occurring in nail matrix and cells

forming the fibrous substance and
cuticula of hairs (phys.}.

shoulder
sternon, breast.]
of the elements of the Amphibian sternum (zoo/.).
omphalic (omfal'Ik) a. [Gk. omphalos,
navel.] Pert, the umbilicus (anat.}.

ooblastema
oon, egg

omphaloid

formation of the first polar body

in Protozoa a stage in the
(emb.}
supposedly female cpnjugant before
it prepares for fertilization (zoo/.).
ooecium (oe'shium) n. [Gk. oon, egg

omos,

One

a.

(om'faloid)
[Gk.
omphalos, navel eidos, like.] Like
a navel; having an umbilicus
;

(zoo/.).

oinphaloidium (om'faioid'mm)

n.

[Gk. omphalos, navel ; eidos, like.]

The scar at the hilum of a seed,
or the hilum itself (dot.}.
omphalomesaraic (8m'fal6m6s'ara'lk),

omphalomesenteric, which

see.

n.

[Gk.

The egg

oocyte

(6'oslt)

kytos, hollow.]

n.

[Gk. oon, egg

before the
;

An egg

oikos, house.]

An

ovicell (zoo/.).

oogamete

(o'og&met')
[Gk.
egg gamos, marriage.] An
oosphere of Sporozoa (zoo/.).
oogamous (oog'amus) a. [Gk, oon,
egg gamos, marriage.]
Having
oon,

omphalomesenteric

(om'falomSs'SnteVik) a.
[Gk. omphalos, navel ;
Pert, ummesenteron, mid-gut.]
bilicus

and mesentery

appl. veins,

ducts (anat.}.

onchosphere

n.

[Gk.
a globe.]
stage of a tapeworm
preceding the cysticercus stage ;
the proscolex or six-hooked embryo stage of Cestoidea ; also

ongkos,

The

(6'oblaste'ma)
bud.]

blastos,

after fertilization (zoo/.).

(Qng'kosfer)
sphaira,

hook

larval

oncosphere

(zoo/.).

ontocycle (on'tosi'kl) n. [Gk. on,

Evolubeing; kyklos, a circle.]
tion which in its later stages tends
to produce forms exactly like those
in the early stages (biol.}.

sexually differentiatedgametes (&?/.).

oogenesis (6'6j6n'6sis) n. [Gk. oon,
e SS > genesis, descent.]
Formation, development, and maturation
of the egg (biol.).
oogloea (6'ogle'a) n. [Gk. oon, egg

gloia, glue.]
Egg cement (zoo/.).
(6'ogo'nial) a.
[Gk. oon,
Pert, the
egg ; gonos, descent.]

oogonial

oogonium.

oogonium

(o'ogo'nlum) n. [Gk. oon,

The female
;
offspring.]
reproductive organ in certain Thallophytes (tot.) ; the mother egg-cell

egg gonos,

(biol.}.

ooid (6'oid)
form.]

a.

[Gk. oon, egg

Egg-shaped.

eidos,

OOK-

ootocous

ookinesis (6'okine'sTs) n. [Gk. oon,

egg kinein, to move.] The karyokinetic stages of the nucleus in the
maturation and fertilization of the

ootype

type, place.]

(biol.).

[Gk. oon,
motile
egg ;
the
of
zygote in
worm-shaped stage
certain Protozoa (zool.}.

oolemma

(o'olem'a)

The

n.

lemma, a husk.]

egg

line

membrane of an egg

[Gk.

The

n.

(6'otlp)

[Gk. oon, egg

Egg-laying (zool.}.
[Gk. oon, egg

and Trematodes

The

duct where the

the shell-gland

ooklnete

(o'okinef) n.
kinein, to move.]

(oot'okiis) a.

tokos, offspring.]

egg

OPI-

216

part of the ovi-

shell

of

is

formed

Turbellarians

(zool.}.

ooze (ooz)

n.
[A.S. ivos, juice.]
soft deposit found over large areas
of the floor of the ocean.

oon,

oozooid (6'ozo'oid) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;

zoon, animal ; eidos, form.]
Any

vitel-

(emb.}.

[Gk. oon, egg

Oophyte, which

individual developed from an egg.

opercle (opeVkl) n. [L. operculum, a
The posterior bone of a fish
lid.]

oophoridium (o'oforid'mm) n. [Gk.

The
oon, egg pherein, to bear.]
megasporangium in certain plants

operculum (zool.}.
operculate (opfir'kulat) a.
[L. operculum, a lid.] Having a lid, as in
the capsule of Mosses (bot.} having
a covering for the gills, as in most
Fishes (zool.}.
operculiferous (opeYkulIf'e'rus) a. [L.
operculum, a lid ferre, to bear.]

oophore

(6'ofor)

n.

pherein, to bear.]
see.

(hot.}.

oophyte

n.

[Gk. oon, egg

The sexual
plant.]
phyton,
generation in such plants as the
the gametophyte (bot.}.
liverwort
(o'ofit)

ooplasm (o'oplazm) n. [Gk. oon, egg

plasma, something moulded.] The
cytoplasm of an egg the yolk or
cell substance of an egg (smb.}.
oopod (6'opod) n.
[Gk. oon, egg
POUS, foot.] Any of the component

Operculate.

operculiform (6p6r'kulif6rm') a. [L.

operculum, a lid
forma, shape.]

Lid-like (bwl.}.

operculigenous

a.
(opgr'kulij'gnus)
[L. operculum, lid ; Gk. genos, offor
spring.]
Producing
forming a

parts of a sting or ovipositor (zool.}.

oosperm (6'ospgrm) n. [Gk. oon, egg- ;
sperma, seed.] A fertilized egg.
oosphere (o'osfer) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
sphaira, globe.] An egg before fer*
a female gamete (zool.}.
tilization
oospore (6'ospor) n. [Gk. oon, egg
The zygote or fersporos, seed.]
tilized egg-cell (bot.} ; the encysted
zygote in certain Protozoa (zool.}.
oostegite (oos'tggit) n. [Gk. oon, egg ;
;

stege, roof.]

plate-like structure

on the basal portion of a thoracic

limb in certain Crustaceans, which
forms or helps to form a receptacle
for the egg (zool.}.
oostegopod (o'ostgg'opod) n.
[Gk.
oon, egg
pous, foot.]
stege, roof
A thoracic foot bearing an oostegite
;

(zool.}.

ootheca (6'othe'ka)
theke, a case.]

n.

[Gk. oon,

egg

A sporangium (hot.};

an egg-case, as

in Insects (zool.}.

ootocoid (oot'okoid)

a.

[Gk. oon, egg ;

Giv-

cidos, form.]
ing ^birth -to the young at a

very

early stagehand then carrying

them

tokos, offspring

..

lid (zool.}.

operculum (opeYkulum)
-

n.

[L. oper-

culum, a lid.] A lid or flap, as in

the capsules of Mosses (bot.} any
of the convolutions covering the
;

island of Reil (anat.} ; the lid-like

structure seen in the Gastropods
;

the movable plates in the shell of

a Barnacle j the first pair of ab-

dominal appendages

in

Limulus

the gill-cover of Fishes the small

plate covering the opening of a
lung book in Spiders (zool.}.
ophiopluteus (ofioploot'eus) n. [Gk.
ophis, serpent ; L. pluteus, shed.]
The pluteus larva of an Ophiuran
;

(zool.).

ophryon

(Sfrion) n.
[Gk. ophrys,
The point of junction of
brow.]
the median line of the face with
a line across the narrowest part of
the forehead (anat.}.
opisthion (opis'thion) n. [Gk. opisthe,
behind.] The median point of the
posterior margin of the foramen

magnum

(anat}.

opisthocoelous (opis'those'lus)

a.

[Gk.

OPI-

ORD-

217

behind ; koilos, hollow.]

Having the centrum concave behind appl. vertebrae (anat.}.
opisthodetic (opis'thodgfik) a. [Gk.
behind
detos,
bound.]
opisthe,
opisthe,
;

Lying posterior to the beak

ligaments in some bivalve

appl.

optocoel
sight
in

n.

(8p'tosel)

[Gk.

The

koilos, hollow.]

the

of the

optic lobes

opsis,

cavity
brain

(anat.).

optogram (Sp'togram)
sight

n.

graphein, to

[Gk. opsis,

write.]

The

shells

image impressed on the retina by

the action of light on the visual

opisthoglossal(6pis'th6gl6s'al)0. [Gk.
opisthe, behind ; glossa, tongue.]
Having the tongue fixed in front,

purple (phys.).
the wavy border of the
retina, where the nervous elements
cease (anat.).
oral (6'ral) a. [L. os, mouth.] Pert.
or belonging to the mouth ; on the
side on which the mouth lies.
orbicular (orbik'ular) a. [Gk. orbis, an
orb.] Appl. the eye muscles (anat.}.
orbicularis (orblk'iila'ris) a. [L. orbis,
an orb.]
Appl. a muscle whose

(zool.}.

free behind (zool^.

opisthognathous (opis'thognath'us) a.
[Gk. opisthe, behind gnathos, jaw.]
Having retreating jaws (zool.}.
;

a.
(op'isthot'ik)
[Gk.
behind ; ous, the ear.]
the inferior posterior bony
element of the otic capsule (zool.}.
/
opisthure (5p'isthur ) n. [Gk. opisthe,
The probehind ; aura, a tail.]
jecting tip of the vertebral column

opisthotic
opisthe,

Pert,

(zool.}.

opponens (opo'nenz)

a.

[L. opponere,

oppose.] Pert, muscles which

cause the digits to approach one
another (anat.}.
opposite (op'ozit) a. [L. opponere, to
Pert, leaves which are
oppose.]
opposed, or placed opposite one
another at the same level on
to

opposite sides of the stem

opsonic (6pson'ik).0. [Gk.
to

cater.]

Pert,

opsonin (phys}.
opsonln (opso'nln)

or

fibres surround an opening (anat.).

orbiculate (orbik'ulat) a. [L. orbis,

orb.]
Nearly circular, in outline ;
appl. leaves (bot.).
orbit (or'blt) n. [L. orbita, a circuit.]
The bony cavity in which the eye
is situated (anat.) ; the skin round
the eye of a bird ; the hollow in
the arthropod cephalothorax in
which the eye-stalk rises (zool.}.
orbit*! (or'bital) a. [L. orbita, cir-it.] Pert, the orbit.

(or'bitoma'lar) a.
[L.
circuit ; mala, the cheek.]

(bot.}

affected

orbit

and malar bone

(anat}.

*orbitonasal
n.

[Gk.
to cater.] A constituent of blood
which helps the phagocytes to destroy invading bacteria (phys.).
optic (6p'tik) a. [Gk. opsis, sight.]
Pert, vision.

sight ; L. cilia, eyelashes.]

Pert, optic and ciliary nerves (anat.).

opsis,

opticopupillary (Sp'tikopu'pilarl) a.
[Gk. opsis, sight ; L. pupilla, pupil
of eye.]
Pert, optic nerve and pupil
(anat.}. .

optimum

(op'tlmum)

best.]

The most

a.
(drTrftona'zal)
[L.
Pert.
orbita, circuit ; nasus, nose.]

the orbit and the nasal portions of

the adjoining bones (anat.).

n.

[L. optimus,

suitable degree

of heat, etc., for the full development of the organism concerned

the point at which the best
(biol.)
response can be obtained (phys.}.

orbitosphenoid
[L. orbita,

a.
(6r blt6sfe'noid)
circuit ; Gk. sphen, a

Pert, paired
elements lying between
presphenoid and frontal (zool.).
order (dr'der) n.
[L. ordo, order.]

wedge

optic lobes, that part of the brain

which supplies the eyes.
optic thalami, see thalami.
opticociliary (Sp'tlkc'sil'ian) a. [Gk.

ora serrata,

eidos, form.]

cranial

of organisms closely
ranking between the family

Any group
allied,

and the

class

(biol.).

ordinate (o/dinat)

a.

[L. ordo, order.]

the

markings or ornamentation arranged in rows (zool.).

ordinatopunctate (or'dlna'topungTctat)
a.
order
ordo,
\L.
punctum,
a prick.]
Indicating the serial
of
etc.
dots,
presence
(zool.).
Ordovician (dr'dOvIsh'an) a.
[L.
Ordovices, people of Wales.] Lower

Having

Silurian (pal.).

ORGorgan (dr'gan)
an

[Gk. organon, an
part or structure

n.

Any

implement.]
of

ORO-

218

organism

for

adapted

special purpose (biol.}.

see Corti's organ.
Corti,

organ of

organellae (dr'g&nei'e) n. plu.

[Gk.
The
an
instrument.]
organon,
various parts of a cell (cyt.).
organic (organ'ik) a. [Gk. organon,
an
Pert., derived
instrument]
from, or showing the peculiarities
of a living organism (biol.}.
organiflc (o/ganTfik) a.
[Gk. organon, instrument ; L. facers, to

Producing an organism
an organized structure

make.]

making

and

nourishment of organs (bwl.~).

organule (oYganul) n. [Gk. organon,
instrument] Any of the cells or
elements of an organism (biol.~).

orgasm

[Gk. organ, to

(or'gazm) n.

Any immoderate

swell.]

ment

excite-

turgescence of any organism

orientation
oriens,

n.
(6'rienta'shun)
[L.
The alteration in

rising.]

position shown by various protoplasmic bodies in the cell under

various stimuli (phys.\
orifice

(Sr'ifis)

n.

[L.

mouth

os,

mouth or
make.]
the opening of a tube,

to

facere,

aperture

(biol.).

(dr'gamzm) n.
[Gk. orAny living
ganon, instrument.]
animal or plant anything capable
of carrying on the processes of life

organism

Pert, the formation

nourish.]

duct, etc.

original

a.
[L.
origo,
Pert,
the
origin.]
beginning ;
appl. the wild species from which
the cultivated have been derived
(drij'inal)

organized (6r'ganTzd) a. [Gk. organon,

Exhibiting the char-

instrument.]

acteristics of, or

organism
organogen
organon,

behaving

like

an

(biol.}.

n.
(organ'qjSn)
[Gk.
instrument
genos, offAny of the four elements
;

spring.]
C., H., O.,

N.
organogenesis

(phys.).
(6rgan'6j6n'Ssis)

n.

[Gk. organon, instrument genesis,

descent.] The formation and development of organs (biol.}.
;

n.
(&r'ganog rafi)
[Gk. organon, instrument graphein,
to write.] The description of the

organography

organs

in

any

living

organism

ornithlne (dr'nithin) n. [Gk. ornis,

An organic substance found
bird.]
in the excreta of Birds (phys.}.
ornithocopros
(or'nithokop'ros)
[Gk. ornis, bird ; kopros, dung.]
.

The dung

of Birds.
/

Ornithogaea (6r nlthoje'a)

ornis, bird

(biol.}.

(6i gan6l6p'tik) a.

organoleptic
[Gk.
organon, instrument lambanein, to
take hold of.] Capable of being
impressed, or of making an im;

(or'ganon'oml) n. [Gk.
organon, instrument ; nomos, law.]
The laws that deal with life or

organonomy

organisms

organonymy

(biol.}.

[Gk.
organon, instrument ; onyma, name.]
The nomenclature of organs (bwl.~).
organophyly (6r'ganof'ili) n.
[Gk.
organon, instrument ; phylon, a
The phylogeny of organs
tribe.]

grraphical region
N ew Zealand (zool.}.
ornithology (or'nithol'ojl)
ornis, bird

n.

logos, discourse.]

dealing

[Gk.

The
with

Birds.

ornithophilous (or'nithof'ilus) a.

[Gk.
Birdphilein,-\.Q love.]
flowers
that
are
loving
appl.
pollinated through the agency of
Birds

ornis, bird

oroanal
anus,

(bot.}._

(o'roa'nal) a.

anus.]

and anus

oronasal
mouth

[Gk.

trephein,

to

[L. os,

Serving

as

mouth
mouth

(zool.~).

(o'rona'zal)

a.

[L.

os,

Pert, or
nasus, nose.]
designating the groove that connects the mouth and nose (zooL\
;

organotrophic
organon, instrument

[Gk.
zooincludes

The

which

(6r'ganon'imT) n.

(or'ganotrof'ik) a.

n.

gaia, land.]

branch of Zoology

pression (phys.}.

living

ornis (6r'nis) n. [Gk. ornis, a bird.]

The bird fauna of a region (zool.\
ornithic (ornith'ik) a. [Gk. amis, a
Pert. Birds (pal^.
bird.]
ornithichnite (or'mthik'nlt) n. [Gk.
The
ornis, bird ; ichnos, a tract.]
fossil track or foot-prints of a Bird

ORTorthoenteric

(or'thoe'n'te'rlk)

a.

[Gk. orthos, straight ; enteron, intestine.]

Having the alimentary
canal stretched out
along the
ventral body surface appl. certain
Tunicates (zool.).
;

orthogenesis

(or'thoje'n'e'sis) n.

[Gk.

genesis, descent.]
Variation which, irrespective of
natural selection or external forces,
gradually produces a new and distinct type (btol.).

orthos, straight

orthopterous
orthos,

Having

a.

(6rth8p'te"rus)

straight
straight

[Gk.
wing.]

pteron,
folded posterior

(or'thospeVmus)

a.

[Gk. orthos, straight ; sperma, seed.]

With straight seeds (hot.).
orthostichous (6rth6s'tlkus) a. [Gk.
orthos, straight ; stichos, a row.]

Appl. a fin skeleton when the peripheral somactids are parallel as in

Cladoselache (pal.).

orthostichy

(orthos'Hk!) n.
[Gk.
orthos, straight ;_ stichos, a row.]
The vertical line on which a row
of leaves or scales is found ; the
arrangement of the leaves or scales

row

(bot.).

orthotriaene (6r'th6tri'en)
orthos, straight

n.

[Gk.

triaina, a trident.]

triaene with cladi directed outwards at right angles to the shaft

orthotropism (orthot'ropizm)
orthos, straight

n.
[Gk.
trope, a turning.]

Growth in a vertical line (hot.*).

orthotropous (orthSr/ropus) a. [Gk.
orthos, straight
trope, a turning.]
;

chalaza,

hilum,

micropyle in a straight line

ovules (bot.).
os (6s) n. [L.

An excurrent open(zool.).

osmeterium

(os'mgte'rium) n. [Gk.
forked protrusible
osme, smell.]
organ borne on the first thoracic
segment of the larva of many

and emitting an offensive smell (zool.).

osmosis (osmo'sis) n. [Gk. othein, to
diffusion which takes
push.]
butterflies,

place between two miscible fluids

through

permeable

membrane

osmotic (SsmSt'ik) a. [Gk. othein, to

push.] Pert, osmosis (phys.).
n.
(osfra'dium)
[Gk.
sense
osphradion, strong scent.]
associated
with
the
visceral
organ

os,

a bone.]

osculant (os'kulant)

a.

and
appl.

A bone.

[L. osculans,

Closely adherent ; intermediate in character between two

kissing.]

groups (btol.).
oscular (os'kular) a. [L. osculum, a
small mouth.] Pert, an osculum.
osculate (os'kulat) v. [L. osculare, to
To have characters interkiss.]
mediate between two groups (biol.).
osculiferous (6s'kullf6rus) a.
[L.
osculum, a small mouth ; ferre, to
Having oscula (zool.).
bear.]
osculum (Ss'kulum) n. [L. osculum,

ganglia in Molluscs, olfactory in

function (zool.).
the Wormian bones

O88& triquetra,
(anat.).

ossein

n.

<(5s'eTn)

[L. osseus, bony.]

The organic base of bone (phys.).

osseous (os'eus) a. [L. osseus, bony.]
of or resembling bone

Composed
(zool.).

ossicle

(fis'ikl) n.

small bone

in

sclerotic ;
gastric mill of

Any

[L. os, bone.]

one of those
one of those
Crustacea

of a sea-urchin's test
ossicular (Sslk'ular) a.

in

the
the

a plate

(zool.).

[L. os, bone.]

Pert, ossicles.

ossiculum

(zool.).

Having the

a small mouth.]
ing in a Sponge

osphradium

wings (zoo/.").
orthospermous

in this

OST-

219

(osik'ulum) n.
[L. os,
ossicle ; a lithodesma

bone.]

An

(zool.}

a pyrene

(bot.).

ossification (Sslfika'shun) n. [L.

The
os, bone
facere, to make.]
formation of bone
the replacement of cartilage by bone (anat.).
ossify (os'tfi) v. [L. os, bone fieri,
to become.]
To change to bone
;

(anat.).

osteoblast

n.
(Ss'teoblast)
[Gk.
;
blastos,
bud.]
cell (smb.).

bone
bone-forming

osteon,

osteoclast (Ss'teoklast) n. [Gk. osteon,

a bone
cell
klan, to break.]
which absorbs or breaks up bony

tissue (entb.).

osteocomma

(os'teok8m'a)

n.

[Gk.

bone
komma, piece.] A
segment of the vertebral skeleton

osteon,

(zool.).

osteocranium

(6s'teokra'nlum)
;
kranion, skull.]

[Gk. osteon, bone

OST-

The bony skull as distinguished

from the cartilaginous or chondrocranium (zool.}.
osteodentine (os'teoden'tm)

n.
[Gk.
L. dens, a tooth.]
dentine
which closely
variety of

bone

osteon,

approaches bone in structure (zool.}.

osteodermis (os'teodeYmis) n. [Gk.
A
osteon, bone
derma, skin.]
dermis which is more or less
ossified
a bony dermal plate
;

(zool.}.

osteogen

(os'teqje'n')

n.

[Gk. osteon,

bone genos, offspring.] The tissue

which alters and forms bone (phys.}.
;

osteogenesis

((8s'teoj6n'6sis) n.

bone

osteon,

Bone formation
osteogenetic

[Gk.

descent.]

genesis,
(emb.}.

(os'teqje'ne't'ik)

bone

osteon,

genesis,

a.

[Gk.

descent.]

Pert, or causing the formation of

bone

(emb.}.

osteogenic

(os'teojgn'lk)

bone
genos,
Bone-producing (phys.}.

osteon,

osteoid

bone

a.

[Gk.

offspring.]

(5s'teoid)
[Gk. osteon,
Bone - like
eidos,
form.]

(anat.}.

osteology

(os'teol'oji) n.

[Gk. osteon,

bone logos, discourse.] That part

of anatomy that deals with the
structure, nature, and development
;

of bones.
osteoplastic (5s'teoplas'tik)

a.

[Gk.

bone
plastos, moulded.]
Producing bone appl. certain cells

osteon,

from the pericardium the opening

from flagellate canal into paragastric cavity in Sponges (zool.}.
;

[Gk. ous, the ear.] Pert.

the region of the auditory capsule

otic (o'tik) a.
(anaf.}.

otidium (otid'mm)

n.
[Gk. ous, ear.]
otocyst of a Mollusc (zool.}.
otoconium (6'toko'nium) n. [Gk. ous,
ear ; konia, grain of sand.] One of
the minute particles found in the
internal ear (anat.}.
otocrypt (6'tokript) n. [Gk. ous, ear ;

The

kryptos, hidden.] An open invagination of the integument of the foot

in certain Molluscs (zool.}.

otocyst

(o'tosist) n.

kystis, bladder.]
fluid and otoliths,

auditory

[Gk. ous, ear ;

sac containing

supposed to be

(zool.}.

otolith (6'tolith)

n.

[Gk.

ous,

ear;

The calcareous parlithos, stone.]

ticle or plate-like structure found
in the ear or the auditory

organ of
animals (zool.}.
n.
otoporpae (o'topor'pe)
plu. [Gk.
ous, ear porpe, a brooch.]
Stripes
of cnidoblasts on the exumbrella of

many

a.

OVA-

220

(emb.).

osteoporosis (Ss'teoporo'sTs) n. [Gk.

The
osteon, bone ; poros, a pore.]
absorption of bone, resulting in a

porous structure (phys.}.

ostiolar (os'tiolar) a. [L. ostiolum, a
little door.]
Pert, an ostiole (biol.}.
ostiolate (os'tiolat) a. [L. ostiolum,
little door.]
Provided with ostioles
(biol.}.

Hydromedusae
oval

(zool.}.

Egg[L. ovum, egg.]

pert, an egg.
ovalbuinin (o'valbu'min) n. [L. ovum,
egg ; albumen, white of egg.] The
(6'val) a.

shaped

chief constituent of white of egg

(phys.}.

ovarian (ova'riSn) a. [L. ovanum,

an ovary.] Pert, an ovary.
ovariole (ovar'iol) n.
[L. ovarium,
The ovarian tube of an
ovary.]
Insect
the tubes which together
form the ovary (zool.}.
ovarium (ova'rium) n. [L. ovarium,
;

The

An

ovary.
[L. ovarium, ovary.]
essential female reproductive

ovary.]

ovary

(6'vari) n.

organ

(zool.}

of the

pistil

an enlarged portion

or gynoecium

ostiole (os'tlol) n. [L. ostiolum, little

The opening of a condoor.]
ceptacle, of a perithecium, of a
stoma, of an anther sac (bot.} the
inhalent aperture of a Sponge (zool.}.
ostium (os'tium) n., ostia (os'tia) plu.

ovate (6'vat) a.
[L. ovum, egg.]
Egg-shaped.
an ovate
ovate-acuminate,
appl.
lamina with a very sharp point

Any mouth[L. ostium, a door.]

the openings of the
like opening
tubes
the
Fallopian
opening in
the crustacean heart by means of
which the blood enters the heart

ovate-ellipsoidal, ovate, approaching ellipsoid ; appl. leaves (bot.}.

ovate-lanceolate, having a form of
lamina intermediate between ovate
and lanceolate (bot.}.

(bot.}.

appl. leaves

(bot.}.

OVA-

ovomucoid (o'vomu'koid) n.
[L.
Gk.
ovum, egg
mucus, mucus
A mucoid found in
eidos, form.]

ovate -oblong,
having an oblong
lamina with one end narrower than
the other

(bot.).

ovenchyma

(ovgng'klma) n.
[L.
Gk. engchyma, inovum, egg
A connective tissue with
fusion.]
ovoid-shaped cells (smb.}.

ovicell (o'vIsSl)

n.

[L.

ovum, egg

(pkys.).
ovotestis (o'votgs'tis)

egg;

a cell.] A dilatation of the

zooecium, serving as a brood pouch

ovum, egg

ovum,

[L.

The

her-

vivus, living

parere,

Pert, forms which

produce an egg with a definite
shell, which yet hatch out internally

n.

[L. ovum, egg ;

The tube which
ducere, to lead.]
carries the eggs from the ovary to
the exterior ; the Miillerian duct ;

(zool.).

ovulate (ov'ulat) a. [L. ovum, egg.]

Containing an egg or ovule (hot.,

tube may or may not be

attached to the ovary (zool.).
oviferous (ovif'e'rus) a.
[L. ovum,
egg ferre, to carry.] Serving to
carry the eggs (zool.).
the

zool.).

The
(6'vul) n.
[L. ovum, egg.]
megasporangium of a seed-plant
any small egg or egg-like
(bot.)

ovule

oviform (o'viform) a. [L. ovum, Qgg

forma, shape.] Egg-shaped.
oviparity (6'vipar'itl) n. [L. ovum,
egg parere, to bring forth.] Con-

dition of being oviparous (zoo/.).

oviparous (ovip'arus) a. [L. ovum,

egg parere, to bring forth.] Producing eggs egg-laying cf. viviparous (zool.).
oviposit (6'vipoz'it) v.
[L. ovum,
To lay
egg
ponere, to place.]
Insects
(zool.).
eggs appl.
ovipositor (o'vipoz'itSr) n. [L. ovum,
egg ponere, to place.] A special;

ized structure in Insects for placing

the eggs in a suitable place ; a
tubular extension of the genital
orifice in Fishes (zool.).
ovisac (6'visak) n. [L. ovum, egg

saccus,

bag.]

An

egg-capsule

n.

[L.

OVUM, egg.]

(6'vizm)

The

theory held by the Ovists that

the egg contained the germ with
the germs of all future generations
within it (biol.).
ovist (6'vTst) n. [L. ovum, egg.] A
supporter of the Ovism theory (biol.).

ovocentre (o'vosSn'ter) n. [L. ovum,

egg centrum, a centre.] The eggfertilization
centrosome
during
;

(emb.).

[L. ovum,
(o'vbjen'e'sis) n.
Gk.. genesis, descent.] Oogensee.

ovoid (o'void)
cidos, form.]

a.

[L.

ovum,

to
Ovulecarry.]
ferre,
producing containing ovules (bot.).
stout
ovuliferous
scales,
scales,
each bearing two ovules, developed
on bract scales (bot.).

egg

ovum

(6'vum) n.

A female germ
oxea

[L.

ovum, egg.]

cell (biol.).

(ok'sea) n.

[Gk. oxys, sharp.]

A sponge spicule, rod-shaped and

sharp at both ends (zool.).
oxeote (ok'seot) a. [Gk. oxys, sharp.]
Like an oxea
in the iform of a
simple rod
appl. sponge spicules
;

(zool.).

oxydize.

oxidize,

oxyaster

(6k'sias'ter)

n.

[Gk. oxys,

A stellate
aster, a star.]
sponge spicule with sharp-pointed

sharp

(zool.).

oxychromatin

.
(ok'slkro'mattn)
;
chroma, colour.]

[Gk. oxys, sharp

Linin (emb.).

oxydactyl

(ok'stdak'tll) a.
[Gk. oxys,
sharp daktylos, a finger.] Havmg
slender tapering digits (zool.).
;

oxydase (6k stdas) n. [Gk. oxys, sour.]

An enzyme which promotes oxydation (phys.).

oxydiact (ok'sldfakt) a. [Gk. oxys,

sharp di, two aktis, ray.] Having
three rays of which only two are
fully
sponge
developed
appl.
;

ovogenesis

which

structure (zool.).

ovuliferous (o'vullfgrus) a.

rays

(zoo!.).

esis,

n.

testicle.]

to bring forth.]

(zool.).

oviduct (6'vldukt)

testis,

maphroditic reproductive gland of

certain Gastropods (zoo/.).
ovoviviparous (6'vovivip'arus) a. [L.

cellula,

egg

eggs

ovism

OXY-

221

spicules (zool.).

ovum, egg
Egg-shaped.
[L.

Gk.

oxydize (ok'sidlz) v. [Gk. oxys, acid.]

To combine with more oxygen to
;

OXY-

increase the oxygen content of the

blood

PAL-

222

(phys.).

palaeogenetic (pal'eojenet'Ik)

a.

[Gk.

palaios, ancient
genesis, descent.]
Appl. atavistic features fully de;

oxygnathous

(ok'signath'us) a.
[Gk.
oxys, sharp ; gnathos, jaw.] Having

more or less sharp jaws (zool.}.

oxyhaemoglobin (ok'sihe'moglo'bin)

which are usually charembryonic (biol.).

Palaeontology (pal'eontol'oji) n. [Gk.

[Gk. oxys, acid haima, blood ;

L. globus, a globe.]
Haemoglobin

palaios, ancient ons, being ; logos,

The science of past
discourse.]

n.

combined with oxygen, as found

arterial

blood

in

(phys.}.

oxyhexactine

(ok'sihSksak'tin)

n.

[Gk. oxys, sharp ; hex, six ; aktis,

A hexactine with rays ending
ray.]
in sharp points (zool.).
oxyhexaster (ok'siheksas'ter) n. [Gk.
oxys, sharp

hex, six

aster, star.]
rays ending in

hexaster with

sharp points (zool.}.

oxyntic (oksm'tik) a.
[Gk. oxyein,
to make acid.]
Secreting acid
cells,
glands
(phys.~).
appl.
;

oxytropism

(oksit'roplzm) n.
oxys, acid ; trope, a turning.]

veloped,

acteristically

organic life based on fossils and

fossil impressions.
Palaeozoic (pal'edzo'ik) a. [Gk.palaios,
ancient zoon, animal.] Appl. the
Primary or earliest of the three
groups of rock-systems (pal.}.
;

Palaeozoology

palm.]

th,e

The

palamate,

(zool.}.

The zoology
animal

of

im-

pressions.
(pal'ama)

palama

birds.

tendency of numerous organisms

be attracted by oxygen (phys.}.
oxytylote (ok'sitl'lot) n. [Gk. oxys,
A slender,
sharp
tylos, a knob.]
straight sponge spicule, sharp at
one end, knobbed at the other

[Gk.

animal

zoon,

and

animals

fossil

[Gk.

to

(pal'eozSol'bji) n.

ancient
palaios,
logos, discourse.]

palatal

n.
[Gk. palame,
Foot-webbing of aquatic

palmate.

a.
[L. palatum,
Pert, the palate palatine
appl. bone, sinus, etc. (anaf.).
n.
palate
(pal'at)
[L. palatum,
The roof of the mouth
palate.]
an
insect
(anaf.) ;
epipharynx

(pal'atal)

palate.]

a projection of the lower

of a personate corolla (&?/.).

(zool.}

lip

palatine (pal'atin)

a.

[L.

palatum,

Pert, or in the region of

artery, bone,
palate
appl.

palate.]

the
first
the
parental
generation, P 2 the grandparents,
See Fj.
etc., in the law of Mendel.

P,,

denoting

bodies or corpuscles,
distal nerve-endings, consisting of
lamellated connective-tissue capsule
with a core of nucleated protoplasmic cells containing the ramifications of a single medullated

Pacinian

nerve-fibre (anaf.).

child

n.

[Gk.

genesis,
descent.]
still in the young
or larval state, as Axolotl, certain
;

Breeding while

Diptera (zool.}.
paired flns, the pectoral and pelvic
fins

of

caudal

fishes
fins

Palaeobotany

impressions.

anal,

and

are unpaired.
(pal'eobot'anl) n.

[Gk.

botane, a plant.]
of fossil plants or plant

palaios, ancient

The botany

dorsal,

muscle (anaf.).
palatonasal (pal'atona'zal) a.
[L.
nasus,
nose.]
palatum,
palate
Pert, palate and nose (anaf.).
;

palatopharyngeal (pal'atofarin'jeal) a.
Gk. pharyngx,
[L. palatum, palate
;

In the region of palate

a muscle
appl.

pharynx.]

paedogenesis (pe'dojSn'esis)
pais,

foramen, etc. (anaf.).

palatoglossal (pal'atoglos'al) a. [L.
palatum, palate ; Gk. glossa, tongue.]
Pert, palate and tongue ; appl. a

and

pharynx

(anaf.).

palatopterygoid (pal'atopter'igoid) a.
Gk. pterygion,
[L. palatum, palate
;

little

wing ; eidos, resemblance.]

In the region of or pert, palate and
pterygoid (anaf.).
palatoquadrate (pal'at6'kw6d'ra.t) a.
quadratus,
[L. palatum,
palate
squared.] Connecting palatine and
quadrate appl. the dorsal cartilage
of the mandibular arch (anaf.).
;

PALpalea

n.

[L. palea, chaff.]

bracts on the florets

(pa'lea)

One

of

little

of
Compositae^ (&?/.).
paleaceous (palea'shus) a. [L. palea,
chaff.] Appl. a capitulum furnished

with small scaly bracts or paleae

paliform (pa'liform) a. [L. palus, a

Like an
stake
forma, shape.]
;

upright stake.

palingenesis

n.

(pal'injfin'gsis)

anew

[Gk.

descent.]
the reancestral
characters
birth of
(bio/.).
palisade tissue, the general ground

palin,

genesis,

metamorphosis

Abrupt

of

tissue

many

leaves,

foliage

from the palisade-like

arrangement of their elongated
so

called

a.

(pal'ial)

[L.

pallium,

Pert,
the
molluscan
mantle.]
pallium or mantle ; appl. line,
groove, sinus, muscles (zoo!.}.
palliate (pal'iat) a.
[L. pallium,
mantle.]
Having a mantle or
similar structure (zoo/.).
a.
palliopedal
(pal'ioped'al)
[L.
pallium, mantle pes, foot.] Pert.
;

molluscan mantle and foot.

pallium (pal'mm) n.
[L. pallium,
mantle.] A mollusc or brachiopod
mantle a portion of the cerebral
;

(zoo/.).

palmar

(pal'mar) a.
[L. palma, palm
of the hand.] Pert, the palm of the

hand

aponeurosis,

appl.

nerve,

muscle (anat.).
palmaria (palma'ria)

n. plu.
[L.
the palm.]
The
third brachials of Crinoids (zoo/.).

palmaris, pert,

palmate

base

the

to

half-way

(dot.).

palmatipartite

(palmat'ipir'tlt)

a.

palma, palm ;partitus, divided.]

Palmate with the divisions more
than half-way to the base (bot.).
palmatisect (palmat'Isgkt) a.
[L.
palma, palm sectus, cut.] Palmate
[L.

with the divisions

base (bot.).

nearly

to -the

palmella (palmeTa)
[Gk. palmos,
a quivering.] A stage of certain
Algae, consisting of groups of
rounded cells in a jelly-like mass
n.

(bot.}.

palmitin (pal'mitin)

n.

[Gk. palma,

compound of fatty
palm-tree.]
acid and glycerine found in adipalmula

(pal'mula)

A terminal

palm.]

n.

[L.

palma,

lobe or process

between the paired claws of insect

(zoo/.).

wall

divisions

pose tissue (phys!).

cells (bot.).

pallet (pal'et) n. [L. pala, a spade.]

shelly plate on a bivalve siphon
pallial

PAL-

223

(pal'mat) a.

[L. palma,

palm

feet (zoo/.).

see palpus.
palpacle (pal'pakl)
palp,

n.
[L. palpare,
tentacle of a dactylozooid or palpon of Siphonophora

The

to feel.]
(zoo/.).

palpal (pal'pal)

a.

[L.

palpare, to

Pert, a palpus.

stroke.]

palpate (pal'pat)
[L. palpare, to
Provided with a palpus
stroke.]
a.

or palpi

(zoo/.).

palpebra (pal'pSbra) n. [L. palpebra,

an eyelid.] An eyelid.
palpebral (pal'pfcbral) a. [L. palpebra,
an eyelid.] Pert, the eyelids appl.
;

ligament, nerves (anat.) ;

a lobe or buttress on which
the eye of Trilobites rests (zoo/.).
palpifer (pal'plfgr) n. [L. palpare, to
A maxilla
feel
ferre, to carry.]
lobe bearing the palpus of Insects
arteries,

appl.

(zoo/.).

of the hand.] Appl. leaves divided

into lobes arising from a common
centre (pot.) ; having anterior toes
webbed, as in most aquatic Birds

palpiform (pal'plf6rm) a.
[L. palpare, to feel forma, shape.] Resembling a palpus or insect-feeler

(zoc/.).

palpiger

palmatifld (palmat'ifid)

a.

[L.^a/ma,

palm of the hand \findere, to cleave.]

Appl. leaves divided into lobes to
about the middle, at acute angles
to each other (bot.).
palmatilobate (palmat'llo'bat) a. [L.
palma, palm lobus, a lobe.] Palmate with rounded lobes and
;

(zoo/.).

n.
[L. palpare,
The
gerere, to bear.]
of
a
labial
support
palpus in In-

to

feel

(pal'pljgr)
;

sects (zoo/.).

palpocil (pal'posil) n. [L. palpare, to

touch cilium, a lashj A stiff sensory filament attached to the sense
;

cells of

Hydromedusae

palpon (pal'pon)

/;.

(zoo/.).

[L. palpare, to

PAL
feel.]

or dactylozooid

of Siphonophores (zool.).
palpulus (pal'pulus) n. [L. palpare,

small palpus or feeler.

to feel.]
palpi (pafpL
#.,
(pal'pus)
pal'pe) plu.
[L. palpare, to feel.]
The labial feelers of Insects ; sen-

palpus

sory appendages on the prostomium

of polychaet worms, on mandibles
of Crustacea, etc. (zool.).
paludicole (palu'dikol) a. [L. palus,

a marsh

colere, to inhabit.]

Living

ponds and streams.

in

(pal'ul) n.
[L. palus, a stake.]
unattached calcareous process
of Corals a small palus (zoo/.).
palus (pa'lus) n., pali (pa'H, pal'e)
A series
plu. [L. palus, a stake.]

An

of small pillars projecting upwards

from the theca-base towards the
stomodaeum of madrepore Corals
(zool.).

pampiniform (pampm'iform)
pampinus, a

tendril

Tendril-like
voluted vein

matic cord

a.

[L.

forma, shape.]

(biol.)
appl. a conplexus of the sper;

(anat.).

pancreas (pan'kreas)

n.

[Gk. pan,

all

kreas, flesh.]
compound racemose
gland at the posterior abdominal
wall of most vertebrates.

pancreatic (pankreat'Ik)

a.

[Gk. pan,
Pert, the panall ; kreas, flesh.]
creas
artery,
duct, vein
appl.
;

(anat.}.

pancreaticoduodenal, pert, pancreas and duodenum appl. artery,

;

glands, veins (anat.}.

panduriform (pandu'riform) a. [L.
pandura, a three stringed lute ;
Fiddle - shaped ;
forma, shape.]
appl. leaves (dot.}.

pangamic (pangam'ik)
gamos,

union.]

a.

[Gk. pan,
Appl. indis-

genos,

(pan'je'n)

n.

[Gk. pan,

Biophore

offspring.]

hypothetical units.
pangenesis (panjeVesis) n.
pan, all genesis, descent.]
;

all

see

The

theory, that hereditary

characteristics are carried by germs
from individual body cells (biol.).
tuft

on

plants.]

n.

[L. panicula, a
bunch of

tuft or

flowers or seeds, close or scattered

natural selection.

[Gk.pan,
bud.]

all

compound raceme

(dot.).

(panspo'roblast) n.

sporos, seed

blastos,

A cell-complex of Neosporidia

producing sporoblasts and spores

an archespore (zool.).
a.
papilionaceous
(papTl'iona'shus)
a butterfly.]
Re[L.
papilio,
sembling a butterfly appl. a fivepetal corolla, one enlarged posterior,
two united anterior forming a keel,
and two lateral, the wings or alae
;

(bot.).

papilla (papil'a) n.
[L. papilla, a
A glandular hair with
pimple.]
one secreting cell above the epidermis level (bot.)
an accessory
adhesive organ with retractile tip,
;

some Trematodes

a conical
dermal structure on Birds, the
beginning of a feather (zooL) one
of

of various small projections of the

corium of the tongue, and eminences
on the skin (anat.).

papillary (papll'ari) a. [L. papilla,

a pimple.J Pert, papillae appl. a
dermal layer with papillae (anat.).
papillate (papll'at) a. [L. papilla, a
;

Covered by papillae ;
pimple.]
papillose ; like a papilla (biol.) ;
with external cells
appl. petals
projecting slightly above the surface (bot.).
(papTl'iform)

a.

[L.

a pimple forma, shape.]

Like a papilla in shape.

papilla,

papillose,

[Gk.

gemmule

panicle (pan'lkl)

papilliform

criminate mating.

pangen

paniculate (pamk'ulat) a. [L. panicula, a tuft]

Having the flowers
arranged in panicles (oof.).
panmeristic (pan'meris'tik) a. [Gk.
meros, part.] Appl. an
pan, all
ultimate protoplasmic structure of
independent units (biol.).
panmixia (panmlk'sta) n. [Gk. pan,
all
Indiscrimimixis, a mixing.]
nate interbreeding consequent on
of
the
of
influence
suspension

pansporoblast

palule

all

PAP-

224

A hydrocyst

papillate.

pappiferous (paplf'e'rus) a.
[Gk.
L. ferre, to
pappos, an old man
;

carry.]

pappose

Pappus-bearing

(bot.).

a.
[Gk.
pappos, an old man.] Having the
limb of the calyx developed as a

(pap'os,

papSs')

tuft of hairs or bristles

covered
(bot.).

with

feathery

downy, or
processes

PAP-

225

PAll-

[Gk. pappos, an
or tuft of

paracme (parak'me) n. [Gk. parakme,

The decline of a
decadence.]

bristles, hairs, or feathery processes

in place of the limb of a calyx

species or race after reaching the

of
highest
point
development

pappus
old

(pap'us) n.

man.]

circle

(biol.).

papulae

[L. papula,
(pap'ule) n. plu.
a pimple.] Dermal gills the soft
skin of Asteroids raised up into
finger-like processes with respira;

tory function

[Gk. para,

parabasalia (par'abasa'lia) n. plu.

basis, base.]
[Gk. para, beside
The basalia of Crinoids when a
;

circlet
of perradial infrabasalia
occurs beneath them (zool.).
parablast (par'ablast) n. [Gk. para,
The yolk
beside
blastos, bud.]
of meroblastic eggs ; appl. the large
nuclei of cells laden with yolkgranules, in the development of
;

Mammals

(smb.),

brangchia,

n.

[Gk.

gills.]

much plumed mollusc osphradium

or organ of smell (zool.}.
parabronchi (parabrong'kl) n. plu.
[Gk. para, beside ; brongchos, windThe tertiary lung tubes of
pipe.]
Birds, their terminations being embedded in the lung mesenchyme
(zool.).

paracentral (parasgn'tral) a.
[Gk.
L. centrum, centre.]
para, beside
Situated at or near the centre
j

appl. lobule, gyrus, fissure (anat.).

parachordal

[Gk.
(parakor'dal) a.
para, beside chords, a cord.] Appl.
horizontal
paired
cartilage plates
formed on each side of the chon;

drocranium

(parakro'matin) ;/.
[Gk. para, beside ; chroma, colour.]
Achromatic nuclear substance giving rise to spindle-fibres
n.

(cyt.).

[L.parare,

F. chute, a fall.]
special structure, such as an aril,
a caruncle, a wing, of seeds enabling them to be wafted away, and
to

prepare

mals (zool.}.
paracone (par'akon)

n.
[Gk. para,
beside ;
a cone.]
The
konos,
antero-external cusp of an upper

molar tooth.
paraconid (parako'nid)
beside

so aiding in dispersal

internal
tooth.

n.

cusp

[Gk. para,
antero-

The

konos, cone.]

of a

lower

molar

paracorolla (par'akorSl'a) n.
[Gk.
L. corolla, a small
para, beside
crown.] A corolla appendage (dot.).
paracyst (par'aslst) n.
[Gk. para,
beside
The
kystis, a bladder.]
antheridium of Pyronema (bot.}.
;

paraderm (par'aderm)
beside

(bot.).

limiting

n.

derma, skin.]

membrane

[Gk. para,

The delicate
pronymph

of a

(zool.}.

paradidymis (paradld'imis)

n.
[Gk.
para, beside
didymos, a testicle.]
A small collection of convoluted
tubules anterior to the lower part
of the spermatic cord (ana/.).
paraflbula (parafIb'ula) n. [Gk. para,
beside
L. fibula, a buckle.]
An
accessory element outside the fibula
at its
in
seen
some
proximal end,
;

Lacertilia

and young

Marsupials

(zool.}.

paraflagellum (paraflajeTum)

n. [Gk.
L. fiagellum, a whip.]
subsidiary flagellum (zool.).
paraganglia (par'agang'glla)
flu.
[Gk. para, beside ; ganglion, swellScattered remains or rudiing.]
ments of ganglia left along the
aorta when the suprarenal ganglion

Para, beside

(emb.).

parachromatin

parachute (par'ashoot)

parabranchia (parabrang'kla)
;

cess

;
basis,
base.]
Appl. a
striated apparatus surrounding the
calyx of certain Protozoa (zool.}.

higher

para,

of the occipital occurring

beside the condyles of some mam-

[L.

beside

para, beside

[Gk.

The lateral
ventricle, or cavity of the cerebral
koilos, hollow.]

Of

(papira'shus) a.
papyrus, the papyrus-tree.]
papery texture (dot.}.
a.

n.

(pSr'asel)
;

hemisphere (ana/.).
a.
paracondyloid
(parakon'dlloid)
\Gk.para, beside kondylos, a knob
a
eidos, resemblance.]
Appl.
pro-

(zool.).

papyraceous

parabasal (paraba'sal)

paracoel
beside

has been formed (phys.).

paragaster (paragas'te'r)

n.
[Gk.
beside ; gasler, stomach.]
central cavity of Heterocoela into
which gastric ostia open (zool.).

para,

PAR-

and a short accessory one, as certain Mastigophora (zool.}.

paramastoid (paramas'toid) a. [Gk.

paragastric (paragas'trik) a.
[Gk.
stomach.]
gaster,
para, beside
Pert, a paragaster appl. passages
or cavities in the branches of a
;

para, beside mastos, breast eidos,

resemblance.] Beside the mastoid
appl. the two paroccipital processes
of the exoccipitals (zool.}.

appl. paired blind canals

the infundibulum to the oral

Sponge

from
f^cone of Ctenophores (zool.}.
paragastrula (paragas'troola) n.
I

PAR-

226

[Gk.
para, beside gaster, stomach.] The
of
a
the
of
amphiblastula
stage

paramere (par'amer)

Sponge when the flagellated cells

are invaginated into the dome of

paraxnetrium

beside

rounded cells (zool.}._

paragenesia (parajene'sia)

n.

[Gk.
para, beside ; genesis, descent.]
the
with
parent
Hybrids' fertility
species but not inter se (biol.}.

paraglossa (paraglos'a)
beside

n.

[Gk.para,

process
glossa, tongue.]
ligula of Insects

on each side of the

(*).
(paragll'kojen) n.

paraglycogen

[Gk.
glykos, sweet genos,
production.] Reserve food-material
of
in
stored
protoplasm-grains

para, beside

Gregarines

(zool.}.

paragnatha

(paragna'tha) n. plu.
gnathos, jaw.]
[Gk. para, beside
Paired, delicate, unjointed processes
between maxilla and mandible of
certain Crustacea (zool}.
;

paragnathous

(par'agnath'us)

a.

[Gk. para, beside gnathos, jaw.]

With mandibles of equal length
;

appl. Birds.
;

Tendency of
turning.]
plants to turn the edges of their
leaves to too brilliant an illumination to save their surfaces (hot.}.
a

parahormone (par'ah&r'mon)

n.
[Gk.
ormao, I arouse to
A substance which acts
activity.]
like a hormone but is a product of
the ordinary metabolism of cells ;
a nerve to
e.g., the sensibility of
carbon dioxide
(p^hys.}.
paralinin (parall'nin) n. [Gk. para,
beside; L. linum, a linen thread.]
Nuclear ground-substance (cyt.}.
parallelinervate, parallelodrome,
appl. leaves with veins or nerves

para, beside

parallel

n.
[Gk. para,
Half of a bisymmetrical structure.

meros, part.]

(paramet'rium) n.
metra, uterus.]
[Gk. para, beside
Fibrous tissue partly surrounding
the uterus (anat.}.
;

paramitome (paraml'tom)
para,

beside

The

interfilar

plasm

n.
[Gk.
mitos, a thread.]
substance of proto-

(cyt.}.

paramylum

[Gk.
(parami'lum) n.
amylon, starch.J A
para, beside
substance allied to starch, occurring in Protozoa (phys.}.
;

paranephric

(paranef'rik) a.
[Gk.
para, beside
nephros, kidney.]
Beside the kidney
appl. a fatty
body behind the renal fascia (anat.}.
;

paranephros

(paranefros) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; nephros, kidney.]
An adrenal body.
paranuclein (paranu'klem) n.
[Gk.
para, beside L. nucleus, a kernel.]
The substance of a true nucleolus
;

(cyt.}.

paranucleus (paranu'kleus)

n.

[Gk.

para, beside L. nucleus, a kernel.]

A micronucleus a spherical mass
of mitochondria (cyt.\
;

paraheliotropism (par'ah eliot'ropizm)

n.
[Gk. para, beside helios, sun
trope,

laterally

paraphysis

(paraf'isis) n.

beside \physis, growth.]

filamentous epidermal

[Gk. para,
slender

outgrowth
occurring
among
sporogenous
a
non-nervous
outorgans (hot.)
growth on the top of the brain of
;

nearly

all

Vertebrates

(zool.}.

parapineal (paraplne'al) a.
[Gk.
L. pinea, a pinepara, beside
cone.] Appl. an eye-like epiphysis
;

of lampreys, the
other Vertebrates

pineal

(par'aplazm)
beside
plasma,

para,
moulded.]

The

a.

(paramas'tigot)
[Gk. para, beside ; mastis, a whip.]
Having one long principal flagellum

body of

(zool.}.

paraplasm

n.

[Gk.

something

vegetative or less

active part of cell substance

parapodium (parapo'dTum)

(bot.}.

paramastigote

(cyt.).

n.
[Gk.
para, beside ; pous, a foot.]
on the
bodypaired
process
segments of Polychaets (zool.}.

PARparapolar

[Gk. para,
beside ; polos, a pivot.] Beside the
pole appl. the first two trunk cells
in the development of Rhombozoa
;

(zool.).

(par'apof'isis) n.

parapophysis

[Gk.
physis,
process

apo, from
transverse
arising from a vertebra centrum.
parapteron (parap'teron) n.
[Gk.
para, beside ;pteron, a wing.] The
or
or
shoulder-lappet
scapula
tegula
of an insect mesothorax (zool.}.

para, beside
A
growth.]

parapterum, parapteron.
parapyles (par^apllz) n. plu.

[Gk.
para, beside ; pyle, a gate.] Two
accessory openings in certain developing Radiolarians (zool.).
paraquadrate (parakwod'rat) n. [Gk.
para, beside; L. quadratus, squared.]
The squamosal, a hammer-shaped
bone supporting the
investing
suspensorium, externally (zoo/.).
pararectal (pararek'tal) a. [Gk. para,
Bebeside ; L. rectus, straight.]
side the rectum ; appl. fossa, lymph

glands
parasite
side

(anat.).
(par'aslt) n.

food.]

sitos,

[Gk. para, be-

An organism

living with or within another to its

own advantage in food or shelter
(biol.\

n. [Gk.para,
A form of
beside
sitos, food.]
symbiosis in which one symbiont,
the parasite, receives advantage
to the detriment of the other, the
host (biol.).
parasitology (par'asitol'oji) n. [Gk.
sitos, food
para, beside
logos,
The science treating
discourse.]
of parasites, especially those affect-

parasitism (par'asitizm)
;

human

beings.

parasphenoid (parasfe'noid)
para, beside
like.]

para, beside
sterile

sphen,

A membrane

n.

wedge

[Gk.
eides,

bone forming

the floor of the cranium in certain

Reptiles

(zool.).

parastemon

(paraste'mSn)

n.

[Gk.

stetnon, a warp.]

stamen

(dot.).

parasternum (parasteYnum)

n.

[Gk.

stcrnon, the breast.]

para, beside
The sum-total of the abdominal
ribs of certain Reptiles (zool.).
parastichy (paras'tikl) n. [Gk. para,
beside stichos, row.] A secondary
;

spiral in phyllotaxis (bot.).

(parat'eli) n.
[Gk.

parately
beside

end.]

telos,

from unrelated material

type,

but

in

resulting

para,
Evolution
to that of

superficial

resemblance (biol.).
parathyroid (parathl'roid)

a.

[Gk.

para, beside
thyreos, a shield.]
Beside the thyroid
appl. small
brownish-red glands (anat.).
paratonic (paratSn'ik) a. [Gk. para,
beside; tonos, pitch.] Stimulating;
appl. the influence of light on growing plants (bot.).
paravesical (paraveVikal) a.
[Gk.
para, beside
vesica,
bladder.]
Beside the bladder appl. a fossa
;

(anat.).

paraxial (parak'sial) a. [Gk. para,

beside
L. axis, axle.] Alongside
the axis appl. a medial column of
;

mesoderm

(emb.).

parencephalon (par'SnkeTalon,

-s6f-)

\Gk.para, beside engkephalon,

One of paired cerebral
hemispheres.
parenchyma (pareng'kima) n. [Gk.
para, beside
engchyma, infusion.]
The soft, succulent tissue commonn.

parasitic (parasit'lk) a.
[Gk. para,
beside ; sites, food.]
Appl. an
the
at
expense of
organism living
another, and in or on it (biol.).
parasitic castration, castration
caused by the presence of a parasite, as in certain male crabs infested by Sacculina (biol.).

ing

PAR-

227
(parapo'lar) a.

brain.]

est

in

plants

(bot.)

the ground-

work tissue of organs (zool.).

parenchymalia (pargng'klma'llaj

n.

[Gk. para, beside engchytna,

infusion.]
Spicules of the parenchyma of Hexactinellids (zoo/.).

plu.

parenchymatous (pargngkim'atus)

a.

[Gk. para, beside

engchyma, inPert, or found in parenfusion.]
chyma ; appl. a kind of cell (bot.).
;

parenchymula

(pargngkim'ula)
[Gk. para, beside ; engchyma,
fusion.]

flagellate

n.
in-

sponge larva

with cavity filled with gelatinous

connective tissue (zool.).
parental generation, see F,, Pj.
parhomology (par'hdmordji) n. [Gk.
para, beside ; homos, alike ; logos,
discourse.] Apparent similarity of
structure

(biol.).

PAR-

PAT-

n.
[L. paries, wall.]
central division of a compart-

parles (pa'rlez)

The

ment of Cirripedia

(zool.~).

parietal (parietal) a. [L. paries, wall]

Pert, or forming part of the wall of
an organ or structure appl. cells,
membrane, lobe (zool^) layer (dot.}.
parietal bone, a paired bone of the
roof of the skull.
;

parietomastoid (parl'etomas'toid) a.
Gk. mastos, breast.]
[L. paries, wall
Connecting mastoid with parietal
a
suture
(anat.}.
appl.
;

parieto-occipital (pari'eto-oksip'ital) a.
[L. paries, wall
occiput, back part
of the head.] Appl. a fissure between parietal and occipital lobes
of the cerebrum (anaf.).
;

parietotemporal (pari'etotem'poral) a.
temporalis, tem[L. paries, wall
porary.] Pert, parietal and temregions ;
poral
appl. an artery
;

(anaf.).

paripinnate (par'ipin'at) a.
equal
pinna, a wing.]
without a terminal leaflet
;

[L. par,

Pinnate
(hot.}.

paroccipital (paroksip'ital) a.
[Gk.
L.
para, beside
occiput^ back of
the head.] Appl. .ventrally-deted
processes of the exoccipitals
;

paroecious (pare'shus) Si
beside oikos, a house.]
theridium and archegonium close.'
to one another
paroicous (bot.).
parolfactory (par'olfak'tori) a. [Gk.
beside
L.
para,
olfactorius, olfactory.] Appl. an area and sulcus
;

adjoining the olfactory trigone of

the rhinencephalon (anaf.).

paronychia (par'omk'ia)

n.

plu.

_[Gk.

para, beside ; onyx, nail.] Bristles

on the pulvillus of an insect foot
(zool.\

paroophoron (par'ooforon) n.
[Gk.
para, beside oon, egg pherein, to
bear.] A few scattered rudimentary
tubules, remnants of the Wolffian
body in the female (anaf.).
;

parosteal (paros'teal) a.
beside
osteon, bone.]
;

[Gk. para,
Appl. ab-

normal bone formations.

parosteosis (par'osteo'sTs) n.
[Gk.
para, beside ; osteon, bone.] Bone
formation in tracts normally purely
fibrous.

parotic (parot'ik)
side

ous, ear.]

n.

[Gk. para, beprocess formed

exoccipital and opisthotic in adult lizards (zool.}.

by fusion of

parotid glands,
glands opening
cavity of

paired
salivary
the mouth

into

Mammals

in

some Am-

phibians large swellings on the side

of the head formed of aggregated

cutaneousglands, sometimes poisonous (zool.}.

parovarium

(par'ova'rium) n.
[Gk.
L. ovarium, ovary.]
para, beside
A small collection of tubules an;

terior to the ovary, the

remnant

in

the adult of the embryonic meso-

nephros (zool.~).
parthenogenesis (par'thenojSn'esis)
[Gk. parthenos, virgin
descent.]
Reproduction
fertilization by
a male
;

n.

genesis,

without

element

(biol.}.

parthenogenetic (par'thenojenet'ik)

a.

virgin
parthenos,
genesis,
Sjk.
escent.] Appl. plants or animals
developed from seed or ovum without
fertilization
by pollen or
;

spermatozoon (biol.\
parthenogonidia (par'thenb'gonld'ia)
n. plu.
[Gk. parthenos, virgin
Zooids of a
gonos, offspring.]
protozoan colony, with the function
of asexual reproduction (sool.\
parthenospenn (par'thenosperm) n.
[Gk. parthenos, virgin
sperma,
j
seed.] A sperm produced without

fertilization (hot.}.

parthenospore

n.
(par'thenospor)
[Gk. parthenos, virgin sporos, seed.]
spore produced without fertiliza;

tion

(bot.).

partial involucre, see involucel.

see meropartial segmentation,
blastic.

partial umbel, see umbellule.

a.
partite (par'tlt)
[L. partitus,
Divided nearly to the
divided.]

base (bot.\
parumbilical (par'umbil'ikal) a. [Gk.
para, beside umbilicus, the navel.]
Beside the navel appl. small veins
from the anterior abdominal wall
;

to the portal

and

iliac

veins (anat.).

patagial (pata'jlal) a. [L. patagium,

a border.] Pert, a patagium.
patagiate (pata'jiat) a. [L. patagium,
a
Furnished with a
border.]
patagium.

patagium (pata'jium) n.

\L. patagium,

PAT-

PEC-

229

a border.] The membranous expansion between fore and hind

limbs of bats and flying squirrels
and foxes the similar expansion
on a bird's wing
a tegula, or
dorsal process of the prothorax of
;

certain Lepidoptera (zool.}.

patella (pateTa) n.
[L. patella, a
small pan.] The knee-cap (zool.} ;
a rounded apothecium of Lichens
(bot.\

patellar (patel'ar) a. [L. patella, a

small pan.] Pert, a patella.
patelliform (patel'iform) a. {L.patella,
a small pan forma, shape.] Shaped
;

like a patella
pan-shaped like a
bordered disc.
patent (pat'fint) a. [L. patens, lying
exopen.]
Spreading widely
;

panded

(biol.}.

each covered by a group of small

a structure
spines,
Stelleroids (zool.}.

of

certain

paxillar (paksll'ar) a. [L. paxillus,

a peg.] Pert, a paxilla.
paxilliform (paksll'iform) a.
[L.
paxillus, a peg ; forma, shape.]
Shaped like a paxilla.
paxillus, a paxilla.
pearl (pgrl) n. [F. perle, a pearl.]
In the shells of some Mussels, an
abnormal growth formed with a
grain of foreign matter or a minute
organism for nucleus and many thin
layers of nacre surrounding it (zool.}.
pectase (pek'las) n. \Gk.pektos, conAn enzyme of plants
gealed.]
which forms vegetable jelly.
pecten (pgk'tgn) n.
[L. pecten, a
Any comb-like structure
comb.]
a process of the inner retinal
;

pathetic (pathet'ik) a. [Gk. pathos,

feeling.]
Appl. the trochlear nerve
and the superior oblique muscle of
the eye (anat.}.
pathogenic (path'ojSn'ik) a.
[Gk.
patJws, suffering

genos, offspring.]

Disease-producing appl. a parasite

in
relation to a particular host
;

surface in Reptiles, expanded into

a folded quadrangular plate in

Birds
the stridulating organ of
certain Arachnids (zool.}.
;

pectic (pek'tik) a. [Gk. pektos, congealed.] Appl. acids and bodies

consislw^ of pectase,
pectin,

(biol.}.

(pat'ma) n.
[L. patina,
Circles of plates round
calyx of Crinoids (zool:).

patina

a.

patulent

(pat'ulent),'
a.

iilus)

open.]

[L.

patulous

Spreading open

(pgk'tinat)

.]

iris

expa

n.

[Gk. patein,
to trample on.]
The basal joint of
arachnid chelicerae, used for crushing and expressing the -fluids of

insects (zool.}.
paulospore (pol'ospor) n.
rest ; sporos, seed.]

(biol.}.

paunch (ponsh) n. [L. pantex, the

paunch.] The rumen, an expansion
of the oesophagus, the
of ruminants (zool.}.

pavement
squamous
ated

first

stomach

epithelium of
fitting

flat,

simple
nucle-

together

like

mosaic

(phys.}.
paxilla (paksll'a) n.

peg.]

thick

pectiniform
a ligament of the
gills,
pediof Asteroids, a septum
the corpora cavernosa
;

certain

pectlneal (pgkttn'eal) a. [L. pecten,

comb.]
Afpl. a process of the
pubis of Birds appl. a ridge-line
on the femur and the muscle
attached thereto (anat.}.
pectinellae (pek'tlnele) n. plu. [L.
Transpectinella, a small comb.]
comb-like memversely-planted,
branellae constituting the adoral
Infusoria
ciliary spiral of some

[L. paxi/lits,

plate

calcareous pillars, the

(zool.}.

pectinirhomb (pSk'tlnlromb')

epithelium,

scales,

pecten,

[L. pecten,

[Gk. paula,
resting or
winter stage in development, as a
a stage of suspended decyst

velopment

between

a.

(bot.},

(anat.},

cellariae

(biol.}.

paturon (patu'ron)

Comb-like

appl. leaves

sta

patulus,

[L.

a pecten.

dish.]

supporting

summit

of

n.

[L.

Gk. rhombos, a magic

pecten, comb
wheel.]
type of stereom-folding
;

in Cystidea (zool.}.
pectoral (peYtoral)

a.
[L. pectus,
in the
Pert, the chest
breast.]
chest region
appl. arch, girdle,
fins, limbs (zool.}.
;

PEC-

pectoralis major and minor, outer

and inner chest muscles connecting
the ventral chest wall with shoulder

and humerus
pectus

The
pedal

(zool.).
(pSk'tiis) n.
[L. pectus,

breast.]

chest or breast region.

[L.#es, foot.]

(ped'al) a.
the foot or

feet

cords,

appl.

a.

(pgd'at)
Pedatipartite.

pes,

[L.

(zool.).

foot.]
a.

[L.
pes, foot partitus, divided.] Appl.
a variety of palmate leaf with
cymose branching of the third order
;

pedatisect (pedat'rsgkt)

a.

[L. pes,

In
;
sectus,
cut.]
pedate
arrangement, and with divisions
nearly to the midrib (bot.).
pedicel (pgd'isel) n. [L. pediculus, a
small foot.]
small, short footstalk of leaf, flower, fruit, or sporthe foot-stalk or
angium (bot.)
stem of a stationary and fixed orfoot

A
;

(zool.).

pedicellariae (pgd'isglar'ie) n. plu.

\L. pediculus, a small foot.] Minute
pincer-like structures studding the
surface of certain Echinoderms
(zool.).

pedicellate (ped'isel'at) a. [L. pediculus, a small foot.]

Supported by a
pedicel
appl. Hymenoptera with
stalked abdomen cf. pseudo-sessile
;

(zool.).

pedicellus (ped'iseTus) n. [L. pedicuA short footlus, a small foot]

stalk (bot.) ; the second joint of
insect antennae (zool.).

pedicle (pgd'ikl) n. [L. pediculus, a

small foot.] A short stem (bot.)
a backward-projecting vertebral
process (anat.) ; the narrow stalk
uniting thorax with abdomen in
;

Arachnids (zool.).
pedipalpus (pgd'ipal'pus)

n.

[L. pes,

palpare, to feel.] In Arachnids, the second cephalothoracic

appendage, variously a
paired
pincer-like claw, a simple or leglike appendage, a chelate structure
;

(zool.).

peduncle (pfidung'kl)

n.
[L. peduncua small foot.] A stem or stalk,
flower
or
fruit
a
supporting
(bot.)
band of white fibres joining differ-

lus,

a.

[L.

pedunculus, a small foot.] Growing

on or having a peduncle (biol.) ;
appl. the primordial cerebral lobe
of

Hymenoptera

(zool.).

[L. pelagus, the

open sea.] Ocean-inhabiting.
pelasgic (pelas'jlk) a. [L. Pelasgus,
a Pelasgian.] Moving from place

pelagic

pedatipartite (pedat'ipar'tit)

foot

ent parts of the brain (anat.) the

stalk of Brachiopods and Barnacles
the link between thorax and abdomen in Insects and Arachnids

pedunculate (pediing'kulat)
Pert.

ganglia.

pedate

ganism

PEN-

230

(pglaj'ik) a.

to place.
pellicle (peTikl)

small

skin.]

n.

[L. pellicula,

The

delicate

tective investment of Protozoa

pro;

any

filmy protective covering (biol.).

pellions (pgl'ionz) n. plu. [Gk. pella,
a cup.] Ring of plates supporting
the suckers of Echinoids rosettes
;

(zool.).

pelma
The

(pel'ma) n.
[Gk. pelma, sole.]
sole of the foot.

peloria (pelo'ria) n.
[Gk. pelorios,
monstrous.] Condition of abnormal
regularity a modification of struc;

ture from irregularity to regularity

(bot.).

peloric (pelor'ik) a.
[Gk. pelorios,
monstrous.] Appl. a flower which,
becomes
regular
normally irregular,
(bot.).

pelta

(pel'ta) n.

[Gk. pdte, a shield.]

The shield-like apothecium of certain Lichens (bot.).

(peTtat) a.
[Gk. pelte, a
shield.]
Shield-shaped; fastened
to the stalk at a point within the
margin, as a leaf (bot.).

peltate

pelvic (pgl'vik) a. [L. pelvis, a basin.]

Pert, or situated at or near the
pelvis

appl.

girdle,

cavity,

fin,

limbs, plexus (zool.).

pelvis (pel' vis) n. [L. pelvis, a basin.]
In Vertebrates the bony cavity
formed by the pelvic girdle along
the
with the coccyx and sacrum
expansion of the ureter at its
junction with the kidney (anat.)
the basal portion of the cup of
Crinoids (zool.).
;

n.
[L. penna, a feather.]
leaf midrib (bot.) ; the skeletal

pen (pSn)

part of a cuttlefish (zool.).

(pgn'dulus) a.

pendulous

[L.

pen-

PEN-

to hang.]
Bending downwards from the point of origin
overhanging appl. ovules, branches,
dere,

flowers (bo /.).

setae,
paired needle-like
chitinoid bodies at the anus of a
round-worm, which also serves as

penial

reproductive aperture (zool.).

penicillate (pgn'isll'at) a. [L. peniPenicillum, a painter's brush.]
cilliform

pencil-shaped ; tipped
with hairs having a structure like
a camel-hair brush.
penis (pe'nls) n. [L. penis, a penis.]
;

The male copulatory organ.

pennaceous (pfina'shus) a, [L.penna,
Penniform like a plume
feather.]
;

or feather.

\Gk. Pente, five

With

a.
(pgn'takap'sular)
L. capsula, a cap;

five

capsules (bot.).
pentacarpellary (pgn'takarpeTari) a.
five
;
[Gk. pente,
fruit.]
karpos,
With five carpels (bot.).
n,
pentachenium
(pgn'take'nium)
a, not ; chainein,
[Gk. pente, five
to gape.]
form of schizocarp
with five carpels (bot.).
pentacoccous (pSn'takok'us) a. [Gk.
With
pente, five kokkos, kernel.]
five seeds or carpels (bot.).
pentacrinoid (pgn'takrf noid) a. [Gk.
eidos,
pente, five ; krinon, a lily
resemblance.] Resembling a Pentacrinus
appl. a larval stage of
Feather-stars, the fixed stalked
stage like a Pentacrinus (zool.).
;

pentactinal

(pgntak'tTnal) a.
[Gk.
aktis, ray.] Five-rayed ;

pente, five ;
five-branched.

pentacyclic
pente, five

kyklos, a circle.]

ranged
pentadactyl

five

whorls

a.

five digits.

Having

adelphos,

five clusters of

a.

[Gk.

brother.]

more or

less

united filaments (bot.).

pentafld (pen'taffd) a.

[Gk. pente,
five
In five
~L.findere, to cleave.]
divisions or lobes (bot.).
;

pentagonal
five

(pe'ntag'onal)

a.

[Gk.

;
gonia, angle.'] Appl.
pente,
the symmetry of a pentamerous

quinary

pentagynous

having

five

angles

a.

[Gk.

(pgntaj'inus)

pente, five gyne, a woman.] Having

five styles (bot.).
pentamerous (pentam'e'rus) a. [Gk.
Compente, five ; meros, part.]
in whorls of
posed of five parts
five or a multiple of five (bot.).
;

pentandrous (pgntan'drus)
pente, five

a.

[Gk.

Having

andros, male.]

stamens (&?/.)
pentapetalous (pgn'tapeYalus) a. [Gk.
five ;
a
Pente,
pefalon,
petal.]
five

Having

five petals (bot.).

pentapterous

(pfintap'tgrus) a.
[Gk.
With
;
pteron, wing.]
wings, as some fruits (bot.\
five

pente,

pentasepalous

a.
(pgn'tasep'alus)
;
sepal.]

[Gk. pente, five

sepalon,
Having five sepals (bot.\

pentastichous (pgntas'tlkus) a. [Gk.

Arstichos, a row.]
pente, five
ranged in five vertical rows (bot.~).
pepo (pe'po) n. [Gk. pepon, melon.]
;

An

inferior

many-

one-celled,

seeded pulpy fruit

pepsin (pgp'sin) n.

(bot.\

[Gk. pepsis, a
enzyme secreted

An
digesting.]
by the stomach (phys.}.

(pgp'tik) a.
[Gk. pepsis, a
digesting,]
Relating to or promoting digestion
appl. pepsinsecreting glands of the stomach

peptic

(anat.\

peptonephridia (pgp'tongfrfd'ia) n.plu.

[Gk. pepsis, digestion ; nephros*
The anterior nephridia
kidney.]
of Oligochaets which function as
digestive glands (zool.}.
peraeopods, pereiopods.
percurrent (pgrkur'gnt) a. [L. perExcurrens, running through.]
entire
tending
throughout the
length, or from base to apex (bot.}.

pereion (pgrfon)
convey.]

pentadelphous (pgn'tadeTfus)
five

Ar[Gk.

a finger.]
daktylos,
four limbs normally

terminating in
pente,

[Gk.

(hot.}.

(pen'tadak'til)

all

Having

a.

(pgn'tasik'llk)
;

in five

pente,

flower
(bof.).

five

pentacapsular
sule.]

PER-

231

n.

[Gk. peraioun, to

The thorax of Crustacea

(zool.).

pereiopods (pgrfopSdz) n. plu. [Gk.

ous, foot.]
peraioun, to convey
The locomotory thoracic limbs of
Malacostraca trunk-legs (zool.).
perennation (pgr'gna'shun) n.
[L.
annus, a year.]
through
per,
Condition of living for a number
;

of years

perennial

(bof.).

(peYgnlal)

a.

[L

per,

PER-

through annus, year.] Persisting

through the year or for a number
;

of years

Amphibians

perfoliate

pericardiac
peri(per'fkar'diak),
cardial (pgrTkar'dial) a. [Gk. peri,

round

(tot.).

perennibranchiate (pgren'ibrang'kTat)
a.
annus, year
[L. per, through
Gk.
Having
gills.]
brangchia,
gills persisting throughout life, as
certain

PER-

232

(pgrfo'Hat)

(zoo/.).

a.

[L.

kardia,

pericardium

Pert,

heart.]

surrounding

the
the

heart appl. cavity, septum (anat.}.

pericardium (pgrTkar'dium) n. [Gk.
kardia, heart.] The
peri, round
;

the
cavity containing the heart
the heart
;

per,

through folium, leaf.] Appl. a

leaf with basal lobes so united as
to appear as if the stem ran through
;

it (tot.).

perforate (per'forat) a. [L. perforare,

to bore through.]
Having holes
or pores, as Corals, Foraminifers
(zool.)
appl. certain areas of the
brain perforated by small blood;

vessels (anat.).

membrane enveloping
(anat.}.

pericarp

round

n.

(pgr'ikarp)

[Gk.

pericentral

a.

(pgr'isen'tral)

[Gk.

round
L. centrum, centre.]
or near the centre
appl.

peri,

Round

auxiliary cells

(tot.}.

perichaetium (pgr'ike'shlum) n.
chaite, loose
peri, round

[Gk.
hair.]

perforator (pgr'fora'tor) n. [L. perbarbed

forare, to bore through.]
spear-like head and process of some
spermatozoa, as of Salamander

(*ooL\

perhydridase (pgrhl'dridas) n.
[L.
Gk. hydor, water.]
per, through
An enzyme which causes the
activation of perhydride hydrogen
;

One

peri,

The ovary

karpos, fruit.]
walls of fruits (tot.).

membranes enveloping

of the

the archegonia of Mosses (tot.).

perichondrium (pgr'ikon'drium) n.
peri, round
chondros, carti;

fGk.
age.J A fibrous membrane that
covers cartilages (anat.}.
perichordal (per'ikor'dal) a.
[Gk.
round
a
chorde,
peri,
cord.]
Enveloping or near the notochord
;

(zool.).

perianth (per'ianth) n.
[Gk. peri,
round
A floral
anthos, flower.]
the
external
floral
envelope
whorls,
;

including calyx and corolla (tof.).

periblast (pgr'iblast) n.
[Gk. peri,
round ; blastos, a bud.] The outside
layer, epiblast, or blastoderm of an
insect

embryo

(emb.}.

periblastic (pgriblas'tlk) a. [Gk.peri,

round ; blastos, a bud.] Pert, the
as
periblast
superficial,
appl.
;

segmentation

(emb.}.

periblastula (pgr'iblas'tula)

n.

[Gk.

blastula
Peri, round ; blastos, bud.]
resulting from periblastic segmentation (emb.}.

periblem (pgrTblgm) n.
[Gk. peri,
round blema, a coverlet.] Layers
of ground or fundamental tissue
between dermatogen and plerome
of growing points (tot.).
;

peribranchial (pgr'ibrang'klal)
peri,

round

a. [Gk.
brangchia,
gills.]
appl. a type of
atrial cavity in

Around the gills

gemmation and an
;

Ascidians

appl. circular spaces

surrounding basal parts of papulae
of Asteroids (zoo/.).
;

perichylous (pgr'iki'lus)
round chylos, juice.]

a.

cells

storage

enchyma

[Gk. peri,

With water-

outside

the

chlor-

(tot.).

pericladium (per'ikla'dium) n. [Gk.

klados, a branch.]
Peri, round
The lowermost clasping portion of
a sheathing petiole (tot.).
;

periclinal (pgr'ikll'nal) a. [Gk. peri,

round kleiein, to surround.] Appl.
the system of cells parallel to the
surface of the apex of a growing
;

point

(tot.}.

periclinium (pgr'Iklin'ium) n.
[Gk.
The
Peri, round
kline, a bed.]
involucre of a composite flower
;

(tot.).

pericranium (pgr'ikra'nium) n.
peri, round ; kranion, skull.]
fibrous membrane
skull (anat.}.

pericycle

round

(pgr'isfkl)

kyklos,

investing
n.

round

the

The

(tot.).

peridental (pgrTden'tal)

a tooth

The

[Gk. peri,

circle.]

external layer of the stele

[Gk.

a.
[G\L.peri,
L. dens, tooth.]
Investing
appl. a membrane, or the

periosteum of a root

(anat.}.

PER-

PER-

233

peridenn (pgr'idgrm) n.
round
derma, skin.]
;

[Gk. peri,
outer
the external

The

Carex the membranous perianth

of Mosses (bot.}.
;

layer of bark (dot.}

cuticular layer of Hydrozoa (zool.}.
peridesm (pgr'idgzm) n. [Gk. peri,
round
desme, a bundle.] Tissue
surrounding a vascular bundle (bot.}.

perigynous (pgrlj'mus) a. [Gk. peri,

round
gyne, female.]
Having
sepals, petals, stamens round the
gynoecium, not underneath
cf.

peridesmium (pgr'fdgz'mium) n.

perigyny (pgrij'inl) n.
[Gk. peri,
round gyne, a female.] Arrangement in a perigynous manner.
perihaemal (peYlhe'mal) a.
[Gk.
haima, blood.] Appl.
peri, round

peri,

[Gk.

round
desmos, a band.]
surrounding a ligament
;

Tissue

(anat.}.

peridlal (perld'ial)
a small wallet.]

a.

[Gk. peridion,
Pert, a peridium

(bot.}.

fibrous covering of

n.

[Gk.

testicle.]
the testis

peridiolum

n.

(pgrid'iolum)

[Gk.
small

peridion, a small wallet.]

peridium or collection of spores
enclosed within the peridial covering
(bot.}.

the blood-vascular system of canals

appl.

dorsal outgrowths of the third bodycavity of Enteropneusta (zool.}.

perilymph (peYllimf) n. [Gk. peri,
;

L. lympha, water.]

fluid

separating the membranous from

the osseous labyrinth of the ear
(anaf.}.
a.
perimedullary
(peYime'duTari)
L. medulla, the
[Gk. peri, round
the
of
pith
marrow.] Surrounding
a stem appl. a zone (bot.}.
a.
perimeningeal (pgr'imgnTn'jeal)
[Gk. peri, round meningx, a mema
between
the
brane.] Appl.
space
endorhachis and the meninx primi;

peridium (pgrid'ium)

n.

[Gk. peridion,

a small wallet.] The coat investing

the sporophore of Fungi the outer
covering of a puff-ball (dot.}.
peridural (pgrtdu'ral) a. [Gk. peri,
round L. durus, hard.] Appl. the
perimeningeal space at a later stage
;

of development (emb.}.
perienteric (pgrtgn'tgrik) a.
peri, round enteron, the gut.]
rounding the enteron (zool.}.
;

visceral cavity (emb.}.

perifbliary (pgrWliari) a. [Gk. peri,
round L. folium, a leaf.] Round
a leaf margin (bot.\
perigastric (pgr'igas'trlk) a.
[Gk.
;

round
gaster,
stomach.]
Surrounding the viscera appl. the
abdominal cavity.

peri,

perigastrula (per'igas'troola) n. [Gk.

round
peri,
gaster,
stomach.]
;

gastrula resulting after super-

segmentation

(emb.}.

the
envelope or perianth
involucre round the antheridium of
Mosses (bot.} a gonotheca (zool.}.
floral

(pSr'fjTn'Ium)

tiva or spinal cord envelope (emb.}.

n.
[Gk.
mys, a muscle.] Connective tissue binding numbers of
fibres into bundles and muscles,
and continuing into the tendons

peri,

round

alternatively, appl. only to fasciculi

envelopes cf. epimysium (anaf.}.

perinaeal (pgr'Ine'al) a.
[Gk. perinaion, the part between anus and
;

Pert, the

scrotum.]

perinaeum

n.

[Gk.

peri, round ; gyne, a female.] The

fruit-investing utricle of the genus

appl. artery, body, nerve (anat.}.

[Gk. peri(pgr'Ine'um) n.
naion, the part between anus and
surface
of
the body
scrotum.]

perinaeum

limited by the scrotum in front, the

buttocks behind, and laterally by
the medial side of the thigh (anaf.}.

perinephrium (pgr'ingf'rlum) n. [Gk.

peri, round
nephros, kidney.] The
;

perigonium (peVigo'nlum) n.
[Gk.
peri, round gone, generation.] A

perigynium

perimysium (pgrTmiz'ium)
[Gk.
Sur-

perienteron (pgrtgn'tgron) n.
[Gk.
round ; enteron, gut.]
A
peri,
cavity surrounding the enteron or

The

(bot.}.

round

(anat.}.

ficial

hypogynous

and spaces of Echinoderms

perididymis (pgr'idid'imTs)
pert, round
didymos, a

The

enveloping tissue

of

the

kidney

(anaf.).

perineurium
pert, round

(pgr'inu'rlum) n.
a nerve.]
; neuron,

[Gk.

The

tubular sheath of a small bundle of

nerve fibres

(anat.}.

perinium (pgrln'fum) n.
[Gk. peri,
An epispore,
round
is, a fibre.]
;

PER-

or microspore-coating of certain
Pteridophytes (hot.).
periodicity (pe'riodis'itT) n. [Gk.peri,
round
The fulfilodos, a way.]
ment of functions at regular periods
or intervals ; rhythm (&/.).
;

perioesophageal (per'ie'sofaje'al) a.
[Gk.peri, round oisophagos, gullet.]
Surrounding the oesophagus appl.
a nerve ring (zoo/.).
periosteum (peYlos'teum) n.
[Gk.
The
osteon, bone.]
pert, round
connective membranous tissue investing the surface of bones (anat.).
periostracum (per'los'trakum) n. [Gk.
ostrakon, shell.] The
peri, round
;

chitinous

external layer

Mollusc shells
periotic

round

of

most

(zoo/.).

n.

(peViot'ik)
ous, ear.]

[Gk. peri,
cranial

bone

enclosing parts of the membranous

labyrinth of the internal ear (anat.).
peripetalous (per'ipet'alus) a. [Gk.
Surperi, round petalon, a leaf.]
rounding petals or a petaloid struc;

ture

(oof.).

peripharyngeal
[Gk.peri, round

a.
(peYifarin'jeal)
pharyngx, gullet.]

or

Encircling

pharynx

surrounding

the

appl. the cilia of Ascidi-

ans (zoo/.).
peripheral (pgrlfgral)

a.

[Gk. peri,

round pherein, to bear.] Distant

from the centre near the circumference appl. end-organs of nerves,
nervous system (anal.).
;

peripherical
peri,

(per'ifeYikal)

round

pherein,

a.

[Gk.

to

bear.]

Appl. an embryo more or less

completely surrounding the endosperm in the seed (dot.).
periphery (pe'rif'e'ri) n.
[Gk. peri,

round
The
pherein, to bear.]
boundary outline of a surface or
;

part.
n.

periphysis

(pgrlf'isis)
[Gk. peri,
In certain
physis, growth.]
Fungi, a filament branching from
a hymenium without asci (bot.).
periplasin (per'iplazm) n. [Gk. peri,

round

round ;^/^wa,somethingmoulded.]
region of an oogonium outside
the oosphere, in Fungi (bot.).

The

n.

periplast (peYiplast)

round

PER-

234

plastos,

[Gk. peri,

moulded.]

The

the ectoattraction-sphere (cyt.)

plasm of flagellates the firm cuticle
;

of certain Mastigophora
intercellular substance of tissues (zoo/.).
peripneustic (peVipnu'stik) a. [Gk.
.

round ;pneustikos,pert. breathHaving stigmata arranged

along the sides of the body, normal

peri,

ing.]

in insect larvae (zoo/.).

periproct (per'iprokt) n.

[Gk. peri,

round proktos, anus.] The surface

immediately surrounding the anus
of Echinoids (zoo/.).
;

perisarc

round

(peYlsark) n.
sarx, flesh.]

[Gk.

peri,

The tough

outer membrane of Hydrozoa (zoo/.).

periscleral (peYiskle'ral) a.
[Gk.
peri, round ; skleros, hard.] Appl.
a lymph-space external to the sclera
of the eye (anat.).

perisome (peYisom) n.
[Gk. peri,
round soma, body.] A body-wall
the integument of Echinoderms
;

(zoo/.).

perisperm (peYisperm) n. [Gk. peri,

round
The resperma, seed.]
mains of the nucellus of an ovule
when it is not all absorbed during
development of the embryo (bot.).
;

perispore (per'ispor)

round;

sporos,

n.

[Gk. peri,
A spore-

seed.]

covering the mother

spores (bot.).

cell in

peristalsis (per'istal'sis) n.

round

food

is

means

[Gk. peri,

Move-

s tellfin, to place.]

ment of the

Algae

digestive tract, by which

digested and absorbed, by

of
muscles
involuntary

(Phys.).

peristaltic (pgr'istal'tlk) a.
[Gk. peri,
round
stellein, to place.]
Af.
the movement by which fo
digested, forced along the aliment;

ary canal (pkys.).

peristethium (peYiste'thmm) n. [Gk.

An
stethos, breast.]
peri, round
insect mesosternum.
peristome (peVistom) n. [Gk. peri,
round; stoma, mouth.] The region
used in
surrounding the mouth
connection with Mosses (bot.), Vorti;

cella,

Actinozoa, Annulates, Insects

(zoo/.).

perisystole (peVfsis'tole) n. [Gk. peri,

round systole, a drawing together.]
;

The

interval
elapsing between
diastole and systole of the heart
(phys.).

perithecium (per'ithe'shium)

n.

[Gk.

PERround

peri,

theke,

case.]

flask-shaped cavity with terminal

ostiole in stroma of Fungi (hot.}.
peritoneal (peVitone'al) a. [Gk. peri,

round
Pert.
teinein, to stretch.]
the peritoneum appl. cavity, fossa,
;

membrane

(anat.).

peritoneum (peYitone'um)
teinein, to
peri, round
;

n.

[Gk.

stretch.]

serous membrane partly applied

against the abdominal walls, partly
reflected over the contained viscera

in Insects (zoo/.).

peritrichous

round

a.
(peVitrik'us)
[Gk.
thrix, hair.]
Having

band of

the adoral

cilia

arranged
in a spiral as in Vorticella (zoo/.).
peritrochium (peYitro'klum) n. [Gk.
A
trochos, a wheel.]
peri, round
a circularly ciliated
ciliary band
;

larva

(zoo/.).

peritrophic

round

(per'itrof'ik) a.

trophe, food.]

[Gk.peri,

Appl. a fold

of membrane in the latter part of

the intestine of Insects (zoo/.).

perivascular (peVivas'kular) a. [Gk.

L. vasculum, a small
peri, round
vessel.]
Surrounding the bloodvessels
appl.
lymph channels
;

(anat.}.

(peVivIs'gral) a.
[Gk.
round ; L. viscera, bowels.]

perivisceral
peri,

Surrounding the viscera

body

appl. the

fibula ; appl. artery, nerve (anat.}.

peroneotibial (peYone'otlb'Ial) a. [Gk.
perone, fibula ; L. tibia, the tibia.]
In the region of fibula and tibia ;

(pgr'Tvitglfn)

a.

[Gk.

round
L. vitellus, yolk of
Surrounding the yolk of an
;

egg-

permanent

cartilage, cartilage
which remains unossified throughout life opp. temporary (zoo/.).
;

permanent

teeth,

the set of teeth

developed after the milk or deciduous dentition the second set of

most, the third set of some, the first
;

set of other

permanent

peronium (pSro'mum) n.

\Gk.perone,
In Trachomedusae, one
fibula.]
of the mantle-rivets, or cartilaginous
processes ascending from the disc
margin towards the centre (zoo/.).
peroral (pSro'ral) a. [L.fler, through
os, mouth.]
Appl. a membrane of
Infusoria formed by concrescence
of rows of cilia (zoo/.).

peroxidase (pgrflk'sidas) n. [L. per,

Gk. oxys, sharp.]
An
through
enzyme which causes the activation
of peroxide oxygen (phys.}.
perradius (peYra'dtus) n.
[L. per,
through radius, a radius.] One of
four primary radii of Coelenterates
;

(zoo/.).

persistent (pSrsIs'tSnt)

Mammals.

tissue consisting
of cells which have completed their
and
period of growth
subsequently
change little till they lose their

tissue,

protoplasm and die (bot.}.

Permian (peYmtan) a.
[Perm, E.

a.

[L. per,

through sistere, to be fixed.] Remaining attached till maturation,

as a corolla (dot.} appl. organs or
parts in the adult which normally
disappear with larval stage or
;

youth, as gills

(zoo/.).

n.
[L. persona, a
individual or zooid of

person (peVs5n)

An

person.]

cavity.

perivitelline
peri,
egg.]

Russia.] The sixth rock-system of

the primary group (pall).
peronate (peVonat) a. [L. peronatus,
Covered
with
rough - booted.]
woolly hairs
powdery or mealy
externally (btol.}.
peroneal (pgrone'al) a. [Gk. perone,
the fibula.] Pert, or lying near the

appl. certain muscles (anat.}.

(anat.}.

peritreme (per'itrem) n. [Gk. peri,

round trema, a hole.] The margin
of a shell-opening the small plate
perforated by the spiracle-opening

peri,

PER-

235

a colony (zoo/.).
personate (peYsonat) a. [L. personatus, masked.]
Appl. a corolla of
two lips, closely approximated and
with a projection of the lower closing
the throat of the corolla (dot.}.
perspiration (peYspfra'shun) n. [L.
per, through ; spirare, to breathe.]
Exudation or excretion through the
pores of the skin (phys.}.
pertusate (pgrtu'sat) a. [L. pertusus,
thrust through.]
Pierced at the

apex
perula

(oof.).

[Gk.
(peVula, pgr'oola) n.
A leaf-bud scale
Pera, a wallet.]
(bot.},

pervalvar (pgrval'var) a.
[L. per,
valvae,
through
folding-doors.]
;

PERDividing

valve

longitudinally

(bot.}.

pervious (per'vius) a. [L.per, through

via, a way.] Perforated permeable

(btol.}
appl. nostrils with no septum
between the nasal cavities (zool.}.
pes (pez) n. [L. pes, foot.] A foot or
;

as certain parts
of the brain, branches of the facial

foot-like structure

nerve (anat.}.
pessulus (peVulus)

\Gk.petalon, a petal.]
of the separate parts of a

(pet'al) n.

One

corolla

(bot.}.

petaliform

a.
(pgtal'iform)
[Gk.
petalon, petal ; L. forma, shape.]
Petal-shaped ; petal-like ; petaloid ;
petaline.

petalled (peVald)
petal.]

With

petalody

[Gk. petalon, a

a.

petals

opp. apetalous

petaliferous

(bot.}.

(pgtal'ddi) n.

[Gk. petalon,
Coneidos, resemblance.]
petal
version of other parts of a flower
:

into petals

(hot.).

petaloid (p&'aloid) a. [Gk. petalon,

Like a
petal ; eidos, resemblance.]
petal (biol.} ; appl. the ambulacral
areas of certain Echinoderms (zool.}.
petaloideous (pet'aloid'eus) a. [Gk.
petalon, petal eidos, resemblance.]
Petaloid
monocotyledons
appl.
with coloured perianth (bot}.
;

petasma (ptaz'ma)

n.
\Gk.petasma,
anything spread out.] A complicated membranous plate on the
inner side of the peduncle with
interlocking coupling hooks, an
apparatus of certain Crustacea
(zool.}.

petiolar

(pgt'iolar)

petrohyoid

a.
(pet'rohi'oid)
[Gk.
petros, stone ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Pert, hyoid and petrous part of

temporal (anat.}.
petromastoid (pet'romas'toid) a.

[Gk.
Pert.
; mastos, breast.]
the mastoid process and the petrous
portion of the temporal (anat.}.
a.
petrooccipital
(pet'rooksip'ital)
L. occipzit, back
[Gk. petros, stone
of the head.] Pert, occipital and
petrous part of temporal
appl. a
petros, stone

n.
[L. pessulus, a
internal skeletal element
bolt.]
in the syrinx of some Birds,

An

petal

PHA-

236

a.

[L. petiolus,

a little foot.]
Pert, having, or
growing on a small stalk (bot.}.
petiolate (pgt'iolat) a.
[L. petiolus,
a small foot.] Growing on a petiole
(bot.} ; having thorax and abdomen

connected by a petiole (zool.}.

petiole (pet'iol) n.
[L. petiolus, a
small foot.] The foot-stalk of a
leaf (bot.}
a slender stalk connecting thorax and abdomen in Insects
;

(zool.}.

petiolule (pgt'io'lul) n. [L. petiolus,

a small foot.] The foot-stalk of a
leaflet of a compound leaf (bot.}.

fissure (anat.}.

petrosal (pgtro'sal)

a.

[Gk. petros,
Solidly bony
stone.]
appl. a
a
sphenoidal process,
ganglion of
the glossopharyngeal, to nerves and
sinus in the region of the petrous
portion of the temporal bone (anat.};
appl. the otic bones of Fishes (zool. }.
;

petrosphenoidal (pet'rosfenoid'al) a.
[Gk. petros, stone
sphen, wedge.]
Pert, sphenoid and petrous part of
temporal appl. a fissure (anat.}.
;

petrosquamosal (pet'roskwamo'sal) a.
L. squama,
[Gk. petros, stone
scale.] Pert, squamosal and petrous
part of temporal
appl. sinus and
;

suture (anat.}.

petrotympanic

(pSt'rotimpan'ik)

\G\a.petros, stone

Pert, tympanum
tion of temporal

a.

tympanon, drum.]

and petrous
;

por-

a fissure

appl.

(anat.}.

petrous

(pet'riis)

a.

[Gk.

petros,

Very hard or stony appl.

stone.]
a pyramidal portion of the temporal .bone wedged in between
also a
sphenoid and occipital
ganglion on its lower border
;

(anat.}.

oval patches of
Peyer's patches,
aggregated lymph follicles on the
intestine walls (zool.}.

phacella (fasgl'a) n. [Gk. phakelos,

a bundle of faggots.]
A delicate
filament with mesogloea core, and
supplied with stinging capsules,
occurring in rows in the stomach
of certain Coelenterates (zool.}.
phacoid (fak'oid) a. [Gk. phako, a
lentil

eidos,

resemblance.]

Lentil-

shaped.

phaeism

n.
(fe'izm)
[Gk. phaios,
Duskiness
the
dusky.]
appl.
colouring of butterflies,
phaeochrome (fe'okrom) n.
[Gk.
;

PHA-

PHL-

237
colour.]

[Gk. pharyngx, gullet or windpipe.]

Pert, the pharynx
artery,
ap>pl.

phaeochrous (feSk'rus) a. [Gk.phaios,

Of dusky
dusky
chros, colour.]

membrane, nerve, tonsil, tubercle,

veins (anat.).
pharyngobranchial (farlng'gobrang'klal) a.
[Gk. pharyngx, gullet
Pert, pharynx
brangchia, gills.]
and gills
appl. certain bones of
Fishes (zool.).

dusky
Chromaphil.

phaios,

chroma,

colour.

phaeodium

(feo'dlum) n. \Gk..phaios,
In
eidos, resemblance.]
Protozoa, an aggregation
of food and excretory substances
forming a mass round the central

dusky

certain

capsule aperture

(zool.).

(fag'oslt) n.

[Gk. phagein,
to eat
colourkytos, hollow.]
less blood-corpuscle which tends
to take in and destroy foreign

particles (phys.).

(anat.).

The ingestion and

by
microparasites

n.

[Gk.
hollow.]
destruction of

phagocytes

(Physl).

phagolysis(fagorisTs) n. [Gk. phagein,

to eat
Dissolulysis, a loosing.]
tion of phagocytes (phys.}.
;

phalange

n.

[Gk. phalangx,
line of battle.]
A bundle of stamens
united by filaments (dot.).
(fa.la.nj')

phalangeal
phalangx,
phalanges

a.

[Gk.
Pert, the

(falan'jeal)
line of battle.]
;

appl. bones, processes

of Corti's rods,

etc. (anat.).

(fal'angks)

//.,

phalanges

[Gk. phalangx, line

of battle.] Segments of the digits
of Vertebrates.
(falan'jez) plu.

(fal'us)

n.

[Gk.

phallos,

penis.

phanerocodonic (fan'erokodon'ik)

a.

kodon, a
bell.]
Appl. detached and freeswimming zooids of a hydroid
colony (zool.).

[Gk. phaneros, manifest

phanerogam

(fangr'ogam) n.
[Gk.
phaneros, manifest games, union.]
A phaenogam or plant with conspicuous flowers ; cf. cryptogam
;

(hot.).

phanerogamous

(fanSrog'amus) a.
gamos,
[Gk. phaneros, manifest
union.] Appl. plants with flowers
and stamens
containing
pistils
:

(hot.).

pharyngeal

(faYingks) n. {Gk. pharyngx,

musculowindpipe.]

gullet or

membranous tube extending from

the under surface of the skull to
the level of the sixth cervical vertebra (anat.) the gullet or anterior
part of the alimentary canal following the buccal cavity (zool.).
;

phagocytosis (fag'oslto'sis)
kytos,
phagein, to eat

penis.]

pharynx

(dot.).

phagocyte

phallus

pharyngopalatine (farlng'gopal'atin)
a.
[Gk. pharyngx, gullet L. palPert, pharynx and
atus, palate.]
palatine
appl. arch and muscle
;

phaeophyll (fe'of il') n. [Gk. phaios,

The
dusky; phyllon, a leaf.]
colouring matter of brown Algae

phalanx

(farin'jeal,

far'inje'al)

a.

phelloderm

(feToderm)

n.

[Gk.

derma, skin.] The

secondary parenchymatous subereous cortex of trees, formed on the

phellos, cork

inner side

of

the

cork-cambium

(dot.).

phellogen (fel'ojen) n. [Gk. phellos,

cork gene, production.] The cork
cambium of tree stems, arising as a
secondary meristem (dot.).
;

philtrum

(fil'trum) n.

[Gk. philiron,

a philtre.] The depression on the

upper lip beneath the septum of the
nose (anat.).
phlebenterlsm (fleb6n'tgrtzm) n. [Gk.
phleps,

vein

enteron,

intestine.]

Condition of having branches of

the intestine extending into other
organs, as arms or legs (zool.).
phleboedesis (flebe'desls) n.
[Gk.
phleps,

vein

oidein,

to

swell.]

Condition of having the circulatory

system cavity so distended and
insinuated as to
diminish the
coelom, especially so in Molluscs
(zool.).

phloem

n.
(flo'Srn)
[Gk. phloios,
The soft bast of
of
vascular bundles, consisting
sieve-tube tissue (dot.).
thin -walled
phloem parenchyma,
parenchyma associated with the
sieve-tubes of phloem (dot.).
phloem sheath, the pericycle, together with the inner layer of a

smooth bark.]

PHL-

PHRwhere

sheath

bundle

consists of two layers

the

latter

dermis

innermost layer of cortex

scale.]

(fo'tosf erz) n. plu.

light

[Gk.
sphaira, a
globe.]
certain Crus-

Luminous organs of
tacea

(zool.}.

photosynthesis

(fo'tosin'thests)

[Gk. phos, light

(dot.}.

pholidosis

photospheres
phos,

(bot.}.

phloeoterma (fle'oteYma) n.
[Gk.
terma, end.] Endophloios, bark

(fol'ido'sis) n.

[Gk. pholis,
Scale arrangement of scaled

animals.

phonation
sound.]
duction.

[Gk. phone,
sound pro-

phoranthium

(foran'thium) n.
[Gk.
pherein, to bear ; anthos, flower.]
The receptacle of composite plants
(dot.}.

phorozooid

n.

synthesis, a putting

assimilation

(biol}.

phototaxis
(fb'na'shun) n.
Of Insects,

Carbon

together.]

[Gk.

an arrangement.]

taxis,

to the stimulus of light

Response
phototonus

n.

(f 6'totak'sis)

phos, light

(fo'toto'nus) n.

\Gk.phos,

Sensilight ; tonos, a stretching/]

tiveness to light
the condition of
a plant or plant organ induced by
;

n.
(fo'rozo'oid)
[Gk.
zoon, animal
pherein, to bear
Foster forms
eidos, resemblance.]
of Doliolum buds, never sexually
mature but set free with gonozooids
attached to a ventral outgrowth

phototropism (fdtot'ropizm) n. [Gk.

phos, light trope, a turning.] The
tendency shown by most plants to
turn their growing parts towards

(zool}.

pliragma (frag'ma)

phosphene

(fos'fen) n.
[Gk. phos,
light ; phainein, to show.]
light
on
the
retina
due to
impression

stimulus other than rays of light

(Phys.}.

(bot.}.

the greater light

(bot.}.

n.
[Gk. phragina,
a fence.] A spurious dissepiment
a septum (bot.} a thoracic partition
in Insects (zool}.

phragmocone (frag'mokon) n. [Gk.

phragma, fence
konos, a cone.]
In Belemnites and other Molluscs,
;

phosphorescence

(fos'fores'ens)

n.

[Gk. phosphoros, bringing light.]

The state of being luminous without
sensible heat ; common in marine
Protozoa, some Copepods, and the
majority of deep-sea animals.

photodynamics

(fo'todinam'iks) n.
[Gk. phos, light dynamis, strength.]
The study of the effects of lightstimulation on plants (hot.}.
;

photogen

(fo'tojen) n.
[Gk. phos,
gene, production.] The lightproducing organ of certain Polychaets (zool}.
photogenic (fo'tojgn'ik) a. [Gk. phos,
light ; gene, production.]
Light-

light

light

producing

phosphorescent.

photopathy

(fotop'athi)
[Gk.
Repathos, feeling.]
16
stimulus
sponse
(bot.}.
light
.

phos, light

photophilous

a.
(fotof'ilus)
[Gk.
phos, light ;philos, loving.] Seeking
and thriving in strong light (hot.}.
photophore (fo'tofor) n. [Gk. phos,
light
pherein, to bear.] A phosphorescent organ of Fishes (zool.}.
;

photophygous (fotofigus)
phos, light phyge, flight]
strong light (biol}.
;

a.

[Gk.

Avoiding

a cone divided internally by a series

of septa perforated by a siphuncle
(Pal.}.

phrenic (fren'ik) a.
[Gk. phren,
diaphragm.] Pert, or in the region
of the diaphragm
appl.
nerve, plexus, vein (anal}.
;

artery,

phrenicocolic (fren'lkokol'ik) a. [Gk.

phren, diaphragm ; kolon, part of
intestine.]
Appl. a ligament, consisting of a fold of peritoneum from
left colic

flexure to

diaphragm (anat.},

a,
phrenicocostal
(fren'lkokos'tal)
L. costa,
[Gk. phren, diaphragm
rib.]
Appl. a narrow slit or sinus
between the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae (anat.}.
phrenicolienal (frgn'iktille'nal) a. [Gk.
phren, diaphragm L. lien, spleen.]
Appl. a ligament forming part of
the peritoneum reflected over the
spleen and extending to the dia;

phragm (anat}.
phrenicopericardiac(fren'ik6per'ikar'diak) a.
[Gk. phren, diaphragm
peri, round ; kardia, heart.] Appl.
;

extending from diaphragm to pericardium (anat.}.

ligament

PHYphycochrome

(fl'kokrom) n.
[Gk.
chroma, colour.]
phykos, seaweed
The colouring matter of blue-green
;

Algae (dot.).
phycocyanln (ffkosi'anin) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed kyanos, dark blue.]
The pigment of blue-green Algae
;

phycoerythrin (f I'koeVithrin) n.
phykos, seaweed
erythros,
;

[Gk.
red.]

colouring matter of red Algae

phycology (fikol'qjT) n. [Gk. phykos,

seaweed
The
logos, discourse.]
part of Botany dealing with Algae.
n.
phycophaein
(fi'kofe'm)
[Gk.
phykos, seaweed
phaios, dusky.]
The pigment of brown Algae (hot.}.
phycoxanthin (fl'kozan'thin) n. [Gk.
phykos, seaweed xanthos, yellow.]
;

substance

buff-coloured

of

diatoms (bot.).
phylactocarp (filak'tokarp) n.
[Gk.
phylaktikos, guard ing; karpos, fruit.]
A modification of the hydrocladium
in

Hydromedusae

for the protec-

tion of the gonophore (zool.).

phylepheblc (fi'lefe'bik) a.
[Gk.
phylon, a race ephebeia, manhood.]
Appl. the adult stage in race
;

history

(fllet'ik)

a.

[Gk. phylon,
phylum or race

Pert,

race.]
(biol.).

(ffl'od)

eidos,

phyllody
leaf;

n.
[Gk. phyllon,
The
resemblance.]

(fil'odi)

eidos,

foliage leaf

(bot.).

phyllogenetlc (ffl'qjeneYik)
phyllon,

leaf;

or

(fil'ad)

foliage.]

phyllary

genesis,

a.

[Gk.

descent.]
leaves

developing

(bot.).

phylloid

(fil'oid)

a.

[Gk. phyllon,

leaf; eidos, resemblance.]

phyllomania (fiToma'nia)
leaf;

phyllon,

mania,

Abnormal leaf-production
phyllomorphosis

Leaf-like.
n.

[Gk.

madness.]
(bot.).

n.

(fTl'omor'fosis)

[Gk. phyllon, leaf; morphe, form.]

variation of leaves at
Phyllody
different seasons (bot.).
;

phyllophagous
phyllon,

(filof'agus) a.
leaf; phagein, to

[Gk.
eat.]

Feeding on leaves (zool.}.

phyllophore (fil'ofor) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf; pherein, to bear.]

minal bud

or

The

ter-

growing point

of

palms.

phyllophorous

(filof'orus)

leaf;

pherein,

a.

[Gk.

to

bear.]

Bearing or producing leaves (bot.).

phyllopode (fil'opod) n. [Gk. phyllon,
leaf pous, foot.]
A sheathing leaf
;

phyllade

[Gk. phyllas,

n.

[Gk. phyllon,
of the bracts of the in-

(fil'ari)

One

n.

reduced scale-like leaf

volucres of Compositae (dot.).

n.
phyllidia (filid'ia)
plu.
[Gk.
Four outphyllidion, a little leaf.]
growths from the side of the scolex
ofCestoidea; bothridia (zool.).

phyllobranchia

(fil'obrang'kia)

n.

[Gk. phyllon,.leaf brangchia, gills.]

of numbers of
gill consisting
lamellae or thin plates (zool.).
phyllocladium (fil'okla'dlum) n. [Gk.
;

phyllon, leaf; klados, sprout.]

green flattened or rounded stem
functioning as a leaf, as in Cactus
(bot.).

phyllocyst
leaf;

phyllon,

(biol.).

phyletic

leaf.]

n.
[Gk. phyllon,
resemblance.] A winged
petiole with flattened surfaces placed
laterally to the stem, functioning as
a leaf (bot.).

leaf

Producing

(bot.).

The

phyllode

metamorphosis of an organ into a

(bot.).

The

PHY-

239

(f il'osTst) n.

kystis,

[Gk. phyllon,
bladder.] The rudi-

mentary cavity of a hydrophyllium

or protective medusoid (zool.).

of Isoetes

(bot.).

phyllopodium

(fll'opo'dium) n.

phyllon, leaf; pous,

axis of a leaf (bot.).

foot.]

[Gk.

The

a
(filop'odus)
[Gk.
phyllon, leaf; pous, foot.] Having
leaf-like swimming-feet, as in Bran-

phyllopodous

chiopods and Cladocera (zool.).

n.
phylloptosis (fllopto'sis)
[Gk.
phyllon, leaf; ptosis, a falling.]
The fall of the leaf (bot.).

phyllospondylous

(fil'ospon'dilus)

a.

leaf;
phyllon,
sphondylos,
vertebra.]
Appl. vertebrae consisting of hypocentrum and neural
both contributing to the
arch,
hollow transverse process, as in

[Gk.

Stegocephals (zool.).
phyllotaxis (fil'otak'sTs) n.
[Gk.
phyllon, leaf; taxis, arrangement.]
The system of leaf-arrangement on

an axis or stem (bot.).

phylloxanthin, see xauthophyll.

PHYn.
[Gk.
animal.]
shield-shaped medusoid of protective function ; a hydrophyllium
of Hydromedusae (zool.).

phyllozooid

(fll'ozo'oid)

leaf;

phyllon,

zoon,

phylogenesis, phylogeny.
phylogenetic (fl'lqjengt'ik) a.
[Gk.
phylon, race ; genesis, descent.]
Pert, race - history ; appl. reproductive cells as opp. autogenetic or

body cells (biol.).

phylogeny (flloj'eni)

phylogerontic

(fl'lqjgron'tlk) a.
[Gk.
phylon, race ; geron, an old man.]
Appl. the decadent stage in race(biol.).

phylon (fi'lon), phylum (fl'lum) n.

phyla (fTla) plu. [Gk. phylon, a
race or tribe.] A group of animals
or plants constructed on a similar
general plan
cation

a division in

classifi-

phyloneanic

(fi'lonean'ik) a.
[Gk.
phylon, race ; neanikos, youthful.]
Appl. the youthful stage in race-

history

(biol.').

[Gk.

(fiz'isist) n.

[Gk. physikos,
An upholder of the
physical.]
that
vital
theory
phenomena are
explicable on a physico-chemical
basis (biol.).

nature

(fiziqj'e'ni) n.

gene,

development

[Gk. physis,
The
production.]
activities
of vital

(Haeckel).
physiological zero,

[Gk.
stoma, mouth.]
digestive

connected throughout

(ffz'iol'oji) n.
[Gk. physis,
The
nature ; logos, discourse.]
study of functions and activities of

organisms.
physoclistous (fi'soklls'tus) a. [Gk.
kleiein, to close.]
physa, bladder
Having no channel connecting
;

swim-bladder and digestive tract,

as in most Teleosts (zool.).
physodes (fl'sodz) n. plu. [Gk. physa,
Spindles of phorobubble.]
glucin contained in the plasmodium
of certain Sarcodina (zool.).

life

by

the pneumatic duct, as in Ganoids

(zool.).

phytobiology

bios, life

The

course.]

n.

(fl'tobloTqji)

phyton, plant

[Gk.

logos, dis-

life-history of plants.
n.
(fftokem'istri)

phytochemistry

plant

chymeia, an
of plant

The chemistry

infusion.]
life.

phylogenesis
phyton,

The

(fi'tojen'e'sis)

plant

n.

[Gk.

genesis, descent.]
development of plants.
;

phytogeography

(fi'tojeog'rafi)

n.

[Gk. phyton, plant ; ge, earth

graphein, to write.] Geographical
distribution of plants.

phytoid
plant

a.
[Gk. phyton,
resemblance.] Plant-

(fi'toid)

eidos,

like.

phytology
plant

n.

[Gk. phyton,
Botany.
[Gk. phyton,
Vegetative plant-substance
(fltol'djl)

logos, discourse.]

plant.]

n.

(flto'ma)

(bot.).

phytomer

(fl'tomer) n.
[Gk. phyton,
structural
meros, part.]
plant
unit of a plant a bud-bearing node

(bot.).

phytomorphic

(fl'tomor'fik) a.

[Gk.

morphe, form.]

With

plant-like structure.

phyton

(fl'ton) n.

[Gk. phyton, plant.]

rudimentary plant

a phytomer

(bot.).

phytonomy (fiton'oml) n. \Gk.phyton,

nomos, law.] The laws of
plant
;

origin and development of plants.

phytophagous (fitof'agus) a.
[Gk.

phyton,
see zero.

physiology

tract

phyton, plant

(biol.).

physiogeny

Having swim-bladder and

(fl'longp'ionlk) a.

phylon, race nepios, infant.] Appl.

the post-embryonic stage in racehistory
physicist

(fisos'tomus) a.

physa, a bladder

phytoma

(biol.).

phylonepionic

physostomous

[Gk. phyton,
n.

[Gk. phylon,
race ;
The
genesis,
descent.]
history of the development of a
species or race, as opp. ontogeny,
that of the individual {biol.}.

history

PIA-

240

Feeding

plant

on

phagein, to eat.]
herbivorous
;

plants

(zool.).

phytophilous

(fltofilus)

plant ;
philos,
phyton,
Plant-eating (zool.).

phytophysiology

a.

[Gk.
loving.]

(fl'tofiz'iol'qji)

n.

physis, nature ;
Plant physiology,
a branch of Botany,
phytoplasm (fl'toplazm) n.
[Gk.
phyton, plant plasma, something
The protoplasm of
moulded.]

[Gk. phyton, plant

logos, discourse.]

plants

(bot.).

pia mater (pe'a mat'eY, pl'a ina'ter) n.

PIG-

pia mater, kind mother.]

delicate highly vascular membrane
investing brain and spinal cord

[L.

(anat.).

pigment
to

(pig'me'nt)

n.

[L. pingere,
Colouring matter in

paint.]

plants or animals.
a chromatophore
cell,

pigment
cell

PIN

241

containing

or

matter

colouring

pinealis (pine'alls) n.
[L. pinea, a
pine-cone.] An upgrowth from the
roof of the midbrain of Vertebrates
the pineal body or gland or eye.
pinna (pln'a) n. [L. pinna, a feather.]
A leaflet of a pinnate leaf (do/.)
the outer ear
a bird's feather or

wing

pinnate

fish-fin (zoo!.).

n.

[L.

pingere, to paint.] Disposition of

colouring matter in an organ or

organism

(dio!.).

Divided

(pll'ea'te'd) a.
;

The

cap.]

manner; with

[L. pinna, a
in a feathery

lateral processes ; of
leaf, having leaflets

a compound
on each side of an axis or midrib
(do/.).

[L. pileus, a felt

Crested appl. Birds (zoo!.).
cap.]
pileolated (pil'eola'tgd) a. [L. pileolus,
a small cap.] Furnished with a
small cap or caps.
pileolus (plle'olus) n. [L. pileolus, a
small cap.] A small pileus.
pileorhiza (pll'eori'za) n. [L. pileus,
a cap
Gk. rhiza, root.] A rootcovering a root-cap (dot.).
pileum (pil'eum) n.
[L. pileum, a

pileate i

a.

(pin'at)

feather.]

(dto!.).

pigmentation (plg'me'nta'shun)

top of the head region

of a bird.
pileus (pll'eus)

pinnatifld (pinat'ifid) a. [L. pinna,

feather findere, to cleave.] Appl.
leaves lobed about half-way to the
;

midrib (fot.).
pinnatilobate (plnat'ilo'bat) a.
[L.
Gk. lobos, a lobe.]
pinna, feather
With leaves pinnately lobed (oof.).
pinnation (plna'shun) n. [L. pinna,
Pinnate condition (boi.\
feather.]
;

pinnatipartite (plnat'Ipar'tlt) a. [L.

pinna, feather partitus, divided.]
With leaves lobed three-quarters of
the way to the midrib (oof.).
;

n.
[L. pileus, a felt
cap.] The umbrella-shaped structure of a mushroom (dot.), or of a

pinnatiped (pinat'ipgd)

jelly-fish (zoo/.).

pinnatisect (ptnat'isekt)

pilidium (pllid'ium) n. [Gk. pilidion,

a small cap.] The characteristic
helmet-shaped larva of Nemertines
(zoo!.).

pilifer

(pil'Ifgr)

ferre, to carry.]

n.

[L. pilus, hair ;

Part of the labrum

of Lepidoptera (zoo!.).
piliferous (pilif'grus) a.
[L. pilus,
hair ferre, to carry.] Bearing or
producing hair (dto!.) ; appl. the
outermost layer of a root or epi;

blema which gives

hairs

rise

to

root-

(oof.).

pilose (pflos) a.
[L. pilus, hair.]
Hairy.
pilus (pl'lus). [L. fli/us, hair.] One
of slender hair - like structures

covering some plants (oof.).

pinacocytes (pin'akoslts) n. plu. [Gk.
pinax, a tablet
kytos, hollow.]
;

The

flattened plate-like cells of the

dermal epithelium of Sponges
(zoo!.).

pincers,
prehensile claws,
lobster chelae of Insects
cerae of Arachnids (zoo!.).
;

as
;

of

cheli-

a.

[L. pinna,

feather ; pes, foot.] Having lobed

feet, as certain Birds.
feather

sectus, cut.]

a.

[L.

pinna,

With

leaves

lobed almost down to the base or

midrib (dot.).
pinnatodentate (plnat'odeVtat) a. [L.
pinna, feather dens, tooth.] Pinnate, with toothed lobes (dof.).
pinnatopectinate (pfnat'opeVtlnat) a.
[L. pinna, feather pecten, a comb.]
Pinnate, with pectinate lobes (dof.).
pinnlform (ptn'lform) a. [L. pinna,
feather; forma, shape.] Feather;

shaped or fin- shaped (dio!.).

pinninervate (pln'IneVvat) a.
[L.
nervus, a sinew.]
pinna, feather
With veins disposed like parts of a
;

feather

(dof.).

pinnule (pln'ul)
A secondary
leaf (dot.)

n.

[L. pinna, feather.]

leaflet of a bipinnate

in Crinoids,

one of the

side-branches, two rows of which

fringe the arms (zoo!.).
pinulus (ptn'ulus) n. [L. pinulus, a
small fir.] A spicule resembling a
fir-tree owing to the development
of numerous small spines from one
radial ray (zool.\

piscicolous (pisik'olus) a.

[L. piscis,
Living
inhabit.]
within fishes, as certain parasites

fish

colere,

to

(zool.).

pisciform (pis'iform) a.
[L. piscis,
fish
forma, shape.] Shaped like
a fish.
piscivorous (pisiv'orus) a. [L. piscis,
;

fish

PLA-

242

PIS-

to

vorare,
eating.
;

devour!]

Fish-

a.

pisum, a
Pea-shaped

[L.

pea forma, shape.]

appl. a carpal bone (zool.).
pisohamate (pi'soham'at) a.
[L.
pisum, pea hamus, a hook.] Appl.
a ligament connecting pisiform and
hamate bones (anat.).
pisometacarpal (pl'somet'akar'pal) a.
Gk. meta, beyond
[L. pisum, pea
;

L. carpus, wrist.] Appl. a ligament

connecting the pisiform bone with
the fifth metacarpal (anat.}.
pistil (pTs'tll) n.
[L. pistillum, a
The seed-bearing organ
pestle.]
of a flower, consisting of ovary and
stigma (bot.).
pistillate (pis'tilat) a.

[L. pistillum,

a pestle.] Bearing pistils or female

reproductive organs (bot.).
(pistilid'ium)

pistillum, a pestle.]
sexual
of
organ

Pteridophytes, and

n.

[L.

The female
Bryophytes,

Gymnosperms

(bot.).

pistillody (pis'tllodi) n. [L. pistillum,

a pestle
Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
The conversion of any organ of a
flower into carpels (bot.).
;

pistillum (ptstil'um) n. [L. pistillum,

a pestle.] A mass of muscle in a
chitinous tube in the aurophore of
a medusoid colony (zool.).
A depit (pit) n.
[h..S.pyt, a pit.]
pression formed in the course of
cell-wall thickening in plant tissue
an embryonic olfactory
(bot.} ;

depression (smb.}.
pitcher (pit'sher) n. [L.L. picarium,
a beaker.] A modification of a leaf
for insect-catching purposes, as the
pitcher-shaped leaf of Nepenthes

medulla

part of the carpel

n.

or

(bot.)

in eutherian

Mammals, a double vascular spongy

foetal

by interlocking of
and maternal tissue in the
and in which maternal and

uterus,
foetal blood are in close proximity,
allowing nutritive and respiratory
elements to pass from the former to
the latter by osmosis.

placental (plasen'tal) a. [L. placenta,

a flat cake.] Pert, a placenta or
similar structure

[A.S./z'Ma, pith.] The

central region of a

dicotyledonous stem (bot.).

pituitary (pitu'itari) a.
[L. pituita,
phlegm.] Appl. a' body or hypo-

appl.

Mammals

which develop a placenta.

placentate (plasen'tat) a. {L. placenta,
a flat cake.] Having a placenta
developed (biol,).
placentation (plas'enta'shun) n. [L.
placenta, a flat cake.] The manner
in which seeds are attached to the
whether axile, central,
pericarp,
marginal, or parietal (bot.).
placentiferous, placentigerous,

pla-

centate.

placochromatic (plak'okromat'ik) a.
[Gk. plax, a plate chroma, colour.]
With plate-arrangement of chrom;

atophores (cyt.).
placoid (plak'oid) a.
[Gk. plax, a
Plateeidos, resemblance.]
plate
;

hard scales or dermal

on the external surface of
Elasmobranchs (zool.).
placula (plak'ula) n. \G\a.plax, plate.]
like

appl. the

teeth

flattened

blastula

with

small

segmentation cavity, an embryonic

stage of Urochords (emb.).
plagiotropic (pla'jiotrop'ik) a.
[Gk.
plagios, oblique ; trope, a turning.]
inclined
roots
and
Obliquely
appl.
;

branches

(bot.).

plagiotropism

(pla'jiot'rb'pizm)

n.

plagios,
oblique ; trope, a
Tendency to incline
turning.]
from the vertical line (bot.).

[Gk.

plagiotropous

(bot.}.

pith (pith)

to rotation (phys.).

placenta (plasen'ta) n. [L. placenta,

a flat cake.]
The ovule-bearing

structure formed

pisiform (pl'siform)

pistillidium

physis of the hypothalamus of the

brain (anat.).
pivot joint, a trochoid joint, or one
in which the movement is limited

(pla'jiot'ropus) a.

[Gk.

plagios, oblique
trope, a turning.]
Obliquely inclined ; appl. the asymmetrical polar cap of Rhombozoa
;

(zool.).

planiform (pla'niform)

a.

[L. planus,

PLAlevel
flat

With nearly

forma, shape.]

surface

appl. certain articula-

tion surfaces.

(plangk'tSn) n.
[Gk.
plangktos, wandering.] The animal
and plant life floating through
water, including animals with weak

locomotory power

planoblast

plasmocyte (plafmoslt)
n.
plasma, something formed

hollow.]

plankton

(biol.}.

[Gk.
;

kytos,

leucocyte (pkys.}.

plasmodial (plazmo'dlal) a.
[Gk.
plasma, a mould
eidos, form.]
Pert, a plasmodium.
plasmodiocarp (plazmo'dlokarp') n.
[Gk. plasma, a mould eidos, form
karpos, fruit] A modification of a
ilasmodium in some slime Moulds
;

n.

(plan'oblast)

[Gk.

blastos, bud.]
wandering
free-swimming hydroid individual

pianos,

PLA-

243

[Gk.

plasmodium (plazmo'dlum) n. [Gk.

plasma, a mould eidos, form.] A

a
pianos,
wandering;
gamete,
spouse.] A ciliated motile protoplast or microzoospore of Algae

of amoeboid masses
without nuclear fusion ; the naked
protoplasm of Myxomycetes (biol.}.

(zool.}.

Planogamete (plan'ogainef)

n.

(bot.}.

plasmogamy plastogamy.
plasmolysis (plazmol'isis) n.
[Gk.
plasma, a mould lysis, a loosing.]
The withdrawal of water from plant
protoplasm, causing contraction of
,

planont (plan'ont)

The

n,
[Gk. pianos,
initial amoebula-

wandering.]
stage of Neosporidia (zool.}.
planta (plan'ta) n. [L. planta, sole of
the foot.] The sole of the foot
the first tarsal joint of Insects.

plantar (plan' tar)

of the foot.]

[L. planta, sole

Pert, the sole of the

foot

arteries,

a.

appl.
ligaments,
muscles, nerves, veins (anat.}.
;

plantigrade

a.
(plan'tlgrad)
[L.
planta, sole of the foot ; gradus, a
Walking with the whole sole
step.]
of the foot touching the ground.

plantula (plan'tula) n. [L. plantula,

a small sole.] The empodium or
pulvillus of Insects (zool.}.
planula (plan'ula) n.
[L.

The ovoid
flat.]
swimming larva of

young

free-

Coelenterates

planum

(plan'um) n.
[L. planus,
plane or area ; appl. certain cranial bone surfaces (anat.}.

plasma

(plaz'ma) n.
[Gk. plasma,
The "liquid
something formed.]
"
tissue of body fluids through which
and
leucocytes
corpuscles are disseminated
protoplasm generally
;

(biol.}.

plasm a tic

(plazmat'Ik)

cell walls (bot

}.

plasmosome (plaz'mosom) n. [Gk.

soma, body.]
plasma, a mould
The true nucleolus cf. karyosome
;

(cyt.}.

plasmotomy

(plazmot'oml) n. [Gk.
plasma, a mould tome, a cutting.]
Division of a plasmodium by cleav;

age into two or more multinucleate

parts

(biol.}.

plasome (plas'om) n. [Gk. plasma, a

mould soma, body.] An ultimate
vital unit
a biophore. See hypo;

planus,

(zool.}.

flat.]

collection

a.

[Gk.
Pert.

plasma, something formed.]

plasma protoplasmic (biol.}.
;

plasmatoparous (plaz'matop'arus) a.
plasma, something formed
Cik.
parere, to beget.] Developing
a mycelium directly upon germina;

thetical units.
plastic (plas'tik) a.
[Gk. plastos,
Formative ; appl. subformed.]
stances used in forming or building
up tissues or organs appl. force
;

which gives matter definite form

(jhys).
plastid (plas'tid) n.
[Gk. plastos,
cell-body other than
formed.]
nucleus or centrosome (cyt.}.
plastidogen organ, the axial organ
of Echinoderms (zool.}.
plastidule (plas'tldul) n. [G\i-plastos,
formed.] The ultimate vital unit ;
a plasome or biophore. See hypothetical units.
plastin (plas'tln) n.
[Gk. plastos,
substance found in the
formed.]
reticulum of cells (cyt.}.

plastodynamia

(plas'todlnam'ia)

n.

grape mildew and other Plasmopara

[Gk. plastos, formed ; dynatnis,

power.] Plastic or formative force

(bot.}.

(Phys.}.

tion instead of zoospores,

as

the

PLA-

plastogamy (plastog'ami) n.
[Gk.
plastos, formed games, marriage.]
Union of distinct protozoan indi;

viduals with fusion of cytoplasm

but not of nuclei (zool.}.
plastral (plas'tral) a. [F. plastron, a
breast-plate.] Pert, a plastron.

plastron (plas'tron) n. [F. plastron,

a breast-plate.] The ventral bony
shield of Tortoises and Turtles
some other corresponding struc;

tures

(zool.}.

plate (plat) n. [L. platus, flat.] A

flat, broad, plate-like structure or
surface a lamina, scale, disc, etc.
platydactyl (plat'idak'til) a.
[Gk.
platys, flat
daktylos, a finger.]
;

With
as

flattened-out fingers and toes,

tailless
certain
Amphibians

(zool.}.

platysma

n. [Gk. platysma,
(platiz'ma)
a flat piece.]
A broad sheet of
muscle beneath the superficial fascia
of the neck (anat.}.
plectonephridia (plek'tonefrid'ia) n.

plu. [Gk.plektos, twisted nephros,

kidney.]
Nephridia of diffuse type
formed of networks of fine excretory
tubules lying on the body-wall and
of certain Oligochaetes
septa
;

plectonephria, nephridia (zool.}.

pleiocyclic (pll'osfk'llk) a. [Gk. pleion,

more

Living
kyklos,
circle.]
through more than one cycle of
as
a
activity,
perennial plant (bot.}.
pleiomerous (pliom'erus) a.
[Gk.
;

more

meros, part.] Having

more than the normal number of
as
of
parts,
petals or sepals (bot.}.
pleiophyllous (plfoftTus) a.
[Gk.
pleion, more ; phyllon, leaf.] Having
more than the normal number of
leaves or leaflets (bot.}.
pleion,

pleiotaxy

more

(pli'otak'si) n.

taxis,

[Gk. pleion,

arrangement.]

multiplication of whorls,
double flowers (bot.}.

as

in

pleomorphous (ple'6m6r'fus) a. [Gk.

pleon, more
morphe, form.] Polymorphous
having two or more
;

distinct forms occurring in one lifecycle (biol.}.

pleon (ple'on) n. [Gk. pleein, to sail.]

The abdominal
taceans
;

region

of Crus-

(zool.}.

pleopod (ple'opod)
sail

PLE-

244
or

appendage
Crustaceans

swimming -leg
n.

[Gk.
kestos, girdle
eidos,
inetacestode, or sexless
encysted stage of a cestoid worm

pleros,

full

form.]

(zool.}.

plerome (pleYom)

n.
[Gk. pleroma,
completion.] The core or central
part of an apical meristem (bot.}.
pleura (ploo/a) n.
[Gk. pleura,_ a
serous membrane lining
side.]
the thoracic cavity and investing
the lung (anat.}.
pleural (ploor'al) a. [Gk. pleura, a
Pert, a pleura or pleuron
side.]
as pleural ganglia (zool.}.
pleuralia (ploora'lia) n. plu. [Gk.
pleura, a side.] Defensive spicules
scattered over the general surface
of the body (zool.}.

pleurapophysis

(ploor'apofisls)

[Gk. pleein, to

An abdominal

n,

[Gk. pleura, a side

apo, from ;
A lateral vertephysis, growth.]
bral process or true rib (zool.}.
pleurite (ploor'lt) n. [Gk. pleura, a
A pleuron.
side.]
;

pleurobranchiae (ploor'obrang'kie)

n.

[Gk. pleura, a side brangchia,

or
Pleurobranchs,
gills
springing from the lateral walls of
the thorax of certain Arthropods

plu.

gills.]

(zool.}.

pleurocarpous(ploor'6kar'pus) a. [Gk.
pleura, a side karpos, fruit.] Appl.
Mosses with fructification on lateral
;

branches

(bot.}.

pleurocentrum

(ploor'osen'triim) n.
L. centrum, a
;
lateral element of the

[Gk. pleura, a side

centre.]

centrum of many Fishes and

Amphibians (zool.}.

fossil

pleurocerebral

(ploor'6'seYebral) a.
[Gk. pleura, a side ; L. cerebrum,
Pert,
brain.]
pleural and cerebral
ganglia, in Molluscs (zool.}.

pleurodont

a.
(ploor'odont)
[Gk.
pleura, side ; odous, tooth.] Having
teeth fixed by their sides to the
lateral surface of the jaw ridge, as
in some Lizards (zool.}.

pleuron (ploor'on)

n.,

pleura

(ploor'a),

The
plu.
[Gk. pleuron, a side.]
external lateral pieces of the body
the
of
segments
Arthropods
lateral extensions of Crustacean
;

n.

pous, foot.]

of

(zool.}.

plerocestoid (pler'oses'toid)

shells (zool.}.

PNE-

PLEpleuropedal (ploo/oped'al)
pleura, a side
and
pleural

Molluscs

a.

[Gk.

L. pes, foot.]

Pert.

pedal

of

ganglia

(zoo/.),

pleuroperltoneum
n.

itone'um)
peri,

round

(ploor'opeV[Gk. pleura, side

teinein,

to

stretch.]

Pleura and peritoneum combined,

membrane of
body-lining
animals without diaphragm (zoo/.).
n.
pleuropodiuxn
(ploor'opo'dmm)
pous, foot.]
[Gk. pleura, a side
A lateral glandular process of the
the

abdomen
pleura,
lateral

young

some Insects

of

pleurosteon

n.

[Gk.

side ; osteon, bone.] The

process of the sternum in
Birds, afterwards the costal

process (zoo/.).
a.
pleurotribe
[Gk.
(ploor'otrib)
pleura, side tribein, to rub.] Appl.
flowers whose anthers and stigma
are so placed as to rub the sides of
a device
insects entering them,
;

for securing cross-pollination

(to/.).

pleurovisceral
(ploor'ovis'e'ral)
L. viscera,
[Gk. pleura, side
;

testines.]

Pert, pleural

and

a.

in-

visceral

ganglia of Molluscs (zoo/.).

plexlform (pleVstform) a. [L. plexus,
Eninterwoven ; forma, shape.]
like a
tangled or complicated
network ; appl. layers of the retina
;

(ana/.).

plexifonn gland, the axial organ of

Echinoderms (zoo/.).
plexus (pleVsus) n. [L. plexus, interwoven.] A network of interlacing
blood-vessels or nerves (ana/.).

(plik'at)

a.

[L. plicare,

to

Folded like a fan, as a leaf

folded or ridged (zoo/.).
(to/.)
pliciform (plis'iform) a. [L. plicare,
to fold forma, shape.] Resembling
a fold disposed in folds,
pluma (ploom'a) n. [L. pluma, a
feather.] A contour feather of birds.
fold.]

plumage

n.

[L. pluma,
(ploom'aj)
The entire covering of
feathers of a bird.

feather.]

plumate

(ploom'at) a.

[L.

pluma,

Plume-like in arrangement.
plume (ploom) n. [L. pluma, feather.]
feather.]

[L.

head.

plumigerous (ploomij'e'rus) a. [L.

pluma, feather gerere, to carry.]
;

Feathered.

plumiped
feather

(ploom'Tpe'd) n.
pes, foot.]

feathered

[L.

pluma,

bird with

feet.

a.
[L. pluma,
feather.] Feathery; having feathers;
feather-like ; appl. a type arrangement of skeletal fibre in Sponges,

plumula, a plumule,
plumulaceous, plumulate.
plumulate (ploom'ulat) a. [L. plumula, a small feather.]
Downy with
;

downy covering.
plumule (ploom'ul)

n.
[L. plumula,
a small feather.] A primary bud
which develops the primary axis of
a stem (to/.)
the androconia of
numerous butterflies
a down;

feather

(zoo/.).

pluriaxial (ploor'iak'slal)

more

axis, axle.]

on

developed

a.

[L. plus,

Having flowers

secondary

shoots

(to/.).

plurilocular
plus, more

a.
[L.
loculus, a little place.]

(ploor'Ilfik'ular)
;

Having two or more

pluripartite

loculi.

(ploor'ipar'tit)

plus,

more

With

many

ftartitus,

divisions,

a.
[L.
divided.]
lobes, or

partitions.

plica (plfka) n. [L. plicare, to fold.]

A fold of skin or membrane (ana/.).

plicate

n.

(ploomlkom)

feather ; coma, hair.]

spicule with plume-like tufts (zoo/.).
plumicorn (ploom'IkSrn) n.
[L.
cornu, horn.]
pluma, feather
horn-like tuft of feathers on a bird's

pluma,

plumose (ploom'os)

(zoo/.).

(plooros'teon)

plumicome

feather, or feather-like structure.

pluriserial (ploor'fse'rTal) a. [L. plus,

more ; series, a row.] Arranged in
two or more rows.

plurivalent

(plooriv'alfint,

ploor'Iva'-

more valere, to be
Appl. a chromatin-rod with
more than one chromosome (cyt.).
pluteal (ploot'eal) a.
[L. pluteus, a
iSnt) a.

[L. plus,

worth.]

shed.]

Pert, a pluteus.

pluteus (ploot'eus) n. [L. jtluteus, a

The free-swimming larva
shed.]
of Echinoids and Ophiuroids (zool.).
pneumatic (numat'lk) a. [Gk.pneuma,
air.]
Appl. bones of birds penetrated by canals connected with
the respiratory system (zoo/.).
pneumaticity (numatlsTtf) n.
[Gk.
pneuma, air.] State of having air

PNEin the

cavities, as

birds

bones of flying

(zool.).

cavities.

pneumatocyst
pneuma, air

(nu'matosTst) n.
[Gk.
a bladder.]
;
kystis,
air-bladder or swim-bladder of

Fishes

pneuinatophore (nu'matofor)
[Gk.
pneuma, air pherein, to bear.] The
air-sac or float of Siphonophores
an air-bladder of marsh or
(zool.}
n.

shore-plants

pneumatopyle
pneuma, air

(hot.).

[Gk.
(nu'matopll) n.
One of
pyle, gate.]

of

pneumatophore,
pores
opening above to the exterior in
certain Siphonophores (zool.}.
a.
pneumogastric
(nu'mogas'trik)
[Gk. pneuma, air gaster, stomach.]
Appl. the tenth cranial nerve,
supplying heart, lungs, and viscera
;

of

Reaction to the stimulation

carbon dioxide in solution

cf.

aerotaxy (phys.\
pod (pod) n. [M.E. pod, a bag.]

superior, one-celled, one- or

fruit

of two valves

manya husk

(bot.\

podal (pS'dal)
Pert, feet

a.

[Gk. pous, a foot.]

j>edal.

podeon (po'deSn)

The

n.

[Gk. pous, foot.]

middle part

petiole or slender

of the

abdomen

of

Hymenoptera

uniting propodeon and metapodeon

podetiiform (pode'shnform) a. [Gk.

pous, foot L. forma, shape.] Resembling a podetium (hot.).
;

podetium (pode'shium)

n.

[Gk. pous,

stalk-like elevation from

the thallus of some Lichens (bot.\

foot.]

(zool.}.

podocephalous

(podokefalus, -s6f-)
[Gk. pous, foot kephale, head.]

a.

stalk (&?/.)
podoconus (pod'b'ko'nus) n. \G\a.pous,
foot ; konos, cone.]
conical mass
of endoplasm connecting the central
with
the
disc
of
Sarcodina
capsule

(zool.}.

podocyst (pod'osist)

n.

[Gk. pous,

foot ; kystis, bladder.]

sinus or caudal vesicle

in

pedal
certain

Gasteropods (zool.}.
pododerm (pod'oderm) n. [Gk. pous,
foot
derma, skin.] The dermal
layer of a hoof, within the horny
;

layer (zool^).
n.
[Gk.
pous, foot gyne, a female.] A stipe
supporting the gynoecium (dot.*).
podomere (pod'omer) n. [Gk. pous,
foot
limb segment
meros, part.]
of Arthropods (zool.}.

podogynium (pod'qjm'ium)

(<z#a/.).

pneumotaxis (nu'motak'sis) n. [Gk.

taxis, arrangement.]
pneuma, air

seeded

n. plu.
[Gk. pous, foot
brangchia, gills.]
Podobranchs or foot-gills, springing
from the coxopodites of the thoracic
appendages of certain Arthropods

Having a head of flowers on a long

(zool^j.

the

podobranchiae (p5dobrang'kle)
;

pneumatized (nu'matlzd) a.
[Gk.
pneuma, air.] Furnished with air

The

POL-

246

podeum, a podeon.
podex (po'dgks) n. [L. podex, rump.]

The

podophthalmite

(pod'ofthal'mlt)

n.

[Gk. pous, foot ; ophthalmos, eye.]

In Crustaceans, the eyestalk segment farthest from the head (zool.~).

podotheca

(pSd'othe'ka) n.
[Gk.
pous, foot ; theke, a -box.] A foot
covering, as of Birds or Reptiles.
pogonion (pogo'nion) n. \G\a.pogonion,
little beard.]
The most prominent
point of the chin as represented on
the mandible (anat.}.

poikilothennal

(poik'ilothgr'mal)

a.

various ; thermos,
heat.]
Appl. cold-blooded animals,
or those whose temperature varies
with that of thesurroundingmedium;
[Gk.

cf.

poikilos,

homolothermal (phys.\

poikilothermous,
poisers,

halteres,

poikilothermal.

which

see.

region about the anus.

podlcal (pSd'ikal) a. [L. podex, rump.]
In the anal region appl. a pair of
small hard plates beside the anus
of Arthropods (zool.~).
podite (pod'It) n.
[Gk. pous, foot.]
A Crustacean walking leg.

polar

podium

polar nuclei, a nucleus remaining

at each end of an angiosperm em-

(po'dium) n.

[Gk.pous,

foot.]

foot or footlike structure (biol.\

In
axis

[Gk. polos, a pivot.]

the region of the end of an
(po'lar) a.

at a pole.
polar body, one of two cells divided
off from the ovum during maturation, before the germ-nuclei fuse
;

POL-

bryo, which later form the secondary nucleus (dot.).

polar plates, two narrow ciliated
areas produced in the transverse
plane, part of the equilibrium apparatus of certain Coelenterates
astral

rays,

rays,

as

opp.

spindle-fibres (cyt.).
polar rings, two ring-shaped cyto-

plasmic masses near the ovum poles

formed after union of the germnuclei

(cyt.}.

[Gk. polos, a
tendency of plants to

polarity (polarTti)

The

pivot.]

n.

from the poles, roots

downwards, stems upwards (bot.)
the tendency of any ovum to place
develop

with its axis corresponding

to that of the mother (emb.).
pole plates, the end-plates or achromatic masses at the spindle poles
in Protozoa mitosis (cyt.\
itself

Polian vesicles, interradial vesicles

opening into the ring-vessel of the
ambulacral system of most Starfishes and Holothurians (zool.).

polioplasm

(pol'Ioplazm) n.
[Gk.
polios,gray plasma, form.] Spongio;

plasm.
pollen (pol'6n)

n.

[L. fallen,

fine

The male fertilizing element

of seed plants (&?/.).
pollen tube, a tubular process developed from pollen grains after
attachment to the stigma (hot.).
pollex (pol'gks) n. [L. pollex, thumb.]
The thumb, or innermost digit of
the normal five in the anterior
limb (zool.}.
flour.]

pollination

(pSl'fnashun) n.
[L.
Fertilization in
transference of pollen from

pollen, fine flour.]

flowers

stigma to ovule

(&>/.).

[L.
(pSl'Inlfgrus) a.
pollen, fine flour ; ferre, to carry.]
Pollen-bearing (dot.} ; adapted for

polliniferous

fine flour.]

n.

[L. pollen,

An

agglutinated pollen
mass of Orchids and some other
(hot.}.

pollinodium

(pol'ino'dlum)

n.

[L.

Gk. eidos, form.]

;
club-shaped branch of mycelium,
the antheridium of certain Fungi

pollen, fine flour

(hot.}.

flour

fine

Gk.

n.

[L. pollen,

eidos,

polocytes

polos, axis

bodies

(bot,\

n.

(po'loslts)

plu.
kytos, hollow.]

form.]

male gamete or spermatium

[Gk.
Polar

(cyt.).

many

polys,

adelphos,

a.

[Gk.

brother.]

Having stamens united by filaments

into more than two bundles (&?/.).
polyandrous (pol'Ian'drus) a.
[Gk.
polys, many; andros, male.] Having
twenty or more stamens (bot.).
polyandry (pSl'ian'drl) n. [Gk. polys,

many

Condition
;
andros,* male.]
of a female consorting with several
males as in some Fishes (biol.\
;

polyarch (p811ark)

many

a.

[Gk. polys,

arche, beginning.]
Appl.
a root having many xylem bundles
united to form a plate in wood

tissue

(bot.).

polyaxon

(pol'Iak'sSn) n.
[Gk. polys,
axis, an axis.]
type of
spicule laid down along numerous

many
axes

(zool.}.

polycarp (pol'ikarp)

n.
[Gk. polys,
karpos, fruit.] One of the
of
some
Ascidians
disgonads
tributed over the inner surface of
the mantle (zool.}.

many

polycarpeUary

(pdl'ikarpeTari)

a.

many karpos, fruit]

With compound gynoecmm (bot.).
[Gk. Polys,
polycarpic,

polycarpous
polys,

polycarpous.
a.
[Gk.
karpos, fruit.] With
carpels appl. perennials

(pol'ikar'pus)

many

numerous

(bot.\

polycercous
polys,

(pSl'fseVkus) a.
many ; kerkos, tail.]

[Gk.
Appl.

bladderworms developing several

cysts, each with a head (zool.).
polychasium (p8rika.'zium) n. [Gk.
polys,

many

chasis,

division.]"

cymose branch system when more

than two branches arise about the

same

transferring pollen (zool.\

pollinium (polin'Ium)

plants

pollinoid (pol'moid)

polyadelphous (pol'iadeTfus)

(zool.\

polar

POL-

247

point

(&?/.).

polycotyledon
[Gk. Polys,

(pSl'lkotlle'don)

many

kotyledon,

hollow vessel.] A plant with more

than two embryo lobes (&>/.).
polycotyledonary (pSl'ikStlle'donarl)
kotyledon^
[Gk. polys, many
a hollow vessel.]
Having the
placenta in many divisions or
cotyledons (zool.).
a.

POLpolycotyledonous
a.

(pol'ikotile'donus)
;
kotyledon,

many

[Gk. polys,

a hollow vessel.]
Having more
than two cotyledons or seed lobes,
as the fir embryo (bot.).
polycotyledony (pol'ikottle'doni) n.
kotyledon, a
[Gk. polys, many
hollow vessel.] A great increase
in the number of cotyledons (hot.}.
polycrotism (polik'rotizm) n.
[Gk.
krotos, a beating.]
polys, many
Condition of having several secondary elevations in the pulse curve
;

(phys.).
(pol'isik'lik) a.

kyklos,

whorls

[Gk. polys,

Having

circle.]

or

structures

ring

(biol.).

(pol'ists'tid) a.

polycystid

[Gk. polys,

kystis, a bladder.]
partitioned off (biol.}.

many

Septate

polydactyllsm
\Gk.polys,

.
(pol'idak'tilizm)
a finger.]
; daktylos,

many

Condition of having an excessive

number of fingers or toes (zool.).

polyembryony
(pSl'igm'brloni)
[Gk.

many

polys,

Instance

foetus.]

to

giving

rise

embryo

(bot.).

polyenergid

n.

embryon, a
a zygote
than one

of

more

energos,

[Gk.
active.]

Appl. nuclei with more than one

centriole

(cyt.).

polygamous

[Gk.
(polig'amus) a.
union.] Bearing male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers (bot.) ; consorting

many gamos,
;

with more than one mate (zool.}.

polygamy (polig'ami) n. [Gk. polys,
many gamos, union.] Condition
of having staminate, pistillate, and
;

hermaphrodite

upon the

flowers

condition
same individual (bot.)
of having more than one mate at
;

a time (zool.}.
polygenetic (pol'ijenet'ik)
polys,

many

polygenic,

a.

[Gk.

descent.]
sexually

polygenetic.

polykaryon

n.

(pSl'ikar'Ion)

[Gk.

A
many ; karyon, nut.]
a nucleus
polyenergid nucleus
with more than one centriole (cyt.).
a.
polymastigote
(porimas'tlgot)
polys,

polys, many ; mastix, whip.]

flagella arranged in a tuft

eik.
aving

many

a.
[Gk.
goneuein, to beget.]

Rearing more than one brood in a

season (zool.).
polygynoecial (pol'Ijine'shlal) a. [Gk.

many

polymastlsm (pollmas'tlzm)

n.

[Gk.

mastos, breast.] Occurrence of more than the normal

number of mammae.

polys,

many

polymerisation

(polimSrlzashun) n.
[Gk. polys, many ; meros, part.]
The uniting together of a number
of molecules in a liquid with

chemical combination

polymerous

(phys.).
(polim'e'rus) a. [Gk. polys,

meros, part.] Consisting of

parts or members (bot.).
polymorphism (pol'imor'fizm) n. [Gk.
polys, many
morphe, form.] Occurrence of different forms of
individuals in the same species
occurrence of different forms, or
different forms of organs, in the
same individual at different periods
of life (biol.).

many
many

gyne,

polymorphonuclear

(pol'imor'fonu'klear) a. [Gk. polys, many morphe,

form ; L. nucleus, kernel.] Appl.
leucocytes with multipartite nuclei
;

connected
chromatin

polymorphous
polys,

woman

fine

by

threads

of

(cyt.).

many

(pol'imor'fus) a.
;

[Gk.
morphe, form.] Asforms or shapes

suming various
(biol.).

polynucleate (pol'inu'kleat)

many

a.

[Gk.

L.

nucleus, kernel.]
Containing several or many nuclei
;

(cyt.).

polyp (pol'ip) n. [L. polypus, polyp.]

A simple Actinozoon, as a seaanemone a separate zooid of an
Actinozoan colony (zool.).
;

polygoneutic (pol'igonu'tik)

polys,

polys,

genesis,

Derived from two sources

produced (biol.}.

polys,

many gyne, female.] Consorting

with more than one female at a
time (zool} with many styles (bot.}.

a.

(pol'ie'n'e'rjid)

many

polys,

polys,

Having multiple fruits

house.]
formed by united gynoecia (bot.}.
polygynous (polij'inus) a. [Gk. polys,

(zool.).

polycyclic

many
many

POL-

248

oikos,

polyparium

(pol'Ipa'rium)

n.

[L.

polypus, polyp.]

The common base

and connecting

tissue of a colony

of polyps (zool).
polypary, a polyparium.

POL
polypetalous (pol'ipeYalus)

a.

[Gk.

Polys, many \petalon, leaf.] Having

separate, free, or distinct petals
(bot.}.

a.

(pollf'agus)

many phagein,
Eating many and various

polys,

[Gk.

to

eat.]

kinds of

of Sporozoa, passing different

phases of life-history in different
;

cells (biol.}.

a.

[Gk.

phylon, race.]

Concom-

(pSl'IflleVik)

many

polys,

vergent, as appl. a group

bining characteristics of more than
one ancestral type through in;

dependent acquisition, (biol.}.

polyphyllous (p81'ifil'us) a.

many

Polys,

leaved

phyllon,

[Gk.

Many-

leaf.]

(p81'ifl'6dont) a.

pofyphyes, manifold

[Gk.

odous, tooth.]
sets of

Having many successive

many

of several sperms into one

[L. polypus, a
individual or person

(pol'fpld) n.

An

polyp.]

of a zooid colony (zoo/.}.

polypite, a polypide.
polyplastic (pol'iplas'tlk) a.
Polys, many plastos, formed.]
able of assuming many forms
;

polypod

(p51'tp8d)

many

POUS,

many

a.

polys,

many

(poTlspo'rus) a.
;
sporos, seed.]

With numerous

corn.]

polystelic (pol'isteTlk)
many ; stele, a post.]

many

stele,

like.
a.
(pSl'Ipro'todont)
;
protos, first ;

many

[Gk. Polys,

With four or five

odous, tooth.]
incisors on each side of the upper
and
one
or
two fewer on the
jaw,
lower as in the Tasmanian Devil

several

steles,

(pSl'iri'zal) a.

[Gk. polys,

With
rhiza, root.]
roots or rootlets (dot.}.

many

polysepalous

Having

a.

(pSl'Isep'alus)

many

polyslphonic

[Gk.

a.

(pol'isiffin'lk)

[Gk.

siphon, a tube.] Appl.

a hydromedusa stem consisting of
several hydrocauli bound together

many

(*),
polysomitic (poTlsomlt'lk)
soma, body
Polys, many
;

cut.]

Having

in

containing
vascular bundle

(bot.}.

number of

the

petals

or

(bot.}.

polystichous

(pSl'Istlk'us)

many

polys,

stichos,

a.

[Gk.

row.]

numerous rows or

in

Arranged

polystomatous

a.
;

[Gk.
temnein,

many

(pSftstSm'atus)

body-

a.

many stoma, mouth.]

Having many pores, mouths, or

[Gk. Polys,

openings; many-mouthed, as Disco-

medusae and Sponges (zool.}.

polystomium (pfil'isto'mium) n.

[Gk.

polys, many ; stoma, mouth.]

suctorial mouth of Discomedusae
(zool.}.

many
styled

(pSl'Istflar) a.
stylos,

[Gk. polys,

pillar.]

Many-

(bot.}.

polysymmetrlcal

sepalon, a
sepal.]
free or distinct sepals (dot.}.

many

polys,

Arrangetissue

each

polystemonous (pfil'Istgrn'onus) a.
[Gk. polys, many; stemon, a warp.]
Having the stamens more than

polystylar

(zool.}.

polyrhizal

[Gk. polys,

series.

polypoid (poHpoid) a. [L. polypus,

Gk. eidos, form.]
polyp
Polyp-

polyprotodont

n.

post.]

axial vascular

double

feet or legs.

spikes (bot.}.
[Gk. polys,
several

With

ment of

sepals

(biol.}.

a.

steles (bot.}.

[Gk.

Furnished

[Gk.

Many-

seeded many-spored (bot.}.

polystachyous (pSl'IstakKus) a. [Gk.
polys, many
stachys, an ear of

Cap-

[Gk. polys,

foot.]

ovum

(biol.}.

more than one

teeth.

polypide

Polys,

polys,

(bot.}.

(poTispeYml) n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed.] Entry

polystely (p5ttste'H)

(bot.}.

polyphyodont

with

seeds

many

polyspenny

polysporous

polyphyletio

to

formed from fusion of

the primitive body segments (zool.}.
polyspermous (pol'ispeYmus) a. [Gk.
polys, many sperma, seed.] Having

segments

polyphagous

food

POL-

249

(pSl'IsImeYrikal) a.
with ; metron,
; syn,

[Gk. polys, many

measure.] Divisible through several
planes into bilaterally symmetrical
portions (boi.}.

polythalamous
[Gk.

chamber.]

(pollthal'Smus)

many

polys,

Aggregate

a.

a
thalatnos,
or collective,
shells
appl.

as appl. fruits (bot.} ;

made up of many chambers formed
successively

polythely

(zool.}.
(pol'fthe'lT) n.

[Gk. polys,

POL-

a nipple.]
many
thele,
Polymastism.
polytocous (polit'okus) a. [Gk. polys,

many

porlcidal (po'risi'dal)

hiscing by valves or pores, as the

poppy order (bot.').
poriferous (porif'grus) a. [Gk. poros,

channel

Prolific.

tokos, offspring.]

polytomous

a.
(p81it'6mus)
[Gk.
a cutting.]
;
tome,

many

a.

[Gk. poros,

L. caedere, to cut.]

De-

Having more than two secondary

branches (bot.).
polytrichous (pol'itrik'us)

channel L. ferre, to bear.] Furnished with numerous openings or

many

polys,

polys,

POS-

250

pores.
a.

poriform (po'riform) a. [Gk. poros,

L. forma, shape.]
Rechannel
sembling a pore.
n.
porocyte (po'roslt)
[Gk. poros,
A perchannel
kytos, hollow.]

[Gk.

Having

thrix, hair.]

the body covered with an even

coat of cilia, as certain Infusorians
(zool.).

polytrochal

forated cell of Porifera

(pol'itro'kal, pollt'rokal) a.

porogam (po'rogam)

[Gk, polys, many ; trochos, wheel.]

Having several circlets of cilia

channel

between mouth and posterior end,

as in certain Annulates (zool.).
polytrochous,

polytrochal.

polytrophic

(pol'itrofik)

n.

(zool.).

[Gk. poros,
A plant

gamos, union.]

whose pollen-tube enters the ovule

by the micropyle opp. chalazogam
;

(bot.).

porogamy

a.

[Gk.
polys, many ; trophe, nourishment.]
Nourished by more than one organism or substance (biol.).

polyzoarium

n.

(p51'iz6a'riurn)

(porog'a.mi) n.

\Gk. poros,
channel gamos, union.] Entrance
of a pollen-tube into the ovule by
the micropyle to secure fertilization
;

[Gk.

(bot.).

polys, many ; zoon, animal.] The

skeletal
system of a Polyzoan

porophyllous (po'rofil'us) a.
[Gk.
channel
leaf.]
poros,
phyllon,
Appl. leaves with numerous trans;

the colony itself (zool.).

(pol'izo'ik) a.
[Gk. polys,;,
parent spots (bot.).
many ; zoon, animal.] Appl. a porta (por^ta) n. [L. porta, a gate.]
A gate-like structure, as the transcolony of many zooids ; appl. a spore /
verse fissure of the liver (anat.).
containing many sporozoites (zool-.).
pome (pom) n. [L. pomum, apple.] portal (portal) a. [L. porta, gate.]
An inferior, indehiscent, two or
Appl. a system of veins draining
more celled fleshy fruit (bot.).
the abdominal part of the alimentary
pomum Adami, the prominent ridge
canal, spleen, pancreas, and gallof the thyroid cartilage in the front
bladder (anat.).
of the neck, more pronounced in
portio (po/tio, por'shio) n. [L.portio,
males (anat.).
A part or portion of a
portion.]
pons (ponz) n. [L. pans, bridge.]
nerve, blood-vessel, etc. (anat.).
structure connecting two parts, as
postabdomen (post'a.bdo'me'n) n. [L.
the pons Varolii of the cerebellum
In
abdomen, belly.]
post, after
(anat.).
Scorpions, themetasoma or posterior
narrower five segments of the
pontal, pontic, pontile, pontlne,
abdomen (zool.).
pert, a pons or the pons Varolii

colony
polyzoic

'

postanal (pSsta'nal)

(anat.).

ponticulus (p5ntik'ulus) n.
culus, a small bridge.]
ridge

on

the

auricular

[L. pontivertical

cartilage

(anat.).

popliteal

(pSplIt'eal,

pop'lite'al)

a.

the ham.]
Pert, the
region behind and above the kneejoint ; appl. artery, glands, nerve,
[L. poples,

vein, muscle (anat.).

pore (por) n. [Gk. poros, channel.]
A minute opening or interstice, as

of the skin, of a stone.

anus, vent.]

a.

[L. post, after

Situated behind the

anus (zool.).
postaxial (postak'slal)

a.
[L. post,
after ; 'axis, axle.]
On the posterior
side of the axis ; as on the fibular
side of the leg (anat.).

postbranchial (postbrang'kial) a. [L.

Gk. brangchia, gills.]
post, after
Behind the gill-clefts
appl. a
;

structure

arising

in

the pharynx

(zool.).

postcardinal (postkar'dinal)

a.

[L.

POSafter

post,

Gk.

kardia,

heart.]

Behind the region of the heart

appl. a dorsal vein (anat.}.

postcava (postka'va) n.
[L. post,
after ; cavus, hollow.]
The inferior

or dorsal vena cava of vertebrates

above fishes
the postcaval vein
;

(sool.).

sulcus (anat.}.
post, after

posterior

centrum

n.

[L.

centrum, centre.] The

of the vertebral
part
certain
vertebrates

of

(zool.).

n.
[L. post,
after ; furca, fork.]
posterior
sternal furca of an Insect (zool.).

postganglionic (post'gang'gllfin'ik) a.
after
Gk. gangglion,
[L. post,
tumour.]
Appl. fibres that leave
the ganglion
preganglionic
cf.
;

(anat.).

(postgle'noid) a.
[L.
Gk. glene, socket.]
the glenoid fossa ; appl.

after

post,

Behind

a small process (anat.).

posthepatic (post'hepat'ik)

a.
[L.
after ; hepar, liver.]
Appl.
the latter part of the alimentary
canal, that from the liver to the

post,

.(zool.}.

postclavicle

n.
(postkl&v'ikl)
[L.
post, after ;
claviculum, a small
membrane bone occurring
key.]
in the shoulder girdle of some

higher Ganoids and Teleosts

(zool.}.

postclitellian (post'kliteTian) a. [L.

post, after ; clitellae, a pack-saddle.]
Situated
behind
clitellum
the
(zool.}.

postcllval (postkllVal)

clivus,

a.

post, after

(post'e'mbrTSn'flc)
;

Gk.

a.

embryon, a

[L. posterior, later ; latus, side.]

Placed posteriorly and towards the
side ; appl. arteries (anat.).
a.

(pos'tfirome'dt&l)
[L. posterior, later ; medius, middle.]

Placed posteriorly and medianly

appl. arteries (anat.}.
[L. post,

postfrontal (postfrun'tal) a.
after
frons, forehead.]

[L.

occasionally in Amphibia
[L-

Pert, the age succeeding

foetus.]
the embryonic (biol.}.
posterior (poste'rlor) a. [L. posterior,
Situated behind or dorsally ;
later.]
behind the axis
superior or next
the axis (bot.).
a.
posterolateral
(pos'tgrolat'eral)

posteromedlal

n.

minimus, smallest.] A
additional digit ocrudimentary
i--Ji

post, after

cfypeus, shiel

after

postminimus (postmm'imus)

rer
nodulus, a small knot.]
a cerebellar fissure between
lule and uvula (anat.).

n.

to beat.]
Appl. a secondary wave
of a pulse, or that succeeding the
dicrotic (phys.}.

post,

(emb.).

Appl.
oflti

posterior part of the cly

Insect (zool.}.
postdicrotic (post'dlkrSt'ik) a.
[L.
Post, after ; Gk. dis, twice ; krotein,

postembryonic

end

posticous (pos'tlkus) a. [L. posticus,

behind.] On the outer or posterior
surface ; extrorse (biol.).

[L. post,

hill.]

behind the clivus

cerebellum (ana&.
postclypeus (po^tklip'eus)

the frontal

postfurca (postfurTca)

postglenoid

postcentrum (postsSn'trum)

[L.

bone occurring behind the orbit of

some vertebrates, articulating with

postcentral (postsgn'tral) a. [L. post,

after ; centrum, centre.]
Behind
the central region ; appl. a cerebral

after ;
fissure

POS-

251

Appl. a

postorbltal (posto/bltil)
after
orbit

;
;

orbis,

circle.]

a.

[L. post,

Behind the

appl. a bone forming part

of the posterior wall of the orbit

(zool.).

a.
[L. post, after ;
Gk. ous, ear.]
Behind the ear ;
appl. a system of nerves (anat.).
postparletal (post'parfgtal) a.
[L.
post, after ; paries, wall.]
Appl.

postotic (postotlk)

paired bones sometimes occurring

between parietals and interparietals
(zool.).

postpatagium

[L.
(post'pata'jtum) n.
In
post, after ; patagiutn, border.]
Birds, a small fold of skin extending
arm
and
between
postaxially
upper

trunk

(zool.).

postpermanent

(postpSr'manfint)

a.

remain; permanens,
Appl. traces of a dentition
succeeding the permanent in man.
postpubic (postpu'blk) a.
[L. post,
At the
after
pubis, mature.]
posterior end of the pubis ; appl.
[L. post, after
ing.]

POS-

PRA-

252

processes of the pubis parallel to

the ischium (zool.}.

postpyramidal
[L. post, after

(post'piram'Tdal)

a.

pyramis, pyramid.]

Behind the pyramid

appl. a cere-

(post'skuteTum)

n.

[L. post, after ; scutellum, a small

shield.]
projection under the

mesoscutellar lobe of Insects, the

base of the mesophragma (zool.}.
postsphenoid (postsfe'noid) n.
[L.
The
Post, after Gk. sphen, wedge.]
posterior part of the sphenoid
;

(emb.}.

post-temporal (post-tSm'poral) a. [L.

post, after
temporalis, temporary.]
Behind the temporal bone appl.
;

bone and fossa

(anat.}.

to the pharynx (zool.}.

postzygapophysis (post'zlg&pof'isis) n.
Gk. zygon, yoke
[L. post, after
apo, from
physis, growth.] An
articular process on the posterior
face of the neural arch for articulation with the succeeding vertebra
;

(anat.}.

potential (potgn'sh&l) a. [L. potens,

powerful.] Latent, as appl. characteristics

n.

[O.Y.pouche, bag.]
a sac or
bag-like structure
bladder, as the pharyngeal pouches
a
;
(emb.}
marsupial pouch (zool.}
a pod (bot.}.
powder-down feathers, those which
do not develop beyond the early
;

and which disintegrate at

the tip into powder (zool.}.
stage,

praeabdomen

pre'abdo'mgn) n.
abdomen, belly.]
The anterior, broader part of the
abdomen of Scorpions (zool.}.
praeauricular (pra'-, pre'orik'ular) a.
auricula, a small
[L. prae, before
ear.]
Appl. a sulcus at the anterior
(pra'-,

[L. prae, before

part of the auricular surface of the

hip-bone (anat.}.
praeaxial (pra-, preak'sial)
axis, axle.]
prae, before
anterior border or surface.
;

praecentrum

(pra-,

[L. prae, before

preko'sez) n. phi.
coquere, to cook.]
to take
themselves ; cf. altrices

(pra-,

[L. prae, before

care

of

(zool.}.

praecostal (pra-, prekos'tal) a.

[L.
costa, rib.]
prae, before
Appl.
short spurs on the basal portion of
the hind wing of Lepidoptera (zool.}.
;

praecmral

(pra-, prekroor'al) a.

[L.

On the
crus, leg.]
prae, before
anterior side of leg or thigh (anat.}.
praecuneus (pra-, preku'neus) n. [L.
prae, before cuneus, wedge.] The
quadrate lobe of the cerebrum
;

praemaxilla

(pra'-,

pre'maksil'a)

n.

before ; maxilla, jaw.]

anterior portion of the upper
jaw ; the os incisivum (anat.}.
praemorse (pra'-, pre'mors) a.
[L.
[L. prae,

The

bitten

praemorsus,

irregular and abrupt

as if bitten off (bot.}.

off.]

With

termination,

praeoccipital (pra'-, pre'oksip'Ttal) a.

[L. prae, before ; occiput,, back of
the head.] Appl. an indentation
or notch anterior to the occipital
pole of the cerebral hemispheres
(anat.}.

praeoral

(biol.}.

(zool.}.

praecoces

(anat.}.

post-trematic (p5st-tremat'lk) a. [L.

Gk. trema, a hole.]
post, after
in
the
Appl. nerves
running
posterior wall of the first gill cleft

pouch (powch)

anterior part of the vertebral

centrum of certain lower vertebrates

Newly-hatched birds able

bellar fissure (anat.}.

postscutellum

The

a.

On

[L.

the

presen'trum) n.
centrum, centre.]

(pra-, preo'ral) a.
[L. prae,
before ; os, mouth.] Pert, the part
of the body of a larva anterior to
the mouth ; appl. process, loop,

lobe, ciliated rings (zool.}.

praepubic

[L.
(pra-, prepu'bik) a.
prae, before
pubes, mature.] On
the anterior part of the pubis
appl. the elongated processes of
the pubis of certain vertebrates
;

(zool.}.

praepuce (pra'-, pre'pus) n. [L. praeputium, the foreskin.] That part

of the integument of the penis
which leaves the surface at the
neck and becomes folded upon
itself;

the foreskin.

praeputial (pra-, prepu'shtal) a. [L.

Pert.
praeputium, the foreskin.]
the praepuce ; appl. glands, sac
(anat.}.

praeputium,

praescutum

the praepuce.
presku'tum) n.
scutum, shield.]

(pra-,

[L. prae, before

PRA-

anterior part of the notum of

an insect thoracic ring (zool.}.

praesphenoid

presfe'noid) n.
Gk. sphen, wedge.]
[L. prae, before
The anterior part of the sphenoid
(pra-,
;

(0M*).

praesternal

(pra-, presteYnal) a.

[L.

prae, before ; sternum, breast-bone.]

Appl. the jugular notch, on the
superior border of the sternum
(anat.).

preaxlal

(preak'slal)

a.

before ; axis, axle.]

the axis.

[L. prae,
In front of

prae,

before

prechordal (prekor'dal) a, [L. prae,

before
Gk. chorde, a cord.] Anteriorly to the notochord or spinal
cord appl. part of the base of the
;

skull (emb.\
precipitin (preslp'ltln) n. \L.praeceps,
headlong.] A precipitate developed

blood serum (phys.).

preclival (preklfval) a.
[L. prae,
before ;
clivus,
hill.]
Appl. a
fissure in front of the clivus of the

cerebellum (anat.~).
precoracoid (prekor'akoid)
Gk. korax,
prae, before

[L.

The

flos, flower.]
floral leaves

arrangement of
flower-bud

in

(hot.}.

prefollation (pre'folia'shun) n.
[L.
The
prae, before
folium, leaf.]
arrangement of foliage leaves in
the bud stage (hot. ).
preformatlon theory, the theory of
evolution according to which it
was supposed that each ovum of
an animal contained a miniature
adult, and that nourishment only
was required to develop it into the
;

perfect form

n. \L..prae, before ;
cavus, hollow.] The anterior vena
cava the precaval vein (zool.).
precentral (presen'tral) a. [L. prae,
Anbefore
centrum,
centre.]
teriorly to the centre
appl. a
sulcus parallel to the central sulcus
of the cerebrum (anat.~).

precava (preka'va)

in

PRE-

253

The

(dial.).

prefrontal (prefrun'tal) a. [L. prae,

before frons, forehead.] Appl. a
bone anterior to the frontal bone
of certain vertebrates appl. paired
plates or scales anterior to the
;

frontal scale in

some Reptiles (zool.}.

preganglionic (pregang'glion'ik) a.
Gk. gangglion, a
[L. prae, before
;

the

Appl.

tumour.]

(usually)

medullated fibres from the spinal

cord to the sympathetic cell station
(anat.).

preglobultn
prae,

n.

(preglSb'ulIn)

before

globe.]

globulus,

compound

[L.

small
of

proteid

white blood corpuscles (phys.}.

prehallux (prehal'uks) n. [L. prae,
before

hallex, the great toe?]

rudimentary additional digit on the

hind limb, in some Amphibia and

Mammals

(zool.\

crow.]
An anterior ventral bone of the
of
vertebrates
higher
pectoral girdle

prehalteres (prehal'tgrez) n. plu. [L.

prae, before Gk. halter, a weight.]
The squamae of Diptera (zool.}.

(zool.}.

prehaustorium (pre'hosto'rium)

predelineation (pre'dellnea'shun) n.
linea,
de, down
[L. prae, before
a line.] Formation and individualization of the various physiological
molecules in definite areas and
substances of the undevelopedegg,
the theory of germinal localization
;

prae, before

predentary (predSn'tarl)

[L. prae,
before ; dens, tooth.]
bone at
the tip of the jaw of many Dinosaurs
.

(Pal.}.

preepistome
;

mouth.]

(prefip'istom) n.

Gk.

epi,

plate

[L.prae,
stoma,
covering the

upon

basal portion of the epistome of

certain Arachnids (zool.}.
prefloration (pre'flora'shun)
[L.
.

to
root-like

haurire,

rudimentary

(**).
prehensile (prehgn'sil)
Jiendere,

catching
tentacle

prehepatic

(biol.}.

before

to

seize.]

hold,

as

a.

n.

[L.

drink.]

sucker

[L. prefor
suctorial

Adapted
a

(zool.}.

(pre'he"pat'lk) a.

[L. prae,
before
Appl. that
hepar, liver.]
part of the digestive tract anterior
to the liver (emb.\
prelacteal (prelak'teal) a.
[L. prae,
before ; lac, milk.] Pert, a denti;

tion which may occur previous to

the milk dentition (emb.\
prelocallzation (prelo'kaliza'shun) n.
before ; locus, place.]
[L. prae,
The theory that certain portions of

PREthe

ovum are predestined

to

develop

into certain organs or parts (dial.).

premaxilla (pre'maksil'a) n.
[L.
maxilla, jaw.]
prize, before ;
paired bone anterior to the maxilla
in most vertebrates (zool.).

premaxillary

(pre'maksil'ari) a.

[L.

prae, before ; maxilla, jaw.] Anterior to the maxillae

pert, the
;

premaxilla

(zoo/.).

a.

[L. prae,

before medius, middle.] Anterior

to the middle of a body or part
appl. a vein in front of the median
vein of certain insect wings (zoo!.).
;

premolar

[L. prae,
(premo'lar) a.
before ; mola, mill.]
Appl. the
teeth developed between canines
and molars, the bicuspid teeth
(zoo!.).

before

(prena'zal)

nasus,

a.

nose.]

mesethmoid

the

Mammals

prae,

[L.

developed in the septum

bone
front
certain

in

in

(preSk'iilar) a.
[L. prae,
before ; oculus, eye.] In front of
the eye ; as antennae, scales (zool.).
preopercle, preoperculum.
n.
preoperculum (pre'oper'kulum)
[L. prae, before ; operculum, cover.]
The anterior membrane bone of
the operculum or gill-cover (zool.).
preoral (preo'ral) a. [L.prae, before
Situated in front of
os, mouth.]
the mouth appl. cilia, etc. (zool.}.
preorbital (preor'bital) a. [L. prae,
before ; orbis, circle.] Anterior to
the orbit appl. a membrane bone
of Teleosts (zool.}.
;

prepatagium

n.

(prepata'jium)

before
alar

patagium,

membrane,

or

[L.

border.]
fold of

skin extending between upper

and forearm of Birds

arm

(blol.).

prepotent (prepo'tent)
;

a.

[L. prae,

potens, powerful.]

Trans-

mitting the majority of characteristics (&#/.) ; appl. a flower exhibiting

a preference

for

cross-pollination

(bot.).

prepubis

n.
[L. prae,
Part of
before
pubes, mature.]
the pelvic girdle of certain Reptiles,
anterior to the pubis (zool.).

(prepu'bis)

prepyramidal

(pre'piram'idal) a.

[L.

prae, before
pyramis, pyramid.]
In front of the pyramid ; appl. a
cerebellar fissure (anat.).

tion or

development

(emb.).

prepollex (prepol'gks) n.
[L. prae,
before
A rudipollex, thumb.]
additional
mentary
digit occurring
;

sometimes preaxially to the thumb

digit of certain Amphibians and

Mammals

(zool.}.

prepotency (prepo'tgnst)
;

potens,

presphenoid

n.

[L. prae,

powerful.]

n.
[L.
(presfe'noid)
Gk. sphen, wedge.]
;
vertebrates, a cranial bone

prae, before

many

anterior to the basisphenoid (zool.).

pressor (prgs'or) a. [L. pressare, to
press.]
Appl. nerve-fibres which,
when stimulated, cause a rise of
arterial pressure (phys.).
[L. pressare,
(presh'iir) n.
to press.] Tension in plant tissue

pressure

caused by the turgidity of the

cells

(dot.).

presternal (prester'nal) a. [L. prae,

breast - bone.]
before
sternum,
Situated in front of the sternum or
breast-bone pert, the anterior part
of the sternum (zool.).
;

presternum

[L.
(prester'num) n.
sternum, breast-bone.]
manubrium, or anterior part of

prae, before

The

a sternum
pretrematic

(zool.).

(pre'tremat'ik)

a.

[L.

before ; Gk. trema, hole.]

Appl. nerves running in the anterior
wall of the first gill cleft to the

prae,

(zool.).

preplacental (pre'plasgn'tal) a.
[L.
prae, before placenta, a flat cake.]
Occurring before placenta forma-

before

more characteristics to
the offspring than the other parent
to transmit

In

(zoo/.).

preocular

The

a flower by pollen

from another flower in preference

to pollen from its own stamens,
when both are offered simultaneously (dot.) capacity of one parent

prenasal

prae,

fertilization of

before

premedian (preme'dlan)

of

PRE-

254

The

pharynx (zool.}.
prevertebral (preveYtgbral) a.
[L.
prae, before -vertebra, a vertebra.]
;

Pert, or situated in the region in

front of the vertebral column ; appl.
a portion of the base of the skull
(emb.)
appl. ganglia of the sympathetic system (zool.).
prezygapophysis (prezl'gapofiisTs) n.
Gk. zygon, yoke
[L. prae, before
\

PRI-

from ; physis, growth.]

A
process on the anterior face of the
neural arch for articulation with
the vertebra in front (anat.).
prickle (prik'l) n.
[A.S. prica, a
A pointed process arising
point.]
apo,

through epidermal tissue

prickle

of

(bot.).

of the

cells

cells,

layers

deeper

stratified

squamous
have
short,

they
epithelium
fine,
marginal, connecting
:

fibrils

(anat.).

primary
first.]

(prl'mari) a.
[L. primus,
First ; principal ; original ;

appl. axis, feathers, meristem, root,

wood

(biol.).

primaxil

primibrachs (pri'mibraks) n.plu.

brachia, arms.]
primus, first
;

[L.

In

Crinoids, all brachials up to and

including the first axillary (zool.).

primine

Qpri'min)

The

first]

n.

primus,
integument

[L.

external

of an ovule occasionally appl. the

first-formed or internal coat (bot.).
;

The

(prim'it) n.

[L. primus, first.]

of any pair of individuals

.of a catenoid colony in the pseudoof Gregarinida, in
conjugation
which the protomerite of one (the
satellite) becomes attached to the
deutomerite of another (the primite)
first

(zool.).

primitive (prim'itiv) a. [L.primitivus,

Of

early.]

earliest

origin

appl.

groove, knot, streak, aorta, palate,

ventricle (emb.).
primordial (prlmdr'dial) a.

ordium, a beginning.]
original

ova

first

[L.

prim-

Primitive

commenced

appl.

(emb.), cell, utricle (hot.).

primordium (primor'dmm)

n.

[L.

primordium, a beginning.] Original

form
a structure when first indicating
assumption of form
;

anlage (emb).
priodont (prfodont)

saw

odous, tooth.]
stag-beetles

appl.

a.

[Gk. prion,

Saw-toothed
with

smallest

development of mandible projections

(zool.).

prismatic (prizmat'lk) a. [L. prisma,

prism.] Like a prism ; appl. leaves
(bot.)
consisting of prisms, as the
prismatic layer of shells (zool.}.
;

proamnion

(proam'nlon) n.
[Gk.
pro, before ; amnion, a vessel for
receiving blood.] An area of blastoderm in front of the head of early
embryos of higher vertebrates
(emb).
proangiosperm (proan'jIospSrm) n.
[Gk. pro, for
anggeion, vessel
fossil type of
sperma, seed.]
;

angiosperm
proatlas
before

(bot.).

(proat'las)
Atlas.']

n.

[Gk. pro,

median bone
and

intercalated
between atlas
skull in certain Reptiles (zool.).

proboscidiform

(pro'bosid'iform)

a.

L. forma,
[Gk. proboskis, trunk
Proboscis-like
shape.]
appl. Infusorians with tentacles on a pro;

(primak'sil) n.

[L. primus,
first ;
The first
axilla, armpit.]
axillary arm of a Crinoid (zool.).

primite

PRO-

255

boscis-like process (zool.}.

proboscis (probos'Is) n. \Gk. proboskis,
trunk-like process of
trunk.]
the head, as of Insects, Annelids,

Nemerteans, Elephants (zool.}.

procambial strand, a longitudinal
strand of elongated cells near the
periphery of the plerome of a
vascular bundle
a
desmogen
;

strand

(dot.).

procambium (prokam'blum)

n.

[L.

pro, before ; L.L. cambium, nutriThe tissue from which

ment.]
vascular bundles are developed
(bot.).

procarp (pro'karp)

[Gk. pro, for ;

The female organ
karpos, fruit.]
of red Seaweeds, a one or more
celled structure containing no differentiated oosphere (bot.).
process (pro'sgs) n. [L. pro, forth ;
.

An outgrowth, prolongation, projection, or eminence

of any structure.

cedere, to go.]

processus, a process.
prochorion (proko'riSn)

n.
[Gk. pro,
before chorion, skin.] An enveloping structure of the blastodermic
vesicle preceding formation of a
chorion (emb.).
;

prochromatin (prokro'matln)
Pro, for

chroma, colour.]

some substance
cave
centra

a.

[Gk. pro,

koilos, hollow.]
anterior face, as
;

With convertebral

(zool.).

procoracoid (prok6r'akoid)
pro,

[Gk.

Plasmo-

(cyt.).

procoelous (prose'lus)
before

n.

before

korax,

n.

crow.]

[Gk.

An

PRO-

anteriorly directed process from

the glenoid fossa of Urodeles (zool.).
procryptic (prokrlp'tik) a. [Gk. pro,

projection (projek'shiin) n. [L. pro,

forth
The
to
jacere,
throw.]
referring of stimulations to endorgans of sense by means of the
;

for ; kryptos, hidden.] With coloration adapted for concealment (zoo/.).

proctal

(prok'tal)

Anal

anus.]

a.

connecting projection nerve-fibres

[Gk. proktos,
fish

appl.

(Phys.).
(pro'leg)

fins

proleg

proctodaeum (prok'tode'um)

n.

[Gk.
The
odos, a way.]
proktos, anus
latter part of the embryonic alianal
canal
formed
;
by
mentary
a similar ectoderminvagination
lined part in certain invertebrates
(zool.).
a.

[L.

pro, forward ; cumbens, lying down.]

Prostrate trailing on the ground

kind

appl. stems (bot.).

prodentine (proden'tin)

[L. pro,

proembryo (progm'brio)

n.

[Gk. pro,

embryon, a foetus.] An embryonic structure preceding the true

the first results of spore
embryo
segmentation (hot.).
;

progamete

(pro'gamet') n.

[Gk. pro,

gamos, union.] A structure

giving rise to gametes by abstriction,
in certain Fungi (bot.).
;

progamic (progam'ik)

a.
[Gk. pro,
before
Appl.
union.]
gamos,
brood-division for gamete produc;

tion (zool.).

progeotropism

(pro'jeot'ropizm)

n.

trope, a
ge, earth
[Gk. pro, for
turning.] Positive geotropism (&?/.).
proglottides (prSglot'idez) n. plu.
[Gk. pro, for glotta, tongue.] The
propagative body-segments of a
tapeworm, formed by stabilization
from the neck (zool.)
sing, pro;

glottis.

(bot.).

n.
[Gk. pro,
;
mitos, thread.] A simple type
of mitosis exemplified in nuclei of
protokaryon type (cyt.).
promontory (prom'ontorl) n. [L. pro,
forth
mons, mountain.] A prominence or projection, as of the
cochlea (anat.).

a.
[Gk.
gnathos, jaw.] Having
or
projecting jaws.
prominent

pro, forth

prohydrotropism

(pro'hidrot'ropizm)
hydor, water
Positive hydro-

[Gk. pro, for

trope, a turning.]

n.

tropism

(oof.).

a.
[L. pro,
(prqjeVtil)
Protrusjacere, to throw.]
that can be thrust forward

projectile

for

promorphology
[Gk. pro, for
discourse.]

n.
(pro'morfol'oji)
;
logos,

morphe, form

Morphology from the

geometrical standpoint.

promuscis

n.

(promus'is)
muscis, a proboscis.]
of Hemiptera (zoo/.).

The

[L. proproboscis

promycelium (pro'mlse'Hum)
pro, for

n.

[Gk.

mykes, mushroom.]

The

mycelium developed from a zygospore,

itself

angium

a spor-

rise to

giving

(bot.),_

pronate (pro'nat)

[L. pronare, to

a.

bend forward.]

Prone

inclined

(biol.).

prognathous (prognath'us)

(zool.).

parts abnormally

promitosis (pro'mitd'sis)

(anat.).

(biol.).

a.
[L. proles,
offspring ferre, to bear.] Multiply
ing quickly (biol.) appl. bud-bearing
leaves
developing supernumerary

proliferous (prolif'erus)
n.

A layer of
before
dens, tooth.]
uncalcified matrix capping tooth
of dentine
the
formation
before
cusps

procumbent (pr5kum'bent)

ible

for

forth

pro,

[L.

larvae (zool.).
proliferate (prolif'erat) v. [L. proles,
offspring ferre, to bear.] To reproduce repeatedly (biol.).
proliferation (prolif'era'shun) n. [L.
proles, offspring
ferre, to bear.]
increase by frequent
Prolification
and repeated reproduction of any

before

n.

An unjointed
M.E. leg, a leg.]
abdominal appendage of arthropod

(zool.).

for

PRO-

256

pronation (prona'shun)

n.

[L. pronare,

The act by which

hand is turned
downwards by means of pronator

bend forward.]
the palm of the
to

muscles cf. supination

pronephric (pronef'rik) a.
;

(phys.).

[Gk. pro,
before nephros, kidney.] Pert, or
in the region of the pronephros
appl. duct, tubules (emb.).
;

pronephros (pronef'ros)
before

nephros,

n.

\Gk.pro,

kidney.]

The

PROhead-kidney

embryonic

life,

arising from mesomeric somites,

functional for a time in lower
vertebrates, later replaced

by meso-

or meta-nephros (emb.~).
pronotum (prono'tum) n. [Gk. pro,
before
noton, back.] The dorsal
part of the prothorax of Insects
;

(zoo/.).

n.
[L. pro,
before ; nucleus, kernel.] The eggnucleus or sperm-nucleus during

fertilization (emb.}.

pronymph

n.

(pro'nlmf)

[L.

pro,

The
nympha, a maid.]
in
the metamorphosis of

before

stage

Diptera preceding the

nymph

stage

(zoo/.).

proostracum (proos'trakum)
for

ostrakon,

The horny pen

shell.]

pod dibranchiate

n.

[Gk.
testacean
of a deca-

shell or

Belemnite

(Pal.\

prootic (proot'ik) n. \Gk.pro, before

The anterior bone of the
ous, ear.]
otic capsule in vertebrates (zoo/.).

propagative

(prop'aga'tiv)

a.

[L.

propagare, to propagate.] Reproductive

appl. a cell, a phase, an
individual of a colony (biol.}.
propagulum (propag'ulum) n. [L.
propagare, to propagate.] A bud
or shoot capable of developing into
;

an adult (bot.}.
propatagium, a prepatagium.
prophase (prS'faz) n.
[Gk.

propodeon.

propodlte

(pro'podlt) n.
[Gk. pro,
pous, foot.] In Malacosthe
traca,
segment of a foot sixth
from the body (zoo/.).

before

propodium (propo'dlum)

n.
[Gk. pro,
before
The small
pous, foot.]
anterior part of a Molluscan foot
;

prop'-

(pro'tSrij'ium,

n.
tgrij'ium)
[Gk. pro, before
pterygion, a little wing.] The foremost of three basals supporting the
;

pectoral finof Elasmobranchs

(zoo/.).

propulsive pseudopodium, in some

Neosporidia, a pseudopodium developed posteriorly which by its
elongation pushes the body forward
(zoo/.).

propupa (propu'pa)

n.

[L.pro, before

stage (zoo/.).
(pro'prjld'ium) n.
[Gk.
pro, before pyge, the rump.] The
dorsal plate anterior to the pygidium

propygidium

in

Coleoptera (zoo/.).
prorachls (prorak'Ts) n.

[Gk. pro,
before
rhachis, spine.] The face
of Pennatulacea which is sterile and
coincides with the asulcar aspect of
the terminal zooid (zoo/.).
;

proscapula (proskap'ula)

n.

;
scapula, shoulder
clavicle (zoo/.).

[L. pro,
blade.]

proscolex

(prosko'le'ks) n.
[Gk. pro,
before ; skolex, worm.] A rounded
cyst with fluid-filled cavity, a stage
in the development of the Tape-

worm

(zoo/.).

[Gk. pro, for phos, light ; trope, a

Positive phototropism
turning.]

prosecretin (pro'sekre'tTn) n. \L.pro,

The
before
secretus, separated.]
precursor of secretin (phys.\

(bot.\

prosencephalon (pr6s'6nkgf'alon,

n.

prophyllum
for

(profll'iim) n.

phyllon,

leaf.]

[Gk. pro,
small bract

(dot.).

propleuron (proploor'on)

n.
[Gk. pro,
A lateral
pleura, side.]
Insects
of
the
of
plate
prothorax

before

before

-sef-)

[Gk. pro, before

engkephalon,
The telencephalon, or forebrain (anat.).
n.

brain.]

prosenchyma

(prose'ng'kima) n.
[Gk.
near ; engchyma, infusion.]
Tissue of prosenchymatous cells,

pros,

prosenchymatous (pros'gngkim'atus)

(zoo/.).

propodeon (propo'deon)

n.

[Gk. pro,

An abdominal

pous, foot.]
segment of Hymenoptera in front
of the petiole or podeon otherwise
the median segment, Latraille's
;

segment,

etc. (goo/.).

pupa, a puppet.] A stage in insect

metamorphosis preceding the pupa

before

prophloem, protophloem.
prophototropism (pro'fotot'ropizm)

propteryglum

The

pro,
phasis, appearance.] The
the
first
stage
preparatory changes,
in mitosis (cyt.}.

before

propodeum,

(zoo/.).

pronucleus (pronu'kleus)

pro,

PRO-

257
of

a.

[Gk. pros,

near

engchyma,

Appl. elongated pointed

with thin or thick cell-walls,

infusion.]
cells,

in plant tissue (bot.}.

prosethmoid (prosgth'moid)
Pros,

near

ethinos,

sieve.]

[Gk.

An

PRO-

anterior cranial bone of Teleosts

(zool.}.

[Gk. pro,
prosiphon (prosi'fon)
for
spout-like
siphon, tube.]
prolongation of the edges of the
mantle - flaps of certain Molluscs
n.

(zool.}.

prosocoel (pros'osel) n.
[Gk. pros,
near ; koilos, hollow.] A narrow
of
Mollusin
the
cavity
epistome
coidea, the first main part of the

coelom

a.
(pros'odSt'Tk)
[Gk.
Anterior to
prosodos, advance.]
the beak
appl. certain bivalve
;

ligaments

(zool.}.

prosodus (pros'odus)

n.

[Gk. prosodos,
A delicate canalicule
advance.]
between chamber and incurrent
canal in some Sponges (zool.}.

prosoma (proso'ma)

n.
[Gk. pro,
before soma, body.] The anterior
the
a
of
body ;
part
cephalothorax
;

(zool.}.

incurrent and
some Sponges

flagellate

canals in

(zool.}.
n.

n.
[Gk.
In
stoma, mouth.]
Worms and Molluscs, the part of the
head anterior to the mouth (zool.}.
prostrate (pros'trat) a. [L. prostratus,

before

pro,

thrown down.] Procumbent

ing on the ground (hot.).
protandrism (protan'drizm) n.
first

protos,
;

andros, male.]

trail-

[Gk.
Pro-

sometimes exclusively

zoological application

in

(biol.}.

protandrous (protan'drus)

a.

[Gk.

andros, male.] Exprotos, first

hibiting protandry (biol.}.
(protan'dri) n. [Gk. protos,
first
andros, male.] Condition of
hermaphrodite plants and animals
;

protandry
;

where the male elements mature

and are shed before the female
elements mature (biol.}.
protegulum (proteg'ulum) n. [L. pro,
before tegulum, a covering.] The'
semicircular or semielliptical em-

[L. pro,
plu.
forth
stare, to stand.]
Projecting
of
Hexactinellids
(zool.}.
spicules
prostate (pros'tat) a. [L.pro, before ;
;

to stand.]
Appl, a gland
placed around the commencement
of the male urethra in the pelvic

stare,

cavity (anat.}.
prostatic (prostat'Ik) a.
before ; stare, to stand.]

;
appl. duct, nerve,
sinus, utricle (anat.}.
prostemmate (prdste'm'at) a.
[Gk.

before
stemma,
wreath.]
Appl. an ante-ocular structure or
of
some
Collembola, of
organ
;

doubtful function

prostemmatic, prostemmate.
prosternum (prosteYnum) n.

restrictions

in

different authors (phys.}.

protein (pro'tein) n. [Gk. protos, first.]
a nitroAlbuminous substance
genous compound of cell protothe
of
sum-total
nitrogen
plasm
a term of
present in protoplasm
;

variable application (phys.}.

a.
proteolytic
(pro'teollt'lk)

[Gk.
a
first
loosing.]
lysis,
Appl. ferments which change proteins into proteoses and peptones,

protos,

as pepsin, trypsin (pkys.}.

n.
[Gk. protos,

proteose (pro'teos)
first.]

The

first

cleavage product
on a

of hydrolysis
protein molecule (phys.}.
[L.

pro, before sternum, breast-bone.]

The ventral part of the prothorax
of Insects (zool.}.
;

n.

subject to varying

of the action

(zool.}.

prosthion (pros'thion)

pro,
Pert, the
[L.

prostate gland

pro,

bryonic shell of Brachiopods (zool.}.

proteid (pro'teid) n.
[Gk. protos,
first
The
eidos,
resemblance.]
material
of
nitrogenous
plant cells
a term
albuminous substance
;

prostalia (prosta'lia)

[Gk. prosThe alveolar

foremost.]
the middle point of the
upper alveolar arch (anat.}.
prostomiate (prosto'miat) a.
[Gk.
pro, before ; stonia, mouth.] Having
;

mouth (zool.}.
prostomium (prosto'mium)

prosopyle (pros'opil) n. [Gk. proso,

forward ; pyle, gate.] The aperture
of communication between adjacent

thios,

a portion of the head in front of the

tandry

(zool.}.

prosodetic

point

PRO-

258

proterandric (pro'teran'drik)
proteros,

earlier

a.

andros,

[Gk.
male.]

which

Appl. hermaphroditism

in

ovaries and testes are

at different times (biol.}.

functional

proterandrous,
proteranthous

protandrous.
a.
(pro'teran'thus)
anthos, flower.]
foliage leaves

\G\s..proteros,c.a.r\iei:;

Flowering before
appear (bot.}.

PROproteroglyph (pro'tgrogHf)
I

a.

[Gk.

proteros, earlier ; glyfihein, to carve.]

Having the specialized fang teeth
permanently erect ; opp. soleno-

glyph (zool.}.
proterogyny, protogyny.
prothallium, prothallus.
prothalloid (prothal'oid) a, [Gk. pro,
before
thallos, young shoot
eidos,
form.] Like a prothallium (hot.}.
prothallus (prothal'us) n. [Gk.pro,
;

before

young shoot.] A
fleshy mass developed

thallos,

small, thin,

from spores of

ferns, itself producing antheridia and archegonia (dot.}.

protheca (prothe'ka) n.
[Gk. pro,
before ; theke, a box.] The rudiment of coral formation ; the basal
part of the coral calicle (zool.}.

prothorax (protho'raks)

n.
[Gk. pro,
thorax, breast.] The anterior thoracic segment of Arthro-

before

pods

(zool.}.

prothrombin (prothrom'bln)
pro, before

bogen

thrombos, clot.]

n.

[Gk.

Throm-

(prothfalosom) n.
[Gk. pro, before ; hyalos, glass ;
soma, body.] The area surrounding
the germinal spot in the germinal

and plants

animals

arise (owl.}.
n.

(pro'tobasid'Ium)
;
basidion, a small

first

basidium producing
a mycelium of four cells from each
of which a sporidium is developed
pedestal.]

by abstriction

(bot.}.

protoblast (pro'toblast)
first

blastos, bud.]

n.

[Gk.protos,

naked

cell,

devoid of membrane
the first or
the
single-cell stage of an embryo
;

internal-bud stage in the life-history

of Neosporidia (zool.}.
protocercal (pro'toseVkal) a.
[Gk.
protos,

first

larval shell of Molluscs, indicated

cicatrix on the adult shell

by the
(zool.}.

protocone (pro'tokon)

n.

[Gk. protos,
The inner cusp
of an upper jaw molar (anat.}.
protoconid (pro'toko'nld) n.
[Gk.
first

konos, cone.]

protos,
form.]

first

konos, cone ; eidos,

external cusp of a

The

lower jaw molar (anat.}.

protoconule (prd'toko'nul)

n.

[Gk.

konos, cone.] An anterior intermediate cusp of an upper

protos,

first

jaw molar

(anat.}.

protocranium

(pro'tokra'nlum) n.
;
kranion, skull.]
name sometimes given to the
the
of
posterior part
epicranium of
Insects (zool.}.
first

[Gk. protos,

Protos,

first

(pro'togp'iflt) n.
epi,

upon

[Gk.
phyton,

plant growing upon

another and getting all its nourishment from that other (bot.}.
plant.]

first

[Gk.. protos,

Persistent

genos, offspring.]

from the beginning of development

onwards (biol.}.
protoarynous

(protSj'inus) a.
[Gk.
first ; gyne, woman.]
Havfemale
elements
mature
before
ing

protos,

protobasidium
[Gk. protos,

(pro'toknemz) n. plu.
[Gk. protos, first ; knetne, a wheelspoke.] The six primary pairs of

protogenic (pr6'tqjgn'ik)a.

vesicle (emb.}.

protista (protts'ta) n. plu. [Gk. proThe assemblage

tistos, first of all.]
of simple and primitive living beings

which

protocnemes

protoepiphyte

(phys.}.

prothyalosome

from

PRO-

259

kerkos,

tail.]

Having

the caudal fin divided into two ecjual

lobes ; diphycercal, the primitive
form of caudal fin (zool.}.

protocerebrum

(pro'toseVgbrum)
L. cerebrum,
;
brain.] The anterior pair of ganglionic centres of Crustacea (xool.}.

[Gk. protos,

first

male (biol.}.
protogyny (prot8j'mi) n. [Gk. protos,
first
gyne, woman.] Condition of
hermaphrodite plants and animals
in which female elements mature
and are spent before maturation of
male elements (biol.}.
protokaryon (pro'tokar'lon) n. [Gk.
;

protos, first ; karyon, nut.]

simple
or primitive nucleus consisting of

a mass of chromatin suspended

nuclear

sap,

Amoebae

as

in

small

in

limax

(cyt.}.

protoloph (pro'toldf)

n.

[Gk. protos

The anterior
lophos, crest.]
transverse crest of upper jaw molars

first

(anat.}.

protomala
protos,

first

(pro'tb'ma'la)
;

n.

[Gk.

L. mala, cheek.]

myriapod mandible

(zool.}.

PROprotomerite

(pr6t6m'6rit) n.
[Gk.
meros, part.] The anprotos, first
terior part of the medullary protoplasm of adult Gregarines
cf.
;

deutomerite (zool.}.
protomonostelic
(pro'to mon'ostel'ik)
a.
\Gk. protos, first monos, alone
stele, column.]
Appl. a stem or
root with a protostele or central
;

cylinder

(pro'tone'ma) n.
[Gk.
;
nema, thread.] The
germination structure of Mosses,
from which the moss plant buds
first

(hot.}.

protonematoid
[Gk. protos,
form.]

eidos,

(pro'tonem atoid) a.
nema, thread
Like a protonema

first

protos,

protonephridial (pro'tonefrid'ial) a.
[Gk. protos, first nephros, kidney.]
Appl. the excretory water-vascular
system of Flat-worms (zool.}.
protopepsia (pro'to pep'sia) n.
[Gk.
pepsis, a digesting.]
protos, first
Solution and alteration of foodmaterial accomplished in the di;

[Gk.
(pro'toflo'em) n.
first ;
phloios, tree-bark.]

protophloem

phloem elements of a

first

vascular bundle

protophyte
first

; phyton, plant.]
vegetable organism
plant (bot.}.

protoplasm
protos,

substance

[Gk. protos,

or

unicellular

primitive

[Gk.
Cell

cytoplasm and karyo-

wheel.]

pre-oral

(biol.}.

prototype

(pro'totip) n.

[Gk. protos,

An

model]

typos,

original

an anform (biol.}.
protovertebrae (pro'to veVtSbre) n. plu.
type species or example

cestral

first

[Gk. protos,

vertebra.]

L. vertebra, a
of primitive

series

segments in a vertebrate embryo,

once thought to be the beginnings
of vertebrae (emb.}.
n.
[Gk.
xylon, wood.] Primary
xylem lying next the pith of stems

protos,

first

(pro'tb'zl'lem)

(bot.}.

n. [Gk. protos,
A stage in
zoon, animal.]
the life-history of certain Arthropods
the
free -swimming
succeeding
first

nauplius

(pro'toplazm) n.
plasma, form.]

first

trochos,

circlet of cilia of a trochosphere or

trochelminth larva (zool.}.
prototrophic (pro'totrof'ik) a. [Gk.
protos, first ; trophe, nourishment.]
Nourished from one supply or in
one manner only
appl. bacteria

protozoaea (pro'tozo'ea)

(dot.").

(pro'tofit) n.

A skeletal

theke, box.]

protoxylem

gestive tract (phys.}.

protos,

first

cup-shaped plate at the aboral end

of a coral embryo, the first skeletal
formation (zool.}.
prototroch (pro'totrok) n. [Gk. protos,

first

(bot.}.

The

bundle or central cylinder of vascular tissue of most roots and some

stems (hot.}.
prototheca (pro'tothe'ka) n.
[Gk.

first

(bot.}.

protonema
protos,

PRO-

260

(zool.}.

protozoology
protos, first
discourse.]

(pro'tozool'ojl) n.
;

zoon,

The

[Gk.

animal
logos,
department of
;

plasm (cyt.}.
protoplasmic (pro'toplaz'mik) a. [Gk.
plasma, form.] Pert.
protos, first
or consisting of protoplasm (biol.}.

Zoology dealing with the simplest

animal organisms.
protozoon (pro'tozo'on) n. [Gk.protos,

protoplast (pro'toplast) n. \Gk.protos,

An energid ;
first plastos, formed.]
a living uninucleate primitive pro-

animal organism (zool.}.

protractor (protrak'tor) n.

toplasmic unit (biol.}.

protopodite (protop'odit)
;

zoon, animal.]

forth

tractus,

drawn

unicellular
[L. pro,
out.]

muscle which draws out or extends

n.

[Gk.

The
first
pous, foot.]
basal segment of a typical crustacean limb (zool.}.
protospore (pro'tospor) n. [Gk. protos,
A spore of
first
sporos, seed.]
a myceliumthe first generation
producing spore (hot.}.
protostele (pro'tostel) n. [Gk. protos,
first ; stele, column.] The concentric
protos,

first

a part (anat.}.
protriaene (pro'trlen) n.
[Gk. pro,
before ; triaina, trident.] A triaene
with anteriorly-directed branches
(zool.}.

proventriculus
[L. pro, before

(pro'ventrik'ulus)

n.

;
ventriculus, a small
In Insects, the digestive
chamber anterior to the stomach ;
in Worms, that anterior to the

stomach.]

PROgizzard

stomach

provinculum (proving'kulum)

n.

conditions

dichoptic,

mus, next.]
centre

pseudoalveolar (su'doalve'olar, psu-)

opp. distal (biol.).

pruinose (proo'inos) a. [L. pruina,
Covered with whitish
hoar-frost.]
covered by
particles or globules
;

bloom

(solte'rium,

sal-)

n.

[L.

The third
psalterium, a psalter.]
stomach of Ruminants, the omasus,
or manyplies (zool.) ; the lyra, a
lamina joining
thin
triangular
fornix
of
the
lateral
portions
(anat.).

psammophilous

(samof'ilus, psam-) a.
\G\a.psammos, sand \philos, loving.]
Thriving in sandy places (dot.).
psamxnophyte (sam'oflt, psam-) n.

sand ;phyton, plant.]

growing in dry, sandy

{Gk.. psammos,

plant

a.

[Gk. pseudes, false

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L.

A term for
ambulare, to walk.]
the lancet-plate, with adhering sideplates and covering plates of Blastoidea (zool.).
n.

pseudannual

(sudan'ual, psu-) n. [Gk.

pseudes, false ; L. annus, year.]
plant which completes its growth
in one year but provides a bulb or
other means of surviving winter

(bot.).

pseudaposematic

(sudap'6s6mat'ik,
apo,
[Gk. pseudes, false
;

from sema, sign.] Imitating the

warning coloration or other protective features of hurtful animals
;

psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; L.
Thriving in moist
aqua, water.]

ground (bot.).
pseudobrachium (sii'dobra'kmm,

pseudaxis

(sudak'sis, psu-) n.
[Gk.
An
pseudes, false ; axis, axle.]
axis
main
(bot.).
apparent
pseudhaemal (sudhe'mal, psu-) a.
[Gk. pseudes, false ; Jiaima, blood.]
Appl. the vascular system of cer-

Echinoderms

and

pseud obranchia (su'dobrang'kla, psu-)

brangchia,
[Gk. pseudes, false
An accessory gill of some
Fishes, not respiratory in function

n.

gills.]

(zool.).

n.
[Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. bulbus, bulb.]
thickened internode of Orchids for
storage of water and reserves (bot.).

pseudobulbll

psu-)

(su'dobul'bil,

n.

[Gk. pseudes, false L. bulbus, bulb.]

An outgrowth of some Ferns, a
;

substitute for sporangia

pseudobulbous

(bot.).

(su'dobul'biis, psu-) a.

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. bulbus, bulb.]

Adapted to xerophytic conditions
through development of pseudobulbs (bot.).
n.
[Gk.
karpos, fruit.]
pseudes, false
false fruit, or one in which other
parts than the ovary assist in

pseudocarp (su'dokarp, psu-)

;

formation

(bot.).

[Gk. pseudes,

(su'dosfin'triis, psu-) a.

false

L.

centrum,

centre.] Appl. vertebrae composed

of two pairs of arcualia meeting and
forming a suture laterally (Pal.).

pseudochromatln,

prochromatin

(cyt.).

(su'd6k8ngk, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false kongche, shell.]

pseudoconch

(zool.).

pseudholoptic (su'dholop'tik, psu-) a.

holes, whole
[Gk. pseudes, false

optikos,

psu-)

n.
brachion,
[Gk. pseudes, false
The kind of arm formed
arm.]
from elongated pterygials of the
pectoral fin of Pediculates (zool.).

pseudocentrous

(biol.).

Worms

L. al-vetts,

a hollow.]
Appl. a structure of
cytoplasm containing starch grains
or deutoplasm spheres (cyt.).

pseudobulb (su'dobulb, psu-)

(oof.").

pseudambulacrum (su'dambula'krum,

psu-) a.

pseudoaquatic (su'doakwat'lk, -kwot-,

(bot.).

ground

pseudimago (su'dima'go,

[L. proxi-

a.

psalterium

and
holoptic
in the eyes

(zool.).

Nearest the body or

proximal (prok'simal)

tain

between

psu-) n. [Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. imago, image.]
stage between pupa and imago
in the metamorphosis of certain
Insects (zool.).

[L.

pro, before ; vinculum, a chain.]

A primitive hinge of young stages
of certain Lamellibranchia (zool.).

psu-)

mediate
of Diptera

(zool.).

PSE-

261
Birds, the glandular
anterior to the gizzard

in

relating

to

sight.]

Inter-

structure developed above and

behind the true concha in Crocodiles
(zool.).

PSEpseudocoue (su'dokon, psu-)

n.
[Gk.
konos, cone.]
pseudes, false
soft gelatinous cone occurring in

numbers

some

in

insect

eyes

pseudoconjugation

(su'dokonj ooga'shun, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false

L. cum, with jugum, yoke.] Conjugation of Sporozoa in which two
individuals, temporarily and without
true fusion, join end to end, protomerite to deutomerite, or side to
;

side

(sool.).

pseudocostate (su'dokos'tat, psu-)

a.

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. costa, rib.]

False-veined ; having a marginal
vein uniting all others (bot.).

pseudocyst

(su'dosist, psu-) n.
[Gk.
pseudes, false ; kystis, bladder.] A
residual protoplasmic mass which
swells and ruptures, liberating spores
of Sporozoa (zool.).

pseudodeltidium

(su'dodeltid'ium,

[Gk. pseudes, false delta,

A plate partly or entirely
D.]
the
deltidial fissure in the
closing
ventral valve of certain Testicardines (zool.).
psu-) n.

pseudoderm (su'doderm,

psu-) n.

[Gk.
pseudes, false ; derma, skin.]
kind of covering or skin of certain
compact sponges, formed also
towards the pseudogastric cavity

pseudomanubrium(su'd6manu'brium,
n.

psu-)

[Gk. pseudes, false

pseudodont (su'dodont,

psu-) a.

pseudes, false odous, tooth.]

ing false or horny teeth, as
;

tremes (zool.).
pseudofoliaceous

[Gk.

HavMono-

(su'dofolla'shus,

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L.

With expansions
resembling leaves (bot.).
leaf.]

(su'dogas'tgr,

psu-)

n.

[Gk. pseudes, false gaster, stomach.]

An apparent gastral cavity of
certain Sponges, opening to the
exterior by a pseudoosculum and
having the true oscula opening into
;

itself (zool.).

pseudogastrula (su'dogas'troola, psu-)

n.

false ; gaster,
[Gk. pseudes,
The stage of Sycon
stomach.]
when
the
development
archaeocytes
become completely enclosed by the

flagellate cells (zool.).

the axial
pseudoheart,

Echinoderms

L.

contains the gastric cavity

certain Trachylinae (zool.).

in

pseudometamerism
erlzm, psu-) n.

meta, between
parent serial

(su'dometam'[Gk. pseudes, false

meros, part.] Ap-

an
segmentation
approximation to metamerism, as in
certain Flat-worms (zool.).
pseudomonocotyledonous(su'd6mon';

okotile'db'nus, psu-) a.
false ; monos, alone

[Gk. pseudes,
kotyledon, a
cotyledons coalescing to appear as one
;

With two

cup-like hollow.]
(bot.).

pseudomonocyclic
alone

(su'domon'b'sik'lik,

\Gk.pseudes, false

psu-) a.

monos,

kyklos, circle.] Appl. Crinoids with

infrabasals absent in
adults but present in the young or
;

in near ancestors (zool.\

pseudonavicella (su'donavisel'a, psu-)

[Gk. pseudes, false L. namcella,

small boat.] A small boat-shaped

n.

containing

spore

sporozoites,

in

Sporozoa (zool.).
pseudonuclein, paranuclein (cyt.).
pseudonucleoli (su'donukle'olT, psu-)
n.

plu.

[Gk.

pseudes,

false

L.

Knots or granules

in nuclear reticulum not true nucleoli

(cyt.).

pseudonychium

(su'donik'ium, psu-)
[Gk. pseudes, false ; onyx, claw.]
lobe or process between claws
of Insects (zool.).

n.

psu-) a.

pseudogaster

manubrium, handle.] The manubrium considered as a process of

the subumbrella where the former

nucleus, kernel.]

(zool.).

folium,

PSE-

262

(zool.).

organ

of

pseudoosculum (su'doos'kulum,

psu-)

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. osculum,

small mouth.] The exterior opening
of a pseudogaster (zool.).
n.

pseudoparenchyma

(su'dopareng'-

kima, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false

para, beside
engchyma, infusion.]
A tissue-like collection of hyphae

resembling parenchyma (bot.).

pseudoperculum
(su'doper'kulum,
psu-) n.

culum,

[Gk. pseudes, false L. operA structure resembling

;

lid.]

an operculum or closing membrane

(zool.).

pseudoperlanth (su'do'peVianth, psu-)

n.
[Gk. pseudes, false peri, round ;
anthos, flower.] An archegonium;

PSE-

investing envelope of certain Liverworts (bot.).

pseudoperidium (su'dope'rld'ium, psu-)

[Gk. pseudes, false
peridion,
small wallet.] The aeciospore encertain
of
velope
Fungi (hot.).

n.

pseudoplasmodium

(su'ddplazmo'-

dlum, psu-) n. [Gk. pseudes, false

plasma, form.] An aggregation of
amoebulae without fusion of their
protoplasmic bodies (zool}.
pseudopodiospore
(sudopo'diospor,
psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false pous,
;

foot

An amoebula

sporos, seed.]

amoeboid swarm-spore which

moves by means of pseudopodia

or

pseudopodium (su'dopS'dlum,
[Gk. pseudes, false

psu-) n.

pous, foot.]
blunt protrusion of ectoplasm serving for locomotion and prehension
in
Protozoa (zool.) ;
in
certain
Mosses, the sporogonium-supporting
pedicel

pseudes, false

n.

[Gk.
poros, channel.]

small orifice between outermost

tube and intercanal system of certain

Sponges (zool.).
pseudopupa (su'dopu'pS,
false

L.

psu-) n.

[Gk.

pupa, puppet.]

The semi-pupa

or coarctate stage
of certain insect larvae (zool.).

pseudoramose

(su'dora'mos, psu-) a.
L. ramus,
false
[Gk. pseudes,
Having false branches
branch.]
;

false

L.

Apparently,
morphologically, septate
pseudosessile (su'dosSs'il,

septum,
but not
(bot.).'

a.

psu-)

[Gk. pseudes, false L. sedere, to sit.]

Appl. the abdomen of petiolate
Insects when the petiole is so short
that the abdomen is close to the
thorax ; cf. pedicellate (zool.).
;

pseudosperm (su'ddspgrm,

psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes, false
sperma, seed.]
A false seed or carpel (bot.).
;

pseudospore (su'dospor, psu-)

n.
[Gk.
A
pseudes, false ; sporos, seed.]
teliospore or winter-spore of certain

Rusts

(bot.).

(su'dosto'ma,

[Gk. pseudes, false

temporary mouth

opening

psu-)

n.

stoma, mouth.]
a mouth-like

a pseudoosculum

(zool.).

pseudovarium

(su'dova'rlum, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudes^ false ; L. ovarium,
An
ovary producing pseuovary.]

dova

(bot.).

pseudopore (su'dopor, psu-)

pseudes,

pseudes,

S3k.
ivision.]

pseudostoma

(zool.).

(zool.).

pseudovitellus (su'ddvttgl'us, psu-) n.

[Gk. Pseudes) false L. -vitellus, egg;

yolk.]

cellular

structure of Aphidae,
substitute for absent

tubes

double-string
a supposed

Malpighian

(zool.).

pseudovum

n.
[Gk.
pseudes, false ; L. ovum, egg.] An
ovum that can develop without

(sudo'vum, psu-)

fertilization

ovum

parthenogenetic

the earlier condition of the

viviparously

produced

Aphidae

(zool.).

(dot.}.

pseudoramulus (su'dor&m'ulus, psu-) n.

[Gk. pseudes, false ; L. ramulus,
small branch.]
spurious branch
of certain Algae (bot.}.
the preliminary
pseudo-reduction,
division of chromatin-rods preceding the formation of tetrads and
the actual reduction in maturation

pseudozoaea

(su'dozo'eS, psu-) n. [Gk.

pseudes, false ; zoon, animal.]
larval stage of Stomatopods, so-

(su'dor&b'dlts, psu-)
[Gk. pseudes, false ; rhabdos,

Granular masses of formed

rod.]
secretion produced by gland-cells
of Rhabdocoelida (zool.).
pseudoscolex (su'dosk5'16ks, psu-) n.
[Gk. pseudss, false ; skolex, worm.]
Modified anterior proglottides of
certain Cestoids where the true
scolex is absent (zool.).
pseudoseptate (su'dosSp'tat, psu-) a.

called from its resemblance to the

zoaea stage of Decapods (zool.).
psoas (so'as, pso-) n.
[Gk. psoa,
Name of two loin muscles
loins.]
(anati).

psorosperms

(cyt.).

pseudorhabdltes
n.plu.

FFE-

263

plu.

(so'rpspSrmz,

\Gk.psora, itch

Sporozoa
generally

parasitic

pso-)

n.

sperma, seed.]

organisms

(biol.).

(teYldSl'bjf, pteY-) n.
pteris, fern ; logos, discourse.]

pteridology

[Gk.

The

branch of Botany dealing with ferns.

pteridophyte (teYldoflt, pt6r-) n.
phyton, plant.]
[Gk. pteris, fern
A plant of the fern group (bot.).
pterion (teVl6n, ptfir-) n. [Gk. pteron,
The point of junction of.
wing.]
;

PTE-

264

parietal, frontal, and great wing of

sphenoid (anat.).
pterocarpous (ter'okar'pus, pter-) a.
[Gk. pteron, wing
karpos, fruit.]
With winged fruit (bot.}.
;

pteroid
fern
fern

(ter'oid, pter-) a.

[Gk. pteris,
resemblance.] Like a

eidos,

(bot.}.

pteropaedes (teYope'dez, pt6r-)

[Gk. pteron, wing
pats,
;

Birds

able

hatched

to

when

fly

child.]

newly

(sool.).

pteropegum (teYope'gum,
insect's

pter-)

n.

wing
pegos, firm.]
wing socket (zool.).

[Gk. pteron,

An

n. plu.

pteropodium (teYopo'dium, pt6r-) n.

[Gk. pteron, wing pous, foot.] A
winged foot, as of certain bats (zool.).
pterospermous (ter'osper'mus, pter-)
a.
[Gk. pteron, wing
sperma,
seed.] With winged seeds (bot.}.
pterostigma (ter'ostig'ma, ptSr-) n.
stigma, mark.]
[Gk. pteron, wing
An opaque cell on certain insect
;

wings (zool.).
pterotheca (teYothe'ka, pt6r-) n.
theke, a case.]
pteron, wing
wing-case of pupae (zool.).
;

pterotic

(tfirot'ik, pter-) n.

[Gk.

The

ous,

ear.]

canal of the ear (zool.).

pterygial (terij'ial, pt6r-) a.
[Gk.
pteryx, wing.] Pert, a wing or fin
a
bone
a
appl.
supporting
fin-ray

(zool.}.

pterygiophore (tSrij'ipfor, ptSr-) n.

pteryx, wing pherein, to bear.]
gik.
ne of a row of cartilaginous rays
forming the skeleton of median
;

fins (zool.}.

pterygium

n.
[Gk.
prothoracic proa vertebrate limb

(terlj'ium, pt6r-)

pteryx, wing.]
cess of weevils

(zool}.

pterygobranchiate (teVigdbrang'kiat,
a.
pter-)
[Gk. pteryx,
wing

brangchia, gills.]
ing or feathery

Crustaceans

pterygoda

as

certain

(zool.).

(teYfgp'da,

[Gk. pteryx,
blance.]

Having spreadgills,

The

wing

ptfir-)

n.

plu.

resem-

eidos,

tegulae of an Insect

(zool}.

pterygoid

(tgr'igoid,

n.

[Gk.
form.]
a. wing-like ;

ptSr-)

pteryx, wing ; eidos,

cranial bone (zool.) ;

tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal muscle (anat.).

pterygomaxillary (ter'igomaksirari,
L.
pter-) a.
[Gk. pteryx, wing
;

maxilla, jaw.]
Appl. a fissure
formed by divergence of the maxilla
from the pterygoid process of the
sphenoid (anat.).

pterygopalatal, pterygopalatine.
pterygopalatine (ter'igb'pal'atin, pter-)
a.
L. palatus,
[Gk. pteryx, wing
Pert, the region of pterypalate.]
goid and palatal cranial bones ;
;

appl. canal, fossa, groove (anat.).

(ter'igokwod'rat,
ptgr-) a.
[Gk. pteryx, wing ; L.

pterygoquadrate

quadratus, squared.] Appl. a cartilage constituting the dorsal half of

the mandibular arch of certain
Fishes (zool.).

pterygospinous

\Gk.pteron,

cranial bone
overlying the horizontal semicircular

wing

appl. the wing-like processes of the

sphenoid, also canal, fissure, fossa,
plexus, muscles (anat.).
pterygomandibular (ter'igomandib'ular, pter-) a.
[Gk. pteryx, wing ;
L. mandibulum, jaw.] Pert, pteryand mandible ;
a
goid
appl.

(tSr'igospl'nus, pter-)

L. spina,
[Gk. pteryx, wing
Appl. a ligament stretching
from lateral pterygoid plate to
spinous process of sphenoid (anat.).
Pterylae (ter'ile, pter-) n. plu. [Gk.
pteron, feather yle, a wood.] The
feather tracts of a bird's body, or
the areas on which feathers spring,
as distinguished from
the unfeathered areas or apteria (zool.).
pterylosis (terilo'sis, ptgr-) n. [Gk.
pteron, feather ; yle, a wood.] Arrangement of pterylae and apteria
in Birds (zool.).
a.

spine.]

ptilinum

(tili'num,.ptil-). [Gk.ptilon,
head- vesicle or bladderfeather.]
like expansion of the head of a

fly

for

emerging from the pupa, useful

rupturing the hard covering,

when

introverted

mature

the

insect

is

found in about one-half of

the Diptera (zool.).
ptyalin (tl'alin, ptl-) n. [Gk. ptyalon,
A digestive ferment of
saliva.]
;

saliva (phys.).

ptyxis (tik'sis,
a folding.]

ptik-) n.

[Gk. ptyxis,

The form

in

which

young leaves are folded or rolled

on themselves in the bud (bot.).

PUBpuberty

(pu'beYtif)
[L. pubertas,
adult state.] Sexual maturity (phys.).
[L. pubes,
down or
fine hair (dot.).

puberulent (puber'ul6nt) a.
Covered with
adult.]

pubes

n.
[L. pubes, adult.]
region (anat.).

(pu'bez)

The pubic
pubescence

n.

(pu'be's'e'ns)

[L.

pu-

become mature.] Downy

or hairy covering on some plants

bescere, to

and

certain insects

pubescent
to

PUP-

265
n.

(pube's'e'nt) a. [L. pubescere,

soft hair or

down

vacuole,

Covered with

n.

[L. pulsus, beaten.]

The beat or throb observable in the
due
to
the action of the
arteries,

heart (phys.).

pulse wave, a wave of increased

pressure over the arterial system,
started

by the ventricular

systole

(Phys.).
n.

[L. pulsus,
situated at

flagellum
beaten.]
the posterior end of a protozoan

body

(dot.').

pubic (pu'blk)

contractile

vacuole.

pulsellum (pulseTum)

(biol.).

become mature.]

pulsating

pulse (puls)

(zool.}.

a.
[L. pubes, mature.]
In the region of the pubes ; appl.
vein
arch,
tubercle,
ligament,

pulvillar (pulvil'ar) a. [L. pulvillus,

a little cushion.]
Pert, or at a
pulvillus of an Insect (zool.}.

(a nat.).

pulvilliforni

pubis

(pu'bls) n.

[L. pubes, mature.]

The

anterior part of the hip-bone,

of body and ramus
consisting
the antero-ventral portion
(anat.)
of the pelvic girdle (zool.).
;

pudendal (pudSn'dal)
to

a.
[L. pudere,
In the region of

be ashamed.]

the pudendum
appl. artery, cleft,
nerve, veins (anat.).
pudendum (pudSn'dum) n. {L.pudere,
to be ashamed.]
The vulva, or
externals of the female organs of
;

generation (anat.).
pudic, pudendal.
pullulation
(pul'ula'shun)

n.

[L.

pullulare, to sprout.] Gemmation

reproduction by vegetative budding,
as in yeast cells (oof.).

pulmobranchia (puTmobrang'kia) n.
Gk. brangchia,
[L. pulmo, lung
;

gills.]

A gill-like

organ adapted

to

a lung
air-breathing conditions
book, as of Spiders (zool.}.
pulmogastric (pul'mogas'trik) a. [L.
pulmo, lung ; gaster, stomach.]
Pert, lungs and stomach (anat.}.
pulmonary (pul'monari) a. {L. pulmo,
Pert, lungs ; appl. artery,
lung.]
veins,
ligament,
valves,
pleura
;

(anat.}.

the mantlecavity of Molluscs without ctenidia

it functions as a lung (zool.}.

pulmonary cavity or sac,

pulmones (pulmo'nez)
pulmo, lung.] Lungs
pulp (pulp)

n.

plu.

[L.

(anat.}.

n.
[L. pulpa, fruit-pulp.]
The dental papilla the soft mass
of splenic tissue (zool.} ; the soft,
fleshy part of a fruit (bot.}.
;

(pulvil'if&rm) a.
[L.
pulvillus, a small cushion ; fortna,
shape.] Like a small cushion.
pulvillus (pulvil'us) n. [L. pulvillus,
small cushion.]
free pad or

membrane

under

each claw of
Diptera (zool.).
n.
pulvinar (pulvr'nar)
[L. pulyinus,
cushion.] An angular prominence
on the optic thalamus (anat.) a.
cushion-like pert, a pulvinus (bot.).
pulvinate (pul'vinat) a. [L. pulvinus,
cushion.] Cushion-like
having a
pulvinus (biol.).
pulvinulus (pulvin'ulus) n. [L. pul;

vinus, cushion.]

pulvillus.

pulvinus (pulvr'nus)

n.
[L. pulvinus,
cellular swelling at
cushion.]
the junction of axis and leaf-stalk

(bot.).

pulviplume (pul'viploom) n.
[L.
pulvis, powder
pluma, feather.]
A powder-down feather (zool.).
;

punctate (pung'ktat) a. [L.punctum,

point] Dotted having the surface
covered with small holes or dots
;

(biol.).

punctulate
Punctum,

(pung'ktulat)

a.

Covered

[L.

with
very small dots or holes (biol.).
n.
punctum (pung'ktum)
[L. punctuw,
point.]

minute dot, point, or

as puncta lacrimalia, puncta
vasculosa (anat.) ; the apex of a
point.]
orifice

growing point (bot.).

puncture (pungTctur) n. [L.functura,
A small round surface
prick.]
depression

(btol.).

pupa (pu'pa) n.
The third or

[L. pupa, puppet.]

chrysalis stage of

PUPinsect

life

the

stage

in

insect

metamorphosis preceding the imago

or adult

(zoal.).
(pu'pal) a.

pupal

Pert, the

[L.

pupa, puppet.]

pupa stage

puparium (pupa'rium)

(zool.).

n.

[L.

pupa,

coarctate pupa ; the

puppet.]
pupal instar, exemplified in the
blow-fly (zool.).
pupiform (pu'p!f6rm) a.
[L. pupa,
puppet
Pupaforma, shape.]
shaped pupa-like.

slender

pycnoconidium,
pycnospore,
spore (bot.).

pupillary

(pupil'ari, pu'pilar!) a.

pupilla, pupil of the eye.]

the pupil of the eye ; appl. a

[L.

Pert.

mem-

brane (anat.).
pupiparous (pupip'arus) a. [L. pupa,
puppet parere, to beget.] Bringing forth young already developed
to the pupa stage, as certain para;

Insects

(zool.).

Purkinje, cells of, an incomplete

stratum of flask - shaped cells
between the two layers of the grey
matter of the cerebellum (anat.).
pustule (piis'tul) n.
[L. pustula,
pimple.]

blister-like

prominence

pycnogonidium,

(pi'gal) a.
\G\a.pyge, the rump.]
Situated at or pert, the posterior

plates of

(pu'pil) n.
[L. pupilla, the
pupil of the eye.] The aperture of
the iris through which rays pass to
the retina (anat.).

by
life-

pygal

pupil

form

varieties of pycnidio-

end of the back

which

filaments

pycnidiospores or spermatia
a stage in the
abstriction,
history of wheat rust (bot.).
pycnium, a pycnidium.

pupigerous (pupij'firus) a. {L.. pupa,

Conpuppet
bear?)
gerere, to
taining a pupa (zool.).

sitic

PYR-

266

certain

appl.

the chelonian

carapace

(zool.).

pygidium

n.
[Gk. pyge,
caudal shield covering
the abdomen of certain Arthropods
the terminal uncovered abdominal
segment of a beetle (zool.).

rump.]

(pljld'ium)

pygochord (pl'gokdrd)

n.

[Gk. pyge,

ventral
chorde, cord.]
ridge-like outgrowth of the
intestinal
epithelium in certain

rump

median

Enteropneusta (zool.).
pygostyle (pl'gostll) n.

[Gk. pyge,
An upstylos,
column.]
turned compressed bone at the end
of the vertebral column of Birds,

rump

formed by fusion of the four or

more hindmost vertebrae (zool.).
pylocyte

n.

[Gk. pylon,
A poreinner end of a small
funnel-shaped depression, the porocyte of certain Sponges (zool.).
(pl'loslt)

gateway

kytos, hollow.]

cell at the

lome
pylome
r

(bot.).

pusules

n.

plu.
[L. pus,
Non-contractile vacuoles
matter.]
consisting of two sacs containing
(pus'ulz)

each emptying by its

duct, found in many Dino-

watery

own

fluid,

flagellates_ (zool.).

putamen

(puta'mfin) n.

[L.

putamen,

The hard endocarp

or stone
the lateral
(bot.)
part of the lentiform nucleus of the
cerebrum (anat.)
the shell membrane of a bird's egg (zool.).

pod.]

of

some

fruits

pycnidiophore (piknid'iofor) n. [Gk.

pyknos, dense pherein, to bear.]
A conidiophore producing pycnidia
;

(bot.).

podia and reception of food (zool.).

pyloric (pilorTk) a.
[Gk. pyloros,
gate-keeper.] Pert, or in the region
of the pylorus ; appl. artery, antrum,
glands, orifice, valve, vein (anat.).
pylorus (pilo'rus) n.
[Gk. pyloros,
gate-keeper.] The lower orifice of
the stomach, communicating with
the duodenum (anat.).

pyramid

(pir'amid) n.
[L. Pyramis,
A conical structure,
a pyramid.]
a piece
protuberance, eminence
of the dental apparatus of Echinoids
of
tembrain,
(zool.)
parts
appl.
poral bone, vestibule (anat.).
;

pycnidiospore (plkmd'iospor) n. [Gk.

pyknos, dense sporos, seed.] The
spore produced by pycnidia (bot.).
;

pycnidium

'loma,
(pllom') n.
[Gk. pylc
In certain Sarcodina,
of
for
emission
aperture
pseudo-

gate.]

n.
(plknid'ium)
[Gk.
small flask-shaped
pyknos, dense.]
or
organ
spermogoniurn containing

pyramidal (piram'idal) a. {L.pyranris,

a pyramid.] Conical like a pyramid
;

appl. a carpal bone, brain cells,

lobes, processes, muscle (anat.).

pyrene

n.
(pfren, plren')

[Gk. pyren^

PYR-

267

a fruit-stone.]
kernel (dot.).

pyrenin
a.

fruit-stone

;/.

[Gk. pyren,
substance of a

The

true nucleolus, paranuclein (cyt.).

pyrenocarp (plre'nokarp)
[Gk.
pyren, a fruit-stone karpos, fruit.]
form of ascocarp a fleshy fruit
with stone or hard kernel (hot.).
.

pyrenoid (pfrgnoid) n.
[Gk. pyren,
a fruit-stone
A
eidos, form.]
;

colourless plastid of lower plants,

a centre of starch formation (hot.}.

pyriform (pfriform) a. [L. pyruin,

pear forma, shape.] Pear-shaped
appl. a muscle (anat.), an organ of
a larval Mollusc, and a vestigial
sac of a male Nautilus (zool.).
;

pyxidium

[Gk. pyxis,
(piksld'ium) n.
pyxis, or capsular fruit

box.]

QUI-

quadrifoliate (kwSd'rifo'llat)
quattuor, four folium, leaf.]
;

(plre'nln)

fruit-stone.]

or

which dehisces transversely

compound palmate

[L.

Appl.

quadrigeminal bodies (k\v6d'r!j6m'See corpora quadrigemlna.

Tnal).
quadrljugate (kwfid'rljoo'gat) a. [L.
quattuor, four; jugum, yoke.] Appl.
pinnate leaf having four pairs of
leaflets (hot.).

quadrllocular (kw8d'rll8k'ular)

a.

[L.

quattuor, four loculus, small space.]

Having four loculi or chambers, as
the ovary of certain plants (bot.}.
;

quadrimaculate (kwSd'rlmak'ulat)

a.

four ; macula, spot.]

Having four spots (zool.\
quadrinate (kwod'rinat) a. [L. quatSee quadrlfoliate.
tuor, four.]
[L. quattuor,

quadripennate

(hot.}.

a.

consisting
of four leaflets arising at a common
point (bot.').
leaf,

(kwod'ripe'n'at) a.

|X.

quattuor, four \penna, wing.] With

four wings.
quadritubercular (kwSd'rltubgrTcular)
a.
[L. quattuor, four ; fuberculum,
a small hump.] Appl. teeth with
four tubercles (anat.}.

quadrate (kwod'rat) n. [L. quadratus,

squared.] The bone with which the
lower jaw articulates in Birds,
Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes
one of the lobes of the liver (anat.).
quadratojugal (kwSdra'tqjoo'gal) n.
squared
jugum,
[L. quadratus,
Membranous bone conyoke.]
necting the quadrate and jugal
bones (anat.).
quadrato - mandibular
(kwodra'to;

mandib'ular)

a.

quadratus,

[L.

Pert.

squared mandibulum, jaw.]

quadrate and mandibular.
;

quadratus (kwodra'tus)
ratus,

squared.]
several muscles,
femoris (anat.).

n.

The

[L.

quad-

name

of

n.

[L. quat-

Muscle
tuor, four ; caput, head.]
in front of the thigh extending the
lower leg and divided up into four
portions at its upper end (anat.).
quadrifarlous (kwSdrlfa'rius) a. [L.
fourfold.]

In four
the sides

rows ; proceeding from all

of a branch (bot.).
quadrlfld (kwfid'rlfld) a. [L. quattuor,
four

findere,

to

feet,

constructed

like

hands,

as

most Primates except man (anat.).

quadrupedal (kw6d'roope'dal, kw6droop'edal) a.

[L.

quattuor, four

Appl. the habitual attitude of four-footed animals (anat.).

quaternary (kwSteYnarl) a. [L.
quatemi, four each.] Appl. flower
pes, foot.]

symmetry when there are four parts

in a whorl (dot.).
(kw5teVnat) a.
[L.
quatemi, four each.] Appl. leaves
growing in fours from one point
(bot.).

the reproductive female in

colonies of social Hymenoptera.

queen,

quadriceps (kwSd'rlse'ps)

quadrifarius,

a.

[L. quattuor, four ; manus, hand.]

Having hind-feet, as well as front

quaternate

quadratus

e.g.

quadrumanous (kwodroom'anus)

cleave.]

cleft into four parts (bot.).

Deeply

quill (kwll) n.

The calamus
quill feathers,

[M.E.

wings (remiges) and

of a Bird.

quinary

quille, feather.]

of a feather (z/tol.).
the feathers of the

(kwl'narl) a.

tail (rectrices)

[L. quini, five

each.] Appl. flower symmetry when

there are five parts in a whorl (bot.).
quinate (kwl'nat) a. [L. quini, five
each.] Appl. five leaflets growing
from one point (bot.).

quincuncial

(kwlnkun'shal) a.
[L.
quinque, five ; uncia, twelfth part.]
Arranged in quincunx.
quincunx (kwin'kungks) n. [L. quinfive

que,

twelfth

uncia,

part.]

Arrangement of five petals or

leaves, of which two are exterior,
two interior, and the fifth partly
exterior, partly interior

(dot.).

quinquecostate (kwm'kwekos'tat)
[L. quinque, five

cos fa, rib.]

a.

Having

five ribs on the leaf (oof.).

qulnquefarious (kwin'kwefa'rius)
(oof.).

quinquefid (kwm'kwe'fid)

a.
[L. quinCut
que, five ; findere, to cleave.]
into five parts as far as the middle

(dot.)

glands with

appl.

suggests a raceme (anat.).

racemule (ras'&nul) n.
[L. racemA small
ulus, a small bunch.]

raceme (dot.).
racemulose (rasem'ulos)
ulus, a
clusters

small

[L. racem-

a.

In

bunch.]

small

(dot.).

rachial (ra'kial)

a.

[Gk. rhachis, spine.]

Pert, a rachis.
a.
[Gk. rhachis,
Pert, a r chis.
rachlform (ra'kifor n ) a. [Gk. rhachis,
spine ; L. forma, shape.] In the
form of a rachis.

spine.]

rachilla

n.
[Gk. rhachis,
small rachis (dot.).

(rakil'a)

spine.]

rachiodont

(oof.)

quinquefoliated (kwin'kwef 6'llated) a.

[L. quinque, five
folium, leaf.]
;

With

five leaves (oof.).

quinquepartite

(kwin'kwgpar'tlt)

quittque,

[L.

clusters

many branches whose shape

rachidial (rakid'ial)
a.

In five directions

[L. quinque, five.]

or parts

RAD-

268

QUI-

five

pars,

a.

part.]

Divided into five parts.

quinquetubercular (kwm'kwetuber'[L. quinque, five

kular) a.

tuber-

culum, a small hump.] Appl. molar

teeth with five tubercles (anat.).

a.
(rak'iodont')
rhachis, spine odous, tooth.]

[Gk.
Appl.
egg-eating Snakes with much developed hypophyses of the anterior
;

thoracic vertebrae, which function

as teeth (zool.).

rachlostichous (ra'kios'tlkus) a. [Gk.

Havrhachis, spine
stichos, row.]
ing a succession of somactids as
;

the axis of the

Dipnoans
rachis

fin

skeleton, as in

(zool.).

(ra'kis) n.

[Gk. rhachis, spine.]

The spinal column (anat.) the stalk
or axis (bot.) ; the shaft of a feather
;

R
race

(ras) n.

(zool.).

rachitomous

[F. race, race, family.]

A permanent variety (oof.)

ticular breed (zool.\
racemation (ras'gma'shun)
racemus, a bunch.]
of grapes (oof.).

a par[L.

cluster, as

(dot.).

racemed

(rase'md) a.
[L. racemus,
a bunch.] Growing in the form of
a raceme (dot.).
racemiferous (rasemif'e'rus) a.
[L.
racemus, a bunch ferre, to carry.]
Bearing racemes (dot.).
;

(rase'mtform)

a.

[L.

racemus, a bunch
forma, shape.]
In the form of a raceme (dot.).
racemose (ras'emos) a. [L. racemus,
;

bunch.]

Bearing

[L. radius, a ray.]

(ra'dial) a.

pert, the ray of

appl. the plates
supporting the oral disc of Crinoids

an Echinoderm
(zool.);

(rasem') n. [L. racemus, a

An inflorescence having
a common axis and stalked flowers
in acropetal
succession, as the

bunch.]

racemiform

radial

Pert, the radius

n.

raceme

hyacinth

(rakit'omus) a.
[Gk.
rhachis, spine.]
Temnospondylous,
which see.

flowers

in

appl.

growing out

leaves

like rays

or

floweis

from a centre

As noun, an endoskeletal

(dot.).

support of fins in Fishes.

radial symmetry* arrangement of
similar parts round a median vertical axis, as in Jellyfish (zool.).
radiale (ra'dia'le) n. [L. radius, a
ray.]

carpal bone in

Mammals

(zool.).

radiate

(ra'diat) a.
[L. radius, a
Radially symmetrical.
ray.]
radiate-veined, veined in a palmate

manner

(dot.).

radiatiform

a.
(ra'diat'iform)
[L.
With
radius, ray ; forma, shape.]
radiating marginal florets (bot.).

RAD-

RAM-

radlcal (rad'ikal) a. [L. radix, foot.]

Arising from the root close to the
ground, as basal leaves (bot.}.

radicant (rad'ikant) a. [L. radicari,

to take root.]
With roots developing from the stem (bot.}.
radicel (rad'isgl) n. [L. radix, root.]
A small root (bot.}.
radiciflorous (radis'iflo'rus) a.
[L.
With
radix, root ; flos, flower.]
flowers arising at the extreme base
of the stem (hot.}.

radiciform (radis'iform)
root forma, shape.]

a.

[L. radix,

Resembling

a root (dot.},
radicivorous (rad'isiv'drus)
root

radix,

to

vorare,

a,

[L.

devour.]

Root-eating (zool.}.
radicle (rad'lkl) n. [L. radix, root.]
A small root (bot.}.
radicolous (radlk'olus) a. [L. radix,
root ; colere, to inhabit.]
Inhabiting roots (biol.).
radicose (rad'ikos)

With

large root

[L. radix, root.]

fibres (phys.}.

a name given to
Rainey's tubes,
elongated sacs found in the substance of voluntary muscle, which
are adult stages of Dolichosporidia,

Sporozoa (phys.}.
raker,

see gill rakers.

ramal

(ra'mal)

a.

[L.

[L. radix, root.]

rootlet.

radiculose (radlk'ulos)

a.

Having many

root.]

[L. radix,
rootlets (bot.}.

radiocarpal (ra'diokar'pal)
radius, ray
carpus, wrist.]

a.

and wrist
radiosymmetrical
radius

[L.

Pert.

ramate

(ra'mat)

ramelose

a.

Branched
(ram'filos)

(ra'diosTmeYrikal)
Gk. syn, with
;
Having similar

[L. radius, ray

inetron, measure.]

parts similarly arranged round a

central axis (biol.}.

radioulnar (ra'dioul'nar) a. [L. radius,

ray ulna, elbow.] Pert, radius and
ulna (zool.}.
radius (ra'dlus) n.
[L. radius, ray.]
;

bone of the arm or fore-limb

between humerus and carpals, often
fused with -the ulna ; one of the
an
plates of Aristotle's lantern
;

insect wing-vein (zool.}.

(rad'iks, ra'dlks) n.
root (bot.}.
root.]

radix

(rad'ula)

n.

[L.

[L. radix,

(rad'ulat) a.

(bot.}.

a.

[L.

ramus,

Having small branches

(bot.}.

ramentaceous (ram'gnta'shus)

tum

a.

[L.

Like a ramen-

covered by ramenta (bot.}.

ramentiferous (ram'Sntlf 6rus) a. [L.
;

radere, to scrape

Bearing ramenta

ferre, to carry.]

(bot.}.

ramentum (ramgn'tum) n.
to scrape.]
One of

[L. radere,

brown
on fern
plu. ramenta, elongthe

leaves

(bot.)

ated membranous hairs, epidermal

outgrowths (bot.}.
rameous (ra'meus) a. [L. ramus, a
branch.] Branched (bot.}.
ramicorn (ram'ikorn) a. [L. ramus,
branch
cornu, horn.]
Having
branched antennae, as some Insects
;

(zool.}.

ramiferous (ramlffirus) a.
branch ferre, to bear.]
;

[L.

ramus,

Branched

(bot.}.

ramification (ram'iflka'shun) n. [L.

ramus, a branch ; facere, to make.]
a branch of a tree,
Branching
;

nerve, artery, etc.

radere,

to

scrape.] A short and broad strip

of membrane with longitudinal rows
of chitinous teeth found in the
mouth of most Gastropods (zool.}.

radulate

ramus, a

[L.

scale-like structures found

(zool.}.

a.

ramus,

branch.] Belonging to branches

originating on a branch (bot.}.

radere, to scrape.]

radicule (rad'ikul)

ferre, to carry.]

radula or flexible file (zool.}.

Rainey's corpuscles, the spores of
Sarcocystis, an elongated Sporozoan found in voluntary muscle

a branch.]

(bot.}.

(bot.}.

radula

radere, to scrape

Radulate (zool.}.
raduliform (radu'lif&rm) a. [L. radere,
to scrape fortna, shape.]
Like a

branch.]
a.

radicular (radik'ular) a. [L. radix,

Pert, a radicule or radicle
root.]

scrape.]
Having a radula or rasping organ (zool.}.
raduliferous (rad'ulif'e'rus) a.
[L.

[L. radere, to

ramiflorous (ram'fflo'rus) a. [L. ramus,

branch
flos,
flower.]
Having
flowers on the branches (bot.}.
ramiform (r&m'Iform) a. [L. ramus,
branch forma, shape.]
Branch;

like.

RAM-

ramigerous (ramfj'e'rus) a. [L. ramus,

branch gerere, to carry.] Bearing
;

branches

(bot.}.

ramiparous (ramip'arus) a.
branch
parere,
ducing branches
;

ramose

(ram'os)

a.

Much branched
ramule

(ram'ul)

small

to

[L.

beget.]

ramus,
Pro-

(hot.).

ramus, branch.]

[L.
n.

[L. ramulus,
small branch

branch.]

rastellus

chelicera (zoo/.).
ratite (rat'it) a.

ramuliferous (ram'ulif'Srus) a.
[L.
ramulus, small branch ferre, to
Bearing small branches
bear.]
;

(A*).

small branch.]

branches

[L. ramulus,

a.

With many small

(bot.}.

ramulous

a.

(ram'ulus)
[L. ramulus,
small branch.] With small branches
(bot.).

ramulus

(ram'ulus), ramuscule
[L. ramus, branch.]

(ramus'kul) n.

A small branch

(dot.}.

ramus

(ra'mus) ., rami (ra'ml) plu.

Any branch[L. ramus, a branch.]
like structure ; part of the chewing
apparatus of Rotifers ; the barbs of
feathers ; the lower jaw or mandible
of Vertebrates (zoo/.).
(ra'nin) a.

Pert, the

[L. rana,

a frog.]

under surface of the tongue

(anat.}.

ranivorous (raniv'orus)

a.

[L. rana,

frog ; -vorare, to devour.] Feeding

on frogs (zoo/.).
Ranvier's nodes,
constrictions or
interruptions of themedullary sheath
of a nerve fibre (phys.}.
(ra'fe) n.
[Gk. rhaphe, a seam.]
seam-like suture, as the junction
line of some fruits (hot.'] the perineal

raphe

line (anat.).

raphides (raf Idez) n.plu. [Gk. rhaphis,

a needle.] Minute crystals found

scratch.]

[L.

ratis,

carinate (zoo/.).
rattle (rat'l) n.

[M.E.

raft.]
;

opp.

ratelen,

to

The sound-producing series

of horny joints at the

rattlesnake's tail (zoo/.).

end of a

a ray.] One
of the bony spines supporting fins
a division of a radiate animal, as
an arm of an Asteroid (zoo/.).
reaction time, the time required between stimulus and response (phys.).
(ra) n.

[L. radius,

read (red), the abomasum or fourth

stomach of ruminants (zoo/.).
reagent (rea'jent) n. [L. re, again

agere,

to

One who

do.]

acts in

response to a given stimulus (phys.}.

recapitulation theory, the theory
that ontogeny tends to recapitulate
phylogeny, that the individual lifehistory reproduces certain stages
in the life-history of the race
biogenetic law von Baer's law (biol.\
receptacle (resep'takl) n.
[L. reciAn organ used
pere, to receive.]
as a repository the peduncle of a
;

racemose inflorescence the torus

or thalamus of a flower the terminal disc of Mosses (oof.).
;

receptacular (resgptak'ular)

a.

[L.

to receive.]
Pert, a receptacle of any kind.
receptaculum (resSptak'ulum) n. [L.
A receptacle
recipere, to receive.]
of any kind.
receptaculum chyli, the cavity in
the lower part of the thoracic duct
recipere,

(anat.}.

receptaculum ovorum,
sac in the earthworm
are collected

an internal
which ova

in

(zoo/.).

receptaculum

in plant cells (bot.}.

raphidlferous (raf'idlf'grus) a. [Gk.

L. ferre, to
rhaphis, a needle
Containing raphides (bot.}.
carry.]
raptatory (rap'tatori) a. [L. raptere,
to rob.]
Preying (zoo/.).
raptorial (rapto'rlal) a. [L. raptere,
to *rob.]
Appl. birds of prey
(zool\
rasorial (razo'rial)

[L. radere, to

Having an unkeeled sternum

ray

ramulose (ram'ulos)

(ra.st61'us) n.

A group of teeth in arachnid

rasp.]

clatter.]

(dot.).

(bot.}.

ranine

REC-

270

a.

Adapted

or scraping, as fowls

[L. radere, to
for scratching
(zoo!.).

a female
seminis,
organ for the reception of spermatozoa (zoo/.).
the point in an
receptive spot,
oosphere at which the sperm enters
(emb.}.

receptor (resSp'tor)

n.

[L.

recipere,

The part of a cell

receive.]
which combines with outside mole-

to

side chain theory (phys.}.

cules,
recess (reseV) n. [L. recessus, withdrawn.] A niche, sinus, cleft, or

REC-

as omental, optic,

pineal recess (anat.}.

recessive (reseViv) a.
[L. recessus,
withdrawn.] Appl. Mendelian characters.

RED-

271

hollow space

See Mendellsm

(biol.}.

two hybrids, one

descended from the male of one
and
the
female
of another,
species
the other from a female of the first
and a male of the second (biol.}.

reciprocal hybrids,

reclinate (rgk'linat)

a.
[L. reclinare,
to lean.]
Curved downwards from
apex to base ; appl. an ovule sus-

pended from a funiculus (bat.).

reclining (reklfning) a. [L. reclinare,
to
Leaning over ; not
lean.]
perpendicular

rectouterine

(rek'tou'temi) a.
[L.
straight ;
uterus,
womb.]

rectus,

Appl. the posterior ligaments of the

uterus (anat.}.
rectovesical (reYtoves'lkal)
straight

rectus,

renewed freshness or active

growth (bot.}.

into

rectal (reVtal) a. [L. rectus, straight.]

Pert, the rectum.
rectal gland, a small vascular sac
of unknown significance near the
end of the gut in Fishes (zool.}.

rectigradations (rgk'tigrada'shunz) n.
gradus,
plu. [L. "rectus, straight
The origin of new cusps
a step.]
which
or cuspules
appear deter;

[L.

Pert, rectum and bladder (anat.}.

rectricial (rektrlsh'al) a. [L. regere,
to rule.]
Pert, the rectrices (zool.}.

rectrix

(rek'triks)

(reVtrlsez) plu.

The

n.,

rectrloes

[L. regere, to rule.]

feathers of a bird,
used in steering (zool.}.
stiff tail

rectum

(rfik'tum)

n.

[L.

rectus,

The posterior terminal

part of the alimentary canal (zool.}.
straight.]

rectus (rSk'tus) n.

(hot'.}.

recrudescence (rekrood6s'6ns) n. [L.

crudescere, to become
re, again
A state of breaking out
hard.]

a.

bladder.]

vesica,

A name for

[L. rectus, straight.]

a rectilinear muscle, as
the thigh muscle

rectus femoris,
(anat.}.

recurrent

[L. re, back

Returning or retowards the
origin

(rekur'e'nt) a.

currere, to run.]

ascending
(anat.}.

recurrent sensibility,
sensibility
shown by the motor roots of the
spinal cord due to sensory fibres of
the sensory roots (phys.}.
recurved (re'kurvd) a. [L. re, back
Bent backwards
curvus, bent.]
;

(bot.}.

quite

recurvirostral (rekurVirSs'tral) a. [L.

re, back ; curvus, curved ; rostrum,
With beak bent upwards
beak.]

(Osborn).

red body, see rete mirabile.

red corpuscle,
a coloured

minately, definitely, orthogenetically

in both the upper and lower teeth,

independently in different
orders of mammals, and separated
"
perhaps by vast intervals of time

rectinerved (re'k'tine'rvd) a. [L. rectus,

nervus, a nerve.] With
straight
veins or nerves straight (bot.}.
;

rectipetality (rek'tipetal'Itl) n.
[L.
rectus, straight ; petere, to seek.]

Tendency

rectilinear

to

growth

(bot.}.

rectirostral

a.

(rgk'tlros'tral)

rectus, straight

[L.

rostrum, a beak.]

rectiserial

row.]

straight ; series,
in vertical rows

rectivenous
rectus,

With

[L. rectus,

Arranged
a.

vena, a
straight
straight veins (bot.}.
;

[L.
vein.]

[L.
(rek'tojen'Itai) a.
rectus, straight ; genitalia, genitals.]

rectogenital
Pert,

rectum and

haemoglobin (phys.}.
red glands, see rete mirabile.
red nucleus, a collection of nerve
cells in the tegmentum of the midbrain (anat.}.

red spots, see rete mirabile.

redia (re'dla) n. [It. scientist Redi.]
A larval stage in the development

genital

Distomum

(zool.}.

reduction (reduk'shun)
ductus, reduced.]

n.

[L.

The halving

re-

of

number of chromosomes in
germ - nuclei during maturation
the

(bot.}.

(reVtive'rius)

blood

corpuscle of vertebrates, containing

of

Straight-beaked

(zool.}.
(reYtise'rial) a.

(zool.}.

organs

meiotic division (cyt.}.

reduplicate (redu'pllkat) a.
[L. re,
again duplicare, to repeat.] Appl.
aestivation in which the margins
turn outwards at the points of
;

contact

(bot.}.

RED-

REP-

272

reduviid (rgdu'vnd) a. [L. reduma,

a hang nail.] Appl. eggs of certain
Insects, protected by micropyle
apparatus with porches (zool.).

renal portal,

reflected (refleVtgd) a. [L. reflectere,

to turn back.]
Turned or folded

renes,

back on

itself (anat.}.

to

frangere,

break.]

[L. re,

back

Bent

backn.

[L.

again generare, to beget.] The

renewal of a portion of the body
which has been lost (biol.}.
;

regma '(reg'ma) n

ture.]

[Gk. regma, fracseed-vessel the valves of

.

which open by an

ment

elastic

move-

the

membrane,

mem-

brana vestibularis, stretching from

the lamina spiralis ossea to the
outer

cochlear

wall

of

the

ear

(anat.}.

rejuvenescence (re'joove'ne's'e'ns) n.
[L. re, again juvenescere, to grow
young.] A renewal of youth ; in
;

renewed life and vigour

following on conjugation and interchange and fusion of nuclear and
cells,

protoplasmic material (cyt.}.

[L. remex,
(rfim'ijez) n. plu.
The large feathers or
a rower.]
quills of a bird's wing, comprising
primaries and secondaries (zool.}.
remiped (rem'fpe'd) n.
[L. remus,
oar ;pes, foot] Having feetadapted

remiges

for rowing motion

ren (ren) n., renes
ren, kidney.]
renal (re'nal) a.

Pert, kidneys.

(ren'iform)

a.

[L.

ren,

kidney
forma, shape.]
Shaped
like a kidney (biol.}.
renopericardial (re'noper'ikar'dial) a.
Gk. peri, round
ren, kidney
gL.
ardia, heart.]
Appl. a narrow
ciliated canal connecting kidney
and pericardium in higher Molluscs
;

(zool.}.

repand (repand')

a.
[L. repandus,
bent backwards.] Appl. a leaf with
undulated margin (bot.}.

repandodentate (repan'doden'tat) a.
[L. repandus, bent backwards dens,
a tooth.] Varying between undulated and toothed (bot.}.
repent (re'pent) a.
[L. repere, to
crawl.] Creeping along the ground
appl. ground creepers (bot.}.
replicate (rgp'likat) a. [L. re, back
Doubled over on
plicare, to fold.]
;

itself (biol.}.

replicatile (repllk'atil)

a.

[L. re,

back

Appl. wings which

are folded back on themselves when

plicare, to fold.]
at rest (zool.}.

replum

(rep'lum) n.
[L. replum, a
The longitudinal division
peria
carps, as in some Legumes
placental dissepiment (bot.}.
reproduction (re'produk'shun) n. [L.
re, again
ducere, to
pro, forth
bolt.]

between the valves of some

(dot.}.

Beissner's

{zool.}.

see ren.

a.

wards at an acute angle.

regeneration (reje'n'era'shun)
re,

kidneys

reniform
;

reflex (re'flgks) a.
[L. reflectere, to
turn back.]
Involuntary ; appl.
reaction to stimulus (phys.}.
reflex action, the simplest expression of the principles according to
which the nervous system acts.
Elements that appreciate stimuli
and elements that react to stimuli
are switched on to one another,
without direct appeal to the brain,
by means of a subsidiary nerve
centre, the result being so-called
involuntary action (phys.}.
reflexed (re'fleksd) a. [L. reflectere,
to turn back.]
Curved or turned

backwards.
refracted (refrak'ted)

appl. a system of circulation in which some of the

returning blood passes through the

The process by means of

lead.]
which the race is continued, whether
sexual or through cell-rupture, celldivision, budding, spore-formation,

conjugation,

or

parthenogenesis

(biol.}.

reproductive (re'produk'tlv) a.
[L.
re, again
ducere, to
pro, forth
lead.]
Appl. organs concerned in
reproduction (biol.}.
;

reptile

(rep'til)

n.

[L.

repere,

to

An animal that crawls

along the ground or close to the
ground, as serpents, lizards, etc.
crawl.]

(zool.}.

(zool.}.

(ren'ez) plu.

The

[L.

kidneys.
[L. ren, kidney.]

a.
[L. repere, to
Pert, reptiles (zool.}.

reptilian (reptll'ian)
creep.]

reptiloid

a.
[L. repere,
With
eidos, form.]

(rep'tiloid)

to crawl

Gk.

RESthe

of

Reptile

(zool.).

reservoir (r6z'6rvw6r)
to

keep back.]

n. [L. reservare,

non-contractile

space discharging into the gullet of

Mastigophora (zool.).
resilium (rfisil'ium) n.
leap

[L. resiltre, to
flexible

The horny

back.]

hinge of a bivalve (zool.}.

respiration (reVpTra'shun) n. [L. re,
The
again
spirare, to breathe.]
process of interchange of oxygen
and carbonic acid taking place
between an organism and its surrounding medium (phys.).
respiratory heart, a name given to
the auricle and ventricle of the
;

right side of the heart where there

is no direct communication between
right and left sides opp. systemic
;

heart
;

pinare, to bend back.]

that the various parts

So twisted
are upside

(bot.}.

resupination

(resu'plna'shun) n.

bend back.]

resupinare, to
sion (bot.}.

[L.

Inver-

net
rete (re'te) n. [L. rete, a net.]
or network.
the
rete Malpighii,
Malpighian
layer or deeper portion of the
epidermis, from the stratum granu-

losum inwards

(anat.}.

a network of bloodvessels, chiefly arterial, in the swimbladder of Fishes and in Mammals,

also called red body, red glands,
red spots.
the
rete
mucosum,
Malpighian
layer or rete Malpighii.
retecious (r6te'shus) a.
[L. rete, a
In the form of a network.
net.]

rete mirabile,

retial

re'shlal) a.
[L. rete,
Pert, a rete (anat.}.
n.
(rSt'ikl)
[L. reticulum, a
small net.] A reticulum.
(re'tial,

net.]

reticle

reticular (rgtik'ular) a. [L. reticulum,

a small net.] Having interstices
like network
pert, a reticulum
;

appl. tissue.

reticulate

a small net.] Appl. network nervation of leaf or insect wing.

reticule (ret'ikul) n.
Reticulum.

reticulose

(rgtik'ulos) a.

reticulum (rgtik'ulum)

[L.

ret-

Of network

iculum, a small net.]

formation.

n.

[L.

ret-

iculum, a small net.] The honeycomb bag or second stomach of a

Ruminant the delicate network of
cell protoplasm (zool.}
the crossfibres about the base of the petioles
;

in

palms

(bot.}.

retiform (re'tiform) a. [L. rete, net

forma, shape.] In the form of a
network.
retina (reYina) n. [L. rete, net.] The
retiform membrane of the eye
which receives the impressions,
resulting in the sense of vision
;

(anat., zool.}.

(zool.}.

restiform (res'tlform) a. [L. restis, a

rope forma, shape.] Having the
form or appearance of a rope appl.
two bodies of nerve fibres on the
medulla oblongata (anal.}.
resupinate (resu'plnat) a. [L. resu-

down

RET-

273

characteristics

(rgtlk'ulat) a.

retinaculum (rgt'mak'ulum)

mass

which

[L.

an

orchid
pollinium adheres at dehiscence
a band which holds parts
(bot.}
closely together (anat.} ; a minute
hooked prominence holding the
ular

to

egg-sac in position in Cirripedes ;

a structure linking together the
fore and hind wings of some Insects

along with the frenulum (zool.}.

retinal (rgt'fnai) a.
[L. rete, a net.]
Pert, the retina (anat.}.
retinerved (reYinfirvd) a.
[L. rete,
a net
nervus, a sinew.] Having
reticulate veins or nerves (dot.).
retinophore (reYlnofor) n. [L. rete,
A
net ; Gk. pherein, to bear.]
;

crystal cell in the

Arthropods

ommatidium of

(zool.).

retinula (rgttn'ula) n. [L. rete, net.]

A group of elongated cells, the
innermost element of an arthropod

ommatidium.
retractile (retrak'til)

a.

[L. retractus,

withdrawn.] Appl. a part or organ

may be drawn inwards, as

that

feelers, claws, etc. (zool.).

n.
[L. retrafure,

retractor (retrak'tdr)

A muscle which
to draw back.]
by contraction withdraws the part

attached to

it,

as retractor penis

(zool.).

retrobulbar

(ret'robul'bar)

a.

[L.

backwards ; bulbus, a ball.]

Posterior to the eyeball (anat.).

retro,

[L. reticulum,

n.

A small gland-

retinere, to retain.]

RET-

RHA-

274

retrocaecal (ret'rose'kal)

backwards

a.

[L. retro,

Behind

caecus, blind.]

the caecum ; appl. fossae additional

to the caecal fossa (anat.).
retrofract (ret'rofrakt) a. [L. retro,

backwards
backwards

Bent

;fractus, broken.]
at an angle (bot.).

renal portal system, appl. vessels

carrying blood back from the
excretory organs (zool.).
reversed (reveVsd) a. [L. re, back ;
Inverted (bot.) ;
vertere, to turn.]
appl. a spiral shell whose turns are
directed sinistrally (zool.).

retrogression (ret'rogre'sh'un) n. [L.

retro, backwards
gradus, a step.]
A step from superior to inferior
type in the development of an
individual or race (biol.).
retrogressive (ret'rogrfis'iv) a.
[L.
retro, backwards ; gradus, a step.]

reversion

Degenerating; assuming characteristics of a lower type (biol.).

retrolingual (ret'roling'gwal) a. [L.
retro, backwards lingua, a tongue.]
Behind the tongue ; appl. a gland

revert

(zool).

retromorphosis (ret'rom6r'fosis) n.
Gk. morphe,
[L. retro, backwards
form.]
Development with a degenerating tendency (biol.).
retropharyngeal (ret'rofarin'jeal) a.
[L. retro, backwards Gk. pharyngx,
Behind the pharynx \
pharynx.]
appl. a space, lymph gknds (anai$~
retropubic (ret'ropu'bik) a. {L.'^etro,
backwards
pubes, of ripe agte.],
Appl. a pad or mass of fatty tissue
behind the pubic symphysis (anat).
retrorse (retrors') a. [L. retro, backwards ; vertere, to turn.] Turned
or directed backwards.
;

retroserrate (ret'roser'at) a. [L. retro,

backwards ; serra, a saw.] Toothed,
with teeth directed backwards.
retroserrulate (ret'roser'ulat) a. [L.
retro,

With

backwards

serra,
small retrorse teeth.

retrouterine

(ret'rou'tgrln)

saw.]

a.

[L.

backwards
uterus, womb.]
Behind the uterus (anat).

retro,

retroverse

(ret'rovgrs') a.

backwards

[L. retro,
Revertere, to turn.]

[L.

re,
;

reversionary (revgr'shonari)

a.
[L.
back ; vertere, to turn.] Appl.
atavistic characteristics (biol.).
re,

v.

(revgrt')

to

vertere,
cestral

turn.]

features

re,

[L.

To

to

back

hark

an-

exhibit

back

(biol.}.

revolute

(rev'olut) a.
[L. revolvere, to
Rolled backwards from
roll back.]

the margin upon the under surface,

as some leaves (bot.).
(rab'dit) n.
[Gk. rhabdos, a
One of the short rod-like
rod.]
bodies in the epidermal cells in
Polycladida a gonapophysis (zool.}.

rhabdite

rhabdocrepid (rab'dokrep'id)

a.
[Gk.
krepis, a foundadesma
with
uniaxial
a
Appl.

rhabdos, a rod
tion.]

crepis, in sponge spicules (zool.}.

rhabdoid (rab'doid) a. and n. [Gk.

rhabdos, a rod

eidos,

resemblance.]

Rod-like any rod-shaped body.

rhabdolith (rab'dolTth) n. [Gk. rhabA caldos, rod
lithos, stone.]
careous rod found in some Protozoa,
strengthening the walls (zool.}.
;

rhabdome (rab'dom)

n.
[Gk. rhabdos,
rod.] A refractive rod composed
of rhabdomeres enclosed by the
retinula cells of an arthropod om-

matidium

(zool.\

rhabdomere

(rab'domer) n.
[Gk.
rhabdos, a rod ; tneros, a part.] The
refracting element in the retinula
(zool.).

rhabdopod (rab'dopod)

trorse.

retroversion (ret'rdveVshun)
retro,

n.

(revfir'shun)

back vertere, to turn.] Atavism

a return in a greater or less degree
to some ancestral type (biol.).

backwards

n.

[L.
vertere, to turn.]

State of being reversed or turned

backwards.
retuse (retus')

(zool.}.

rhabdosphere
a.

[L. retusus,

beaten

Obtuse with a broad shallow

notch in the middle
appl. leaves
back.]

rhabdos,

(bot).

carrying back.]

a.

[L.

In the

rod

n.
[Gk.
sphaira, a globe.]

(rab'dosfer)
;

Aggregated rhabdoliths found

in

deep-sea calcareous oozes (zool.}.

(rab'dus) n.
[Gk. rhabdos,
a rod.] A rod-like spicule (zool.}.
rhachis, see rachis.

rhabdus

revehent (reve'hent, rgv'ehgnt)

revehens,

n.
[Gk. rhabrod pous, foot.] An element
of the clasper of some male Insects

dos,

RHAsee rachitomous.

rhachitomous,

rhagon

RHI-

275

n.

(rag'on)

[Gk.

root

rhiza,

rhax, a
type of

bun-shaped
Sponge with apical osculum and

archegonial

large gastral cavity (zool.).

(ram'foid) a.
[Gk. rhamphos, a beak ; eidos, resemblance.]

rhlzlne (rfzin)

berry.]

theke, a case.]
of a bird's beak

(re'otak'sis) n.

[Gk. rhein,

(reot'roplzm)

(rfzokol) n.
[Gk. rhiza,
L. caulis, stem.] The rootlike horizontal portion of a Zoophyte

root

(zool.).

n.
[Gk. rhiza,
kormos, a log.] An undera
stem
like
ground
single-jointed
rhizome, popularly a bulb (bot.).
rhizogenic (rl'zqje'n'ik), rhizogenous
Root -producing ;
a.
(rizfij'e'nus)
arising from endodermic cells, not

root

[Gk.

current (dot.).
rhinal (rfnal)

(rvzoid)

The

olfacffiry

(zool.).

[Gk. rhis,
The most prominent point at
the nasals touch (anat.).
rhinocoel (rfnosel) n. [Gk. rhis, nose
A cavity in the
koilos, hollow.]
olfactory lobe of the brain (zool.).

rhinophore (rfnofor) n.
[Gk. rhis,
nose ; pherein, to bear.] A process
on the aboral side of the eye of
certain Molluscs with a supposed
olfactory function (zool.).

rhinotheca (rl'nothe'ka) n. [Gk. rhis,

The sheath
nose
theke, a case.]
of the upper jaw of a Bird (zool.).
rhipidate (rip'idat) a. [Gk. rhipis, a
fan.]
Fan-shaped.
rhipidlum (ripid'mm) n. [Gk. rhipis,
a fan.] A fan-shaped inflorescence
;

(dot.), or colony of zooids (zool.).

a.
rhipidostichous
(rip'Idos'tlkus)
stichos, a row.]
[Gk. rhipis, a fan
;

Appl. fan-shaped fins (zool.).

rhizanthous (rizan'thus) a. [Gk. rhiza,
a root anthos, a flower.] Producing a root, and a flower apparently
straight from it (dot.).
rhizautoicous (rfzotoik'us) a.
[Gk.
;

(bot.).

^Gk. rhiza, root

reserr&T^nce.]

,.
lobe of the
C. Vt

(rin'Ton) n.

<-

root-like

outsiWth^ofrnany Mosses and

brain.]

develonadYrom the pericycle

a.
[Gk. rhis, nose.]
the nose.

rhinencephalon (rfngnkeTalon, -se"f-^

n.
[Gk. rhis, nose jngkephalon,
brain
rhinion

rhlzocorm (rl'zokorm)

flow
trope, a turning.]
Mechanical response, positive or
to
the
influence
of a water
negative,

Of or pert,

(dot.).

rhein, to

rhizocaul

current (dot.).
rheotropic (re'otrop'ik) a. [Gk. rhein,
to flow trope, a turning.] Responding to current stimulus (6ot.).

rheotropism

[Gk. rhiza,
perennial

fruit.]

a.
[Gk.
karpos, fruit.] Having
perennial roots and annual stems

n.

karpos,

rhiza, root

Retaxis, arrangement.]
sponse to the stimulus of a water
to flow

and

herb (bot.).
rhizocarpous (rfzokar'pus)

[Gk.

(zool.).

rheotaxis

\oikos,

coherent

[Gk. rhiza, a root.]

n.

A rhizoid (dot.).
root

rhamphos, a beak

branches

rhizocarp (rfzokarp)

Beak-shaped.

The horny sheath

antheridial

(dot.).

rhamphoid

rhamphotheca (ram'fothe'ka) n.

self

autos,

With

house.]

***

ytes (dot.).
(rizSm'atus)

rhizoma, a root.]
a rhizome (bot.).

Of

a.
[Gk.
the nature of

rhizome (rfzom)

n.
[Gk. rhizoma, a
thick stem partly along
and partly under the ground, sending out shoots above and roots

root.]

below

(bot.).

rhizomorph (rfzomorf)
root

n.

morphe, form.]

hypha of certain Fungi

rhizomorphous

[Gk. rhiza,

root-like

(bot.).

(ri'zom&r'fus) a.

[Gk.

In the
rhiza, root ; morphe, form.]
form of a- root ; root-like (bot.).

[Gk.
(rizofagus) a.
rhiza, root ; phagein, to eat.] Living

rhizophagous

on roots

(zool.).

n.
[Gk. rhiza,
pherein, to bear.] A naked
branch which grows down into the
soil and develops roots from its

rhlzophore (rfzofor)
root

apex (bot.).
rhizophorous
rhiza,

root

(nzoforus)
pherein,

a.

[Gk.

to

bear.]

Root-bearing (bot.).
rhizoplast (rfzoplast) n. [Gk. rhiza,
One or
root
plastos, moulded.]
more root-like processes connecting
;

RHI-

the basal granule with the nucleus

in certain Protozoa (zool.).
rhizotaxis (n'zotak'sis) n. [Gk. rhiza,
root ; taxis, arrangement.]
Root

arrangement

rhodophane

(bot.).

(ro'dofan) n.

[Gk. rhodon,
rose ',phainein, to show.] Chromophane the red oil globule found
in the retina of Marsupials, Birds,
Reptiles, Fishes (pftys.).
rhodophyll (ro'dofil) n. [Gk. rhodon,
The red
rose
phyllon, a leaf.]
colouring matter of red Algae (dot.).
rhodopsin (rodop'sin) n. [Gk. rhodon,
rose
temporary
opsis, sight.]
reddish - purple pigment in the
retinal rods
visual purple (phys.).
;

rhombencephalon

(romb'enkef'alon,
[Gk. rhombos, magic
engkephalon, brain.] The

n.

-seT-)

wheel

hind-brain.

rhombic (rom'bik)
magic wheel.]

a.

[Gk. rhombos,
and
Appl.
lip
grooves of brain at the rhomboid

fossa (emb.).

(rom'bojen) n.
[Gk.
rhombos, magic wheel genos, offA phase of the parent
spring.]
form in the life cycle of some
;

Mesozoa (zool.).
rhomboid (rom'boid) a. [Gk. rhomeidos, form.]
bos,
magic wheel
Rhombus-shaped appl. fossa, sinus,
;

ligament

with

the

column

spinal

(anat.).

berhomboid - ovate,
something
tween rhomboid and oval in shape.

rhopalium

pherein,

to

Beaked.
n.

[Gk.
stoma, mouth.]
rhyngchos, snout
The anterior terminal pore of
Nemertines through which the proboscis is everted (zool.).
;

rhythm

(rithm) n.

measured motion.]
movement, as seen

[Gk. rhythmos,
Regularity of
in heart pulsa-

tion (phys.), or movement of telegraph plant leaves (bot.).

rib (rib) n. [A.S. ribb, a rib.] One
of the curved bones of the thorax
articulating with the spine and
either free at the other end or
connected with the sternum (anat.,
the central vein of a leaf
zool.)
;

(hot.).

rictal

(rik'tal)

a.

(rtg'or) n.

rigor

[L.

Pert,

aperture.]
of a Bird.

the

mouth
mouth gape

rictus,

[L. rigor, stiffness.]

The

rigid state of plants when they

are not sensitive to stimuli (bot.)
a state of rigidity.
rigor mortis, the stiffening of the

(ropa'lTum)

[Gk.

A marginal
a club.]
organ of Discomedusae

rhopalon,

death, due to myosinand lasting till the

of decomposition

after

commencement
(biol.).

rima

(rl'ma) n.
[L. rima,
or fissure (anat.}.

rhynchocoel

(ring'kosel)
[Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; koilos, hollow.]
In Nemertines, the cavity whose
contracting muscular walls evert
the proboscis (zool.}.
rhy nchodaeum (ring'kode'um) n. [Gk.
rhyngchos, snout ; odaios, pert, a
way.] The precerebral region of a
.

Nemertine (zool.).
rhynchodont (ring'kodont)

a.
[Gk.
odous, tooth.]
rhyngchos, snout
With a toothed beak (zool.).
;

(ringkof'orus) a.

cleft.]

cleft

(ri'mat) a.
Having fissures.

[L. rima, a cleft.]

rimiform (rfmiform) a.
[L. rima,
a cleft forma, shape.]
In the
shape of a narrow fissure.
rimose (rfmos) a. [L. rima, a cleft.]
Having many clefts or fissures.
rimulose (rlm'ulos) a.
[L. rimula,
a small cleft.] Having many small
;

clefts.

rind (rind)

(zool.).

rhynchophorous

body

formation,

rimate

(anat.).

rhomboideus, major and minor,

muscles connecting the
parallel
scapula

[Gk. rhyngchos, beak

bear.]

rhynchostome (ring'kostom)

rhombogen

sense

RIN-

276

[A.S. rinde, bark of a

n.

The

tree.]

outer skin or

cortex

(bot.).

ring canal,
close

to

umbrella

a circular canal running

and parallel with the

margin

in

Hydrozoa

(zool.).

a thick-walled cell of the

sporangium annulus of Ferns (bot.).
ring vessel, a structure in the head
of Cestodes which unites the four
longitudinal excretory trunks (sool.).
the bark of a tree
ringed bark,
where the formations of phellogen

ring

cell,

RINare

cylindrical

scale

opp.

bark

(bot.).

ringent

a.

(nn'jgnt)

open the mouth

[L.

ringi,

to

Having

wide.]

the

lips, as of a corolla, or valves,

separated by a distinct gap (bot.,

KfoL).

ringless,

annulus

appl.

Ferns

without

an

(dot.).

(ripa'rial), riparian (ripa'rlan),

riparious (ripa'rius) a. [L. ripa, a
river bank.]
Frequenting, growing
on, or living on the banks of
streams or rivers (dot., zool.).
ripe (rip) a. [A.S. ripe, fit for reaping.]
Having seeds mature and

riparial

ready for germination

risorius

ROS-

277

(nso'rius)

laughter.]

[L.

risus,

A cheek muscle stretch-

ing from over the masseter muscle

to the corner of the mouth (anat.).
rivose (ri'vos) a. [L. rivus, a stream.]
Marked with irregularly winding
furrows or channels.
rivulose (riv'ulos) a, [L. rivulus, a
Marked with sinuate
rivulet.]
narrow lines or furrows (dot.).
rod epithelium,
epithelium consisting of apparently striated cells

(bot.).

water

the fibre with which a rod

of the retina is connected internally
(anat.).

rod fructification, fructification occurring in basidiomycetous Fungi

by means of rod-like gonidia from
a hyphal branch (dot.}.
rod granule, the nucleus of a rod
fibre (anaf.).

rodent (ro'dgnt) n.
[L. rodere, to
gnaw.] An animal with a habit of
or
nibbling, as a rabbit.
gnawing
rods and cones, the nerve-epithelium
layer of the retina (anaf.).
root (root) n. [A.S. wyrf, a root.]
The descending portion of a plant,
fixing the plant in the soil, and

absorbing, nourishment (dot.).

root absorption, osmosis (dot.).
root borer, a larval form or Insect
which bores into the roots of plants
(zool.).

root cap, a protective cap of tissue

at the apex of a root (dot.).
root cell, the clear colourless base
of one of the Algae attaching the
its

substratum

(hot.).

the force by which

to rise in the axial
a main factor in the
of water through the

made

is

stele of a plant,

transport
plant (bot.).
root process,

a branched colourless

structure fixing an

Alga

thallus to

soil (bot.).

an

orchid velamen
sheath,
that part of a hair follicle
(bot.)
continuous
with
the epidermis

root

(anat.).

a rhizome

root stalk,
root

(Phys.).
rod fibre,

thallus to

(bot.).

root pocket,
a sheath containing
a root, especially of aquatic plants
root pressure,

(dot.).

n.

root climber, a plant which climbs

by means of roots developed from
the stem (bot.).
root hairs,
unicellular epidermal
outgrowths from roots, of protective
and absorbent function (bot.).
root leaf, a basal leaf (bot.).
root parasitism,
a condition exhibited by semi-parasitic plants, the
roots of which penetrate the roots
of neighbouring plants and draw
from them elaborated food material

horizontal

like

Hydrozoa

(bot.)

portion

the
of

(zool.).

a small swelling on a
legume root, caused by Bacteria

root tubercle,
(bot.).

an ultimate branch of a root

rootlet,
(bot.).

rosaceous (roza'shus)

a.
[L. rosa, a
With five petals arranged
rose.]
in a circle ; formed like a rose (bot.).

rosellate

[L. rosa, a rose.]

like rosettes.

(rozfil'at) a.

Arranged

Rosenmuller's
a uterine

(ro'zgnmiil'e'rz)

rudimentary

organ,
organ

homologous with the epididymis

(anat.).

rosette

(roze"t')

n.

[L. rosa, a rose.]

cluster of leaves arising in close

from a central ax's (dot.)
a thin plate formed by the coalescence of the basal s of a larval
circles

a large ciliated funnel

Crinoid
leading out of the anterior sperm
reservoir of the Earthworm (zool.).
rosette organ, in certain Ascidians,
the ventral complex stolon from
which buds are constricted off
;

(zool.).

ROS-

rosette plate, five interradial basal

plates united together in Crinoids
(zool.}.

rostel (ros'tei) n. [L. rostellum, dim.

of rostrum, a beak.]
rostellum.
rostellar (rostel'ar) a. [L. rostellum,
a small beak.] Pert, a rostellum.
rostellate (rostel'at) a. [L. rostellum,
a small beak.] Furnished with a
small beak.
rostelliform (rosteTiform) a.
[L.
a small beak ; forma,
. rostellum,
shape.] Shaped like a small beak.

rostellum (rosteTum) n. [L. rostellum,

a small beak.] A small rostrum a
projecting structure developed from
one of the stigmatic surfaces of the
orchid flower (bot.}
a rounded
prominence, furnished with hooks,
on the head of a Tapeworm (zool.')
a beaked-shaped process (anat.}.
rostral (rSs'tral) a. [L. rostrum, a
beak.] Pert, a rostrum.
rostrate (ros'trat) a. [L. rostrum, a
beak.] Beaked.
;

rostriform

rostroid

(ros'trif6rm),

[L. rostrum, a beak

Gk. eidos, resemshape
Beak-shaped.

(rSs'troid) a.

forma,

blance.]

rostrulate (ros'troolat) a.
trulum, a small beak.]
rostrulum.

rostrulum (ros'troolum)

[L.

ros-

Like

[L. ros-

small

rostrum.
(ros'trum) n.
[L. rostrum,
beak or beak-like
beak.]
the
;
projecting process
process
between the eyes of a Crayfish ; a
median ventral plate at the base of
the capitulum of Cirripedes ; etc.

(zool.}.

rosulate

(roz'ulat)
Arranged in

rosettes.

rot (rot) n.

[A.S.

rattan,

to

rot.]

disease
Decay
decomposition
caused by Fungi or Bacteria (bot.}
a parasitic disease causing emacia;

rotatores

spinae, paired muscles,

one on each side of the spine, each
arising from a transverse process
of a vertebra and inserted into the

vertebra next above (anat.}.

rotiform (ro'tiform) a.
[L. rota, a
Wheelwheel
forma, shape.]
circular.
shaped
rotula (rot'ula) n. [L. rotula, a small
;

One of five radially-directed

bars bounding the circular aperture
of the oesophagus of a Sea-urchin
the patella or kneecap
(zool.}
wheel.]

(anat,}.

rotular (rot'ular) a.

[L. rotula, a small

Pert, the rotula.

wheel.]

rotuliform (rotu'liform) a. [L. rotula,

a small wheel
forma, shape.]
Shaped like a small wheel.
rotundifolious (rotun'difo'lius) a. [L.
rotundus, -round
folium, a leaf.]
;

With rounded leaves (bot.}.

rouleaux (rool'6, rool'oz) n. plu. [F.
rouleau, a wheel.] Formations like
piles of coins into which red blood
corpuscles tend to aggregate when
blood is at rest (pkys.}.
rubiginose (roobij'mos), rubiginous
a.

[L.

Of a brownish-red
colour of

ruderal

rust

rubigo,^ rust.]
tint ; with the

affected

by

rust

(bot.}.

(rood'gral)

a.

[L.

rudus,

debris.]

Growing among rubbish

or debris

(bot.}.

rudimentary

(rood'imgn'tari) a.

[L.

rudimentum, a first attempt] In

an imperfectly developed condition
at an early stage of development
arrested at an early stage
ves-

(rotat') a.

Shaped

like

a wheel.]
with flat and

[L. rota,

a wheel

spreading parts (bot.}.

rotation (rota'shun) n.

[L.

rota,

Turning as on a pivot,
wheel.]
as limbs (phys.} ; circulation, as of
sap

tigial, in certain authors (biol.}.

ruff (ruf) n. [A.S. reafan, to reave.]

neck fringe of hair or feathers

(zool.}.

ruga

(roog'a) n.
[L. ruga, a wrinkle.]
fold or wrinkle, as the folds of
mucous membrane of certain

the

tion (zool.}.

cell

muscle which allows of circular

motion (anat.}.

(roz'ular),

[L. rosa, a rose.]

rotate

[L. rota, a wheel.]

n.

parasites

rostrum

a.

rotator (rota'tor)

(roobij'inus)

n.

trulum, a small beak.]

rosular

RUG-

278

(bot.}.

organs (anat.}.
rugate (roog'at), rugose (roog'os),
rugous (roog'us) a.
[L. ruga, a
Wrinkled
with many
wrinkle.]
wrinkles on the surface.
rugulose (roog'ulos) a. [L. ruga, a
;

wrinkle.]

Finely wrinkled.

RUMrumen

ruminant (roomlnSnt)

n.

[L.

rumen,

throat] An animal which returns

and re-chews what has been

swallowed

(zool.).

appearance through the infolding

the tegmen
having mottled
appl. such seeds as the

of

albumen

betel-nut

(bat.).

rumination (roonYmashun) n.
[L.
The act of
rumen, the throat.]
ruminant animals in returning the
food from the first stomach to the

mouth

small quantities for

thorough mastication and insalivation (phys.\
runcinate (run'smat) a. [L. runcina,
a plane.] Appl. a pinnate leaf when
the divisions point downwards, as
in the dandelion (dot.).
runner (run'er) n. [A.S. rinnan, to
A slender prostrate stem
run.]
which roots at the nodes, as in the
in

strawberry (bat.).
rupestrine (roopfis'trm), rupicoline
(rooplk'olin), rupicolous (rooplk'a.
colere, to
[L. rupes, rock
plus)
Growing or living on
inhabit.]
;

rocks.
a.
[L. rumpere, to
Bursting in an irregular

(rup'tll)

break.]

manner

into little sacs or

pouches

gibbous

(bot.).

sacciferous (sakslf'grus) a. [L. saccus,

a sack ferre, to bear.] Furnished
with a sac.
;

sacciform (sak'slform) a. [L. saccus,

a sack forma, shape.] Like a sack
or pouch,
sacculate (sak'ulat) a. [L. sacculus, a
little bag.]
Provided with little
;

ruminate (roonVlnat) a. [L. rumen,

the throat.]
Having a mottled

ruptile

SAL-

279

[L. rumen, the

The paunch or first cavity
throat.]
of a ruminant's stomach (zool.).

(room'e'n) n.

(bot.).

rust

(rust) n.
[A.S. rust, redness.]
destructive parasite whose mylives in the intercellular
spaces of higher plants, as wheat
rust (hot.).
rut (rut) n. [M.E. rutien, to rut.l

celium

The season when deers mate and

copulate.

sacs,

sacculus (saVulus) n. [L. sacculus,

a small sack.] A saccule or small
sac the lower part of the vestibule
;

of the ear (ana/.).

saccus (sak'us)

sac-like

n.
[L. saccus, a sack.]
as saccus
structure,

vasculosus, saccus endolymphaticus

of the brain (anat.).

sacral (sa'kril)

a.

[L. sacer, sacred.]

Pert, the sacrum,

sacrocaudal (sa'krok&d'al)

sacred

sacer,

sacrum and

tail

a.

[L.

cauda, tail.] Pert.

region (zool^.

sacrococcygeal (sa'krokSksIj'eal) a.
sacred ; Gk. kokkyx,
[L.
sacer,
cuckoo.] Pert, sacrum and coccyx,
sacrolumbar (sa'kr6lum'b5r) a. [L.
sacer,

sacred

lumbus,

and lumbar

sacral

loin.]

Pert.

regions,

sacrospinal (sa'krospl'nil) a.
[L.
Pert.
sacer, sacred ; spina, spine.]
sacral region and spine,
sacrovertebral (saTcr6vgr/t6brai) a.
vertebra, a joint]
[L. sacer, sacred
;

Pert, sacrum and vertebrae,

sacrum (sa'krum) n. [L. sacer, sacred.]
The os sacrum or bone forming

the termination of the

vertebral

column, usually consisting of several

fused vertebrae (anat.).

sagittal

(sajlt'al,

sai'Ital)

a.

[L.

an arrow.]
Appl. the
suture between the parietals (anat.).
sagittal section, section or division
in the median longitudinal plane
sagitta,

(anat.).

sagittate

(sajlt'at,

sajltat)

a.

[L.

Shaped like the

arrow.]
head of an arrow, as a leaf (bot.).
sagitta,

sabuline (sab'ulln)
sand.] Sandy,
sabulose,

a.

[L.

sabulum,

sabuline.

sac (sak) n. [L. saccus, a sack.]

sack, bag, or pouch,
saccate (sak'at) a. [L. saccus, a sack.]
Pouched appl. a calyx of which
two lateral sepals are expanded
;

sagittocyst (sajlt'oslst) n. [L. sagitta,

arrow
Gk. kystis, bladder.]
cyst or capsule in Turbellarians
containing a single spindle (zool.).
saliva (sali'va) n. [L. saliva, spittle.]
A fluid secreted by the mouth
glands, which aids mastication and
;

SALis

the

digestive juice to attack

first

food (phys.).
salivary (sal'ivari)

a.

[L. saliva,
Pert, saliva, or connected
any way (phys.") appl.
glands which secrete saliva (anat.).
salivation
n.
(sal'Iva'shun)
[L.
saliva, spittle.] The flow of saliva
into the mouth, especially an increased flow (phys.}.
spittle.]

with

in

it

salpingian (salpm'jian) a. [Gk. salthe

Pert,
pingx, a trumpet.]
Eustachian or the Fallopian tube
(anat.}.

salpingopalatine, pert. Eustachian

tubes and palate (anat.).
salpinx (sal'plngks) n. [Gk. salpingx,
a trumpet.] Eustachian or Fallopian tube (anat.}.
[L. sal(salsu'jinus) a.
saltness.]
Growing in soil
impregnated with salts (bot.}.

salsuginous
sugo,

saltatorial (saltato'rial)
to leap.]

Adapted

jumping

a.

for,

leaping or dancing

[L. saltare,

or used

in,

appl. limbs of

Insects.
saltatorial.

saltatory,

saltigrade (sal'tigrad) a. [L. saltare,

to leap gradus, a step.]
Moving
;

by

leaps, as

some

saphenous (safe'nus)

(sama'ra) n. [L. samara, the

seed of the elm.]
winged indehiscent fruit, as in elm and ash

(bot.}.

samaroid (sam'aroid) a. [L. samara,

seed of elm
Gk. eidos, form.]
Samariform resembling a samara
;

(bot.}.

a. [Gk. saphenes,
the internal or ex-

clear.]

Pert,

ternal

saphena

(anat.).

sapropelic

a.
(sap'ropeTik)
[Gk.
sapros, rotten ; pelos, mud.]
Living
the
of
debris
bottom ooze.
among

saprophyte
rotten

(sap'rofit) n.

phyton, plant.]

[Gk. sapros,
An organ-

ism which lives on dead and

decaying organic matter a sapro;

phytic organism.
saprozoic (sap'rozo'ik) a. [Gk. sapros,
rotten
zoon, animal.]
Appl. an
;

animal organism which lives on dead

or decaying organic matter (zool.}

sarcenchyma (sarkgng'kima)
flesh

sarx,

substance

abundant

n.

[Gk.

engchyma, infusion.]
which the groundgranular and not

in

Parenchyma
is

(biol.).

sarcocarp (sar'kokarp)

n.
[Gk. sarx,
karpos, fruit.] The fleshy or
of
a
fruit
pulpy part
(bot.}.
sarcocyte (sar'koslt) n.
[Gk. sarx,
flesh ; kytos, hollow.]
The middle
of
layer
Gregarine ectoplasm (zool.}.
sarcode (sar'kod) n. [Gk. sarx, flesh.]
The body protoplasm of a Protozoan

flesh

(cyt.).

sarcoderm

Insects.

samara

n.

(sar'kodgrm)

[Gk.

The
sarx, flesh ; derma,
skin.]
fleshy layer between a seed and the
external covering (bot.).
sarcodic (sarkSd'ik) a.
[Gk. sarx,
Pert, or resembling protoflesh.]

plasm

(biol.).

sarcodictyum

(sar'kodik'tium)

n.

[Gk. sarx, flesh

diktyon, a net.]
The second or network protoplasmic
zone of Radiolarians (zool.).
;

sanguicolous (sanggwik'olus)
[L.
colere, to inhabit.]
sanguis, blood
Living in the blood of animals
a.

sarcogenic

Conveying blood, as

arteries, veins

(phys.}.

sanguivorous (sanggwiv'orus) a. [L.

sanguis, blood vorare, to devour.]
Living on blood (zool.).
;

sanidaster

(san'idas'ter)

n.

[Gk.

sanidion, a panel ; aster, star.]

slender rod-like spicule with spines
at intervals (zool.}.
(safe'na) n.

[Gk. saphenes,
clear.]
conspicuous vein of the
from
the knee to
leg, extending
the foot (anat.).

a.

(sar'k6je"n'ik)

flesh

sarx,

(zoo/.).

sangniferous (sanggwif'6rus) a. [L.

sanguis, blood
ferre, to carry.]

saphena

SAR-

280

genos,

[Gk.

offspring.]

Flesh-producing (biol.).
sarcoid (sir'koid) a. [Gk. sarx, flesh ;
eidos, form.]
Fleshy, as sponge
tissue (zool.).
(sar'kole'm'a) n.
sarx, flesh ; lemma, skin.]

[Gk.

tubular sheath of a muscle

fibre

sarcolemma

The

(anat.).

sarcoma (sarko'ma)
flesh.]

n.

[Gk. sarx,

fleshy excrescence

sarcomatrix (sarkoma'triks)

(bot.).

n.
[Gk.
matrix, womb.]
The fourth protoplasmic zone of a
Radiolarian, the seat of digestion

sarx,

flesh

L.

and assimilation

(zool.).

SARsarcomere (sarTcomer)

n.
[Gk. sarx,
transverse line
meros, part.]
subdividing the sarcostyle (phys.).
sarcophagous (sarkof'agus) a. [Gk.
Subsarx, flesh ; phagein, to eat.]

flesh

on flesh (zool).
sarcoplasm (sar'koplazm) n.
[Gk.
sarx, flesh
plasma, something
sisting

The

longitudinal interreticulum of muscular tissue

moulded.]
stitial

(phys.).

(saYkoso'ma) n,
[Gk.
The
sarx, flesh
soma, body.]
of
the
as
fleshy portion
body
opp.
the skeletal (zool.).
;

sarx, flesh

derm

(sar'kospe'rm) n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed.] Sarco-

(bot.).

sarcostyle (sar'kostll) n. [Gk. sarx,

flesh
A fibril or
stylos, a pillar.]
muscle column of muscular tissue
a dactylozooid column
(Phys.) ;
;

(zool).

sarcotheca

n.

(sar'kothe'ka)
[Gk.
flesh
The
theke, a box.]
sheath of a hydrozoan sarcostyle

sarx,

(zool.).

sannentaceous (sirme'nta'shus) a.
Having
[L. sarmentum, a twig.]
slender prostrate stems or runners
(hot.).

sarmentose,

sarmentous,

sarmen-

(sarmSn'tum)

n.

taceous.
[L.

sarmentum, a twig.] The slender

stem of a climber or runner (bot.).

sarothrum (saro'thrum) n.

[Gk. saro-

An enlarged hairy
tron, a broom.]
tarsal joint oif a bee, the pollen
brush (zool.).
sartorius (sarto'rlus)

n.

[L. sartor, a

A thigh muscle which

enables the legs to be bent inwards

tailor.]

(anaf.).

satellite (sat'gllt) n.

[L. satelles,

an

The second of any

attendant.]
pair of individuals of a catenoid
in
colony
pseudoconjugation of
Gregarinida cf. primlte (zool.).
saurian (sor'ian) a.
[Gk. sauros, a
Resembling a lizard (pal.).
lizard.]
;

saurognathous (s6r'6gna'thus) a. [Gk.

sauros, lizard gnathos, jaw.] With
a saurian arrangement of jaw-bones
;

(zool.).

(sdroid) a.
[Gk. sauros,
eidos, form.]
Resembling
a saurian (zool.).
lizard

saxicavous

a.

(sak'slka'vus)

[L.

saxum, rock cavus, hollow.] Appl.

rock - borers, as some Molluscs
;

(zool).

saxicoline (saksik'olin) a. [L. saxum,

rock colere, to inhabit.] Living or
growing among rocks (bot., zool).
;

(skabeVulus) a.
[L.
Somewhat rough.
scaber, rough.]
scabrate (skab'rat) a.
[L. scaber,

Rough with a covering

rough.]

or points
scabrate.

stiff hairs, scales,

of

(bot.).

scabrous,
scala (ska'la) n. [L. scala, a ladder.]
Any of three ladder-like canals in
the cochlea of the ear (zool).
scalarlform (skalar'Iform) a. [L. scala,
ladder
Ladderforma, shape.]
shaped
appl vessels or tissues
having bars like a ladder (bot.).
scale (skal) n. [A.S. sceala, a shell,
;

husk.]
flat,
small, platelike
external structure, dermal or epidermal a bony, horny, or chitinous
outgrowth (zool) ; the bract of a
;

sarcous (sa/kus) a. [Gk. sarx, flesh.]

Pert, flesh or muscle tissue (zool.).

sarmentum

saurold

scaberulous

sarcosoma

sarcosperm

SCA-

281

catkin, being of a scaly nature ;

the ligule of certain flowers ; a
modification of a stellate hair on

certain leaves (bot.).

scale bark, bark in irregular sheets
or patches, due to irregular or
dipping formation of phellogen
(bot).

a bud-protecting cataleaf,
phyllary leaf (bot).
scalene (skalen') a.
[Gk. skalenos,
uneven.] Pert, any of the scalene

scale

muscles (anal).
scalenus (skale'nus) n. [Gk. skalenos,
uneven.] One of three neck muscles
used in bending the head, scalenus
posticus, medius, anticus (anat.).
scalp (skalp) n. [M.E. scalp.] The
skin and subcutaneous tissues of the
surface of the head where hair

grows

(anat.).

scalpella (skalpgl'a) n. plu.

[L. scal-

pellum, a scalpel.] Paired pointed

processes, parts of the maxillae of

Diptera (zool).
scalpriform (skSl'prIf6rm) a.
[L.
a chisel forma, shape.]
scalfrum,
;

Chisel-shaped,
(zool, anat.).

as

certain

teeth

SCA-

scandent (skan'dgnt) a. [L. scandere,

to climb.] Climbing by stem-roots
or tendrils (bot.}.
scansorial (skanso'rial)

a.

[L. scan-

Formed or adapted
dere, to climb.]
for climbing (zool.}.
scape (skap) n. [Gk. skapos, stalk.]
A flower-stalk arising at or under
a radical peduncle, as
the ground
hyacinth (bot.} a structure formed
by the two basal segments of the
antennae of Diptera (zoo!.).
scapha (ska'fa) n.
[Gk. scaphe, a
boat.] The narrow curved depression between helix and antihelix of
;

the ear (anat.}.

scaphium

scaphognathite

(skafognath'lt,

n.

[Gk. skaphe,
The exognathos, jaw.J
podite of the second maxilla of
the
flow of
Decapods, regulating
the respiratory
water
through

skafSg'nathlt)
;

chamber
;

a.

[Gk. skaphe,

eidos, form.]
Shaped like a
appl. a carpal and a tarsal

bone (anat.).
scapholunar (skafolu'nar) a.
[Gk.
skaphe, boat L. luna, moon.] Pert.
scaphoid and lunar carpal bones,
or those bones fused (anat., zool.}.
;

scapiform
skapos,

(ska'pif6rm) a.
[Gk.
stalk ;
L. forma, shape.]

Scapoid resembling a scape (bot.).

scapose (ska'pos) a.
[Gk. skapos,
Consisting of or in the
stalk.]
form of a scape (hot.}.
scapula (skap'ula) n.
[L. scapula,
;

The

shouldername given to various

blade ;
structures suggestive of a shoulderblade, as tegula, patagium, mesothoracic pleuron, fore-leg trochanter
of certain Insects in Crinoids, the
shoulder-blade.]

proximal plate of a ray that has an

articular facet for the arms (zool.}.

scapular

n.

[L. scapus, stem,

A scape (oof.} the stem of

a feather (zool.).
scarfskin (skarf skin) n. [A.S. sceorfa,
The cuticle or epidermis
scurf.]
stalk.]

(anat.}.

scarious (ska'rius)

a.

Thin,

membranous.]
branous (hot.}

[F. scarieux,
dry, mem-

or

scaly

scurfy

(zool.}.

schlndylesis

(skin'dile'sls)

schindylesis, a
tion in which

fissure.]

n.

[Gk.
Articula-

a thin plate of bone

into a cleft or fissure, as that

between vomer and palatines (anat.}.
fits

ski-) n.
[Gk.
karpos, fruit.]
dry seed-vessel which splits into
two or more one-seeded carpels

schizein, to cleave

(bot.}.

schizochroal (shizokro'al,
schizein,

to

ski-) a. [Gk.
cleave ; chros, bodylenses separate and

With

surface.]

cornea not continuous

appl. cer-

tain trilobite eyes (pal.}.

schlzocoel

(shiz'osel,

schizein, to cleave

ski-)

n.

[Gk.

koilos, hollow.]

body-cavity formed by splitting

of the mesoblast into layers (emb.}.

schizogamy

(shizog'aml, ski-) n.

[Gk.
; gamos, marriage.]
Fission into a sexual and a nonsexual zooid in some Polychaets

schizein, to cleave

(zool.}.

scaphoid (skaf'oid)
boat
boat

scapus (ska'pus)

schlzocarp (shiz'okarp,

(ska'fium) n.

[Gk. scaphe,
process of the ninth
boat.]
of
male Lepi(copulatory) segment
doptera (zool.}.
scaphocerite (skafose'rit) n.
[Gk.
The
keras, horn.]
skaphe, boat
scale-like exopodite of the second
antenna of Decapods (zool.}.

boat

SCH-

282

(skap'ular) a.

[L. scapula,
shoulder-blade.] Pert, the scapula.
scapulars, scapular feathers of birds.

(zool.}.

schlzogenesis (sh!z'6j6n'6sis, ski-) n.

[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; genesis,
descent] Reproduction by means
of fission (biol.}.
schizogenetic (shiz'ojgngt'Ik, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; genesis,
descent.]

of fission

Reproducing by means
(biol.}

appl. resin ducts

young stems of ivy appl. spaces

formed by delamination of adjacent
in

cell walls (bot.}.

schizognathous (shtzog'nathus,

ski-)

[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; gnathos,

Appl. the arrangement of
jaws when the vomer is small and
pointed in front and maxillopalatines do not unite with each
other and the vomer, as in the
a.

jaw.J

Pigeon (zool.}.
schizogony (shizog'oni,

ski-) n.
[Gk.
; gonos, offspring.]
of multiple fission in Proto-

schizein, to cleave

A kind
zoa

(zool.}.

SCHschizokinete

(shiz'oklnet',

ski-)

n.

[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; kinetos,

motile vermicule stage
movable.]
in the life - history
of Haemosporidiae (zoo/.).
schizont (shizSnf, ski-) n.
[Gk.
schizein, to cleave; ons, being.]
A trophozoite stage of parasitic
Sporozoa, reproducing in the host

by multiple

fission (zoo/.).

schizontocytes (shizon'toslts,
plu.

ski-) n.

[Gk. schizein, to cleave

ons,

being
kytos, hollow.]
Cytomeres
into which a schizont divides, and
which
themselves
divide
into
clusters of merozoites (zoo/.).
schizopelmous (shiz'opeTmus, ski-) a.
[Gk. schizein, to cleave
pelma,
sole of the foot.] With two separate
flexor tendons connected with the
;

toes, as in

some Birds

to all the thoracic limbs (zoo/.).

schizorhinal

ski-)

(shiz'ori'nal,

a.

[Gk. schizein, to cleave ; rhis, nose.]

Having the external narial opening
elongated, and the posterior border
angular or slit-like (zoo/.).
schizostele (shiz'ostel, ski-)
[Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; stele, a post.]
One of a number of strands formed
by division of the plerome of a stem
.

(**).
schlzostely (shiz'oste'H, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; stele, a post.]
The condition of a stem in which
the plerome gives rise to a number
of strands, each composed of one
vascular bundle ; astely (oof.).
schlzothecal (shiz'othe'kal, ski-) a.
theke, a
[Gk. schizein, to cleave
;

Having

scale

like

horny

tarsal plates (zoo/.).

schizozoite (shiz'ozo'lt, ski-) n. [Gk.
schizein, to cleave ; zoon, animal.]
merozoite formed from each segment of a dividing schizont (zoo/.).
Schwann's sheath, a delicate but
tough membrane outside the medullary sheath of a nerve fibre ; the

primitive sheath

(J>kys.}.

sciatic (siat'Ik) a.
[Gk. ischion, hipPert, the hip region
appl.
joint.]
artery, nerve, etc. (anat.).
;

scion (st6n) n.
branch or

purposes

[F. scion, shoot.]

for
grafting

shoot

(oot.).

solera (skle'ri) n. [Gk. skleros, hard.]

A firm unyielding membrane forming five-sixths of the fibrous tunic
of the eyeball, the cornea forming
the anterior sixth (anat.}.
scleratogenous layer, a strand of
fused sclerotomes formed along the
neural tube, later surrounding the

notochord

(emo.).

sclere (skier) n. [Gk. skleros, hard.]

skeletal structure ; a
sponge

spicule (zoo/.).

sclerenchyma (sklgreng'klma)

n.

[Gk.

hard engchyma, infusion.]

The hard tissue of coral (zoo/.)
tissue of thickened and of hard
skleros,

cells of vessels (oot.).

sclerite

(zoo/.).

schlzopod stage, that stage in the

development of a Decapod larva
when it resembles an adult Mysis
in having exopodite and endopodite

case.]

SCL-

283

n.

(skle'rit)

[Gk.

skleros,

calcareous plate or spichard.]

ule (zoo/.).

sclerobase
skleros,

n.
(skle'robas)
basis, base.]
;

hard

calcareous axis of Alcyonaria

scleroblast (skle'roblast) n.
skleros,

hard

sponge

cell

The
[Gk.

a bud.J

blastos,

[Gk.
(zoo/.).

from which a sclere

develops (zoo/.).
sclerocauly (skleVokoll) n.
skleros, hard
kaulos, stalk.]
;

[Gk.

Con-

dition of excessive skeletal structure

in a stem (dot.}.

sclerocorneal (skleVok&r'neal) a. [Gk.

skleros, hard ; L. cornea, the cornea.]
Pert, cornea and sclerotic (anat.}.

scleroderm (skleVOdgrm) n.
[Gk.
An
derma, skin.]
skleros, hard
indurating integument the skeletal
;

part of Corals

(zoo/.).

sclerodermatous (skleVodeYmatus) a.
derma, skin.]
[Gk. skleros, hard
Having an external skeletal struc;

ture

(zoo/.).

sclerodermite

(skleYodeYmlt) n.
[Gk. skleros, hard ; derma, skin.]
The hard outer covering of an

arthropod segment (zoo/.).

sclerogen (skler'qjgn) n. [Gk. skleros,

hard

offspring.]

genos,

Woody

tissue in plant cells (oot.}.

sclerosclerogenlc (skler'ojgnlfk),
genous.
sclerogenous (sklgroj'gnus) a.
[Gk.
skleros,

hard

Secreting lignin

genos,
(oot.}.

offspring.]

SCU-

284
scleroicl

hard

a.
[Gk. skleros,
resemblance.] Hard

(skle'roid)
eidos,

skeletal

(biol.).

sclerophylly

(skle'rofil'f)

n.

[Gk.

hard phyllon, leaf.] Condition of excessive skeletal structure

in leaves (dot.).

skleros,

scleroseptum (skler'osep'tum) n. [Gk.

L. septum, a division.]
skleros, hard
A radial vertical wall of carbonate
of lime in madrepore Corals.
;

sclerosis (sklgro'sis) n.
[Gk. skleros,
Hardening by increase of
hard.]
connective tissue or lignin (hot.').
sclerotal (sklgro'tal) a. [Gk. skleros,
indurated ; conhard.] Sclerotic
;

(hot.) ;
lignin
pert, the
sclerotic of the eye (anat.).
sclerotic (skleYot'ik) n. [Gk. skleros,

taining

hard.] The outer layer or protective

membrane of the eye (anat.).
a ring of small
sclerotic ossicles,
bones round the protruded sclerotic

of Birds

(zool.).

sclerotioid
skleros,

hard

a.

(sklgrot'ioid)
[Gk.
;
eidos, resemblance.]

Pert, a sclerotium

sclerotium
[Gk.

(bot.).

(sklero'tium,

skleros,

hard.]

n.

resting,

hardened mycelium or waxy protoplasm (bot.).

sclerotome

(skler'otom) n.
[Gk.
;
tome, a cutting.]
skleros,
partition of connective tissue be-

hard

tween two myotomes

(skle'rus)

a.

(zool.).

[Gk.

skleros,

hard.] Sclerotal.
scolecid (sko'lgsid) a. [Gk. skolex, a
worm.] Pert, a scolex.

scoleciform

(skoles'iform) a.
[Gk.
L. forma, shape.]
;
Like a scolex.
scolecite (skol'gslt) n.
[Gk. skolex,
skolex,

worm

worm.] A vermiform body branching from the mycelium of Discomycetes (bot.).

scolecoid (skol'gkoid) a.
worm eidos, form.]
;

a scolex.
scolex (sko'lgks)

[Gk. skolex,

Resembling

like.

scopula (skop'ula)

[L. scopttla, a

n.

small tuft of
brush.]
a needle-like sponge spicule
in climbing
with brush-like head
spiders, a tuft of club-like hairs on
each foot, replacing the third claw

small

hairs

(zoo!.).

scopulate (skop'ulat) a. [L. scopula,

a small brush.] Like a brush.
scopuliferous (skop'ulif'grus) a.
[L.
scopula, a small brush
ferre, to
Having a small brush-like
carry.]
;

structure.

scopuliform

a.

(skop'uliform)

scopula,
shape.]

brush

small

[L.

forma,

Resembling a small brush.

scorpioid (skor'pioid) a. [Gk. skorpios,
Cicinnal
eidos, form.]
scorpion
(bot.)
resembling a scorpion with
;

curved

tail.

a uniparous cymose
inflorescence in which the daughteraxes are developed right and left

scorpioid cyme,

alternately

(bot.).

scrobicula (skroblk'ula) n. [L. scrobis,

a ditch.] The smooth area round
the boss of an echinoid test (zool.).
scrobicular (skrobik'ular) a.
[L.
In the region of
scrobis, ditch.]
the scrobicula.
scrobiculate (skrobik'ulat) a.
[L.
Marked with little
scrobis, ditch.]
pits or depressions (zool.).

scrobicule,

a scrobicula.

scrobiculus

(skrobik'ulus) n.
[L.
pit or depression.

scrobis, ditch.]

[Gk.

skolex,

[Gk. skolex,

worm

A fossil worm burrow

the pit of the

scrobiculus cordis,

stomach

(anal.).

scrotal

a.

(skro'tal)
[L. scrotum.]
Pert, or in the region of the scrotum
(anat.).

scrotum (skro'tum)
n.

worm.] The head or rounded terminal knob of a Tape-worm (zool.).

scolite (sko'llt) n.
lithos, stone.]
(Pal).

(zool.).

scopiferous, scopate.
scopiform (sko'piform) a. [L. scopa,
Brushbrush
forma, shape.]

-shium)

The

dormant, or winter stage of some

Fungi when they become a mass of

sclerous

scopa (sk5'pa) n. [L. scopa, brush.]

A pollen brush (soot.}.
scopate (sko'pat) a. [L. scopa, brush.]
Having a tuft of hairs like a brush

The

external

testicles,

in

sac

n.

[L. scrotum.]

containing the

Mammals.

scurf

(skiirf) n.
Scaly
[A.S. scurf.}
skin dried outer skin peeling off in
scales (anat.)
the scaly epidermal
covering of some leaves (bot.).
;

SCU-

SEC-

285

scutal (sku'tal) a.
Pert, a scutum.

[L. scutum, shield.]

scutate

a.

(sku'tat)
[L. scutum,
Protected by large scales
or horny plates (zool}.
scute (skut) n. [L. scutum, shield.]
An external scale, as of Reptile,
Fish, or scaly Insect (zool.).
scutella (skuteTa) n. [L. scutellum,
a small shield.]
A scutellum or

shield.]

shield-like structure.

scutellar (skuteTar) a. [L. scutellum,

a small shield.] Pert, a scutellum.
scutellate (skuteTat) a. [L. scutellum,
a small shield.]
Shaped like a
small shield.
scutellation (sku'tela'shun) n.
[L.
The
scutellum, a small shield.]
method of arrangement of scales,
as on tarsus of Bird (zool.}.
scutelliform, scutellate.
scutelligerous (sku'telij'e'rus) a. [L.
scutellum, a small shield ; gerere, to
Furnished with scutella or
bear.]
a scutellum.
scutelliplantar (skuteTiplan'tar) a.
[L. scutellum, a small shield planta,
sole of foot.]
Having the tarsus
covered with small plates or scutella
;

(zool.).

modified

spine

aperture

in

overhanging

the

some Cheilostomata

(zool.).

scyphlferous (skiflf'grus, si-) a. [Gk.

L. ferre, to bear.]
skyphos, cup
Bearing scyphi, as some Lichens
;

(tot.).

scyphiform

(skif'iform,

cup

skyphos,

L.

a.

si-)

forma,

[Gk.
shape.]

a cup

like

Shaped
(tot.).
scyphistoma (skifis'toma, si-) n. [Gk.
A
stoma, mouth.]
skyphos, cup
scyphula, the scyphozoon polyp
stage in the development of Aurelia
;

(zool.).

scyphose

sl'fos) a.
[Gk.
Scyphiform.
sif-) n.
[Gk. skyphos, cup.] A scyphistoma.
scyphulus (skif'ulus, si-) n.
[Gk.
skyphos, cup.] A small cup-shaped

(skif'os,

skyphos, cup.]

scyphula

(skifula,

structure

scyphus

(dot.).

[Gk. skyphos,
of a Narcissus ; a
funnel shaped corolla
the cupshaped expansion of the podetium
(skif'us, si-)

The cup

cup.]

in

some Lichens

(tot.).

sebaceous (sba'shus) a. [L. sebum,

tallow.]
Containing or secreting
fatty matter
appl. glands (anat.).
;

scutellum (skuteTum)

n.

[L. scuteltarsal scale

lum, a small shield.] A

of Birds the posterior part of the
mesothoracic segment of an Insect
(zool.) ; the single massive cotythe
next
ledon
starchy
lying
a
endosperm in seed of Maize
development of part of the cotythe
ledon which separates
embryo
from the endosperm in the seed
of Grasses (tot.).
;

scutlferous,
scutigerous.
scutiform (sku'tiform) a. [L. scutum,
shield
Shaped
forma, shape.]
like a shield
appl. the floating leaf
of Salvinia (hot}.
;

scutigerous (skutij'rus)a. [L. scutum,

shield gerere, to bear.]
Bearing a
;

shield-like structure (zool.}.

a.
[L. scutum,
shield ; pes, foot.]
Having the
it
of
covered
foot or part
by scutella

scutiped (sku'tip&i)

(zool.).

scutum

[L. scutum,
shield-like plate, horny,
chitinous, developed in

(sku'tum)

shield.]

or

bony,
the integument

the

fornix

or

sebiferous (sSbif'Srus)

a.

[L. sebum,

tallow ferre, to carry.]

fatty matter (phys}.

Conveying

sebiparous

(sfiblp'arus) a.

[L. sebum,

tallow ; parere, to beget.]

fatty matter

Secreting

(phys.).

sebum (se'bum) n. [L. sebum, tallow.]

The secretion of sebaceous glands,
consisting of fatty matter and isocholesterin (phys.).

secodont (s6k'6d6nt) a. [L. secare, to

cut
Gk. odous, tooth.] Furnished
with teeth adapted for cutting
;

(zool.\

secondary

(sgk'ondari)

a.

[L.

se-

Second in imcundus, second.]

portance or in position (zool.) ;
arising, not from the growing point,
but from other tissue (tot.) ; n. a
forearm quill - feather of a bird's
wing an insect hind- wing (zool.).
an axillary bud,
secondary bud,
accessory to the normal one (tot.).
secondary capitula, six small cells
;

rising

from

each

Chara (tot.).
secondary growth,

capitulum

of

development of

SEG-

SECsecondary meristem or cambium

producing new tissue on both sides,

secundines,

as in

secondly

woody dicotyledons

secondary

meristem,

(dot.).

phellogen

(dot.).

a tissue
secondary prothallium,
produced in the megaspore of
the

after

Selaginella

true

pro-

thallium is formed (dot.).

branches of the
secondary roots,
primary root, arising within its

and

turn giving rise to

roots arising at
other than normal points of origin

tissue,

tertiary

in

roots

(dot.).

a small or ab-

secondary spore,

an ascospore (dot.).
tissue formed
secondary tissue,
through phellogen, externally cork,
and internally phelloderm (dot.).
secondary wood, wood formed from
jointed spore

cambium

(dot.).

secretin (sekre'tin) n.
to separate.]

produced

[L. secernere,

A chemical substance

in the intestinal

membrane whose

action

mucous
on

the

pancreas causes a copious secretion

of pancreatic juice (phys.).
secretion (sekre'shun) n. [L. secemere,
to separate.] A substance or fluid
which is separated from the blood
or other cells the process of such
separation (phys.).
;

secretitious
secernere,

(sekretish'us)
to separate.]

a.

[L.

Appl. a

substance or fluid secreted (phys.).

secretory (sekre'tori) a. [L. secernere,
to separate.]

Performing the office

of secretion (phys.).
sectile (sgk'tll) a.
[L. secare, to cut.]
Cut into small partitions, com-

partments

(dot.).

sectorial (sgkto'rial) a. [L. secure,

Formed or adapted for
to cut.]
cutting, as certain teeth.

secund (sgk'und)

a.

[L. secundus,
following.] Appl. flowers or leaves
on
one
side
of the stem
arranged
(dot.).

secundiflorous (sfikund'Iflo'rus) a. [L.

secundus, following ; ftos, flower.]
Having flowers on one side of the

stem only (dot.).

secundine (s6k'undin) n. [L. secundus,
The second coat of
following.]
the ovule, lying within the primine
(dot.).

the

foetal

membranes

collectively (anat.).
(sek'undlT) adv.
On
cundus, following.]
of a stem or axis (dot.).

sedentary
to

sit.]

[L.

se-

one side

(sed'Sntari) a.
[L. sedere,
Not free-living ; appl.

animals attached by a base to

some substratum (zool.).
seed (sed) n.
[A.S. saed, seed.] A
mature fruit containing an embryo
ready for germination under suitable

conditions

(hot.)

semen

(anat.).

seed bud, an ovule (dot.).

seed coat, the testa, a thin membrane investing the seed (hot.).
seed plant,
a seed-bearing plant
(dot.).

seed stalk, the funicle (hot.}.

seed vessel, a structure containing
seed, as a pod (dot.).

segment

(seg'me'nt)

n.

[L.

seg-

mentum, a piece cut off".] A division formed by cleavage of an

ovum (emb.) a part of an animal
or of a jointed appendage (zool.)
;

a division of a leaf if
the base (dot.).

cleft

nearly to

segmental (sggmgn'tal) a. [L. segOf the nature

mentum, a part.]
of a segment pert, a segment.
;

segmental

arteries,

diverticula

from the dorsal aortae arising in

the
between successive
spaces
somites (emb.).

segmental duct, an embryonic duct

which gives rise to Wolffian or
Miillerian duct (emb.).

an embryonic
organ,
excretory organ (emb.).
segmental papillae,
conspicuous
pigment spots by which true segments maybe recognised in Leeches

segmental

(zool.).

n.
segmentation
(s&g'mSnta'shun)
The
[L. segmentum, a segment.]
division or splitting into segments
or portions (btol.) cleavage of an
;

ovum

(emb.).

segmentation cavity, the blastocoel

or central cavity formed at an early
stage of egg cleavage (emb.).
the body
segmentation nucleus,
formed by the union of male and
female pronuclei in the course of
fertilization of

an ovum

(emb.).

SEG-

segregratlon (segrgga'shun) n. [L. se,

aside ; grex, flock.] In the Mendelian sense, the dissociation of
characters from each other in the
course of the formation of germs,
the characters being called allelo-

morphic (Hoi.}.
sejugous (sgj'oogus) a. [L. sex, six
jugum, a yoke.] With six pairs of
;

a.
(sgle'nodont)
selene, moon
odous, tooth.]

[Gk.

Appl.
molars when lengthened out antero-posteriorly and curved (as in
;

sheep).

selenotropism
[Gk. selene,

(selenot'ropTzm)

moon

the moon's rays

its

trope,

n.

a turn-

turn towards

(bot.}.

by means of
elements, said of a

fertile

own male

flower

to

Tendency

self -fertile,

autogamy.

its

own male elements

appl. flowers (bot.} ; appl. hermaphrodite animals (zool.}.

sella turcica (sel'5. tur'slka) n.
[L.
sella, a seat
turcicus, Turkish.]
deep depression on the inner
surface of the sphenoid behind the
tuberculum sellae (anat.} a transverse bar formed by union of
apodemes of posterior somites of
certain Decapods (zool.}.
;

somatic (sematik) a.
[Gk. sema, a
sign.]
Functioning as a danger
signal, as certain colours or odours

semen

n.
semen,
(se'men)
[L.
The fluid secreted in the
testicles (zoo/.).

seed.]

semiamplexicaul

(sgm'iamplek'sikol) a.
[L. semi, half; amplecli,
to embrace ; caulis, stem.]
Partially surrounding the stem (bot.}.

semianatropous
[L. semi, half
a turning.]

ovule

(sfim'Ianat'ropus)
;

Gk. ana, up

With

a.

trope,

half- inverted

ear

[L.

circle.]

appl.

labyrinth

semicomplete (sem'Ikomplet')
semi,

a.

[L.

Inhalf; completus, filled.]

appl.
metamorphosis

complete

(zool.}.

n.
(sgm'Iflo'rgt)
[L.
semihalf; flos, flower.]
floscule or ray of composite flowers

semi,

(bot.}.

semiflosculous
[L. semi,
flower.]

(sgm'iflos'kulus)

half; flosculus, a

Having

ligulate

a.

small
florets

(bot.}.

semilocular

(sem'ilSk'ular) a.
[L.
semi, half; loculus, a small place.]
with
loculi
incomplete
Appl. ovary
(bot.}.

(sgm'ilu'nar, -loo-) a.

half;

moon shaped

[L.

Halfluna, moon.]
;
appl. ganglia, fascia,

valves (anat.}

a carpal bone

n.,

(zool,}.

semimembranosus
sus) n.
nosus,

[L.

(sfim'lmfim'brano'semi, half; membra-

A thigh
membranous.]
muscle with a flat membranelike tendon at its upper extremity
(anat.}.

semimetamorphosis (s&n'Imfitamor'[L. semi, half; Gk. metamorphosis, transformation.] Partial,

incomplete, or semicomplete meta-

fosls) n.

morphosis (zool.\
seminal (sem'inal)
seed.]

Pert,

a.

semen

semen,
[L.
appl. the fluid

of the testicles, the

vesicle

(zool.}

duct or the

cotyledons

appl.

(bot.}.

or sac in
stores

Worms

the spermatheca
or Snails which

male elements

till

required

(zool.}.

semination
semen,

.
(sgm'fna'shun)
[L.
Dispersal of seeds
seed.]

(bot.}.

seminiferous (sgmTnlf'erus) a.
[L.
semen, seed ferre, to carry.] Seseed
seminal
or
or
conveying
creting
fluid (zool.}
bearing seed (bot.}.
;

seminude (sgm'Inud)

(bot.}.

(sem'iko'dat)

semi, half; cauda,

tail

of the

seminal receptacle,

in animals.

semicaudate

canals

a.

(anaf.}.

semi,

self-mutilation, autotomy.
self - pollination,
transference
of
anthers to
pollen grains from
stigmas of the same flower.
not capable of fertilizaself-sterile,

by

the

semllunar

(bot.}.

self-fertilization,

tion

semicircular (sgm'IseYkular)
a
semi,
half;
circulus,
Describing a half - circle

seminoret

leaflets (bot.}.

selenodont

ing.]

SEM-

287

rudimentary

tail.]

(zool.}.

a.

[L.

With

the

a.
[L. semi,
half; nudus, naked.] With ovules
or seeds exposed (bot.}.

seminymph (sgmlnlmf)

n.

[L. semi,

SEMA

conhalf; nympha, a nymph.]

dition in development of certain
Insects approaching complete meta-

morphosis (zool.).
semiovate (sem'io'vat) a. [L. semi,
Half-oval
half;
ovum, egg.]
somewhat oval.
semioviparous (sem'itivlp'arus) a. [L.
semi, half; ovum, egg
parere, to
Between oviparous and
beget]
viviparous, as a Marsupial whose
young are very imperfectly developed when born (zool.}.
semlovoid (sem'io'void) a. [L. semi,
half
ovum, egg Gk. eidos, form.]
;

Somewhat ovoid
semipalmate
semi,

a.

(seni'ipal'mat)

half;

palma,

Having
way down (zool.).

hand.]

toes

[L.

palm of the
webbed half-

beside another.] A partial parasite,

as a plant which derives part only
of its nutriment from its host (biol.).

semipenniform

a.
(sem'ipe'n'iform)
semi, half
penna, feather
certain
shape.]
Appl.
forma,

[L.

plume of a feather (anat.).

semipenneable (sem'iper'meabl)
to the

a.

[L. semi, half ; per, through ; meare,

to pass.] Appl. a membrane which

does not permit any dissolved substance to pass, although permeable

to water (phys.).

semiplume (sem'iploom)

n.

feather.]

[L. semi,

feather

with an ordinary shaft but a

web (zool.).
semlpupa (sem'ipu'pa)

downy

[L. semi,
larval
half; pupa, a puppet.]
stage in the development of certain
Insects (zool.).
.

semirecondite (sem'irek'ondit)
semi,

half

[L.
recondere, to conceal.]
.

Half-concealed, as an insect's head

may be by its thorax (zool.).

semisagittate (sgm'isaj'itat) a. [L.
an arrow.]
semi, half; sagitta,
Shaped like a half arrow-head.
semisaprophyte

(sem'isap'rofit) n.
[L. semi, half; Gk. sapros, rotten ;
plant partially
phyton, plant.]

saprophytic (hot.).
semispinalis (sgm'Ispina'lis)
semi,

half;

continuously (anat.).

semitendinosus (sem'iten'dinosus)
[L. semi, half

n.

tendere, to stretch.]

A dorsal muscle of the thigh stretch-

ing from the tuber ischii to the tibia

(anat.).

semitendinous (sem'itfin'dinus) a.
half;

semi,

tendere,

[L.
stretch.]

to

Half tendinous (anat.).

semituberous (sem'itu'berus) a. [L.
semi, half tuber, a hump.]
Having
;

somewhat tuberous

roots

to

grow

appl.

condition

(hot.).

n. [L. senescere,

Advancing age

old.]

of

Protozoa after

many bipartitions, which condition

may be counteracted by conjugation
(biol.).

senility (senil'iti) n. [L. senilis, senile.]

Senile derangement ; the vital exhaustion of Protozoa (dial.).
sense organ, an organ functional in
stimulation
external
receiving

muscles bearing some resemblance

pluma,

muscle of the back on each side of

the spinal column, inserted into
transverse and spinous processes

senescence (senes'ens)

in shape.

semiparaslte (sem'ipar'asit) n.
[L.
semi, half; Gk. parasitos, eating

half;

SEP-

288

spinalis,

n.

spinal.]

[L.

sensiferous (sensif'erus) a. [L. sensus,

sense ferre, to carry.] Receiving
or conveying sense impressions ;
;

sensigerous (phys.).
sensile (sen'sll) a. [L. sensus, sense.]
of
a sense
Capable
affecting
(Phys.).

sensitive

(sen'sltiv)

a.

[L.

sensus,

Capable of receiving impressions from external objects

sense.]

(Phys.).

which
a
plant,
plant
droops, recoils, or closes at a
touch, as Mimosa (hot.).
sensorial (sgnso'rial) a. [L. sensus,
sense.] Pert, the sensorium (phys.).
sensitive

sensorium (senso'rium)

n.

[L. sensus,

The seat of sensation or

consciousness, supposed to be the
the entire nervous system
brain
sense.]
;

(Phys.).

sensory

(sen'sorl)

a.

[L.

sensus,

Having direct connection

with any part of the sensorium

sense.]

(Phys.).

sentient (sen'shient) a. [L. senhre,

to feel.]
Appl. cells which are
sensitive and can perceive (phys.).
sepal (se'pal) n. [Gk. sepalon, a sepal,
on analogy of petalon, a petal or
;

SEP-

SER-

L. sepes, a hedge.]
leaf-like
division of the calyx (dot.).

sepaled

(se'pald) a.

sepals

[Sepal.]

Having

(dot.}.

a.

Like

[Sepal.]

sepalody (sepalodi) n. [Sepal Gk.

Conversion of petals
eidos, form ]
or other parts of a flower into sepals
;

(dot.).

sepaloid (sep'aloid) a. [Sepal; Gk.

Like a sepal (hot.).
eidos, form.]
sepalous (sep'alus) a. [Sepal.] Having sepals (dot.).
separation layer, see absciss layer.
sepicolous (sgpik'olus) a. [L. sepes,
hedge ; colere, to inhabit.] Living
in hedges.
septal (sSp'tal) a.
[L. septum, a
Pert, a septum.
partition.]
a small primary
septal fossula,
septum which appears to lie in a
pit in some fossil Corals (pa/.).
septal neck, in Nautilus, a shelly
tube continuous for some distance
beyond each septum as a support
to the siphuncle (zoo!.).
septate (sfip'tat) a.
[L. septum, a

Divided by partitions.
septempartite (se'p'tempar'tlt) a. [L.
septem, seven \pars, a part.] Appl.
a leaf with seven divisions extending
nearly to the base (dot.).
septenate (sep'tgnat) a. [L. septeni,
seven each.] With parts in sevens
appl. seven leaflets of a leaf (bot.).
partition.]

(se"p'tisl'dal) a.

[L. septum,

Dividing
through the middle of the ovary
caedere,\.o cut.]

septa (dot.).
septiferous (septif erus) a.
partition

septa

[L. septum,
Having
ferre, to bear.]

(hot.}.

septifolious

and nasal septum

maxilla

(zool.).

septonasal

a.

(sgp'tona'zal)

[L.

septum, partition
nasus, nose.]
Pert, the internarial
septum (ana/.).
septulate (sgp'tulat) a. [L. septulum,
a small septum.] Having spurious
septa (dot.).
septulum (sgp'tulum) n. [L. septulum,
a small septum.]
A small or
;

sepallne (sep'alin)
a sepal (dot.).

septicidal
division

Pert,

(sep'tlfo'llus)

a.

[L.

seven
septeni,
folium, a leaf.]
With seven leaves or leaflets (dot.).
septiform (sgp'tiform) a. [L. septum,
partition
forma, shape.] In the
form of a septum.
;

septifragal (septif ragal) a. [L. septum, partition ; frangere, to break.]

With slits as in locuhcidal or septicidal dehiscence, but with the
septa broken and the placentas and
seeds left in the middle (dot.).
(sgp'tomaksirari) a.
[L. septum, partition ; maxilla, jaw.]

septomaxillary

secondary septum

(dot.).

septum

(sep'tum) n.
[L. septum,
partition separating
partition.]
into two cavities, as
in
fruits,
chambered shells, corals (diol.).
septum narium, the partition between the nostrils (anat.).
the
diaseptum transversum,

phragm

(anat.).

sericate (sgrlkat), sericeous (sgrish'us)

Covered
[L. serious, silken.]
with fine close-pressed silky hairs

a.

(dot.).

serosa (sgro'sa) n. [L. serum, serum.]

A serous membrane (anat.) the
outer larval membrane of Insects
;

(zool.).

serosity

(sgrSs'itl)

n.

The watery

serum.]

[L.

serum,

part of animal

serotinous (sgrot'mus)

Blooming

late.]

than

customary

a.
[L. serus,
later in the season
for the species

(dot.).

serous

(se'riis) a.

Watery

pert,

[L. serum, serum.]

serum

appl. fluid,

gland (phys.).
serous alveoli, alveoli which secrete
a watery non-viscid saliva, opp.

mucous

alveoli (phys.).

serous membrane, a thin membrane

consisting of a single layer of
epithelial cells, lining some closed
cavity of the body, as the pericardium, the peritoneum (anat.).

serpulite (seVpulIt) n. [L. serpula,

a small snake.] The fossil tube of
a Polychaet worm ; appl. chalk

containing
serra (seVa)

Any

fossil
n.

worm-tubes (Pal.).
a saw.]

[L. serra,
saw-like structure.

serrate (seVat)

a.

[L.

serra,

saw.]

Notched on the edge like a saw

appl. leaves and other structures

(diol.).

serrate-ciliate,

toothed edges

with hairs
(dot.).

fringing

SEU-

serrate-dentate, with serrate edges

themselves toothed (bot.).
serratiform (serat'iform) a. [L. serra,
saw forma, shape.] Like a saw.
serration (sera'shun) n.
[L. serra,
saw.] Saw-like formation.
serratirostral (sgrat'iros'tral) a. [L.
serra, saw ; rostrum, beak.]
Appl.
Birds with serrate bill.
;

serratodenticulate(serat'odentik'ulat)
a,

[L.

serra,

saw

With many-toothed
serrature

saw.]

dens, tooth.]
serrations (bot.).
;

n.

(seYatur)
[L.
saw-like notch.

serra,

(anat.).

serrlferous (serlf'Srus)
to

ferre,

a.

[L. serra,

Furnished

carry.]

with a saw-like organ or part.

serriform (seYiform) a.
[L. serra,
saw ; forma, shape.] Like a saw.
serriped (seYiped) a. [L. serra, saw ;

With notched

pes, foot.]

feet.

[L. serrula, a
comb-like ridge
saw.]
on the chelicerae of some Arachnids

serrula
small

(ser'ula)

n.

serrulate (seYulat) a.
[L. serrula,
a small saw.] Like a finely-notched
saw.
serrulation (ser'ula'shun) n.
[L.
A small
serrula, a small saw.]
notch.
Sertoli cells,
enlarged lining epithelium-cells connected with groups
of developing spermatozoa in testes
(anat.}.

serum
The

(se'rum) n. [L. serum, serum.]

thin watery fluid which separates from the blood on coagulation,
it

contains proteins, extractives,

salts (phys.).

serum albumin, serum

two

of

support, stalk, or peduncle

stationary, as opp. free-living or
;

motile (zool.).
seta (se'ta) n.

[L.
bristle-like

Any

the

proteins

globulin,
of serum

(phys.).

seta,

bristle.]

structure

the

chaeta of Chaetopods (zool).

setaceous (sfita'shus) a.
[L. seta,
a bristle.]
Bristle-like ; set with
bristles.

[L. seta, a
setifprm (se'tifbrm) a.
Bristlebristle
forma, shape.]
shaped appl. teeth when very fine
;

and

closely set.

bristle

(setij'erus)

to

gerere,

a.
[L. seta,
Setifbear.]

erous ; setiparous
bristle-bearing.
setigerous sac, a sac, in which is
lodged a bundle of setae, formed
by an invagination of the epidermis in the parapodium of
;

Chaetopods

(zool.).

setirostral (se'tiros'tral) a. [L. seta,

bristle ;
rostrum, beak.]
Appl.

Birds with beak bristles.

setobranchia (se'tobrang'kia) n. [L.
Gk. brangchia, gills.]
seta, bristle
A tuft of setae attached to the
;

of certain

gills

(zool.).

and

out

setigerous

serratus magnus, a muscle stretching from upper ribs to scapula

saw

SEX-

290

Decapods

(zool.).

setose (se'tos) a. [L. seta, bristle.]

Set with bristles bristly.
setula (sgt'ula) n. {Dim. from L.
A setule ; a threadseta, bristle.]
like or hair-like bristle.
setuliform (se"tu'lif6rm) a. [L. seta,
;

bristle

forma,

shape.]

Thread-

like
like a setula or fine bristle.
setulose (set'ulos) a. [L. seta, bristle.]
Set with small bristles.
;

sex (sks)

n.

[L. sexus,

sex.]

The

sum

of characteristics, structures,
functions, by which an animal or
plant is classed as male or female.
sexdigitate (seksdij'itat) a. [L. sex,
six
With six
digitus, a finger.]
fingers or toes (zool).
sexfld (sgks'ffd) a.
st
six
[L. sex,
;

sesamoid (ses'amoid) a. [Gk. sesamon, sesame eidos, form.] Appl.

a bone developed within a tendon
and near a joint, as the patella,
the
or
ulnar sesamoid
radial
;

(anat.).

sesamoidal

(seVamoidal)
eidos,
sesamon, sesame
Pert, a sesamoid bone.
;

a.

[L.

form.]

sessile (seVll) a. [L. sedere, to sit.]

Sitting directly on the base with-

findere, to cleave.]

as a calyx (bot.).
sexfoil (sSks'foil)

a.

Cleft iinto six,

[L. sex,

six

folium, leaf.] A group of six leaves

or leaflets round one axis (bot.).
sex limited inheritance,
inherit-

ance of characteristics limited by

the fact that some are predominantlymale andothers predominantly
female (biol.).
sexual (sek'siial) a. [L. sexus, sex.]

SEXPert, sex

asexual

sexual

appl. reproduction, opp.

(bio/.).

an ovum or sperm,

cell,

sexual

dimorphism,

marked

between male and female of

one species (soot.}.
a gamobium
sexual generation,
or medusa.
See alternation of
generations.
shaft (shaft) n.

n.

[A.S. sceth, shell

A protective covering
or pod.]
a theca ; an investing petiole (dot.}
an insect wing-cover
(shfil) n.

[A.S.

;
;

(zool.}.

scell, shell.]

The

hard outer covering of animal or

a covering, calcareous,
siliceous, bony, horny, or chitinous
fruit (bio/.}

(zool.}.

in

the organ

gland, shell sac,

a shell is created.
shield (sheld) n.

shield.]

as

for

sigma

(bot.}.

(slg'ma) n.

[Gk.

sigma.]

2,

C-shaped sponge spicule (zool.}.

sigmaspire (sig'masplr) n. [Gk. 2,
sigma L. spira, a coil.] A sigma
with an additional twist (zool.}.
sigmoid (sig'moid) a. [Gk. 2, sigma
Curved like a
eidos, resemblance.]
sigma curved in two directions
;

protecting

forming

arteries,

appl.

valves

cavities,

(anat.}.

an S-shaped double
a bird's neck the Scurve described by the

sigmoid flexure,
[A.S.

carapace

scild,

structure
or lorica

curve as

shaped

in

intestine (anat.}.
silicle (sll'ikl) n.

(zool.}.

shoulder blade, the scapula.

shoulder girdle, the pectoral girdle,
which consists of scapula, coracoid,

and clavicle (anat.}.

sialoid (si'aloid) a.

[Gk. sialon,
Like
saliva ; eidos, resemblance.]
saliva (phys.}.
sicula (sik'ula) n. [L. sicula, a small

small dagger-shaped
dagger.]
body at the end of a Graptolite,
supposed to be the skeleton of the
primary zooid of the colony (pal.}.
side-chain theory, Ehrlich's theory
of the phenomena of immunity, viz.,
that toxins unite with living protoplasm by possessing the same
property as that by which nutritive
proteins are normally assimilated

pod.]

a little
very short flat

[L. silicula,

silicula, or

form of siliqua

(bot.}.

silicular (silik'ular) a.
[L. silicula, a
little pod.]
Siliculose ; siliculous ;
like or pert, or having a silicle (bot.}.

siliqua (slllk'wa) n.
[L. siliqua, a
long cylindrical fruit
pod.]

divided in two by a false septum,

characteristic
of the Cruciferae
(bot.}.

silique

(silek'),

siliquiform

siliqua.

a.

(sTlik'wiform)

siliqua,

Formed

like

pod

forma,

a silique

[L.

shape.]

(bot.}.

siliquose (sil'ikwos) a.
[L. siliqua,
pod.] Siliquous ; bearing siliques
(bot.}.

simian (slm'Ian)

a.

[L.

simia,

an

Possessing the characterisof or pert, the anthropoid apes

ape.]

(phys.}.

the thin-walled elongated

cell,
cell of a sieve tube (bot.).
sieve disc or plate, the end walls
of sieve cells thickened and modi-

sieve

fied to

a.
[L. sigillum, a
seal-like markings,

(sij'ilat)

Having

as certain roots

whose walls material

such

sigiUate
seal.]

(zool.}.

sheath (sheth)

shell

sieve tubes or vessels, long slender

structures consisting of elongated
cells placed end to end, developed
in Angiosperms as lines of conduction of food (bot.}.
sight (sit) n. [A.S. siht, sight.] The
visual faculty
impressions of outward things conveyed to the brain
by means of retina and optic nerves
;

[A.S. sceaft, a spearrachis

the distal part
of the stem of a feather; the straight
cylindrical part of a long bone

shaft.]

sieve tissue, the /essential tissue of

the phloem of vascular bundles
(bot.}.

strongly-

differences, in size, colour,

etc.,

shell

SIM-

291

form sieve-plates

sieve pit or pore,

sieve-plate

(bot.}.

(bot.}.

a perforation of a

tics

(zool.}.

ocelli which occur with

or without compound eyes in the
adults of many Insects ; usually the
only eyes possessed by larvae ;
eyes with only one lens (zool.}.

simple eyes,

SIM-

292

simulation

(sim'ula'shun)
simulate.]

simulare, to

[L.
as-

The

some

animals of
features or structures intended to
deceive enemies and so protect
themselves, as the forms of leaf

by

sumption

the
stick Insects, and
all
varieties of protective coloration

and

(zool.}.

sincipital (sinsip'ital) a.
half;
head.]
caput,
sinciput (anat}.

[L.

Pert,

semi,

the

SIP-

"capillaries" of the hepatic lobules

of the adult liver (c/nb.}.
siphon (si'fon) n. [Gk. siphon, a reed
or tube.]
prolongation of the
mantle in Lamellibranchs into a
longer and shorter tube through
which the water of respiration
enters and leaves the mantle cavity
a similar respiratory structure of
Gasteropods, found modified also
in Cephalopods ; a sucking proboscis (zool.}.

sinciput (sin'siput) n. [L. semi, half ;

caput, head.] The upper or fore
part of the head (anat.}.

siphonate

sinistral

siphonet

(sin'istral) a.
the left ;

On

left.]

[L. sinister,
appl. a shell

or siphons

spiral turns in the opposite

direction to dextral (zool.}.
sinistrorse (sin'istrors) a. [L. sinister,
left

to

vertere,

turn.]

Appl.

Aphid

line

opp. integripalliate (zool.}.

sinus (sl'nus) n.
[L. sinus, curve.]
cavity, depression, or dilation
;

(zool., anat.}

tion

a groove or indenta-

sinus pocularis, uterus masculinus.

in vertebrate
sinus rhomboidalis,
embryos, the posterior incompletelyclosed part of the medullary canal
(emb.} later, a dilation of the canal
in the sacral region, formed from
;

it

(anat.}.

sinus venosus, the posterior chamber

of the tubular heart of the embryo
in
lower vertebrates, a
(emb.}
;

corresponding structure receiving

venous blood and opening into the
auricle (zool.} ;
auricle (anat.).

the cavity of the

sinusoid (sl'nusoid) n.
[L. sinus,
curve ; Gk. eidos, resemblance.] A
minute blood space in organ tissue
formed from intercrescence of endodermal cells and vascular endothelium,

where

especially in the liver,

sinusoids
rise
to
give

[Gk. siphon,
of an

(zool.}.

a.

(slfo'nial)

siphonium

[Gk. siphon,

n.

(slf o'nium)
[Gk. siphon,
A membranous tube connecting the air - passages of the
quadrate with an air-space in the
mandible (Crocodile) (zool.}.

tube.]

siphonogamous
[Gk. siphon, tube
.

a.
(sl'fonog'amus)
;
gamos, marriage.]
a
by
pollen

fertilization

Securing
tube (bot.}.

siphonogamy
siphon,

(sl'fonog'ami) n.
[Gk.
Fertilization
by
tube.]

means of a pollen tube

(bot.}.

siphonoglyph

(sl'fonoglif) n.
[Gk.
siphon, tube ; glyphein, to engrave.]

One
of

(bot.}.

n.

Pert, a siphonium.

tube.]

(zool.}.

(sl'fonet)

siphonial

spiral twining towards the left ;

opp. dextrorse (dot.}.
sinuate' (sln'uat)'a. [L. sinus, curve.]

Winding tortuous having a wavy

indented margin, as leaves (bot.}.
sinuous, sinuate.
sinupalliate (sin'upal'iat) a. [L. sinus,
curve pallium, mantle.] In Molluscs, having a well
developed
siphon, and so an indented pallial

[Gk. siphon,

The honeydew tube

tube.]

whose

a.

(sl'fonat)

Furnished with a siphon

tube.]

of two longitudinal grooves

the gullet of Sea-anemones

(zool.}.

siphonoplax

(sl'fdnoplaks') n.
[Gk.
siphon, tube ; plax, a tablet.]
calcareous plate connected with
the siphon of certain Molluscs

(zool.}.

siphonostele (sffonostel') n.
[Gk.
The
stele, a post.]
siphon, tube
hollow vascular cylinder of a stem,
containing pith (bot.}.
siphonostelic (sl'fonostel'ik) a. [Gk.
siphon, tube
stele, a post.]
Appl.
hollow cylindrical stems, chiefly
;

of Ferns

(bot.}.

siphonostomatous
a.

[Gk.

(sl'fb'nostom'atus)

siphon,

tube

stoma,

With tubular mouth ;

mouth.]
having the front margin of the shell
notched for emission of the siphon
(zool.}.

siphonozooid (si'fonozo'oid)

n.

[Gk.

SIP-

zoon, animal
eidos,
A smaller indiresemblance.]
vidual
of
certain
Alcyonarian
without
tentacles
or
colonies,

siphon, tube

gonads

(zool.}.

a.
siphorhinal
(sl'fori'nal)
rhis, nose.]
siphon, tube

[Gk.

With

tubular nostrils

(zool.}.

siphuncle (sifung'kl) n.
culus, a small tube.]

[L. siphun-

siphonet

a median tube of skin, partly calcareous, connecting up all the

compartments of a Nautilus shell
(zool.}.

siphunculate

(sifung'kulat)

siphunculus, a small tube.]

a siphuncle.

sitotropism (sitot'ropizm)
food ; trope, a
sttos,

a.

[L.

Having
[Gk.

reaction towards the

influences
of
food
stimulating

food

(dial.).

skeletal (skeletal) a. [Gk. skeletos,

Pert, the skeleton (bot.,
dried.]
.

zool.}.

skeletogenous (skeTgtoj'enus) a. [Gk.

hard
skeletos,
genos, offspring.]
Appl. embryonic structures or parts
which ultimately develop into parts
;

of the skeleton

(biol.}.

skeleton (skeTgton)

n.

[Gk. skeletos,

dried, hard.] The hard or bony

framework, internal or external,
which supports and protects the
softer parts of the body of plant
or animal.

skin (skin)

n.
[Swed. skinn, skin.]
external covering of an animal,
or
seed.
fruit,
plant,
skin-gills,
transparent contractile
outgrowths from the skin of Asterwith
oids,
respiratory function

The

annular markings on the

Worm.

skull (skul)
cranium.]

and

creeping stem (bot.}.

soboliferous (sob'olif&rus) a.
[L.
shoot
to carry.]
soboles,
ferre,
shoots
or
stems
Having
running
;

(bot.}.

socket (sok'St) n. [L. soccus, a sock.]

A hollow into which something
fits, as that of humerus or femur
(anat.}.

having jointed

soft-rayed,
soft-shelled,

fin-rays

with

flat

and

shields

mud

Tortoises
without
horny
covered with soft

appl.
shell

leathery skin (zool.}.

solar (so'lar) a.
[L. sol, the sun.]
Having branches or filaments like
the rays of the sun (anat.}.
solar plexus, a network of nerves
with some ganglia, situated behind
the stomach and supplying all the
abdominal viscera (anat.}.

soleaform (sS'leaform) a.
sandal forma, shape.]
;

[L. solea,

Slipper-

shaped.
solenia (sole'nla) n. plu. [Gk. solen,
a channel.] Endoderm-lined canals,
diverticula from the coelentera of a
zooid colony (zool.}.
solenocytes (sole'nSsIts) n. plu. [Gk.

channel
hollow.]
kytos,
Slender club-shaped tubular flagelcells
connected with the

solen,

lated

of
some Polychaets,
nephridia
Trochelminths, and of Amphioxus
(zool.}.

solenostele

n.
[Gk.
(sole'nostel)
channel; stele, a column.] A
stage after the siphonostele in fern-

solen,

(zool.}.

skin-rings,
body of a

inhaled air charged with odorous

matter, and therefrom communicated to the olfactory centre of the
brain (phys.}.
soboles (sbb'olez) n.
[L. soboles, a
sucker or underground
shoot.]

(zool.}.

n.

turning.]
to turn in the direction

Tendency
of

SOM-

293

n.

stem development
[M.E.

skulle,

the

The cranium,

or hard
bony part of the head of a

vertebrate.

slough (sluf) n. [M.E. slouh, skin

of a snake.] The dead outer skin
cast off periodically by Snakes
(zool.}.

smell (sm61)

(hot.}.

soleus (so'leus) n. [L. solea, sole of

the foot.] A flat calf muscle below
the gastrocnemius (anat.}.
soliped (sol'ipgd) a. [L. solidus, solid
Solid-hoofed, as a horse
pes, foot.]
or zebra (zool.}.
solitary glands or follicles,
lymphoid nodules occurring singly on
the intestines
Peyer's patches

n.

[M.E. swel, odour.]

The impression produced on

the

expanse of the olfactory nerve by

(anat.}.

soma

(so'ma) n.

[Gk. soma, body.]

SOM-

SPA-

294

The animal body

as a whole with
the exception of the germinal or
reproductive cells (&'<?/.).
somacule (so'makul) n. [Gk. soma,
body.] A unit of protoplasm ; a
biophore. See hypothetical units.
somatic (somat'ik) a.
[Gk. soma,
body.] Pert, the purely bodily part
of an animal as distinct from the
germinal or reproductive cells
(biol.}.

soriferous (sorlf'erus) a. [Gk. soros,

a pile L.ferre, to carry.] Bearing
;

sori (bot.).

sorosis

(soro'sis)

[Gk. soros, a

n.

composite

fruit

formed by

fusion of fleshy axis

and

flowers, as

pile.]

in

Pine-apple (bot.).
sorus (so'rus) n. [Gk. soros, a pile.]
A collection of small stalked sporangia on the under surface of a
clusters of
fern pinnule (bot.)
spores in some Sarcodina (zool.).
spadiceous (spadish'us) a. [L. spadix,
a palm-branch.] Arranged like a
spadix (bot.).
;

somatoblast (som'atoblast)
soma, body

blastos, bud.]

n.

[Gk.
cell

which gives rise to somatic cells

a specialized micromere in oosperm
division of Annulates (emb.).

somatocyst (som'atosist) n.
[Gk.
soma, body kystis, a bladder.] An
air cavity in the pneumatophore of
Siphonophores (zool.).
somatogenic (som'atqjen'ik) a. [Gk.
soma, body ; genos, offspring.] Developing from somatic cells (emb.).
;

somatome (som'atom)

n.

[Gk. soma,

body tome, a cutting.] A somite

or body segment (zool.).
somatophyte (som'atofit) n.
[Gk.
A
soma, body
phyton, plant.]
plant whose cells develop mainly
into adult body tissue (bot.).
somatoplasm (som'atoplazm) n. [Gk.
soma, body
plasma, something
;

The substance of a
moulded.]
somatic cell (biol.).
somatopleural (som'atoploor'al) a.
[Gk. soma, body
pleura, side.]
Pert, the somatopleure.
;

somatopleure (som'atoploor) n. [Gk.

The
soma, body
pleura, side.]
body-wall formed by the somatic
layer of the mesoblast becoming
closely connected with the surface
;

epiblast (emb.).

spadicifloral,

spadi ceous.

spadicifonn

(spadis'iform)

spadix:,

shape.]

a.

[L.

palm-branch
forma,
Resembling a spadix (bot.).
;

spadicose (spa'dikos) a.
[L. spadix,
Like a spadix
a palm-branch.]
(bot.).

spadix (spa'diks) n.
[L. spadix, a
palm-branch broken off with its
A
fruit
a nut-brown colour.]
racemose inflorescence with elon-*
and
an
sessile
flowers,
gated axis,
;

enveloping spathe

(bot.).

spasmoneme (spaz'monem)
spasma, a spasm

n.

[Gk.

nema, a thread.]

a stalkmuscle formed by union of longitudinal myonemes (zool.).

spathaceous (spatha'shus) a. [Gk.
spathe, a broad blade.] Resembling
or bearing a spathe (bot.).
In

certain

spathal,

Infusorians,

spathaceous.
n.
[Gk. spathe, a broad
A large enveloping leaf,
or petaloid, protecting a

spathe (spath)
blade.]

green
spadix

(bot.).

spathed (spathd) a.
[Gk. spathe, a
broad blade.] Furnished with a

somite (so'mlt) n. [Gk. soma, body.]

A mesoblastic segment or comparta body segment of
ment (emb.)
an articulate animal (zool.).

spathe (bot.).
spathella (spathel'a)
a broad blade.]

soredial (sore'dlal) a. [Gk. soros, a

pile.] .Pert, or resemblinga soredium

spadix (hot.).
spathose (spa'thos) a. [Gk. spathe, a
broad blade.] With or like a spathe

(bot.).

sorediate (sore'diat) a. [Gk. soros, a

Bearing soredia (bot.).
pile.]

soredium (sore'dium)
a

pile.]

n.

[Gk. soros,

scale-like or globular

body consisting of mycelium with

some algae cells, on the thallus of
some Lichens (bot,).

n.
[Gk. spathe,
A small spathe
a
division
of a palm
surrounding

(bot.).

spathous, spathose.
spathulate, see spatulate.
spatula (spat'ula) n. [L. spatula, a
spoon.] A breast-bone or anchor
process of certain dipterous larvae
(zool.).

SPA-

295

spatulate (spat'ulat)

a.

[L. spatula,

spoon.]
Spoon-shaped
appl. a
with broad, rounded apex,
thence tapering to the base (bot.).
;

leaf

spawn

[M.E. spaivnen, to
spawn.] The collection of eggs deposited by Fishes, Frogs, etc. (zoo/.);
mycelium of certain Fungi (bot.).
(spon) n.

species (spe'shigz)

n.

[L.

species,

term used in
particular kind.]
the natural sciences to denote a
group of closely-allied individuals
the division is purely artificial (biol.).
:

(spgstflk) a.
[L. species, a
particular kind ; facere, to make.]
The second name in binomial

specific

which

nomenclature,
characteristics

species

see

appl.

distinguishing

(biol.).

speleology

n.

[Gk.
(spe'leSl'qji)
cave
logos, discourse.]
study of cave life.

spelaion,

The
sperm (spgrm) n. [Gk. sperma, seed.]
The male fertilizing element a
;

spermatozoon

(cyt.).

spermaduct (speVmadukt)

n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed ; L. ducere, to lead.]
A duct for conveyance of spermatozoa (zool.).
spermarium, a spermary.
spermary (speYmari) n. [Gk. sperma,

An

organ

which sper-

in

matozoa or antheridia
duced (biol.).

are

pro-

spermatangium (speYmatan'jIum)

n.

spertna, seed ; anggeion, a

vessel.] The antheridium of certain

[Gk.

Algae (hot.}.
spermatheca (speYmathe"ka)
;

(zool.).

a.

[Gk.
(spgrmat'lk)
Pert, spermatozoa

sperma, seed.]
or testis

(zool.).

spermatid

(speVmatld) n.
[Gk.
cell arising by
sperma, seed.]
division of the secondary spermatocytes and becoming a spermatozoon

spermatlferous (spSrmatlf'e'rus) a.
[Gk. sperma, seed ; L. ferre, to
carry.]
Bearing spermatia (tot.).
n.
spermatiophore (speYmat'iofor)
[Gk. sperma, seed ;pherein, to bear.]
A spermatia-producing sporophore
(hot.).

spennatium

(spfirma'shlum) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed.] A non-motile sperm
of red Algae
a small cell formed
by abstrictions of filaments of
;

spermogonia of wheat Rust

spermatize
sperma,

To

(tot.).

v.

(speVmatlz)

seed.]

[Gk.

impregnate

(biol.).

spermatoblast

n.
(speYmatoblast)
seed
blastos, bud.]
a Sertoli cell (cyt.).
;

spermatid
spermatoblastic (speYmatoblas'tlk) a.
blastos, bud.]
[Gk. sperma, seed
Sperm-producing.
;

spermatocyst (speYmatosIst)

n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed ; kystis, a bladder.]
A seminal sac.

spermatocyte (speVmatosit)
sperma, seed

n.

[Gk.

hollow.]

kytos,

[Gk.

growth from a
a primary spermatocyte divides to form two
secondary spermatocytes, each of
hich gives rise to two spermatids
cell

by
spermatogonium
arising

..
/

spermatogenesis
n.

[Gk.

origin.]

formation

(sp6r mat6j6n 6sls)

genesis,
sperma, seed
The process of sperm;

(biol.).

(s pg r'matbj 6 n e" t'lk)

spertna, seed ; genesis,
Pert, sperm-formation ;

spermatogenetic
a.

[Gk.
descent.]

sperm-producing.
spermatogenic, sperma togenous,
spermatogenetic.

spermatogonial (spgr'matogo'nlal)
n.

theke, a case.} A
sperma, seed
receptaculum seminis a sac in the
female of many invertebrates in
which spermatozoa are stored till

required

spermatic

[Gk. spertna,

(biol.).

the rayed structure

sperm aster,
surrounding the centrosome (emb.).
sperm cell, a male reproductive cell
or spermatozoon.
sperm centrosome, the end-knob of
the axial filament of a spermatozoon,
situated on the middle piece just
at the base of the head ; according
to some writers, the small body at
the apex of the head (cyt.).
sperm nucleus, the nucleus of the
spermatozoon ; the male pro-nucleus

seed.]

SPE-

a.

[Gk, sperma, seed gonos, offspring.]

Pert, a spermatogonium.
;

spermatogonium (speVmatogo'nlum)
n.

[Gk. sperma, seed ; gonos, offprimordial male gerra-

spring.]

cell (cyt.).

SPEspermatoid

a.
[Gk.
resemblance.]

(sper'matoid)

sperma, seed
Like a sperm

eidos,

(biol.}.

spermatomerites
n.

plu.

part.]

SPH-

296

(speVmatome'rlts)
[Gk. sperma, seed meros,
;

Chromatin granules formed

from the sperm-nucleus

(cyt.).

spermoderm (spgr'modSrm)

n.

derma, skin.]
sperma, seed
outer covering of a seed (bot.).
;

[Gk.

The

spermoduct, same as spermaduct,

spermiduct.
spermogoniferous (spgr'mogonif'6rus)
a.
[Gk. sperma, seed
%onos, off;

spermatophore

(spgr'matofor) n.
[Gk. sperma, seed pherein, to bear.]
A capsule of albuminous matter
containing a number of sperms
;

(zool.).

spring

to carry.]

~L..ferre,

spermogonia

Having

(bot.).

spermogonium (speVmogo'nium)

n.

[Gk. sperma, seed gonos, offspring.]

A capsule containing spermatia,
;

n.

found on certain Fungi and Lichens

[Gk. sperma, seed plasma, something moulded.] The protoplasm

of sperm cells (cyt.).

spermogonous (spSrmog'oniis) a. [Gk.

spermatoplasm (speVmatoplazm)
;

n.
spermatoplast
(sper'matoplast)
[Gk. s^erma, seed plastos, moulded.]
A male sexual cell (bot.).
n.
spermatosome
(speVmatosom)
[Gk. sperma, seed ; soma, body.]
;

A spermatozoon,
spermatotheca, a spermatheca.

n.
[Gk.
union.] The union by conjugation
of two or more spermatozoa occurring in the vas deferens of some
Insects (zool.).
a.

(speVmatozo'an)
zoon, animal.]
[Gk. sperma, seed
Pert, spermatozoa.
spermatozoid (speYmatozo'id) n. [Gk.
sperma, seed zoon, animal ; eidos,
resemblance.] An antherozoid ; a
;

(bot.).

a spermatozoid.

spermatozooid,

spermatozoon (sper'mato'zo'on) n. [Gk.

A
sperma, seed ; zoon, animal.]
male reproductive cell, consisting
of head, middle part, and flagellum

n.
[Gk.
a case.] A

theke,

chamber for

storing sperms received

in copulation
spermatheca (zool.).
sphacelated (sfas'61at6d) a.
[Gk.
Dead ; desphakelos, gangrene.]
;

cayed

withered

sphacelia
kelos,

(sfase'lia)

gangrene.]

(bot.).

n.

[Gk. sphagonidial

The

in the

development of the
Fungus, producing ergot (bot.).
sphaeraphides (sferafidez) n. plu.
stage

[Gk. sphaira, a globe ; rhaphis, a

needle.]
Conglomerate raphides
globular clusters of minute crystals
in vegetable cells (bot.).
sphaerenchyma (sfereng'kima) n.
[Gk. sphaira, a globe
engchyma,
juice.] Tissue composed of spherical
;

cells (btol.).

sphaeridia

(zoo I.}.

spermiducal glands,

glandular

structures into or near which spermducts open, in many vertebrates

(zool.).

spermiduct (speYmidukt)

n.
[Gk.
L. ducere, to lead.]
sperma, seed
A duct for the transmission of
spermatozoa (zool.).
spermocarp (speVmokarp) n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed
karpos, fruit.] An
;

after fertilization

oogonium
spermocentre

The

(bot.}.

(spgr'mosSn'ter)

[Gk. sperma, seed

centre.]

seeds.

sperma, seed

(sper'matozu'gma)
sperma, seed ; zeugma,

free-swimming male gamete

spermotheca (spgr'mothe'ka)

spermatozeugma

spermatozoan

sperma, seed
gonos, offspring.]
Like or pert, a spermogonium (bot.}.
(spgrmol'ojl) n.
[Gk.
sperma, seed
logos,
discourse.]
A branch of Botany treating of

spermology

L. centrum, a

male

during fertilization

n.

centrosome

(tyt.).

(sferid'ia) n. plu.
[Gk.
Small rounded
sphaira, globe.]
bodies, probably organs of special
sense, found on Echinoderms (zool.).
sphaeroid (sfe'roid) a. [Gk. sphaira,

globe; eidos, resemblance.] Globular, ellipsoidal, or cylindrical

appl.
a colony or aggregate of individual
Protozoa (zoolJ).
;

sphagnicolous (sfagnik'olus)

a.
[Gk.
L. colere, to insphagnos, moss
mosses
habit.]
Inhabiting peat
;

(bot.).

sphagnous (sfag'nus) a. [Gk. sphagPert, peat moss (bot.).

nos, moss.J
sphenethmoid (sfgnSth'moid) n. [Gk.

SPH-

297
a

sphen,

wedge

sieve

ethntos,

The single
resemblance.]
"girdle" bone replacing the two
orbitosphenoids in the Anura (zoo/.).
eidos,

sphenoethmoidal

(sfe'nogthmoid'al)
a.
ethmos,
[Gk. sphen, wedge
sieve ; eidos, like.] Pert, or in the
region of sphenoid and ethmoid
;

(anat.}.

sphenofrontal

(sfe'nofrun'tal) a.
[Gk.
sphen, wedge ; L. /rons, forehead.]
Pert, sphenoid and frontal bones
appl. a suture (anat.}.

sphenoid

n.
[Gk. sphen,
A
resemblance.]
compound bone of

(sfe'noid)

wedge

basal

cranial

eidos,

some vertebrates (zool.}.

sphenoidal (sfenoid'al)
:

process, sinus (anat.}.

sphenomandibular
a.

ular)

wedge;

L.

mandibulum, jawT] Pert, sphenoid

and mandibular (zool.}.
sphenomaxillary (sfe'nomaksil'Srl) a.

wedge maxilla,
sphenoid and maxilla

[Gk. sphen,
Pert,

fissure

and fossa

jaw.]
appl.

L. palatus, palate.]
and palatine ; appl.

foramen, ganglion (anat.}.

sphenoparietal
(sfe'noparl'e'tal)

a.

[Gk. sphen, wedge ; L. paries, a

wall.] Pert, sphenoid and parietal ;
appl. a cranial suture (anat.}.

sphenosquamosal (sfe'noskwamo'sal)
a.
L. squama,
[Gk. sphen, wedge
;

a scale.]

Appl. the cranial suture

between sphenoid and squamosal

(anat.}.

sphenotic (sfgnSt'ik)

wedge

cranial

[Gk. sphen,

The post-frontal
bone of many Fishes (zool.}.
ous, ear.]

sphenoturblnal
[Gk. sphen,
whirl.]

n.

sphenoid

(sfe'notiir'binal)

n.

a
laminar process of the

wedge

L.

turbo,

(anat.}.

sphenozygomatic (sfe'nozrgomatik) a.
[Gk. sphen, wedge zygoma, a bar.]
Appl. the cranial suture between
sphenoid and zygomatic (anat.}.
;

spheraster
sphaira,

(sferas'ter)
globe ; aster,

appl. glandular epithelium (anat.}.

spheromere (sfe'romer) n. [Gk.
sphaira, globe ; meros, part]
symmetrical segment of a radiate

animal (zool.}.
spheroplasts (sfe'roplasts) n. plu.
[Gk. sphaira, globe plastos, formed.]
Chondriosomes bioblasts bodies
found among granulations of protoplasm (biol.}.
spherula (sfgr'ula) n. [Gk. sphaira,
a globe.]
A spherule or small
a small spherical spicule
sphere
;

spherulate

a.
(sfeYulat)
Covered
sphaira, globe.]
small spheres.

sphincter

n.

[Gk.

star.]

many-rayed globular spicule

n.

(sfing'kter)

[Gk.
with
[Gk.

to bind tightly.]
A
muscle which contracts or closes
an orifice, as that of bladder, anus,

mouth (anat.}.
sphygmic (sfig'mik)
mos,

pulse.]

(zool.}.

a.

Pert,

[Gk. sphygthe
pulse

(Phys.}.

sphygmoid
sphygmos,

(anat.}.

sphenopalatine (sf e'nopal'atin) a. [Gk.

sphen, wedge
Pert, sphenoid

a.
(sferoid'al)
[Gk.
sphaira, globe eidos, resemblance.]
Globular but not perfectly spherical

sphinggein,

(sfe'nomandlb'-

sphen,

[Gk.

spheroidal

(zool.}.

a.

[Gk.
sphen, wedge eidos, resemblance.]
or
in
the
Wedge-shaped pert,
region of the sphenoid
appl.
fissure,

SPI-

blance.]

(sfig'moid) a.
[Gk.
resemeidos,
pulse ;
like a pulse
Pulsating
;

(Phys.}.

sphygmus
[Gk. sphygmos, pulse.] The pulse (phys.).
spicate (spfkat) a.
[L. spica, a
(sflg'mus) n.

spike.]
spikes, as

ing

in
Spiked
arranged
an inflorescence bear-

spikes

prominence
spiciferous,

(oot.)

with

spur-like

(zool.}.

spicate.

spiciform (spl'slform) a.
[L. spica,
a spike
Spikeforma, shape.]
shaped.
;

spicigerous, spicate.
spicose (spfkos) a.
[L. spica, a
With spikes or ears, as
spike.]
corn (bot.}.
spicula (spik'ula) n.
[L. spicula, a
A small spike a
small spike.]
needle-like body.
spicular (splk'ular) a.
[L. spicula,
Pert, or like a
a small spike.]
;

spicule.

spiculate (splk'ulat) a. [L. spicula,

a small spike.] Set with spicules
divided into small spikes
(zool.}
;

SPI-

298

[L. spicula, a
A minute needlebody, siliceous or calcareous,
found extensively in Alcyonaria
and other invertebrates (zool.) a

spicule (spik'ul)
small spike.]

n.

like

minute-pointed process
spiculiferous

(tot.).
a.

(spikullf'erus)

a small spike
Furnished with

spicula,
carry.]

tected by spicules

spiculiform
a

[L.
ferre, to

or

pro-

a.

[L.

(zool.).

(spik'uliform)

small

forma,
spicula,
spike
shape.] Spicule-shaped.
spiculigenous, spiculigerous, spiculose,

spiculiferous.

spiculum (spik'ulum)

n.

[L. spicula,

a small spike.] A spicular structure ;

the dart of a Snail (zoo/.).
spike (splk) n. [L. spica, a spike.]
An inflorescence with sessile
flowers along the
as
in
axis,

Plantago
spikelet

(tot.).

n.

(splk'lgt)

[L.

spica,

secondary spike of
spike.]
Grasses, bearing few flowers (tot.).
spinal (spi'nal) a.
[L. spina, the
Pert, the backbone or
spine.]
vertebral column ; appl. foramen,
ganglion, nerves (anat.).
spinal canal, the canal containing
the spinal cord, formed by the
neural arches (anat.).
spinal cord, the nervous tissue contained in the spinal or vertebral
canal (anat.).
spinalis (spina'lis) n.
[L.
spina,
Name given to muscles,
spine.]
as spinalis dorsi and spinalis cervicis, muscles connecting up the
vertebrae (anat.).
spinate (spi'nat) a.
[L. spina, a
thorn.]
Spine-shaped; spine-bearing.

SPI-

spinescent
nescere, to

(splnes'ent) a.
[L. spibecome spiny.] Taper-

ing tending to become spiny.

a.
spiniferous
(spl'nif'erus)
[L.
spina, a spine
ferre, to carry.]
Furnished with spines.
;

spiniform (spi'mform) a. [L. spina,

spine
shape.]
Spineforma,
;

shaped.
spinigerous (splnlj'erus)
to

spine ; gerere,
bearing.

a.
[L. spina,
carry.]
Spine-

spinneret (spin'ergt) n. [A.S. spinnan,

to spin.]
In Spiders, one of the
movable organs perforated by tubes
connected with glands secreting
they arise from modiliquid silk,
fications of

and

abdominal appendages,
anterior to the anus

lie slightly

(zool.).

spinnerule (spm'erul)

n.

[A.S. spin-

nan, to spin.] One of the tubes

for discharging the silk solution of
Spiders (zool.).

spinning

glands,

which

glands

secrete material for webs in Spiders,

and

for

spinose

cocoons

in caterpillars.
a.

spina,
spines.
[L. spina,
spinpus (spl'nus) a.
spine.]
Spiny ; spine-like.
spine.]

(spl'nos)

Bearing

[L.

many

the median dorsal

spinelike process of each vertebra
a process of the sphenoid a process between the articular surfaces
of the proximal end of the tibia

spinous process,

(anat.).

spinulate (spln'ulat) a. [L. spinula,

a small spine.] Covered with small
spines.
n.
(spinula'shun)
[L.
despinula, a small spine.]
state of
fensive spiny covering
being spinulate.
spinule (spin'ul) n.
[L. spinula, a
small spine.
small spine.]
spinulescent (spmulgs'Snt) a.
[L.
spinula, a small spine.] Tending
to be spiny.

spinulation

spindle (spin'dl)

n.

[A.S.

spinnan,

A structure resembling
spin.]
an
spinning-machine spindle
elongated peduncle bearing sessile
flowers (tot.) ; a spindle-shaped
structure formed of achromatin
fibres during mitosis (tiol.).
spine (spin) n. [L. spina, the spine.]
to

The

the
backbone
vertebral
a sharp-pointed process
column
or outgrowth as found on leaves,
;

Echinoids, Porcupines ; the pointed

process of a vertebra ; the scapular
ridge ; a fin -ray.

spinuliferous (spmulif'e'rus) a.
[L.
spinula, a small spine ; ferre, to
bear.]
Bearing small spines.
spinulose, spinulous, spinuliferous.
spiny-finned, bearing fins with spiny
rays for support.
spiny-rayed, appl. fins supported by
spiny rays.

SPI-

299

spiracle (spl'rakl) n.

[L. spiraculum,
The first pharyngeal
air-hole.]
or
visceral
cleft
aperture
(emb.) ; the

an

branchial passage between mandibular and hyoid arches in Fishes

a lateral branchial opening in tada nasal aperture of a
poles ;
Cetacean ; a respiratory aperture
behind the eye of Skates and Rays
a breathing aperture of Insects
;

(zool.).

[L. spir-

Pert,

spiracle (zool.).

spiraculate

(sptrak'ulat)

a.

spiraculum, an air-hole.]

[L.

Having

spiracles (zool.).
splraculiferous, spiraculate.
spiraculiform (splrak'ulifdrm) a.
[L. spiraculum, an air-hole forma,
;

Spiracle-shaped.
spiraculum (spirak'ulum) n.
shape.]

aculum, an

Winding,

air-hole.]

spiral (spfral) a.
like

[L. spirspiracle.

[L. spira, a coil.]

a screw

appl. leaves

placed ; appl. flower

with spirally inserted parts (dot.').
spiral, oblique, or alternating: cleavage, cleavage into unequal parts,
arranged in mosaic fashion and
interlocking, the upper cells being
rotated to the right to alternate
with the lower (cyt.).
in all Fishes except
spiral valve,
Teleosts, a spiral infolding of the
intestine wall, increasing the absorptive surface (zoo!.).
the
first
spiral
vessels,
xylem
elements of a stele, spiral fibres
coiled up inside tubes and so
alternately

adapted for rapid elongation (dot.).

spiranthy (splran'thi) n. [L. spira,
Discoil
Gk. anthos, flower.]
placement of flower parts through
;

twisting

(bot.).

splriferous (splrif'e'rus) a.
a coil /erre, to bear.]
;

[L. spira,

Having a

spiral structure.

spirillar

(splril'ar) a.

a small

[L. spirillum,

Pert, a spirillum.
coil.]
spirillum (splril'um) n. [L. spirillum,
a small coil.]
A thread - like
Bacterium a motile filament in .1
cryptogam antheridium (hot.).

aster,

star.]

spiriyalve (spfrivalv) n. [L. spira,

coil ; valvae, folding doors.]
A
Gastropod with spiral shell (zool.).
a.
spiroid (spl'roid)
[L. spira, coil ;
Gk. eidos, resemblance.] Spirally
formed.

spironeme (spfronem) n. [L.

coil
Gk. nema, thread.]

spira^

The

coiling or twisting thread

Infusorian stalk (zool.).

in

an

spirulate (splr'ulat) a.
[L. spira,
coil.]
Appl. any spiral structure or
coiled arrangement.
splanchnic (splangk'nik)

a.
[Gk.
Pert.
splangchnon, an entrail.]
the viscera ; appl. nerves (anat.).
splanchnocoel (splangk'nosel) n. [Gk.
splangchnon, an entrail ; koilos,
hollow.] The cavity of the lateral
plates of the embryo, persisting as
the visceral cavity of the adult

(emb.).

splanchnology

(splangknfil'bjl)

n.

[Gk. splangchnon, an entrail ; logos,

The branch of Anatomy
dealing with the viscera.

discourse. J

splanchnopleure (splangk'noploor) n.
an entrail pleura,
[Gk.

;
splangchnon,
The alimentary canal wall,
formed from the splanchnic layer
of the mesoblast and the hypoblast

side.]

(emb.).

(splen) n.
[Gk. splen, the
vascular ductless organ
spleen.]
situate beneath the diaphragm to

spleen

(bol.).

spiraster (splras'ter)
;

thread-like
seed - coats

Thin, coiled,
outgrowths of some

coil.]

spiracular (spirak'ular) a.
aculum, an air-hole.]

coil

SPL-

n.

rayed sponge spicule

[L. spira,
spiral and

(zool.).

spire (splr) n. [L. spira, coil.] The

totality of the whorls of a spiral
shell (zool.).

splreme (spfrem) n. [Gk. speirema,

That stage in mitosis
a coil.]
when the nucleus chromatin appears
in the form of a thread, continuous
or segmented (cyt.).
spiricles (spfriklz) n. flu.

[L. spira,

the left of the stomach (anat.).

splenetic (splgngt'lk) a. [Gk. splen,
spleen.] Pert, the spleen.
splenial (sple'nlal) a. [L. splenium,
a patch.] Pert, the splenius muscle
(anat.), or splenial bone (zool.).
splenial bone, a membrane bone in
the lower jaw of Reptiles.
splenic (splgn'lk) a. [Gk. splen, the
spleen.] Pert, the spleen.

SPLsplenium (sple'nium)

n.
[L. splenium,
a patch.] The posterior border of
the corpus callosum (anat.).
splenius (sple'nius) n. [L. splenium,
a patch.] A muscle of the upper
dorsal region and back of the neck,
in two parts the splenius capitis and

splenius colli (ana?.).

splenophrenic (sple'nofren'ik)
splen,
spleen
phren,
;

Pert, spleen

spondyl

and

a.

[Gk.

midriff.]
diaphragm (anat.).

(spon'dll) n.

a vertebra.]

[Gk. sphondylos,

A vertebra.

a.
(spon'dllus)
[Gk.
sphondylos, a vertebra.] Vertebral.
spondylus (spon'dllus) n. [Gk. sphonspondyl or
dylos, a vertebra.]
vertebra.

spongicolous (spunjlk'olus) a.
[L.
colere, to inspongia, a sponge
habit.]
Living in Sponges (zool.).
spongin (spun'jm) n. [L. spongia, a
The material of which
sponge.]
the skeletal fibres of a Sponge
;

consist

(zool.).

sponginblast (spun'jfnblast) n.
[L.
Gk. blastos, a
spongia, a sponge
;

cell

spongin-producing

which give rise to the skeletal

framework of the spinal cord
(emb.).

cytoreticulum (cyt.).
spongiose (spiin'jios) a. [L. spongia,
a sponge.] Of a spongy texture
spongoid full of small cavities.
spongoblast (spun'joblast) n.
[L.
Gk. blastos, a
spongia, a sponge

sponginblast.

spongophare

sporangium (dot.).
sporangiferous
(sporanjlf'grus)

a.

sporos, seed ;
anggeion, a
[Gk.
vessel; ~L.ferre, to bear.] Sporangia-

bearing

(&>/.).

sporos, seed

a.

forma, shape.] Sporangioid

a sporangium.
sporangiole (sporan'jiol) n.
sporos, seed

[Gk.

anggeion, vessel
;

L.

like

[Gk.
;
anggeion, vessel.] A
small few-spored
or

secondary
sporangium (bot.).
n.
sporanglophore
(sporan'jiofor)
[Gk. sporos, seed anggeion, vessel

A stalk-like
pherein, to bear.]
structure bearing sporangia (bot.).

sporangiospore (sporan'jiospor) n.
[Gk. sporos, seed anggeion, vessel
A sporangium spore (bot.).
sporos.]
;

[Gk.
(sporan'jium) n.
seed anggeion, vessel.]
slender-stalked
capsule in
which spores are produced (bot.).
sporation, see sporulation.

sporangium

tiny

spore (spor) n. [Gk. sporos, seed.]

A highly specialized reproductive
a falciform cell
cell of plants (bot.)
of Sporozoa which bores into a

n.

[L.
Gk. pherein, to

The upper chamber-bearing

part of a

Sponge

cf.

hypophare.

parenchyma,

loosely

arranged tissue with abundant intercellular spaces on the lower side

of a leaf (tot.).

spontaneous

generation,

ablogenesis.
sporadic (sporad'ik)

mother sperm cell and emerges as

an adult (zool.).
spore case, an elliptical chitinoid
case containing usually eight spores
lying round a residual core, a stage
in the life-history of Monocystis
a sporangium (bot.).
(zool.)
;

spore formation,
reproduction by
encystation of germ-cells followed

by division and free-cell liberation

endogenous multiplication sporo-

(spun'jofar)

spongia, a sponge

spongy

spongioplasm (spun'jloplazm) n. [L.

Gk. plasma,
spongia, a sponge
The cytosomething moulded.]
threadwork
of
a cell the
plasmic

bear.]

(sporanj') n.
[Gk. sporos,
anggeion, a vessel.] A sac
containing spores (biol.).
sporangial (sporan'jial) a. [Gk. sporos,
seed anggeion, a vessel.] Pert, a

seed

sporos,

(zool.).

spongioblasts (spun'jioblasts) n. plu.

Gk. blastos,
[L. spongia, a sponge
a bud.] Columnar epithelial cells

bud.]

adikos, scattered.]
AppJ. plants
confined to limited localities.

sporange

sporangiform (spdran'jiform)

spondylous

bud.]

SPO-

300

see

gony
spore

sporogenesis

mother

cells,

(biol.).

sixteen

cells

produced by repeated division of an

archesporium, each in turn dividing
into four spores (bot.).
spore sac, a case containing spores;
a sporangium (bot.).
sporetia (spdre'tia) n. plu.
[Gk.
Idiochromidia
sporos,
seed.]
chromidia of generative chromatin.
;

a.

[Gk. spor-

SPOsporidiferous
sporos, seed

L. ferre,

to

[Gk.
bear.]

Sporidia-bearing (hot.},
sporidiole (sporid'iol) n. [Gk. sporos,
a sporiseed.] A protobasidium
;

dium

arising from rust

promycelium

(hot.}.

sporidium

n.
(sporid'ium)
[Gk.
gonidium deseed.]
veloped by abstriction from a

sporos,

in

gonidiophore

an ascus

Fungi

spore of

(dot.).

a.

[Gk.

to

bear.]

Spore-bearing.
specification (spo'rifika'shun) n.
[Gk.
L. facere, to make.]
sporos, seed
Formation of spores.
;

sporiparity (spo'ripar'iti) n.
[Gk.
L. parere, to beget.]
sporos, seed
formation.
Reproduction by spore
sporiparous (sporip'arus) a.
[Gk.
L. parere, to beget.]
sporos, seed
formation.
Reproducing by spore
n,
sporoblast
(spo'roblast)
[Gk.
;

seed
An
blastos, bud.]
archespore a stage in spore formaa
rise
to
tion,
sporoblast giving

sporos,

and these

to sporozoites.
;

liberation of spores in many Protozoa the encysted embryo stage

of a Trematode after degeneration
following on entry into intermedi;

(zool.}.

sporocyte (spo'roslt) n. [Gk. sporos,

A spore
seed
kytos, hollow.]
;

mother

cell.

sporoduct (spo'rodukt)

n.
[Gk. sporos,
L. ducere, to lead.]
special
for
the
of
dissemination
apparatus

seed

spores of Sporozoa (zool.}.

sporogenesis, spore formation.

sporogenous

(sporoj'gnus)

seed

a.

gonos, offspring.]

rise to asexual

Mosses

spores, in

(bot.}.

sporogony, spore formation, following schizogony or the asexual

process of reproduction (zool.}.
sporoid (spo'roid) a.
[Gk. sporos,
seed eidos, like.] Like a spore.
sporont (sporont') n.
[Gk. sporos,
seed 0ns, being.]
The gametocyte stage in the life-history of
Sporozoa (zool.}.
sporophore (spo'rofor) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed pherein, to bear.] A vertical
branch which gives rise to spores
;

Pert, a

sporogonium (bot.}.
sporogonium (sporogo'nium) //.

by

abstriction or otherwise, in Fungi

(**}
sporophydium

(sporofid'lum) n. [Gk.
phyas, a shoot.] The
of
certain Thallophytes
sporangium

sporos, seed

(bot.\

sporophyll (spo'rofll)
seed
phyllon, a
;

phytes

n.

[Gk. sporos,
A spor-

leaf.]

leaf

angium-bearing

of

Ptendo-

(bot.}.

sporophyte

(spo'roflt) n.

[Gk. sporos,

seed
A stem
phyton, plant.]
covered with sporophylls or leaves,
each bearing a sporangium, in
Pteridophytes the asexual generation of Ferns
gametophyte
cf.
;

(bot.}.

sporoplasm
sporos,

(spo'roplazm)

seed

plasma,

n.

[Gk.

something

The sporozoite, bimoulded.]

nucleate amoebula, or central part
of a spore.
sporosac (spo'rdsak) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed L. saccus, a sack.] An ovoid
pouch-like body, consisting of a
gonad, a degraded reproductive
zooid of a medusoid colony (zool.}.
sporozoite (spo'rozo'lt) n. [Gk. sporos,
A germ
seed
zoon,
animal.]
liberated through the dissolving
of the spore-membrane of sporoa phase in the life-history of
cysts
;

Gk.

offspring.]
genos,
Spore-producing sporiparous.
sporogonial (sporogo'nlal) a.
[Gk.
seed ; gonos, offspring.]
sporos,

sporos,

structure developed from a fertilized

oosphere of an archegonium, giving

sporocarp (spo'rokarp) n. [Gk. sporos,

seed karpos, fruit.] An ascocarp
a structure formed from archicarp
and investing hyphae, enclosing
spored asci (bot.}.
sporocyst (spo'roslst) n. [Gk. sporos,
seed kystis, bladder.] A stage in
formation
spore
preceding the

ate host

sporos, seed

sporlferous (sporlf'erus)
sporos, seed ; L. ferre,

spores,

SPU-

301
(sporidif'e'rus) a.

[Gk.

Sporozoa.
sporulation (spor'ulashun)
[L.
Broodsporula, a small seed.]
formation by multiple cell-fission.
spur (spur)
[A.S. spora, a spur.]
A calcar (zool.} a process of the
.

anterior petal of violets functioning

as a nectar receptacle (bot.}.

SPUspuriae

squarrose (skwor'os)

plu. [L. spurius>

feathers of the alula or

The

false.]

false

phologically

(skwo/ulos) a.
[L.L.
squarrosus, scurfy.]
Tending to
become squarrose (bot.).

dissepi-

appl.

stadium (sta'dium)

fruit (bot.), vein, wing (zoo/.).

(skwa'ma) n.
[L. squama,

a
a scale.] A squame or scale
part arranged like a scale (bot.)
the antitegula of Diptera, or lobe
a scaleat the base of the wing
like body attached to the second
the
some
of
antenna
of
podomere
Crustaceans (zoo/.).
squamate (skwa'mat) a. [L. squama,
;

Scaly.

scale.]

squamation (skwama'shun)
squama,
ment.

n.

Scale

scale.]

[L.L. squarpro-

Rough with

scurfy.]

squarrulose

spurius,

[L.

Seemingly true but mor-

false.]

squama

rosus,

a.

jecting scales or jags.

bastard wing (zool.).

spurious (spu'rius) a.

ment,

STA-

302

(spu'rle) n.

[L.

arrange-

n.
[L. stare, to
stage in development or
life-history of plant or animal.
stage (staj) n. [L. stare, to stand.]
period in the life-history of meta-

stand.]

morphous animals.
staghorned (stag'hornd)

a.

[Icel.

to
A.S.
mount
horn.~\
Having large branched mandibles,

stiga,

as a stag-beetle.
stagnicolous (stagnik'olus) a.
[L.
stagnum, standing water
colere,
to inhabit]
Living in stagnant
;

water.

squamella (skwamel'a)

scale.]

a palea

[L.

squama,

small scale or

bract

(bot.}.

squamellate
squama, a

stalk (stok) n. [A.S. stel, stem.] The

stem or axis supporting outgrowths
a stem-like structure in
(bot.)
animals, as in some Alcyonaria
;

a.

(skwameTat)

[L.

Having small

scale.]

(zool.).

squamelliferous

the barren cell of two

stalk-cell,
into which the antheridial cell of

squamelliform (skwameTiform) a.
[L. squama, scale
forma, shape.]
Resembling a squamella.
squamiferous (skwamif'e'rus) a. [L.
to
squama, scale
bear.]
ferre,
Bearing scales.

the pine divides, the other, the

generative (bot.).
stalk-eyed, having the eyes at the
end of a short stalk, as in some

scales

or bracts

(bot.).

squamiform (skwa'miform)
scale

squama,

a.

forma,

[L.

shape.]

squamosal

squamiferous.
(skwamo'sal) n.

scale.]

(bot.).

[L.

membrane bone

of the vertebrate skull forming part

of the posterior side wall (zool.).

squamose (skwa'mos)

a.

Covered with

a scale.]

squamous (skwa'mus)
Scaly

scale.]

a.

[L. squama,
scales.
[L.

squamate

squama,
;

squa-

pavement

epithelium.

squamula (skwam'ula) n.

[L.

squama,

A squamule or small scale

a minute membranous scale found
in Grasses (bot.) the tegula of some
scale.]

Insects

(stam'inal) a.
[L. stare,
to stand.]
Pert, a stamen.
staminate (stam'mat) a.
[L. stare,
to stand.]
Producing or consisting

of stamens.
staminiferous (staminif'erus) a. [L.
stare, to stand
ferre, to bear.]
Staminigerous stamen-bearing.
;

squama,

(skwam'ulat)

scale.]

[L.

Having minute

(bot.).

squamulose,

a.

squamulate.

n.

[L. stare,

to stand
Gk. eidos, resemblance.]
Also staminodium, a foliaceous
;

scale-like

body

in

some

flowers,

from a metamorphosed
a rudimentary stamen

derived

stamen

(bot.).

staminody (stam'modl)

(zool.).

squamulate
scales

staminal

staminode (stam'inod)

mose.

squamous epithelium,

to

a
consisting of stalk or filawith anther containing pollen

flower,

ment

Scale-like.

squamigerous,
squama,

Crustaceans,^/, sessile-eyed.
stamen (sta'men) n.
[L. stare,
The male organ of
stand.]

to stand

Gk.

eidos,

n.

[L. stare,

resemblance.]

The

of
metamorphosis
organs into stamens (bot.).

stapes

(sta'pez)

n.

[L.L.

flower
stapes,

STAa

The

stirrup.]

stirrup

shaped

innermost bone of the middle ear

the
operculum or in(anat.) ;
ternal end of the columella auris,
fitting into and filling the fenestra

[Gk.
stasis, standing
morphe, form.] A
to
arrested
deviation in form due
;

development

(biol.).

statoblast (stat'oblast) n. [Gk. states,

stationary blastos, bud.]
special"
"
ized bud or
winter-egg of some
Polyzoa, developed on the funiculus
and set free on the death of the

parent organism (zoo/.).

statocone (stat'dkon) n. [Gk. states,
One
stationary
konos, a cone.]
of the minute structures contained
in a statocyst (zool.).
statocyst (stat'oslst) n. [Gk. states,
A
stationary
kystis, a bladder.]
vesicle or organ found in Molluscs,
Medusae, Crustacea, Worms, with
the function of perception of the
position of the body in space
;

(zool.}.

statolith (stat'ollth)
[Gk. states,
strucstationary lithos, stone!]
ture of carbonate of lime, sand
grain, or secreted substance, contained in a statocyst (zoo/.).
.

statorhab (stat'orab)
stationary

n.

rhabdos, a

[Gk. states,
In
rod.]

Trachomedusae, a short tentacular

the

carrying

process

statolith

(zool.).

steapsin
tive

n.

(steap'sfn)
;

[Gk. stear,

A diges-

pepsis, digestion.]

ferment secreted by the pan-

creas (phys.).
stearin (ste'arin) n. [Gk. stear, tallow.]
The solid part of a fat a chief
component of many fats, animal
;

and vegetable

(phys.).

stegocarpous (steg'okar'pus)
stegetn,

to

cover

a.

karpos,

[Gk.
fruit.]

Having a capsule with operculum

and peristome (bot.).
stelar system, of plants, the vascuand associated conjunctive
lar
tissue (fief.).
stele (stel) n.

[Gk. stele, a pillar.]

bulky strand or cylinder of vascular tissue contained in the stem and
root of plants, developed from the

plerome

(bet.).

stellate.

stellar,

stellate (steTat) a. [L. stella, a star.]

Astral
radiating
star-shaped
;

appl. leaf.
stelliform,

stellate,

stem (st6m)

ovalis in Amphibians (zool.).

stasimorphy (stas'imor'fi) n.

tallow

STE-

303

[A.S. stemn, a treeof a tree

the

n.

The trunk

stem.]

main axis of a

plant,

in mitosis,

stem-cell,
all the chromatin

is

which

cell in

and

preserved,

from which arise the germ

opp. somatic cell (cyt.).
without a stalk

stemless,
cent (bet.).

cells

acaules-

stemma

(st6m'a) n.
[Gk. stemma, a
garland.]
simple eye or ocellus

of Arthropods
one of the ocelli
of an ommatidium (zool.).
;

stenohaline

a.

(stgn'ohalln)

[Gk.

narrow ; halinos, marine.]

Appl. marine animals adaptable
only to a narrow range of salinity
cf. euryhaline (zool.).
stenos,

stenopetalous

(stgn'opfit'alus) a.

stenos, narrow
petalon, a
With narrow petals,
stenophyllous (sten'ofll'us) a.
narrow
stenos,
phyllon,
Narrow-leaved.
;

stenosepalous
[Gk.

stenos,

sepal.]

[Gk.
leaf.]

[Gk.
leaf.]

(stgn'osep'alus)
;
sepalon,
sepals,
(stn'b'st6m'atus)

narrow

a.

With narrow

stenostomatous
a.
[Gk. stenos, narrow sterna, mouth.]
Narrow-mouthed.
stephanion (stSfan'Ion) n. [Gk. StephThe point where
anos, crown.]
the superior temporal ridge is
crossed by the coronal suture
;

(anal.).

stercomarium (ste'rkoma'rium)

n.

The system
dung.]
stercome - containing
tubes
certain Sarcodina (zool.).

stercus,

stercome (st6r'kom)

n.

[L.

[L.

of
of

stercus,

dung.] Faecal matter of Sarcodina

protoplasm, in masses of brown
granules (zool.).
stereld bundles, bands or bundles
of sclerenchymatous fibres (oof.).
stereome (steVeom) n. [Gk. stereos,

Sclerenchymatous and collenchymatous masses along with

hardened parts of vascular bundles
forming supporting tissue in plants
solid.]

(**}
stereoplasm (steVeoplazm)

//.

[Gk.

STE-

304
solid

plasma, something
moulded.] The more solid part of
a
protoplasm (cf. hygroplasm)
vesicular substance filling intercertain
Corals
of
septal spaces

stereos,

(zool.}.

stereospondylous
a.

(ster'eospon'dllus)

[Gk. stereos, solid

sphondylos,
the vertebrae
;

a vertebra.] Having
each fused into one piece;

cf. temnospondylous (zool.}.

stereotaxy (steVeotak'si) n.
[Gk.
taxis, arrangement.]
stereos, solid
The mechanical reaction to conwith
a solid
contact
tinuous
;

(Phys.}.

stereotropism

(stereot ropizm) n.
[Gk. stereos, solid ; trope, a turning.]
Tendency of minute organisms to
attach themselves to solid objects
;

thigmotaxis (phys.}.

sterigma (sterlg'ma)

n.

[Gk. sterigina,
A slender filament
a support.]
the
from
basidium, and
arising

giving rise to spores by abstriction

sterile (steYil) a.

[L. sterilis, barren.]

Incapable of propagation ; appl. a
plant unable to bear fruit, a neutral

flower, a seed unable to

germinate

key

(hot.}.

(ster'illz)

v.

[L.

sterilis,

To render

incapable of
conveying infection, or of reproducing the species (pkys.}.
sternal (steYnal) a. [Gk. sternon, the
Pert the sternum, or a
breast]
sternite
appL ribs united to the
barren.]

sternum (zool.}.
sternebrae (ster'nebre)
sternon, the breast

n.

ebra,

plu.

[Gk.

on analogy

Divisions of a segsternum or breastbone

verte&ra.']

mented
(zool.}.

(ster'nokli'do-

[Gk. sternon, breast ;

breast ; eidos,

niastos,

AppL an oblique
neckmusclestretchingfrom sternum
to mastoid process, also an artery in
resemblance.]

the

same region

sternoscapular

(anat}.

(bter'nb'skap'ular)

a.

L. scapula,
[Gk. sternon, breast
shoulder-blade.]
AppL a muscle
sternum
and
connecting
scapula
;

(anat.}.

sternotribe
a.
(steVnotrlb)
[Gk.
sternon, breast ; tribein, to rub.]
AppL flowers with fertilizing elements so placed as to be brushed
by the breasts of visiting Insects
(A*),
sternum (ster'num) .. [L. sternum,
the breast-bone.] The breast-bone
of vertebrates, specialized in Birds
with a carina for wing-muscle
attachment ; the ventral plate of a
typical

Arthropod segment

sterraster (steras'ter)

(zool.}.

n.

[Gk. sterros,
aster with
numerous actines soldered together

by

aster, star.]

An

silica (zool.}.

sterrula (ster'ula)

The

solid.]

larva

sterilize

of

n.

solid

[Gk.

sterros,

free-swimming
the

Alcyonaria,

stage

preceding the planula (zool.}.

stichidium
n.
(stikid'mm)
[Gk.
A tetraspore restichos, a row.]
ceptacle of some Algae (bot.}.
stigma (stig'ma) n., stigmata (stig'mata) plu. [Gk. stigma, a pricked
mark.] The portion of the pistil
on which the pollen falls (bot.}
spots of brilliant colour with lensbody, the eye-spots, of some
Protozoa
an Arthropod spiracle
connected with
the
apertures
tracheae of Insects
a coloured
wing spot of certain butterflies and
other insects ; a gill-slit of Tunicates
like

sternite (steVnIt) n. [Gk. sternon, the

A ventral plate of an
breast.]

Arthropod segment, carrying legs

and tracheal openings (zool.}.
sternoclavicular (ster'noklavik'ular)
L. clavicua.
[Gk. sternon, breast
AppL the
lum, a small key.]
;

articulation between
clavicle (anat.}.

sternum and

sternocostal (ster'nokos'tal) a. [Gk.

L. costa, a rib.]
sternon, breast
;

Pert,

mas'toid) a.
kleis,

solid

(bot.}.

of

STI-

sternokleidomastoid

sternum and

ribs

appL

ment, surface of heart (anat.}.

liga-

(zool.}.

stigmatic (stigmat'ik) a. [Gk. stigma,

a pricked mark.] AppL a lid cell
of an archegonium (bot.}.
a.
stigmatiferous
(stigmatlf'erus)
L.
[Gk. stigma, a pricked mark
Stigma-bearing.
ferre, to carry.]
;

stigmatiform (stlgmat'fform)

a.

[Gk.
L. forma,
stigma, a pricked mark
shape.]
Resembling a stigma
stigmatoid.
;

STIstimulant (stlm'ulant)
lare,

[L. stimu-

n.

to incite.]

stimulus-pro-

ducing agent (phys.}.

stimulation (stlm'ula'shun)

n.
L.
Excitation
stimulare, to incite.]
or irritation of an organism or part
by external influence, mechanical,

chemical, etc. (phys.}.

stimulose (stlm'ulos) a. [L. stimuFurnished with

lare, to incite.]
stinging hairs or cells

(biol.}.

stimulus (stim'ulus) n. [L. stimulare,

to incite.]
An agent which causes
a body or some part of it to react
when affected by it (phys.}.
sting

to

n.

(sting)
sting.]

[A.S. stingan,
stinging hair or cell
the spine of a sting-ray ;
an offensive and defensive organ
for piercing, and usually also for
inoculating with poison, as in the

(biol.}

wasp

(zool.}.

stipe (stip) n.

a nematocyst.

tree ferns

the stem of palms and

the stem of fern fronds
;

(bot.} ; a stipes (zool.}.

stipel (stf pel) n.
[L. stipes, a stalk.]

outgrowth of leaflets resembling

the stipule of a leaf-base

stipellate

a.

(stl'pglat)

stipes,

(bot.}.

(sti'piform) a.

[L. stipes,

stalk forma, shape.]

a stalk or stem.

stipes, a
supported on a

stipitate (stlp'itat) a.

Stalked

Resembling

stalk.]
stalk.

[L.

stipular (stip'ular) a.
[L. stipula,
a stem.] Like, pert, or growing in
place of stipules (bot.}.
stipulate (stlp'ulat) a.
[L. stipula,
a stem.] Furnished with stipules
(bot.}.

stipule
stem.]

(stlp'ul)

n.

[L.

stipula,

One

of two foliaceous or
processes developed at the base of a leaf petiole,
sometimes in tendril or spine form

membranaceous

stipuliform

asexual zooid which produces

sexual zooids of one sex by gemma-

tion, as in

Polychaets (zool.}.
stolon (sto'lon) . [L. stolo, a shoot.]
creeping stem or runner capable
of developing rootlets and stem,

and

forming

ultimately

new

individual (6ot.}
a cylindrical stem
of some Polyzoa from which individuals grow out at intervals
a
horizontal tubular branch of some
Coelenterates
from which new
zooids arise by budding the cadophore of Tunicates (zool.}.
stolonate (sto'lonat)
[L. stolo, a
resemshoot.]
Having stolons
bling a stolon developing from a
stolon
and
animals
appl. plants
;

which develop by means of stolons

(biol.\

stoloniferous (sto'lonlf'e'rus)
to
stolo, a shoot ; ferre,

Bearing stolons
(sto'ma)

a.

[L.
carry.]

(biol.}.

stomata (stom'ata)

.,

[Gk. stoma, mouth.] A small

mouth-like orifice minute openings
in the epidermis of plants, especially
on the under surface of leaves

plu.

(biol.}.

stomach (stum'ak)

n.
[Gk. stomachos,
th roat, gullet.] The sac-like portion
of the food canal beyond the gullet,
in vertebrates ; a corresponding
part, or the entire digestive cavity,
of invertebrates (zool.}.
stomachic (stomak'ik) a. [Gk. stomachos, gullet.] Pert, the stomach.
stomatal (stom'atal) a. [Gk. stoma,
Pert, or like a stoma
mouth.]
stomatic.
stomate (sto'mat) a.
[Gk. stoma,
Bearing stomata or a
mouth.]
stoma.
;

stomatiferous (stomatlf'eYus)
stoma,

mouth

a.

[Gk.

L. ferre, to carry.]

Bearing stomata.
stomatogastric (stom'atogas'trfk)

a.

[Gk. stoma, mouth \gaster, stomach.]

(bot.}.

stipuliferous,

ovum.

[A.S. stocc, a post.]

n.

stipes (stfpez) n. [L. stipes, stalk.]

The distal part of the protopodite
of the first maxilla of Insects ; the
peduncle of a stalked eye (zool.}.

stipiform

fertilized

An

stoma

(bot.}.

[L.

Bearing stipels

stalk.]

in a newly
stock (st6k)

[L. stipes, stock, stalk.]

the pileus in

The stem bearing

Agarics

In
stipula, stem ; forma, shape.]
the form of a stipule (bot.}.
stirp (sterp), stirps (sterps) n. [L.
The sum-total
stirps, root-stock.]
of germs or gemmules to be found

stinging capsule,

An

STO-

305

stipulate.
(stip'uliform)

Pert,
a.

[L.

the

mouth and stomach

visceral

system

of

appl.

nerves

STO-

supplying the anterior part of the

in
Annulates
alimentary canal
stomatif-

stomatose, stomatous,
stomidium

n.
(stomid'ium)
[Gk.
stoma, mouth.] An aperture repthe
terminal
resenting
pore of
degenerated tentacles of many
Actiniaria (zool.).

stomions (sto'mionz) n. plu.

[Gk.
stoma, mouth.] The dermal pores
or ostia perforating the dermal

membrane of a developing Sponge

n.

[Gk. stoma,
group of thin-walled
mouth.]
cells in a fern sporangium where
cleavage of the capsule takes place

(bot.).

stomodaeal canal,

in Ctenophores,
a canal given off by each per-radial

and

situate parallel

to

the

stomodaeum (zool.).
stomodaeum (stom'ode'um) n. [Gk.
stoma, mouth odaios, pert, a way.]
The anterior perforated depression
;

with

the

enteric
communicating
cavity of many Coelenterates, ectoderm-lined since formed by inthe anterior
vagination (zool.)
pitted-in portion of the embryonic
;

[L. stratum,
layer of cells, tissue,

(stra'tum)

a layer.]

[L. stratum,
in layers (bot.).

n.

etc.

stratum compactum,

the surface
constituting about one-fourth of the
entire thickness (emb.).
stratum corneum, the horny external layer
of the
epidermis
layer

of

the

decidua vera,

(anat.).

the madreporic canal,

an S-shaped cylinder extending
from the madrepprite to near the

mouth

border

in

Echinoderms

(zool.).

rounded
parenchymatous elements, as found
sclerotic cells or

cells,

in the

pear (dot.).
strangulated, constricted in places
contracted and expanded irregu-

larly (dot.).

granulosum (anat.).
stratum spongiosum,

the deeper
three-fourths of the thickness of
the decidua vera (emb.).

stratum zonale, cinereum, opticum,

lemnisci,

corpora

strata of the anterior

quadrigemina, from the

surface inwards (anat.).

streptostylic (strep'tostil'ik)
streptos,

pliant

Arrangement in layers the superimposition of layers of epithelium

;

cells (pftys.).

epithelium,

arranged
imposed layers

cf.

stria
[L.

with

monimostylic
(strl'a)

n.,

a.
[Gk.
a column.]

stylos,

Having the quadrate

the

movat
squamosal

in

(zool.).

striae

(strife)

pi*

funnel,
channel.]
line,
streak, groove,

stria,

narrow

channel.
striated (strta'ted)

a.

[L.

stria,

channel.] Marked by narrow line

or grooves, usually parallel.
striated muscle, bundles of fibr
enclosed in a sheath continuot
the
with
tendons
voluntai
muscle, the fibres of which preset
transverse striations (anat.).
stridulate (strid'ulat) v. [L. stridere,
to creak.]
To make a strident
sound like the characteristic son
of cicadas.
stridulating organs, a special apparatus on the metathoracic and
anterior abdominal segments for
producing the song of cicadas
grasshoppers, spiders, and decapod Crustacea also possess stridulat;

strata, plu. of stratum.

stratification (strat'ifika'shun) n. [L.
stratum, layer ; facere, to make.]

stratified

the superlayer of the rete mucosum, consisting of flattened cells filled with
granules of eleidin (anat.).
stratum lucidum, the layer of cells
of indistinct outline between the
stratum corneum and the stratum
ficial

articulation

gut (emb.).
stone canal,

in

epithelium

many

super-

(phys.).

stratiform (strat'iform) a. [L. stratum,

layer
Appl. a
forma, shape.]
fibrocartilage which forms a thin
to
osseous
coating
grooves, or is
;

Arranged

stratum granulosum,

(zool.).

Btomium (sto'mmm)

cells

a.

(strat'os)

layer.]

stratum

erous.

stone

developed in small masses in some

tendons (anat.).
stratose

(zool.).

canal,

STR-

306

ing organs

(zool.).

STRBtriga

furrow.] An
hair or bristle

(hot.}.

[L. striga,- a
Bearing strigae (bot.).
ridge.]
strigills (strlj'Ilis) n,
[L. stringere,
to
mechanism for
scrape.]
the
antennae, at the
cleaning
junction of tibia and first tarsal

strigate (strfgat) a.

joint on the first leg of bees (zool.).

strigillose (strij'ilos) a.
[L. strigilla,

a small ridge.]

Minutely strigose.

strigose (strTg'os)

a,

[L.

Covered with

ridge.]
(hot.)

striga,

hairs

stiff

or furrows

The

transparent filmy framework

of red blood corpuscles (phys.) ;
connective tissue binding and supin the ovary,
porting an organ
;

vascular, reticular framework

meshes of which the ovarian
follicles are imbedded (anat.)
in
soft,

in the

stromata,

plu.

short

protrusions

from a sclerotium, each composed

of hyphae, in which perithecia are
developed, in

some Thallophytes

(bet.).

marked by small grooves

STU-

307
a ridge,
[L. striga,
upright, stiff, pointed

(stn'ga) n.

(zoo!.).

stromatic (stromat'ik) a. [Gk. stroma,

something spread out for lying on.]
Pert., like, in the form or nature
stromatiform stromaof, a stroma
;

striola (strio'la) n. [L. striola, a small

fine narrow line or
channel.]
streak.
striolate (strl'olat) a.
[L. striola,

a small channel.]

striate.

Finely
strobila (strob'ila) n. [Gk. strobiles,
a fir cone.]
stage in the development of some Scyphozoa, where
from a succession of annular discs
the embryos take the form of a
pile of discs which are separated
off in turn
the jointed body of
a Tape-worm (zool.).
strobilaceous (strob'ilashus) a. [Gk.

tous.

strombuliferous (strombulif'Srus) a.
[L. strombus, a spiral snail ferre,
;

to

carry.]

Having

spirally-coiled

organs or structures (dot.).

.
strombulifonn (strombu'llform)
[L. strombus, a spiral snail forma,
;

shape.]

Spirally coiled.

strongyle

(stron'jil),

strongylon

(strSn'jUSn) n.
[Gk. stronggylos,
two-rayed rod sponge
globular.]
spicule (zool.).

strophiolate

(strof'Tolat) a.

[L. stro-

strobilation (strob'ilashun) n.
[Gk.
strobiles, a fir cone.]
Reproduc-

phiolum, a small garland.] Having

excrescences round the hilum (dot.).
strophioles (strof'iolz) n. plu.
[L.
small
a
garland.]
strophiolum,
from
Small excrescences arising
various parts of a seed testa, never

tion by body - segmentation into

zooids, as in Coelenterates, or into
proglottides, as in Worms, which
develop into adult forms (zool.).

developed before fertilization (dot.).

structural (structural) a. [L. struere,
Pert, the structure or
to build.]
build of an organism as distinct

strobiles,

shaped

fir

Cone-

cone.]

or having strobiles

pert,

(dot.).

strobile (strob'il) n.
[Gk. strobiles, a
fir
strobila (zoo/.) ; a
cone.]
of
formed
persistent memspike

branous bracts, each having a pistila cone

an assemlate flower
blage of sporophylls (dot.).
;

strobiliferous (strobilifgrus)
strobiles,

a.

[Gk.

cone
L.
to
ferre,
Having or producing stroa

fir

carry.]
biles (dot.).
fir

cone

a.

a fir cone.]

stroma

its function (biol.).

(stroom'a) n. [L. strunia, a
scrofulous tumour.]
swelling
on a plant organ (bet.).
strumiferous (stroomife'rus) a.
[L.
struma, a scrofulous tumour ; ferre,
to carry.]
Having a struma or

strumae

(dot.).

strumiform (stroom'iform) a.
[L.
struma, a scrofulous tumour forma,
;

[Gk. stroeidos, resemblance.]

biles,
Strobiliform
resembling or shaped
like a strobilus or cone (dot.).
strobilus (strSb'flus) n. [Gk. strobiles,

strobiloid (strob'Iloid)

from

struma

A strobile
n.

a cone

(dot.).

[Gk. stroma,
something spread out for lying on.]
(stro'ma)

shape.]

Cushion-like.

strumose

(stroom'os),
[L.
(stroom'ulos) a.

strumulose

struma, a
Having small cushiontumour.]
like swellings (dot.).

stupeous

(stu'peus),

stupose (stu'pos)

Tow-like
stupa, tow.]
having a tuft of matted filaments.

a.

[L.

sTtr-

A muscle extending
pharynx.]
from the base of the styloid process

stupulose (stu'pulos)a. [L. stupa, tow.]

Covered with short filaments,

stylar

a.

(stflar)

[L.

downwards along the

stilus,

Pert, a style,
stylate (stl'lat) a. [L. stilus, a pricker.]
Having a style or styles.
style (stil) n. [L. stilus, a pricker.]'
The slender upper part of an ovary

stylos,

a.

[Gk.

sporos, seed.]

Pert.

(stllos'porus)

pillar

a stylospore or conidium.

stylostegium

(stl'loste'jium) n.

pillar

stylos,

(stllif'erus) a.

plants (dot).

[L. stilus,

ferre, to carry.]

appendages,
styliform (stl'liform) a. [L. stilus, a
Bristlepricker
forma, shape.]
shaped.
styloglossal

(stl'loglos'al) a.
[Gk.
glossa, tongue.] Perl.
the styloglossus muscle connecting
styloid process and tongue (anat.).
stylogonidium, see conidium.
;

stylohyal

(stl'lohi'al) n.
[Gk. stylos,
The
pillar ; hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
distal part of the styloid process of

the temporal bone (anat.).

stylohyoid (stl'lohl'oid) a. [Gk. stylos,
pillar
hyoeides, Y-shaped.] Appl.
a ligament attached to the styloid
process and the lesser cornu of
the hyoid (anat.).
;

[Gk. stylos, pillar

eidos, resemblance.]
Appl. processes of the temporal bone, the
fibula, the radius, the ulna (anat.).

stylomandibular

(striomandib'ular)
a.
L. man[Gk. stylos, pillar
dibulum, jaw.]
Appl. a strong
ligament extending from the styloid
process to the cervical muscle under
the parotid gland (anat).
;

stylomastpid (sti'lomas'toid)
stylos, pillar

a.

mastos, breast

(stl'lus) n.

style

[Gk.
eidos,

Appl. a foramen between

styloid and mastoid processes, also
an artery entering that foramen
like.]

subacuminate (sub'aku'mlnat)

(anat).
(sti'lomaksil'ari)

a.

[Gk. stylos, pillar ; L. maxilla, jaw.]

Stylomandibular.

stylopharyngeus
stylos,

(sti'lofarin'jeus)

pillar

n.

pltaryngx,

a.

[L.

under acumen, point.] Somewhat tapering (dot.).

subaduncate (sub'adung'kat) a. [L.
under ;
sub,
aduncus, hooked.]
sub,

Somewhat crooked,
subaerial

(sub'ae'rial)

a.

[L.

sub,

under ; aer, air.]

Growing just
above the surface of the ground
(bot.).

subalpine (subal'pm) a.
[L. sub,
under alpinus, alpine.] Appl. the
zone below the timber line, or to
plants or animals growing or living
;

in that zone.

subalternate

(sub'alteYnat) a.

[L.

under
altemus, one after
another.] Tending to change from

sub,

alternate to opposite

(dot.).

subanconeus (sub'angkone'us)

n.

[L.

under aticon, elbow.] A small

muscle extending from the triceps
to the elbow joint (anat.).
subapical (subap'ikal) a.
[L. sub,
under apex, extremity.]
Nearly
sud,

at the apex.

subarachnoid (subarak'noid)
Gk. arachne,
sub, under
;

web

Btylomaxillary

(stl'loid) a.

[L. stilus, a pricker.]

a stylet ; a simple pointed
a molar cusp (biol.).
spicule
subabdominal (sub'abdom'inal) a.
[L. sub, under ; abdomen, belly.]
Nearly in the abdominal region,

stylus

Having

bristly

stylos, pillar

[Gk.

The
roof.]
some milk-weed

stege,

inner corona of

(zool.).

[Gk.

see conidium.

stylosporous

A small, pointed bristle-like append-

styloid

liferae (bot.).

stylospore,

n.
[Gk.
pous, foot.] A conical
swelling surrounding the bases of
the divaricating styles of Umbelstylos, pillar

supporting the stigma (dot.) ; a

calcareous projection from the pore
tabula in some Millepora an abdominal bristle-like process on the
male of many Insects (zool.).
stylet (stfle't) n. [L. stilus, a pricker.]

styliferous
a pricker

side of the

pharynx (anat.).
stylopodium (stllb'po'dium)

pricker.]

age

SUB-

308

a.
[L.
spider's

eidos, resemblance.]
Appl.
a cavity filled with cerebrospinal
fluid between the arachnoid and the
;

pia mater

appl. cisternae of the

and a longitudinal septum

the same region (anat.).
brain,

in

SUB-

SUB-

309

subarborescent (siib'irbore's'e'nt) a.
[L. sub, under arborescens, growing
into a tree.]
Somewhat like a tree.
subarcuate (subir'kuat) a. [L. sub,
under
arcus, a bow.]
Appl. a
;

large blind fossa in the infant skull

which extends backwards under the
superior semicircular canal (anat.).

subaurlcular
sub under
t

a.

(sub'orik'ular)

[L.

auricula, the ear-tip.]

Below the ear

subcaulescent (sub'kole's'e'nt) a. [L.

Borne
sub, under
caulis, stalk.]
on a very short stem (bot.\
subcentral (subsen'tral) a. [L. sub,
under centrum, a centre.] Nearly
;

central,

subchela (subke'la)
[L. sub, under
Gk. chele, claw.] A prehensile claw
of which the last joint folds back
on the preceding, as in Squilla
.

(zool.\

(anat.~).

subaxillary (sub'aksll'ari) a. [L. sub,

under axilla, the arm-pit.] Appl.
outgrowths just beneath the axil
;

subchelate (subke'lat) a.
[L. sub,
under
Gk. chele, claw.] Having
prehensile claws of which the last
joint folds back on the preceding
having imperfect chelae (zool.\
subchordal (subkor'dal) a. [L. sub,
under
Under
chorda, a cord.]
the notochord (zool.).
;

subbasal
under

(subba'sal)

a.

[L.

sub,

Gk. basis,
foundation.]
Situated near the base (zool.}.
subbranchial (subbrangTcial) a. [L.
Gk. brangchia, gills.]
sub, under
;

Under the

sub,

gills.

subbronchial (subbrong'kial) a. [L.

Gk. brongchos, windsub, under
;

Below the bronchials.

pipe.]

subcalcareous (sub'kalka'rlus) a. [L.

Somewhat
calx, lime.]
sub, under
;

limy.

subcalcarine
sub, under
the

a.
[L.
Under
calcar, spur.]
calcarine fissure ; appl. the

(subkal'karm)

lingual gyrus of the brain (anat.}.

subcallosal (subTcalo'sal) a. [L. sub,
under ; callus, hard skin.] Appl. a
gyrus below the corpus callosum
(anat.\
[L. sub,

under

campanula, a

Somewhat bell-shaped

a.

little

(dot.).

(subkap'sular) a.
[L.
capsula, a little chest.]
Inside a capsule.
subcardinal (subkir'dinal) a. [L. sub,
under ; cardo, hinge.] Appl. a pair
of veins which develop between the

subcapsular
sub, under

mesonephroi (emb.\
subcarinate (subkar'inat)
under
carina, keel.]
;

a.

[L. sub,

Somewhat

keel-shaped.

subcartilaginous (sub'kirtllaj'inus) a.
cartilage, gristle.]
[L. sub, under
;

Not

under

The lower

n.

[L.

cingulum, a girdle.]
lip part of a cingulum or
;

girdle of Rotifers (zool.).

subclavate (subklaVat)
under clavus, club.]
;

a.

[L.

sub,

Somewhat

club-shaped,

subclavlan (subkla'vian) a. [L. sub,

under da-vis, key.] Appl. artery,
below the
vein, nerve, muscle,
;

clavicle (anat.}.

subcoracoid (subkor'akoid)
under
Gk. korax,
sub,
;

eidos, like.]

a.

[L.

crow
Below the coracoid.

subcordate (subk6r'dat)
[L. sub,
under cor, heart] Tending to be
a.

subcampanulate (sub'kampan'ulat)
bell]

subcingulum (subsing'gulum)

entirely cartilaginous.

subcaudal (subkod'al) a.
[L. sub,
under cauda, tail.] Situate under
;

the tail, as a shield or plate (zool.\

subcaudate (subkod'at) a. [L. sub,
under ; cauda, tail.]
Having a
tail-like process (zoo/.).

heart-shaped,
subcorneous (subkor'neus) a. [L. sub,
Under a
under; cornu, horn.]
horny layer slightly horny (zool.\
subcortical (subkor'tikal) a. [L. sub,
under ; corfex, bark.] Under the
cortex, or cortical layer (bot.} appl.
cavities under the dermal cortex of
;

Sponges

(zooL).

subcosta (subk6s'ta) n.
[L. sub,
under costa, rib.] The subcostal
nervure of an. insect wing,
subcostal (subk6s'tal) a.
[L. sub,
under costa, rib.] Below the ribs
;

appl. zone, muscles, arteries (anat.).

subcrenate (subkre'nat) a. [L. sub,

a
under
L.L.
crena,
notch.]
Tending to have rounded scallops,
as a leaf margin (pot.).
subcrureal (subkroor'eal) a. [L. sub,
under crus, leg.] Appl. the sub;

crureus or articularis genu muscle,

SUB-

extending from the lower femur to

the knee-joint (anat.).
subcutaneous (sub'kuta'neus) a. [L.
sub,

under

cutis,

the cutis or skin

Under
skin.]
appl. parasites
the skin ; appl.

under
the external abdominal ring (anat.).
subcuticular (sub'kutik'ular) a.
[L.
sub, under
cuticula, the cuticle.]
living just

Under

the epidermis or outer skin.

subcutis

(siibku'tf s) n.

[L. sub,

under

loose layer of connective tissue between the corium

tissues of the skin

cutis, skin.]

and the deeper

(anat.).

subdentate (sflbdeVtat) a. [L. sub,

under
dens, a tooth.]
Slightly
toothed or notched (bot.).
subdermal (subdeVmal) a. [L. sub,
under Gk. derma, skin.] Beneath
;

the skin.

dorsal surface.

subdural
under

a.
sub,
(subdu'ral)
[L.
;
durus, hard.]
Appl. a
cavity
potential
separating the
spinal dura mater from the arach-

noid (anat.).
subepiglottlc (sub'gpiglot'lk) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. epi, upon glottis,
mouth of the windpipe.] Beneath
the epiglottis (anat.).
subepithelial (sub'gpithe'lial) a. [L.
sub, under ; Gk. epi, upon
thallein,
to grow.]
Appl. a plexus of the
cornea (anat?).
suber (su'ber) n.
[L. suber, cork
;

Cork

tissue (bot.).

subereous (sube'reus)

a.

[L.

suber,

cork tree.] Of corky texture (bot.).

suberlferous (subgrif'e'rus) a.
[L.
suber, cork tree
ferre, to bear.]
Cork-producing (bot.).
;

suberiflcation

(su'bSrifTka'shun) n.
[L. suber, cork tree ; facere, to
make.] Conversion into cork tissue
(bot.).

[L. suber, cork

(su'bfiros) a.

tree.]

Having a corky, waterproof

texture

(bot.).

subgalea (subgal'ea)

n.

[L. sub, under;

of the

a helmet.]
Part
maxilla of Insects (zool.).

galea,

subgeniculate
sub, under
genu, knee.]

(sub'jgnik'ulat) a.

[L.

Some-

what bent.
subgenital

(subjen'ital) a.
[L. sub,
Below
genitalis, genital.]
reproductive organs ; appl, a

under

the
shallow pit or pouch beneath the
gonad in Aurelia appl. a portico
formed by the fusion of the subgenital pouches of Discomedusae
;

(zool.).

subglenoid (subgle'noid) a. [L. sub,

under
Gk. glene, socket
eidos,
form.] Beneath the glenoid cavity
;

subglossal (subg!5s'al) a.
[L.
under
Gk. glossa, tongue.]
neath the tongue.

sub,

Be-

subhyaloid (subhl'aloid) a. [L. sub,

under
Gk. hyalos, glass
eidos,
Beneath the hyaloid memlike.]
brane or fossa of the eye (anat.).
;

subhymenial,

pert.

sub-

the

hymenium.

subhymemum

(sub'hlme'nium)

n.

under
Gk. hymen, a
membrane.] A layer of small cells
between trama and hymen ium in
[L.

the

sub,

gill

of Agarics

(bot.),

subhyoid (siibhl'oid) a.
[L. sub,
under
Gk. hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
Below the hyoid bone at the base
;

of the tongue (anat.).

subiculum (subik'ulum) n. [L. subiculum, an under layer.] The filamentous mycelium of certain Fungi
(bot.).

sublmago
under

(sub'ima'go) n.

sub,

[L.

imago, an imitation.]

stage between pupa and imago in

the life-history of some Insects.

subinguinal (subin'gwmal, sub'mgwl'nal) a.

[L. sub, under
inguen,
Situated below a horizontal
groin.]
;

suberin (su'bSrin)

[L. suber, cork

The waxy substance detree.]
veloped in a thickened cell-wall,
making it almost waterproof (bot.).
suberization (su'berlza'shun) n. [L.
The modification
suber, cork tree.]
of cell walls due to the formation

of suberin

suberose

(anat.).

subdorsal (subd6r'sal) a.
[L. sub,
under ; dorsum, the back.] Situated dorsally or almost on the

tree.]

SUB-

310

(bot.).

n.

the level of the

saphenous vein termination
line

at

great
;

appl.

glands (anat.).
subjugal (subjoog'al) a.
[L. sub,
under jugum, yoke.]
Below the
or
cheek
bone (zool.),
jugal
subjugular (subjoog'ular) a. [L. sub,
;

SUB-

under
jugulum, collar bone.]
Appl. a ventral fish-fin nearly far
enough forward to be jugular (zool.}.
sublanceolate (sublan'seolat) a. [L.
sub, under
lanceolatus, speared.]
Tending to be narrow and to taper
towards both ends (A?/.).
sublaryngeal (sublarin'jeal) a.
[L.
Gk. laryngx, larynx.]
sub, under
;

Situate below the larynx

(zool.}.

sublenticular (sub'16ntlk'ular) a. [L.

sub, under lenticula, a small lentil.]
;

Somewhat

lens-shaped.

sublingua (subling'gwa) n. [L. sub,

under lingua, tongue.] A single
or double projection beneath the
tongue, most developed in Insecti;

vores

SUB-

311
-

(zool.}.

(subme'rsd') a.

sub-

[L.

mergere, to submerge.] Appl. plants

growing entirely under water

(bot.}.

submicron (submik'rSn)
under
Gk. mikros,

n.
[L. sub,
An
small.]
separate disc

element

seen as a
with the aid of an ultramicroscope,
although invisible with an ordinary

microscope cf. amlcron (phys.}.

submucosa (sub'muko'sa) n. [L. sub,
;

under

mucosus,

of

layer

membrane

tissue

The
mucous.]
under a mucous

(anat.}.

subnasal (subna'zal) a.
sub,
[L.
under nasus, nose.] Beneath the
nose (anat.}.
subneural (siibnu'ral) a.
[L. sub,
under Gk. neuron, nerve.] Appl.
and
of
nervous
gland
ganglion
system of Tunicates (zool.}.
;

sublingual (subling'gvval) a. [L. sub,

Beneath
under
lingua, tongue.]
the tongue
appl. gland, artery,
;

fossa (anat.}.

sublobular (siiblob'ular) a. [L. sub,

under ; Gk. lobos, a lobe.J Appl.
veins at the base of the lobules of

suboccipital

(sub'6ksTp'ital)

a.

[L.

back part
Appl. muscles, nerve,
triangle, under the occipitals of
the skull (anat.}.

sub,

under

occiput, the

of the head.]

the liver (anat.}.

sublocular (sublok'ular) a. [L. sub,

under
little
loculus, a
place.]
;

Somewhat

part of the labium or fused second

maxillae of Insects (zool.}.
submersed.

submerged,
submersed

an ingrowth from

subocular shelf,

locular or cellular.

Bubmalleate (submal'eat) a. [L. sub,

under malleus, a hammer.] Somewhat hammer-shaped
appl. the
trophi of a rotifer mastax (zool.}.
;

the suborbitals supporting the eyeball of Fishes.

[L.

a.
suboesophageal (subesSf'aje'al)
Gk. oisophagos,
[L. sub, under
Below the gullet (zooL).
gullet.]
subopercular (sub'opeVkular) a. [L.
sub, under
operculum, a lid or
Under the operculum or
cover.]

under ; margo, margin.] Appl.

a bordering structure near a margin.

gill-cover of Fishes, or the shell-lid

of Molluscs (zool.}.

subinarginal

(submar'jinal)

a.

[L.

sub, under margo, margin.] Placed

nearly at the margin.
;

submarginate (submar'jma.t)

a.

sub,

submaxllla (sub'maksil'a)

n.

[L. sub,

under; maxilla, jaw.] The mandible

or lower jaw.

submaxillary
sub, under

(sub'maksil'ari) a.

[L.

maxilla, jaw.] Appl.

ganglion, gland, triangle,

duct,

beneath the lower jaw

submedian (subme'dian)

(anat.}.
a.

[L. 'sub,

under medius, the middle.] Appl.

the tooth or vein next the median
;

(zool.}.

submental
under
the

(subme'n'tal) a.
[L. sub,
Beneath
chin.]
;
appl. artery, glands,

mentum,

chin

triangle (anat. ) pert, the submentum

;

(zool.}.

submentum (subrnfin'tum) n. [L. sub,

under mentum, chin.] The basal
;

suboperculum
[L. sub,

under

(sub'opeVkulum) n.
operculum, a cover.]

subopercle, one of the membrane bones of the operculum of

The

Fishes
suboptic

(zool.}.

a.
sub,
[L.
(subSp'tlk)
Gk. optikos, relating to
Below the eye.
sight.]
suboral (subo'ral) a. [L. sub, under ;

under

Below the month ;

os,
mouth.]
near the mouth.
suborbital (subor'bltal) a.
[L. sub,
under ; orbis, a circle.]
Appl.
structures below the orbit of the
eye.

subovate (subo'vat) a. [L. sub, under

subovoid
ovum, egg.] Suboval
;

somewhat oval or egg-shaped.

;
;

subramose (subra'mos)

subpalmate (subpal'mat) a. [L. sub,

under palrna, palm of the hand.]
Tending to become palmate appl.
;

leaves

(dot.}.

subparietal (sub'pan'gtal) a. [L. sub,

under paries, a wall.] Beneath
the parietals appl. a sulcus which
is the lower boundary of the parietal
;

subpedunculate (sub'pgdung'kulat) a.
[L. sub, under pedunculus, a little
Resting on a very short
foot]
;

base-stalk.
a.
(sub'pgrlkar'dlal)
Gk. peri, round ;
;
the
Under
periheart.]

subpericardial
sub,

kardia,

under

cardium, or membranous sac enclosing the heart (anat.}.

subperitoneal (sub'pgritone'&l) a. [L.
Gk. peritonaion, somesub, under
stretched
round.]
Appl.
thing
connective tissue under the peri;

toneum

sub,

Slightly

shape.]

kidney

shaped

(bot.}.

subretinal (siibreYlnal)
rete,

a.

net.]

[L.

sub,

Beneath

the

retina (anat.}.

subrostral (subros'tral) a.
[L. sub,
under rostrum, a beak.] Below
the beak (zool.}.
subsacral (subsa'kral) a.
[L. sub,
under ; sacrum, sacred.]
Below
the sacrum (zool.}.
subsartorial (sub'sarto'rial) a.
[L.
sub, under ; sartor, a tailor.] Appl.
a plexus under the sartorius muscle
of the thigh (anat.}.
;

subscapular (subskap'ular) a.
[L.
sub, under scapula, shoulder-blade.]
Beneath the scapula appl. artery,
;

muscles, nerves, etc. (anat.}.

subsclerotic (sub'sklgrot'ik) a.

[L.

under
Gk. skleros, hard.]
Beneath the sclerotic layer of the
between
and choroid
sclerotic
eye

subserous (subse'rus) a.
[L. sub,
under serum, whey.] Beneath a

sub,

(anat.}.

subpetiolar (subpgt'iolar) a. [L. sub,

a little foot.]
under
petiolus,
Within the petiole or leaf-stalk (bot.}.
subpetiolate (subpeYiolat) a. [L. sub,
a small foot.]
under
petiolus,

Almost sessile (hot.).

subpharyngeal (sub'farln'jeal) a. [L.
sub, under Gk.pharyngx, pharynx.]
Below the gullet.
subphrenic (subfrgn'ik) a.
[L. sub,
under; G\a. phren, midriff.] Below
the diaphragm (anat.}.
subpial (subpi'al) a. [L. sub, under
pia, kind.] Under the pia mater
;

(anat.}.

membrane ; appl. areolar

tissue (anat.}.
subserrate (subser'at) a.
[L. sub,
under ; serra, saw.]
Somewhat
serous

notched or saw-toothed
subsessile

under

(subsfis'il)

sedere,

[L. sub,

Beneath

the inner lining of the chest wall

(anat.}.

subpubic (subpu'bik) a.
[L. sub,
under pubes, adult.] Below the
;

pubic region

under pulmo, lung.]

;

[L.

Beneath

the lungs (anat.}.

subradius (subra'dlus) n.
[L. sub,
under radius, a ray.] In radiate
;

a radius of the fourth

order, that between adradius and

animals,

or between adradius and

perradius,

mterradius

(zool.}.

(bot.}.

a.
sit.]

[L.

sub,

Nearly

cells

guard-cells

lying

outside

(bot.}.

subspatulate (subspat'ulat) a.
[L.
Somesub, under spatula, spoon.]
what spoon-shaped (bot.}.
subspinous (subspfnus) a.
[L. sub,
under spina, spine.] Tending to
;

become

(anat.}.

subpulmonary (subpul'monarl) a.

to

with almost no stalk (bot.}.

subsidiary cells, additional modified
sessile

epidermal

(anat.}.

subpleural (subploor'al) a.
under Gk. pleura, side.]

sub,

[L.

under

lobe (anat.}.

subpectinate (subpgk'tinat) a.
[L.
Tendsub, under ;pecten, a comb.]
in
structure.
comb-like
to
be
ing

a.

ramus, a branch.] Branching somewhat (bot.}.

subreniform (subreVlform) a.
[L.
sub, under
renes, kidneys forma,

under

[L.

SUB-

312

SUB-

spiny.

substantia (substan'shla) n. [L. subSubstance or

stantia, substance.]
matter (anat.}.
substantia adamantina, eburnea,
ossea,
respectively enamel, dentine,

and cement or crusta petrosa

of teeth (anat.}.
the grey
substantia gelatinosa,
matter of the spinal cord (anat.}.

SUB-

substantia nigra, a semilunar layer

of grey cells of the mid-brain
(anat.}.

substantive variation,

changes

in

the actual constitution or substance

of the parts ; cf. meristic variation
(biol.).

substernal (substeYnal) a. [L. sub,

under sternum, breastbone.] Below
the sternum (zool.~).
substratose (substra'tos) a. [L. sub,
under stratum, a layer.] Slightly
;

or indistinctly stratified.

substratum (substra'tum) n. [L. sub,

under
The
stratum, a layer.]
base to which a stationary animal
;

or a plant is fixed (biol.\

subtectal (subtotal) a.

under

sub,

[L.

Pert, the
roof.]
alisphenoid of a fish skull (zool.).
subtegminal (subtgg'mlnal) a.
[L.
sub, under ; tegmen, a covering.]
Under the tegmen or inner coat
of a seed (&?/.).
subtentacular canals, two prolongations of the echinoderm coelom

tectum,

(zool\

subthoracic (sub'thoras'Ik) a.
[L.
Gk. thorax, breast.]
sub, under
Not so far forward as to be called
;

thoracic

certain

fish

subtrapezoidal
sub,

small

under

table

Somewhat

eidos,

cut off (biol.\

subtypical (subtip'Ikal) a.
[L. sub,
under
Deviating
typus, image.]
;

from type.
(su'bulat) a.

[L. subula, an
Awl-shaped
appl. leaves,
very narrow and tapering from the

awl.]

base to a fine point

(bot.).

subumbellate (subum'bglat) a.
[L.
umbella, a small shade.]
sub, under
an
umbellate
to
arrangeTending
ment, with peduncles arising from
;

common

centre

(bot.}.

subumbonal (sub'umbo'nal)

a.

[L.

under ; umbo, boss.] Beneath

or anterior to the umbo of a bivalve

sub,

shell (zool\

subumbrella

a.

[L. sub,

Having a
somewhat hooked process somewhat hook-shaped.
subungual (subung'gwai) a. [L. sub,
under unguis, a nail.] Under a
;

nail, claw, or hoof (zool.).

subunguis (subung'gwis) n. [L sub,
under unguis, a nail.] The ventral
scale of a claw.
subvaginal (subvaj'Inal) a. [L. sub,
under vagina, a sheath.] Within
or under a sheath.
;

subvertebral (subveYtebral) a.
[L.
under
a joint.]
sub,
vertebra,
Under the spinal column.
subzonal (subzo'nal) a.
sub,
[L.
under
zona, a belt.]
Appl. a
layer of cells immediately internal
to the zona radiata (emb.}.
;

subzygomatic (subzl'gomat'Ik) a. [L.

Gk. zygon, a yoke.]
sub, under
;

Under the cheek-bone.

succiferous (sukslf'grus) a.

[L. succus,

sap \ferre, to carry.] Sap-conveying

(bot.).

succise

(suksls')

a.

[L.

succisus,

succubous (suk'ubus) a.
[L. sub,
under cubare, to lie down.] With
each leaf covering part of that
under it (hot.}.

slightly

subuncinate (subun'sinat)
under uncus, hook.]

(sub'trapezoid'al) a.
Gk. frapezion, a
;

subtruncate (subtrung'kat) a.
[L.
sub, under
truncatus, maimed.]
Terminating rather abruptly, as if

subulate

The
medu-

Abrupt
appearing
lopped off.]
as if a part were cut off (bot.\

resemblance.]
trapezoid-shaped.
;

under ; umbra, shade.]

concave inner surface of the
soid bell (zool.\

sub,

fins

appl.

(zool.).

[L.

sue-

313

succulent (suk'ulgnt)
sap.]

With

a.
[L. succus,
tissues full of juice or

sap (bot.).
succus (suk'us)

n.
[L. succus, juice,
juice of a plant ; fluid
secreted by certain glands (biol.).
sucker (suk'er) n. [A.S. sucan, to

sap.]

The

stem-branch, first subsuck.]

terranean and then aerial, which

may ultimately form an independent

plant (bot.} ; an organ adapted for
creating a vacuum, in some animals
for purposes of ingestion, in others
to assist in locomotion (zool.).
a disc assisting
attachment, at the end of

sucking - disc,

echinoderm tube-foot
suctorial (sukto'rfal) a.
to

suck.]

Adapted

(zool.\

[L. sugere,
for sucking ;

furnished with suckers appl. a pad

of fat in relation with the buccin;

(sub'umbreTa)

[L.

in

an

SUDator,

to assist in sucking

supposed

(zool., anat.).

sudor

[L. sudor, sweat.]

a.

[L.

carry.]

Conveying, producing, or secreting

sweat, appl. glands and their ducts
(anat.).

suffrutex (suf'rootSks) n.
[L. sub,
under ; frutex, shrub.] An undershrub (hot.}.
suffrutieose (sufroot'ikos)
under frutex, shrub.]

a.

[L. sub,

Somewhat

shrubby (bot.).
sugent (su'je'nt), sugescent'(sujes'e'nt)
[L. sugere, to suck.]

Suctorial,

sulcate (sul'kat) a. [L. sulcus, furrow.]

Furrowed ; grooved,
sulcus (sullcus) n, [L. sulcus, furrow.]
A groove ; appL the cerebral
grooves ; those of heart, tongue,
etc.
a
cornea, bones,
(anat.) ;

stomodaeal groove

Anthozoa
a longitudinal flagellum groove of
-of

Dinoflagellata (zool.).
the
eggs,
thin-shelled,
quickly developing eggs of some
fresh- water forms laid in spring or

summer

cf.

supercarpal

winter eggs

(zool.).

carpus,

a.

soo-)

(supe'rkar'pal,

super, over
Upper carpal or

[L.

wrist.]

above the carpus

(anat.).

(supSrsa'kral,

over

a.

soo-)

a.

soo-)

sacrum, sacred.]

(anat.).

(su'persfenoid'al,

over

super,

[L.

Gk.

Above the sphenoid

sphen, wedge.]
bone.

supervolute

(supervolut/,
soo-) a.
[L. super, over ; volvere, to roll.]

Having a plaited androlled arrangement in the bud (bot.).

supinate (su'pinat) a.
[L. supinus,
bent backwards.]
Inclining or
leaning backwards (bot.).
supination (su'pmashun) n. [L.
Movesupinus, bent backward.]
ment of the arm by which the palm
of the hand is turned upwards cf.
pronation (phys.).
supinator brevis and longus, two
arm muscles used in supination
;

(anat.).

suppression (suprSsh'un) n. [L. sub,

under
The
pressus, pressed.]
;

non-development of an organ or
part

(bot.).

supraacromial (su'praakro'mial, soo-)

a.
Gk. akros,
[L. supra, above
;

summit ; omos, shoulder.] Above

the acromion of the shoulder-blade
(anat.).

supraanal (su'praa'nal, soo-) a. [L.

anus, anus.] Sursupra, above
anal
above the anus or anal
;

supercilia (supersil'ia, soo-) n. plu.

[L. super, over ; cilia, eyelids.] The

eyebrows,
superciliary (supersil'iari, soo-) a.
[L. super, over cilia, eyelids.] Pert.
the eyebrows ; above the orbit
;

region.

supraangular, see surangular.

supraaurlcular (su'praorlk'ular, soo-)
a.
auris, ear.]
[L. supra, above
;

Above

the auricle

(anat.).

appl.

feathers

(zool.).

suprabranchial

(anat.).

superciliary arches, two arched elevations below the frontal eminences

(su'prabrang'kial,

supra, above ;
brangchia, gills.] Above the
soo-) a.

Gk.

[L.

gills

(zool.).

superficial (supgrfish'al, soo-) a. [L.

On the
super, over ; fades, face.]
surface ; appl. arteries, veins, etc.
(anat.).

superglottal (supgrglot'al, soo-) a.

Gk. glottis, end of
[L. super, over
Above the glottis
windpipe.]
;

(anat.).

suprabuccal

(su'prabuk'al,

soo-)

a.

supra, above ; bucca, cheek.]

the cheek and mouth (zool.).
supracallosal (su'prakalo'sal, soo-) a.
[L.

Above

callosus, hard.]
[L. supra, above
Appl. a gyrus on the upper surface
of the corpus callosum of the brain
;

(anat.).

superior
superior,
(anat.)

super,

Above the sacrum

supersphenoidal

Perspiration (phys.).

summer

supersacral
[L.

(su'dor) n.

sudoriferous (su'dorif'erus)
sweat
to
sudor,
ferre,

a.

SUP-

314

upper.]

a.

soo-)

(supe'rior,

Upper

[L.

higher

growing or arising above

another organ
superparasite,

(bot.).

see hyperparasite.

supracaudal

(su'prakod'al,

soo-) a.

supra, above ; cauda, tail.]

Above the tail or caudal region.
[L.

suprachoroid (su'prako'roid, soo-) a.

Gk. chorion, skin.]
[L. supra, above
;

SUP-

SUP-

315

Over the choroid between choroid

and sclerotic (ana/.}.

[L. supra, above ; meatus,*. passage.]

Appl. triangle and spine over the

supraclavlcle (su'praklav'Ikl, soo-) n.

[L. supra, above
clavicula, a small
a bone
key.] The supracleithmm
of the shoulder girdle of Fishes

external acoustic meatus (anat.}.

supranasal (su'prana'zal, soo-) a. [L.
supra, above
nasus, nose.] Over
the nasal bone or nose (zool.}.

(zool.}.

supraclavicular

(su'praklavik'ular,
[L. supra, above ; clavicula,

soo-) a.

Above or over

a small key.]

the

appl. nerves (anat.}.

(su'prakll'thrum,
soo-)
[L. supra, above ; Gk.
kleithron, key.]
Supraclavicle.
supracondylar (su'prakSn'dllar, soo-)
a.
[L. supra, above ; Gk. kondylos,
Above a condyle ; appl.
knob.]
ridge and process (anat.\
supracostal (su'prakSs'tal, soo-) a.
clavicle

supracleithrum
n.

supra, above
Over or externally

[L.

cosfa,

rib.]

to the ribs.

supracranial (su'prakra'nlal, soo-) a.

Gk. kranion,
[L. supra, above ;
skull] Over or above the skull.
supradorsal (su'prador'sal, soo-) a.
dorsum, back.]
[L. supra, above
On or over the back appl. small
cartilaginous elements in connection
;

with the primitive vertebral column

Above

the glenoid cavity.

tuberosity, a slight
elevation at the apex of the glenoid

supraglenoid

cavity (anat.}.

(zool.}.

supraocular (su'praok'ular, soo-) a.

oculus, eye.]
supra, above
ver or above the eye appl. scales
g,.
;

(zool.}.

supraoesophageal

(su'praes6f'aj e'al,
soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; Gk.
Above or
oisophagos,
gullet.]
over the gullet (zool.}.
supraorbltal (su'pra6r'blt51, soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; orbis, a circle.]
Above the orbital cavities ; appl.

(anat.}.

supralabial
[L. supra,

a.
soo-)
labium, lip.] On
scutes or scales

(su'prala'bial,

above
appl.

(zool. ).

supraloral

(su'pralo'ral, soo-) a.

[L.

supra, above ; lorum, thong.] Above

the loral region appl. birds, snakes
;

(zool.}.

supramastoid crest, the ridge at the

upper boundary of the mastoid
region of the temporal bone (anat.}.
supramaxillary
(su'pramaksll'arl,
soo-)a. [L. supra, above maxilla,
appl.
jaw.] Pert, the upper jaw
;

nerves (anat.}.

suprameatal

foramen, nerve, vein,

artery,

etc.

(anat.}.

suprapharyngeal
soo-) a.

(su'prafarin'jeal,

supra,
pharyngx, pharynx.]
the pharynx.
[L.

suprapubic
supra,

above;

(su'prapu'bik,

above

Gk.

Above or over
soo-)

pubes,

a.

adult.]

Above the pubic bone.

suprapygal (su'prapl'gal, soo-) a. [L.
supra^ above Gk. Pyge, the rump.]
Above the pygal bone (zool.}.
suprarenal (su'prare'nal,
soo-) a.
renes, kidneys.]
[L. supra, above
Situated above the kidneys
appl.
;

suprahyoid (sa'prahfoid, soo-) a. [L.

Gk. hyoeides, Ysupra, above
Over the hyoid bone
shaped.]
appl. aponeurosis, glands, muscles

lip

[L.

(zool.}.

supraglenoid (su'pragle'noid, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above G\s..glene, socket.]

the

supraoccipital (su'prafikslp'ital, soo-)

n.
[L. supra, above
occiput, back
part of the head.] A large median
bone of the upper occipital region

(su'pramea'tal, soo-) a.

arteries,

glands,

veins,

plexus

(anat.}.

suprarenal bodies, adrenal bodies.

suprascapula (su'praskap'ula, soo-) n.
[L. supra, above ; scapula, shoulder-

An incompletely ossified
extension of the scapula of Amphibians and Ophidians (zool.}.
blade.]

suprascapular (su'praskap'ular, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above scapula, shoulder;

blade.] Above the shoulder-blade

appl. artery, ligament, nerve (anat.}.
suprasphenoidal (su'prasfenoid'al,
soo-) a.
[L. supra, above ; Gk.
sphen, wedge.] Above the sphenoid
bone of the skull.

supraspinal

(sa'praspfnal, soo-) a.
above spina, a spine.]
or over the spinal column

[L. supra,

Above

appl. a ligament (anat.}.

SUP-

supraspinatous (su'prasplna'tus, soo-)

a
a.
spinet,
[L. supra, above
spine.]
Appl. the scapular fossa
;

and

fascia for the origin of the

supraspinatus, a muscle extending
from scapula to humerus head
(anaf.).

suprastapedial (su'prastape'dial, soo-)

n.
stapes, a
[L. supra, above
;

stirrup.]

SWA-

316

The

of

part

the

col-

umella of the ear above the stapes,

homologous with the mammalian

incus (zool.\

suprasternal (su'prasteVnal, soo-) a.

sternum, breast[L. supra, above
bone.] Over or above the breast;

a slit-like space in
bone
appl.
the cervical muscle (anaf.).
suprastigmal (su'prastig'mal, soo-) a.
Gk. stigma, a
[L. supra, above
;

Above a stigma

pricked mark.]
or breathing-pore of Insects.
;

of the

skull

(bot.}

stoloniferous

(zool.\

surculus (siir'kulus) n. [L. surculus,

a twig.]
An underground shoot,
ultimately aerial and independent
a sucker (zooL).
(hot.}
suspensor (siispen'sor) n.
[L. suspendere, to hang down.] A chain
of cells developed from the hypobasal segment of an angiosperm
;

zygote, attaching
the embryo sac ;

the

embryo

to

occurring in a
modified form in the development
of other plants (hot.).
suspensoriuin (suspSnso'rium) n. [L.
The
suspendere, to hang down.]
upper part of the hyoid arch from
which the lower jaw is suspended
(zool.}.

suspensory (suspgn'sori)

[L. sus-

a.

hang down.] Pert, a

suspensorium
serving for suspension
appl. various ligaments

pendere, to

supratemporal (su'pratem'poral, soo-)

a.
temporalis,
[L. supra, above
temporary.] Pert, the upper temporal region

ing

suckers

appl,

arch, bone, fossa (anaf.).

suprathoracic (su'prathoras'ik, soo-)
Gk. thorax,
a.
[L. supra, above
breast.] Over or above the thoracic
;

region.

supratonsillar (su'praton'silar, soo-) a.

[L. supra, above ; tonsilis, clipped.]
Appl. a small depression in the
lymphoid mass of a tonsil (anaf.).

(anaf.).

sustentacular (sustgntak'ular) a. [L.

sustentaculum, a prop, support.]
Supporting appl. connective tissue
acting as a supporting framework
for an organ (anaf.).
;

sustentaculum

lieni, tali,
support
of the spleen, of the ankle-bone

(anaf.).

sustentator

n.
(sustenta'tor)
[L.
The sustensustinere, to sustain.]
tor or hooked cremaster of Lepi-

supratrochlear (su'pratrok'lear, soo-)

Gk. frochlea,
a.
[L. supra, above
Over or above the
a pulley.]
trochlear surface appl. nerve and
foramen (anaf.).

doptera (zool.}.
sutural (su'tural, soo-) a. [L. sutura,
a seam.]
Pert, a suture
appl.
dehiscence taking place at a suture

supratympanlc

sutural

(su'pratimpan'ik, soo-)

above

(biol.\

bones,

Wormian bones

Gk. tympanon,
a drum.] Above the ear-drum.
sural (sQ'ral) a. [L. sura, calf of the
Pert, the calf of the leg
leg.]
appl. arteries and nerves (anaf.).
suranal, see supraanal.

irregular isolated bones occurring

in the course of sutures, especially
in
the lambdoidal suture and
posterior fontanelle (anaf.).
suture (su'tur, soo-) n. [L. sutura,
a seam.] The line of junction of

surangular (surang'gular) n.
[L.
angulus, an. angle.]
supra, above
a bone of
The supraangular
the lower jaw of Reptiles and

two parts immovably connected

an immovable articulation of bone

a.

[L. supra,

Birds (zool.}.
surculose (siir'kulos) a. [L. surcuhis,
a twig.] Surculous surculigerous
appl. plants producing suckers first
underground, thence aerial and
forming independent plants ; bear;

as

in the skull (anaf.)

hiscence line (dot.).

swarm

the de-

(sworm) n.
[A.S. swearm,
swarm.] A large number of minute
motile organisms viewed collectively
departure of a number of
bees from one hive to form another
;

(zool.).

SWI-

the system of nerves supplying the

viscera and blood - vessels, and
connected with
the
intimately
spinal and some cerebral nerves
coloration
in
imita(anat.} ; appl.
tion of surroundings (biol.}.

swiminerets,

paired appendages
to the walking-legs of
Crustaceans, functional partly for

posterior

swimming

(zool.}.

swimming

nectocalyces

bells,

medusoid bell - like structures of

Siphonophores with velum and

sympetalous (slmpeYalus)
syn, with

radiating canals, serving to propel

the colony (zool.}.
swimming or swim bladder, the
air bladder of Fishes, developed as
a diverticulum of the alimentary
function
not
canal,
precisely

determined

propulsion

(zool.}.

(zool.}.

ovaries,

floating

the

in

freely

body

(zool.}.

swimming

Ctenophores,

eight equidistant bands of

-

symbiosis (simblo'sis)

n.

[Gk. sym-

or plant and animal, live in mutually

beneficial partnership

with

(biol.}.

a.

[Gk. sym-

Dromia (biol.}.
symmetrical (slmet'rlkal)
;

metron,

shaped

a.
[Gk.
measure.]

divisible

exactly similar halves

symmetry

into

(slm'gtri)

metron, measure.]

symmetry
;

a.

pathos, feeling.]

or

Pert,

re-

in principle

(bot.}.

sympodite

(sim'podit) n.
[Gk. syn,
with pous, foot.] The protopodite
of Crustacea (zool.}.
;

sympodium

n.

(simpo'dium)

[Gk.

primary
syn, with pous, foot]
axis consisting of a line connecting
;

(bot.}.

synacme (stnak'me) n. [Gk. syn, with

Condition when
akme, prime.]

stamens and
taneously

synangium
with

pistils

[Gk.
Appl.

mature simul-

synanthesis

(bot.}.

(slnan'jium) n.

[Gk. syn,

anggeion, a vessel.]

pound sporangium

(biol.}.

sympathetic (simpatheYlk)
syn, with

foot.]

the bases of consecutive branchings

(biol.}.

n.

[Gk. syn,
State of
into
similar halves
divisibility
of
form
similarity of
regularity
structure on each side of an axis,
dorsoventral, or anterocentral,
See bilateral and radial
posterior.

with

POUS,

sembling a sympodium

bioun, to live together.]

Living in
beneficial partnership, as Clione,

with

bone separate in early life, as the

pubic symphysis a slightly movable
articulation with the bony surfaces
connected by fibrocartilage
cf.
syndesmosis (anat.}.
symplectic (slmpleVtik) n. [Gk. syn,
with
A bone
plektos, plaited.]
of the fish skull between quadrate
and hyomandibular (zool.}.
sympodial (simpo'dial) a. [Gk. syn,
;

A condition

which two animals, two plants,

symbiote, symbiont.
symbiotic (simblot'ik)

[Gk. sym-

(biol.}.

bioun, to live together.]

(slm'flsls)

culent, receptacular fruit (bot.}.

symbiont (sim'biont) n.
[Gk. syn,
with ; bioun, to live.] One of the

partners in symbiosis

n.

physis, a growing together.] The

line of junction of two pieces of

Regularly

symphysis

like plates or comb - ribs,

propellers of the organism (zool.}.
syconium (slko'nmm) n. [Gk. sykon,
a multiple, succyconus
fig.]

syn,

symphyantherous, synantherous.
symphyllous, gamophyllous.
symphyogenesis (sim'fioje'n'e'sTs) n.
[Gk. symphyesthain, to grow toDegether
genesis,
descent.]
velopment of an organ from the
union of two others,
symphysial (simffz'ial) a. [Gk. symphysis, a growing together.] Syma
physeal
symphysian
pert,
symphysis.

ciliated

comb

in

(zool.}.

in

plates,

Commensalism

love.]

with mutual liking

groups of ripe
ova of Acanthocephala detached
cavity

[Gk.

Having

to

philein,

funnel, the tube of Dibranchiates through which water is

expelled from the mantle cavity,
expulsion providing the means of

swimming

a.

petalon, leaf.]

a tubular corolla formed by union

of petals (bot.}.
symphily (sim'fill) n. [Gk. syn, with

swimming

and

SYN-

317

in

com-

which the

sporangia are coherent, as

Ferns (bot.}.

in

some

SYNsynantherous (sman'the'rus)

a.
[Gk.
with
antheros,
flowery.]
anthers
united
to
a
form
Having
tube (bot.}.
synanthesis, synacme.
synanthous (sinan'thus) a. [Gk. syn,
with
anthos,
flower.]
Having

syn,

and leaves appearing simul-

flowers

taneously
having flowers united
together (bot.}.
(sman'thi) n.
[Gk. syn,
with anthos, flower.] The adhesion
of flowers usually separate (bot.}.
;

synanthy
;

synaposematic

(sinap'osemat'ik)

a.

[Gk. syn, with ; apo, from ; sema,

sign.]
Appl. mimicry of a more
powerful species as a means of
defence (biol.}.

synapse

n.

[Gk. synopsis,
of one
union.]
nerve cell and another through the
medium of the terminal branchings
of the dendrons or axons (phys.}.
(sinaps')

The connection

synapsis

(sinap'sis) n.

union.]

matin

[Gk. synapsis,
contraction of the chro-

linin filament

the

includes

which usually

nucleolus

in
in

chromatin mass, a stage

reduction-division of cells (cyt.}.

membrane,

synaptlc

the
the

membrane

intervening between the nerve-ending and the muscle fibre supplied

by it, also between one neurone and

the fibre connecting it with another
synapticula
synaptos,

n.

[Gk.
small
connecting the

(sinaptik'ula)
One
united.]

of

calcareous rods
septa of the mushroom-coral (zool.}.
synarthrosis (sin'arthro'sis) n. [Gk.
An
arthron, joint.]
syn, with ;
articulation in which bone surfaces
are in almost direct contact, fastened
together by connective tissue or
hyaline cartilage, with no appreciable motion (anat.}.
syncarp (sin'karp) n. [Gk. syn, with
;

karpos, fruit]

aggregate

fruit

syncarpium

an

with united carpels

syncarpous (stnkar'pus)
karpos,

collective fruit

a.

fruit.]

[Gk. syn,
Bearing a

(bot.}.

syncarpy

(sinkar'pT) n.
[Gk. syn,
karpos, fruit.J Condition of
united
to
form a
having carpels

with

(sinsSr'Sbrum) n. [Gk.
L. cerebrum, brain.] A
formed by union
brain
secondary
with the brain of one or more of
the ventral cord ganglia in some

syn, with

Arthropods

(zool.}.

synchondrosis

(sm'kondro'sTs) n,
[Gk. syn, with ; chondros, cartilage.]
in
which the consynarthrosis

necting

medium

is

cartilage (anat.}.

syncraniate (sinkra'niat)

a.
[Gk. syn,
kranion, skull.]
Having
certain vertebral elements fused
with the skull (zool.}.

with

syncranterian (sinkrante'rian) a. [Gk.

;
kranleres, wisdom teeth.]
teeth in a continuous row

syn, with

With
(zool.}.

syncryptic (sinkrip'tik) a. [Gk. syn,

with
kryptos,
hidden.]
Appl.
animals alike though unrelated,
through common protective resemblance to their surroundings
;

(biol.}.

syncytiotrophoblast,

seesyncytium

(emb.}.

syncytium

(sinsit'ium) n.

[Gk. syn,
with ; kytos, hollow.]
A multinucleated mass of protoplasm without differentiation into cells (biol.} ;
the outer stratum of the trophoblast of the mammalian ovum, the

syncytiotrophoblast (emb.).
(sindak'til) a.
[Gk. syn,

syndactyl
;

With fused
dakfylos, digit]
many Birds.

digits, as in

syndactylism

(slndak'tilizm) n.
[Gk.
Whole
daktylos, digit.]
or part fusion of two or more digits

syn, with

(zool.}.

syndesmology

(sin'desmoToji) n. [Gk.
syndesmos, a band logos, discourse.]
The branch of anatomy dealing
with ligaments and articulations.
;

syndesmosis

(sin'de'smo'sis) n.

[Gk.

syndesmos, a ligament] A slightly

movable articulation, with the bony
surfaces connected by an interosseous ligament
symphysis
cf.
;

(anat.}.

(bot.}.

syncerebrum

with

(Phys.}.

with

SYN-

318

compound ovary

(hot.}.

synecthry

(sinek'thri) n.

[Gk. syn,
with ; echthros, hatred.] Commensalism with mutual dislike (biol.}.

synema

(sTne'ma) n. [Gk. syn, with

The united stamen
filaments of a monadelphous flower

nema, thread.]
(bot.}.

SYN-

319

synergetic

synergic

(singrjeYlk),

SYSglairy

secretion

of

the

[Gk. synergos, a coOperating together

operator.]
which combine with
muscles
appl.
"prime movers" and "fixation

membrane (anat.).
synovial membrane,

(sineYjide) plu.
[Gk. synergos, coTwo help-cells lying
operating.]
beside the ovum at the micropylar

synoviparous

a.

(smSr'jik)

muscles " in movement (anat.).

synergid (smeYjid) n., sinergidae

end of the embryo sac of an ovule

syngamy

(sTn'gami) n.
[Gk. syn,
with gainos, marriage.] Comprehensively, sexual union.
syngenesious (sm'jgne'sius) a. [Gk.
Havsyn, with genesis, descent.]
;

ing the stamens united in a cylinform by the anthers (dot.}.

drical

syngenesis

(slnjgn'e'sis) n.

[Gk. syn,
Sexual
descent.]
the theory that the
human beings, past,
present, and future, were created
simultaneously, and that there are
germs within germs ad infinitum

with

genesis,

reproduction
germs of all

(biol.\

with

(sin'jgnet'ik) a.

[Gk. syn,
Sexually

descent.]

genesis,

reproduced

(phys.).

with

n. plu.
[Gk.
with ; gnathos, jaw.] Paired
jaws or mouth-plates of Stelleroids

syn,

(sinkar'Ion) n.

[Gk. syn,
with ; karyon, a nut.] The nucleus
from
fusion
of
resulting
pronuclei
in the zygote.
synochreate, see synocreate.
synocreate (sinok'reat) a. [Gk. syn,
with
L. ocrea, legging.]
With
stipules united, enclosing the stem
in a sheath (bot.).
;

synoecious

(stne'shus),

(sinoik'iis) a.

synoicous

[Gk. syn, with

oikos,

Having antheridia and

archegonia on the same receptacle,
or stamens and pistils on the same
house.]

flov/er (dot.).

synosteosis

[Gk. syn,

Having the

united
before they divide up to go to the
separate digits (zool.).
synsacrum (smsa'krum) n. [Gk. syn,
with L. sacrum, sacred.] A mass
of fused vertebrae supporting the
pelvic girdle of Birds (zoo!.).
toes

synsepalous (sinsep'alus)

a.
[Gk. syn,
with sepalon, a sepal.] With calyx
composed of fused or united sepals
;

(*4
synspennous (sinspeVmus)
syn, with

sperma, seed.]

cell

sporos,

[Gk.

Having

(oot.).

synsporous (sinspo'rus)
with

a.

seed.]

a.

[Gk. syn,

Propagating
in Algae

conjugation, as

(dot.).

syntechnlc (smteVnik)

n.
[Gk. syn,
with
Resemblance
techne, skill.]
unrelated animals, due to environment.
syntenosis (sTntfino'sis) n. [Gk. syn,
with ; tenon, sinew.]
Tendinous
;

in

(zool.).

synkaryon

a.

pelma, sole.]
tendons to the

two

by

(biol.).

syngnaths (sm'gnaths)

or

synostosis,

anchy-

losis.

ovum, egg.]

articulation.

syrlngeal (sMn'jeal) a. [Gk. syringx,

a pipe.] Pert, the syrinx (zool.).

syringium

n.
(slrln'jTum)
[Gk.
syringx, a pipe.]
syringe-like
organ of some Insects for the ejection of a disagreeable fluid (zool.).

(str'ingks) n.
[Gk. syringx, a
The vocal organ of Birds at
pipe.]
the base of the trachea (zool.).
systemic heart, the heart of invertebrates, and the auricle and
ventricle of the left side of the
heart of higher vertebrates
opp.

syrinx

synotic tec turn, a cartilaginous arch

between the otic capsules representing the cartilaginous roof of
higher vertebrates (emb.).
synovia (stno'vla) n. [Gk. syn, with
L.

(anat.).

(sin'dvip'arus) a.
[Gk.
syn, with ; L. ovum, egg ; parere,
to
beget.]
synovia
Secreting

several seeds united

syngenetic

inner

stratum of the articular capsule, a

delicate connective tissue secreting
a fluid for keeping joints moist

synpelmous (sfnpeTmus)

(dot.).

synovial
the

The

thick, viscid,

respiratory heart.
systilius (slstll'fus)

n.

[Gk. syn,
The
with ;
a column.]
stylos,
columella-lid of some Mosses (dot.).
systole (sls'tole) n.
[Gk. systole, a
drawing together.] The contraction

SYS-

of the heart causing the circulation

of the blood
contraction of any
;

contractile cavity (phys.}.

;

lid (bot.}.
(siz'ijT) n.
[Gk. syn, with
close suture of two
zygon, yoke.]
in Crinoids
found
adjacent arms,
a number of individuals, two to five,

syzygy

to

adhering

one another

the association

of

tagmata

(tag'mata)

tagma, a

segments

systylous (sis'tiliis) a.
[Gk. syn,
with stylos, a column.] With coherent syles with fixed columella-

in

TAR-

320

in strings

Gregarines

n.

plu.

Units

corps.]

talocalcaneal (tal'okal'kane'al) a. [L.

talus, ankle-bone calcaneum, heel.]
Pert, talus or astragalus and calcaneus, or ankle-bone and heel.
talon (tal'on) n.
[L. talus, ankle.]
Claw of bird of prey the posterior
heel of a molar tooth (zool.}.
taloscaphoid (tal'oskaf'oid) a.
[L.
Gk. skaphe, a boat
talus, heel
;

Pert,

resemblance.]

eidos,

galus and scaphoid bone

(zool.}.

[Gk.
parts

(biol.\

talus

n.

(ta'lus)

The

ankle

(anat.).

talus,

[L.

bone

astra-

ankle.]

or

astragalus

[L.

tapetum, a

(anat.}.

tapetal (tape'tal)
carpet.]

tabula

(tab'ula) n., tabulae (tab'ule)

Hori[L. tabula, a table.]

plu.
zontal

traversing the
canals of Hydrocorallina

partitions

vertical

and of tabulate
tabulare

corals

(zool.}.

(tab'ula're, tab'ula'ra) n.

[L.

A bone above
tabula, a table.]
each otic capsule in higher vertebrates

(zool.}.

tachy genesis

(tak'ijen'esis)

quick

tachys,

genesis,

n.
[Gk.
descent.]
of

Development with omission

certain embryonic stages, as
some Crustaceans (zool.}.
tactile

a.

(tak'til)

[L.

tangere,

in
to

Appl, capsular corpuscles

or cones constituting special sense
end-organs (anat., zool.}.
tactual (tak'tual) a. [L. tangere, to
touch.] Pert, the sense of touch
touch.]

(Phys.}.

taenia (te'nla)

n.

Tape-worm

taeniate

[L. taenia, a ribbon.]

appl, a band or line

and muscle

of nerve

(te'niat)

a.

Ribbon

ribbon.]

(zool.}.

taenidia

(tenid'ium) n.,
plu. [L. taenia, a ribbon.] Spiral
threads strengthening the chitinous
layer of insect tracheae (zool.}.
taenioid (te'moid) a. [Gk. tainia, a

ribbon

shaped

eidos,
like a

form.]

Tape-worm

Ribbon(zool.}.

taenioles (te'molz) n.plu. [L. taeniola,

a small ribbon.] Four longitudinal,
of a
inter-radial, gastric ridges

scyphula

(zool.}.

a.

a tapetum

tapetum

(tape'tvim) n.
a carpet.] The outer

appl.

[L. tapetum,

and posterior
of the choroid
the main
body of fibres of the corpus callosum
part

a special nutritive layer

investing the sporogenous tissue of
a sporangium (bot.}.
taproot (tap'root) n. [M.E. tappe, a
short pipe
A.S. wyrt, a root.] An
elongated parent root with second(anat.}

ary roots

in

acropetal succession

(bot.}.

tarsal (tar'sal) a. [Gk. tarsos, sole of

the foot.] Pert, the tarsus (zool.}
;

appl. arteries, bones, glands (anat.}.

tarsale (tarsa'le, tarsala) n., tarsalia
(tarsa'lla) plu.
[Gk. tarsos, sole of

the foot.] Ankle-bones.

tarsi (tar's!) n. plu.
[Gk. tarsos, sole
of the foot.] Two thin elongated
plates of dense connective tissue
helping to form and support the

eyelid (anat.}.

(anat.}.

[L. taenia, a
like ;
striped

taenidium

Pert,

cells (bot.}.

tarsometatarsal

(tar'somet'atar'sal)

[Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot

meta, beyond.] Pert, an articulation of tarsus with metatarsus (anat.,

a.

zool.}.

tarsometatarsus

(tar'somgt'atar'sus) n.

[Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot meta,

A short straight bone
beyond.]
of a bird's leg formed by fusion
of the distal row of tarsals with
the second to fifth metatarsals
;

(zool.}.

tarsophalangeal

(tar'sofalan'jeal)

[Gk. tarsos, sole of the foot

a.

phal-

TAH-

angx, line of battle.] Pert, tarsus

and phalanges (zool.}.
tarsus (tar'sus) n. [Gk. tarsos, sole
of the foot]
The ankle - bones,
usually consisting of two rows
a
(zool.}
cartilage plate of the
See tarsi (anat.).
eyelid.
a.
tartareous
(tartar'eus)
[L.L.
tartarum, an acid salt.]
Having
a rough and crumbling surface
;

(bot.}.

(biol.}.

taxonomy

(takson'omi) n. [Gk. taxis,

The
names, law.]
laws of classification as applied to
Natural History.
tectology (tektol'oji) n. [Gk. tekton,
a
carpenter
logos,
discourse.]

arrangement

Morphology

in

which an organism

considered as a group of morpho-

logical as distinct from physiological units or individuals (biol.}.

tectorial (tekto'rial) a.
[L. tectus,
covered.] Covering appl. a membrane covering the spiral organ of
Corti (anat.}.
;

tectospondylic (tek'tospondll'lk) a.
Gk. sphondylos,
[L. tectus, covered
a vertebra.] Having vertebrae with
;

several concentric rings of calcificaas in some Elasmobranchs

tion,

(zool.}.

tectrices

n.
(tek'trisez)
plu.
[L.
Wing-coverts ;
covered.]
small feathers covering the bases
of the remiges and filling gaps

tectus,

between them
teeth

anterior wing of Orthoptera (zool.} ;

a thin plate of bone over the

tympanic antrum

tegmentum

(anat.}.
n.

(tfigmfen'tum)

[L.

a covering.] A protective
bud-scale (bot.} a tract of the midteginen,

brain (anat.}.

tegula

(teg'ula) n.

[L. tegula,

tile.]

on the mesothorax

small flap

the

articulation
of
overhanging
the wings in Lepidoptera a small
lobe at the wing-base of Diptera
;

taste bud,
an end-organ of taste,
consisting of a flask-shaped group
of modified epithelial cells found
on the tongue and adjacent parts ;
a gustatory calyculus (anat.).
taxis (tak'sls) n. [Gk. taxis, arrangement.] A tendency of an organism
towards (positive) or away from
(negative) a source of stimulus

is

TEL

321

(teth)

tooth.]

n.

(zool.}.

plu.

[A.S.

toth,

Hard bony growths on

maxillae, premaxillae, and mandibles of Mammals ; growths of

similar, of chitinous, or of horny
formation borne on jaws or tongue

tela (te'la) n. [L. tela, a web.]

web-like tissue appl. the choroid
;

membrane

(anat.}.

telarian (tgla'rlan)

a
integument, endo-

(tgg'me'n) n.

[L. tegmen,

covering.] The
pleura, or inner seed-coat (bot.} ;
the calyx cover of Crinoids ; an

a.

Web-spinning.
telegony (teleg'onl)
far;

gonos,

[L. tela, a web.]

n.

[Gk.

tele,

The

sup-

offspring.]

posed influence of a male parent

on offspring subsequent to his own,
of the same female parent (biol.}.
teleianthous (teTlan'thus) a.
[Gk.
teleios, complete
anthos, flower.]
Appl. a flower having both gynoecium and androecium (bot.}.
telencephalon (teTenkei'alon, -s6f-) n.
;

[Gk.

The

tele,

far

engkephalon, brain.]

anterior part of the fore-brain

(emb.}.

teleodont (teTeodfint) a.
[Gk. tele,
far
odous, a tooth.] Appl. forms
of Stag-beetles with largest man;

dible development (zool.}.

teleophore (teTeofor) n. [Gk. teleos,
complete ; pherein, to bear.]
gonotheca, or
transparent case

enclosing

medusae

of

Hydrozoa

(zool.}.

teleorganic (teTWrgan'lk) a.
[Gk.
teleos, complete
organon, instruvital
to
functions
ment.]
Appl.
;

an organism

(phys.}.

telescoplform

a.
(t616sko'plf6rm)
far ; skopein, to view ; L.
that
Having
shape.]
joints
forma,
telescope successively into each
other.

[Gk.

tele,

teleutogonidium

(zool.}.

tegmen

(zool.}.

tegular (tegular) a.
[L. tegula, a
Pert, a tegula
tile.]
consisting
of a tile-like structure.

(teiu'togSnld'lum),

teleutospore (tglu'tospor) /;. [Gk.

offteleute,
completion
gonos,
In the
ring
sporos,
seed.]
tin
redineae, a winter-spore formed
;

TELin

autumn,

the

in

germinating

following spring (bot.).

teleutosporiferous (tglu'tosporiferus)
a,
[Gk. teleute, completion sporos,
;

seed
L. ferre, to carry.]
Rusts bearing teleutospores
teliospore,
teleutogonidium.

Appl.

(bot.).

teliosporlferous,
teleutosporiferous.
teliostage (tel'iostaj) n.
[Gk. telos,
end ; L. stare, to stand.] The last
summer-stage of certain Fungi in
which telia are produced ; the
teleutoform stage (bot.).
telium (te'lium) n., telia (te'lia) plu.

[Gk. telos, end.] The teleutosorus,

or sorus produced in the last
summer stage of certain rust Fungi
(hot.).

teloblast

(tei'oblast)

n.

[Gk.

telos,

A large cell
end
blastos, bud.]
which buds forth rows of smaller
cells, as in annelid embryos (emb.).
;

telekinesis (tel'okine'sis)

end

kinesis,

n.

movement.]

[Gk.

telos,

The last

stage of mitosis when daughternuclei are re-formed (cyt.).

telolecithal (tel'oles'Ithal) a.
[Gk.

end lekithos, yolk.] Having

the yolk accumulated mainly in one
hemisphere (emb.'].
telos,

TEN-

322

telolemma (teTblem'a) n.
end
lemma, skin.]

[Gk.

telos,

A capsule
containing a nerve-fibre terminaneuromiiscular spindles
tion, in
;

Birds a higher cf. homoiothermal

and poikilothermal (pkys.).
temporal (tem'poral) a. [L. tempor;

alts,

Pert., or in the

temporary.]

region of, the temples (anat.).

temporalis muscle, abroad radiating
muscle arising from the whole of
the temporal fossa and extending
to the coronoid process of the
mandible (anat.).

temporomalar

a.
(tem'poroma'lar)
temporalis, temporary
mala,
a
nerve
cheek.] Appl.
supplying
temple and cheek, the zygomatic

[L.

nerve

(anat.}.

temporomandibular

articulation,
the hinge of the jaws (anat.).
temporomaxillary (tem'poromaksil'ari) a.
[L. temporalis, temporary
maxilla, jaw.] Pert, temporal and
maxillary region
appl. the posterior facial vein (anat.}.

tenaculum (tenak'ulum) n.

[L. tenax,

In Teleosts,

holding.]

a fibrous

band extending from eyeball

to

skull (zool.).

tendinous (ten'dmus)
to

stretch.]

Of

a.

the

[L. tendere,

nature of a

tendon having tendons.

tendo calcaneus, tendo Achillis,
the tendon of the heel (anat.).
tendon (ten'don) n. [L. tendere, to
;

A white glistening fibrous

cord connecting a muscle with a

stretch.]

[Gk. telos,
Telekinesis,

movable structure (anat.).

tendon reflex, contraction of muscles
in a state of slight tension by a tap
on their tendons (phys.).

telotrocha (teTotro'ka, telot'roka) n.

[Gk. telos, end ; trochos, wheel.]
Trochosphere, which see.
telson (tel'son)
[Gk. telson, exThe unpaired terminal
tremity.]
abdominal segment of Crustaceans

tendril (ten'dril) n. [O.F. tendrillon,

a tender sprig.]
specialized
twining stem or leaf by which
themselves
creepers support
(bot.\
tendrillar (ten'drilar) a. [O.F. tendrillon, a tender sprig.]
Acting as

(anat.).

telophase

(teTofaz) n.
aspect.]

end phasis,
which see.
;

(zool.).

telum

The

a tendril twining (bot.).

tensor (ten'sor) a.
[L. tendere, to
stretch.]
Appl. muscles which
;

[Gk. telos, end.]

(te'lum) n.
last segment of insect ab-

domen.
temnospondylous (tem'nospon'dilus)

stretch parts of the

tentacles

(ten'taklz)

body

(anat.).
n. plu.
[L.L.

[Gk. temnein, to cut sphondylos,

With vertebrae not
a vertebra.]
fused but in articulated pieces cf.

a feeler.]
Slender
flexible organs on the head of many
small animals, used for feeling,

stereospondylous

exploration, prehension, or attachment, as in Snails, Insects, Crabs

a.

temperature

(zool.}.

[L.
(tem'peratur) n.
Bodytemperatura, proportion.]
heat most Mammals have approximately the same temperature as Man,
;

tentaculum,

(zool).

tentacular

(tentak'ular)

a.

[L.L.

tentaculum, a feeler.] Pert, tentacles

TENfrom per-

appl. a canal branching

radial canal to tentacle

Ctenophores

base

in

(zool.}.

tentacullferous (tentak'ullfgrus) a.
~L.ferre,
[L.L. tentaculum, a feeler
to carry.]
Bearing tentacles (zool.}.
;

tentaculiform

a.

(tentak'uliform)

L.
tentaculum, a feeler
forma, shape.] Like a tentacle in
or
structure
(zool.}.
shape

[L.L.

tentaculocyst (tentak'uloslst) n. [L. L.

tentaculum, a feeler Gk. kystis, a
bladder.] A sense organ of Trachylinae, a club-shaped body on the
umbrella margin, containing one or
;

more

tentaculum (tSntak'ulum)
tentaculum,
or feeler.

a feeler.]

n.

[L.L.
tentacle

(tentil'a), tentillum (tgntH'um)

A tentacle
n.
[L. tenta, a tent.]
branch.

tentilla

tentorium (tento'rium)

n.

[L.

ten-

torium, a tent.] A chitinous framework supporting the brain of Insects

an arched lamina covering
(zool.}
the superior surface of the cerebellum and supporting the occipital
lobes of the brain (anat.}.
teratology (ter'atol'oji)
[Gk. teras,
a monster ; logos, discourse.] The
science treating of malformations
and monstrosities, especially of
;

n.
[L.
(teYsin)
The third coat of

third.]

or a layer of the second

tertius,

an ovule

(hot.}.

n.
[L. terebra, a
borer.] An ovipositor which bores
into wood, as in Thalessa of the

terebra (ter'gbra)

Hymenoptera
terebrate

organ
teres

(zool.}.
(teYfibrat) a.

[L. terebra, a

Furnished with a boring

borer.]

(zool.}.

(te'rez) n.

[L. teres,

round and

smooth.] The name given to two

muscles, teres major and minor,
extending from scapula to humerus
(anat.}.

terete (teref), teretlal (tgre'shlal)

[L.

teres,

cylindrical in transverse section, as

stems (bot.}.
tergal (teVgal) a.
[L. tergum, the
back.] Situated at the back pert.
;

the tergum
tergeminate
thrice

(zool.}.

rounded

off.]

a.

Nearly

(t6rj6m'Inat) a.

[L. ter,

Thrice
gemini,
twins.]
forked with twin leaflets (bot.}.
tergite (teVglt, teYjIt) n. [L. tergum,
back.] The dorsal chitinous plate
of each segment of most Arthro-

pods

(zool.}.

tergum (tg/gum) n.
The dorsal
back.]
arthropod somite

back generally

lithites (zool.}.

tentaculozooids (tSntak'ulozo'oidz) n.
plu.
[L.L. tentaculum, a feeler
Gk. soon, animal
eidos, form.]
tentacular individuals
slender
Long
at the outskirts of a hydrozoan
colony (zool.}.

Man.
tercine

TES-

323

tergum,

[L.

portion of an
the tergite
the
a dorsal plate of
;

Barnacles (zool.}.
terminal (ter'mlnal)

a.
[L. terminus,
Pert., or situated at,
end.]
the end, as a terminal bud at the
end of a twig (dial.}.
ternary (teVnari) a. Ternate.
ternate (teVnat) a. [L. terni, three
each.] Arranged in threes
having
three leaflets to a leaf (bot.}.

an

ternatoplnnate (tgrna'topln'at) a. [L.

terni, three each
pinna, a feather.]
;

Having three pinnate

leaflets

to

each compound leaf (bot.}.

terraneous (teYa'neus) a. [L. terra,
land
earth.]
Appl.
vegetation
(bot.}.

terrestrial (t6res'trial)

a.

[L. terra,

Appl. animals living on

the surface of the ground, as opp.
earth.]

aerial, aquatic.
tertial (teVshial), tertiary (ter'shlari)
a.
[L. tertius, third.]
Appl. the
wing feathers of the humerus,

otherwise scapulars (zool.}.

test (t6st) n. [L. testa, a shell.] The
shell or hardened outer covering
of Crustaceans and other invertebrates (zool.}.
testa (teVta) n. [L. testa, a shell.]
test ; the hard outer covering
of a seed (bot.}.

testaceous (tfista'shus) a. [L. iestay

a shell.] Protected by a shell-like
outer covering (zool.}.
testicle (teVtlkl) n.
[L. tesfis, a
One of the paired male
testicle.]
genital glands (anat., sool.}.
testicular (testlk'ular) a. [L. testis, a
two oblong
testicle.]
Having
tubercles, as in some Orchids
;

testicle-shaped (bot.\

TES-

testiculate (tgstik'ulat) a. Testicular.

testis (tes'tis) #., testes (teVtez) plu,

Paired male
[L. testis, a testicle.]
glands
producing
reproductive
spermatozoa (anat., zool.).
testudinate (testu'dinat) a. [L. testudo,
a tortoise.]
Having a hard protective shell, as in the Tortoise.

tetanlform

a.

(teYamform)

[Gk.

L.
stretched
forma,
tetanus ; tetanoid

tetanos,

Like

shape.]
(Phys.).

tetanlze

v.

(tet'aniz)

To

stretched.]

[Gk.

tetanos,

cause a muscle to

contract by a series of induction

shocks (phys.).
tetanus (tgt'anus)

n.
[Gk. tetanos,
State of a muscle undergoing a continuous fused series of
contractions due to faradization
a rigid state of plant tissue
(phys.)
caused by continued stimulus (bot.).

stretched.]

tetrabranchiate (tet'rabrang'kiat)

a.

[Gk. tetras, four brangchia, gills.]

Having four gills (zool.}.
tetracarpellary (tet'rakarpeTari) a.
karpos, fruit.]
[Gk. tetras, four
Having four carpels (bot.).
tetracerous (tet'rase'rus, te'tras'e'rus)
;

a.

[Gk. tetras, four

keras, horn.]

Four-horned (zool.).
tetrachotomous
tet'rakot'omus)
;

Divided up

cutting.]
(biol).

n.

(tet'rakok'us)

four

kokkos,

Minute organisms found

[Gk.
kernel.]

in

groups

of four (bact.).
tetracrepid (tet'rakrep'id) a.
[Gk.
four ; krepis, foundation.]
tetras,
Appl. a minute calthrops or four-

rayed spicule

(zool.).

tetract (tSt'rakt)
aktis,

four

tetras,

daktylos,

finger.]

Having four digits (zool.).

tetradynamous (tgt'radin'amus)

ray.]

[Gk. tetras, four ;

four-rayed spicule

n.

tetragonal

a.

(tetrag'dnal)

[Gk.

four
an angle.]
gonia,
Quaternary (bot.).
tetragynous (tetraj'mus) a.
[Gk.
With
tetras, four gyne, a female.]
four carpels to a gynoecium (bot.).
a.
tetralophodont
(tet'ralof'odont)
tetras,

[Gk. tetras, four ; lophos, crest

odous, tooth.]
Appl. molar teeth
with four ridges (zool.).

tetralophous
tetras,

a.

(tet'ralof'us)

four

[Gk.
Appl.

lophos, crest.]

a spicule with four rays branched

or crested

(zool.).

tetramerous

tetras,

a.

(te'tram'e'rus)

four
meros,
posed of four parts
of four (bot.).
tetras,

in

multiples

(tetran'drus) a.
aner, man.]

four

[Gk.

Having

four stamens

(bot.).

tetrapetalous (tet'rapgt'alus)
tetras, four pe talon, a leaf.]
four petals

[Gk.

Com-

part.]

a.

[Gk.

H avi ng

(bot.).

tetrapneumonous (tet'rapnu'monus) a.
[Gk. tetras, four pneumon, lung.]
Having four lungs, as certain
;

Spiders (zool.).
tetrapod (teYrapod)

n.

four ; pous, foot.]

animal.

[Gk. tetras,
four-footed

tetrapterous (tetrap'tgrus)

a.

tetras, four ; pteron, wing.]

four wings

(zool).

a.

[Gk. tetras, four ; dynamis, power.]

Having four long stamens and two
short (bot.).

tetracoccus
tetras,

a quadruple group of chromatin

of the germinal vesicle in maturation
a quadrangular mass or loop
of chromosomes in a stage of
mitosis (cyt.).
tetradactyl (tet'radak'til) a.
[Gk.

tetrandrous
a.

tome, a
into fours

fourfold

tetracha,

[Gk.

TET-

324

[Gk.

Having

(zool.).

tetractine (tgtrak'tin) n. [Gk. tetras,

A spicule of
four ; aktis, ray.]
four equal and similar rays meeting
a
tetraxon
at equal angles
(zool.).
tetracyclic (tet'rasfklik) a. [Gk. tetras,
four ; kyklos, a circle.] With four
whorls (bot.).

tetrapyrenous (tet'raplre'nus) a. [Gk.

tetras, four
pyren, a fruit-stone.]

tetrad

(tgt'rad) n.

tetrarch

group of four

four

[Gk. tetras, four.]

;
appl. the fourcell stage in the development of
and
Pteridophytes (bot.);
Bryophytes

Having a four-stoned

fruit (bot.).

tetraquetrous

(te'trak'we'trus) a.
[Gk.
tetraSyiour ; L. quadratus, squared.]
Having four angles, as some stems
(bot.).

(tet'rark)

protoxylems
(bot.).

a.

archos, a ruler.]

[Gk.

tetras,

With

in the vascular

four

bundle

TETtetraselenodont
[Gk.

(te't'rase'le'nodSnt) a.

four

tetras,

selene,

moon

odous, tooth.]
Having four crescentic ridges on the molar teeth
(zool.).

Having four sepals

(bot.).

(bot.).

thanatoid (than'atoid) a. [Gk. thanatos, death

eidos, form.]
Deadly;
appl. poisonous snakes.
thanatology (than'at61'6ji)
[Gk.
thanatos, death
logos, discourse.]
Theories of death.
theca (the'ka) n. [Gk. theke, a case.]
A spore or pollen case a spor-

a.
(tet'raspeYmus)
[Gk. tetras, four
sperma, seed.]
four
seeds
(dot.}.
Having
;

tetrasporangium

(te"t'rasp6ran'jTum)
n.
[Gk. tetras, four ; sporos, seed ;
anggeion, vessel.]
sporangium

producing tetraspores, as in Red

Algae (bot.).
tetraspore (tSt'raspor) n. [Gk. tetras,

One

of four
sporos, seed.]
non-motile spores produced by the
sporangium of Red Algae (bot.).
a.
tetrastichous
[Gk.
(tetrjis'tlkus)
Artetras, four
stichos, row.]
;

in four

tetrathecal

rows

(hot.}.

(tgt'rathe'kal) a.
[Gk.
theke, a case.]
Having

tetras, four

four loculi

(dot.).

tetraxon (tgtrak'son)

n.
[Gk. tetras,
four axon, axis.]
tetractine.
tetrazoic (tgt'razo'Ik) a. [Gk. tetras,
four ; zoon, animal.]
Having four
;

tetraspennous

ranged

presenting no differentiation
of leaf and stem, as in Thallophytes
cells

tetrasepalous (tet'rasgp'alus) a. [Gk.

Gk. sepalon, a sepal.]
tetras, four

four

THE-

325

a structure serving as
(bot.)
a protective covering for an organ
or organism, as of spinal cord, pupa,
proboscis, tube-animal (zool.).

angium

thecaphore (the'kafor)

n.

[Gk. theke,

a case' pherein, to bear.]

ture on which a theca
;

is

struc-

borne

(bot.).

thecasporous (thekas'pb'rus)

a.
[Gk.
a seed.]
sporos,
spores enclosed in
cases or thecae (bot.).
thecate (the'kat) a.
[Gk. theke, a
Covered or protected by a
case.]
theca (biol.).
theciferous (thesif'grus), thesigerous
Thecate.
(thesTj'grus) a.
thecium (the'shmm) n. [Gk. theke, a
That part of a Fungus or
case.]

theke,

case

Having the

appl. gregarine spores

Lichen containing the sporules (&>/.).

thecodont (the'kodont) a. [Gk. theke,

tetrazoold (tgt'razo'oid) n. [Gk. tetras,

four ; zoon, animal ; eidos, form.]
The zooid developed from each of
four parts constricted from the
stolon process of an embryonic
Ascidian (zool.).

case odous, tooth.] Having teeth

in sockets (zool.).
thelyblast (the'liblast) n. [Gk. thelys,
female ; blastos, a bud.] A matured
female germ cell (biol.).

sporozoites

(zool.).

thalamencephalon

(thal'ame'nke'f'-

-s6f-) n.
[Gk. thalamos, a
receptacle engkephalon, the brain.]
The part of the brain comprising
the thalamus, the corpora geniculata, and the epithalamus (anat.).
thalamus (thal'amus) n. [Gk. thalamos, a receptacle.] The receptacle
or torus of a flower (hot.) ; part of
the brain (anat.). See optic thalaml.
thalline (thal'ln) a. [Gk. thallos, a
young shoot.] Resembling a thallus

alon,

(dot.).

thalloid (thal'oid) a. [Gk. thallos, a

young shoot ; eidos, form.] Like a
thallus

(bot.).

thallome (thal'om)
thallus (thal'us)

young

shoot.]

n.

n.

thelyotoky

n.
(the'H6t'6kT)
[Gk.
;
tokos,
offspring.]
Parthenogenesis in the case where

female

thelys,

females only are produced

thelyplasm

(thellplazm)

female

thelys,

moulded.]

(the'nal)

[Gk.

thallos,

a.

thenar,
Pert, or in the
of the hand

[Gk.

(anat.).

thenar (the'nar) n.
[Gk. thenar,
palm of the hand.] The muscular
mass forming the ball of the thumb
(anat.).

[Gk.

combination of

(biol.).

palm of the hand.]

region of the palm

thermogenesis
thallus.

[Gk.
;

arrhenoplasm
thenal

(biol.).

n.

plasma, something
Female plasm
cf.
;

thernte,

duction.]

by oxidation

.
(theVmojgn'e'sis)
;
genesis, pro-

heat

Body-heat
(phys.).

production

THE-

THY-

326

thermolysis

(thermol'isis) n.
[Gk.
therme, heat lysis, a loosing.] Loss
of body heat (phys.).
;

thermoscopic

(ther'moskop'ik) a.
[Gk. therme, heat skopein, to view.]
for
Adapted
recognizing changes of
temperature, as special sense-organs
or eyes of certain Cephalopods
;

(*4

they clump together

n.

(bot.).

thesocytes (the'soslts) n. plu. [Gk.

thesis, a deposit
kytos, hollow.]
;

Sponge-cells storing reserve material

(zool.}.

thigmotaxis

(thig'motak'sis) n.

thigma, touch

taxis,

The tendency

[Gk.
arrangement.]

of minute organisms
to attach themselves to objects on
contact (biol).

thigmotropism

(thigmot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. thigma, touch ; trope, a turn-

The tendency to respond to

ing.]
mechanical contact by clinging and
curving, as in tendrils

(bot.).

thoracic (thoras'ik) a. [Gk. thorax,

the breast.] Pert, or in the region
of the thorax.
thorax (tho'raks) n. [Gk. thorax, the
In higher vertebrates, that
breast.]
part of the body between neck and

abdomen containing

heart,

lungs,
region behind the

the body
head of many Arthropods and of
etc.

other smaller animals (zool.).

thread cells, intheskinof Myxinoids,
cells whose long threads form a
network in which the mucous
secretion of the ordinary gland
cells is

entangled (zool.).
three-nerved leaf, a leaf with three
distinct primary veins (bot.).

thremmatology

(thrgra'atol'djl)

n.

[Gk. thremma, a nursling ; logos,

discourse.] The science of breed-

animals and
domestic conditions

ing

plants
(biol.).

thrombocytes (thrSm'bosits)
[Gk. thrombos, a clot

The elementary

under
n.

plu.

kytos, hollow.]
particles, platelets,
;

or small discs of blood not

drawn

n.

(thllo'sez)

;/.

plastos,

inside

through pressure

thymus

An

[Gk.

wood

vessels

secondary wood

in
n.

(thi'mus)

thymus.]

phi.

Masses of paren-

thylax, a sack.]

(Phys.).

(thgrmot'ropizm) n.
[Gk. therme, heat trope, a turning.]
to
turn
towards heat,
Tendency
shown by curvature in plants (hot.).

clot

(Phys.).

chyma formed

thermotropism

drawn blood

moulded.] A substance in drawn

blood set free from granular masses
of
thrombocytes
disintegrated

[Gk.
therme, heat
taxis, arrangement.]
Reaction to stimulus of heat or cold
;

thrombos,

[Gk.

thyloses

thermotaxis (theYmdtak'sts)

in

(anat.).

thromboplastin (throm'bdplas'tin)

[Gk.

thyinos,

irregular pinkish
tissue in the
part of the neck

mass of glandular
lower anterior
(anat.).

see
thyreohyoid, thyreoid, etc.,
thyrohyoid, thyroid, etc.
thyroarytaenoid (thl'roar'ite'noid) n.
arytaina, a
[Gk. thyra, a door
pitcher eidos, form.] A muscle of
;

the larynx (anat.).

thyroepiglottic
(thl'roep'iglot'ik) a.
[Gk. thyra, door epi, upon glottis,
mouth of windpipe.] Appl. a ligament connecting the epiglottis stem
and the angle of the thyroid cartil;

age

(anat.).

thyroglossal
thyra, door

(thi'roglos'al)

a.

[Gk.

glossa, tongue.] Pert.

appl. an em-

thyroid and tongue

bryonic duct (emb.).

tbyrohyals (thi'rdhl'alz) n. plu. [Gk.

thyra, door
hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
The greater cornua of the hyoid
bone (anat.).
thyrohyoid (thl'rohi'oid) a.
[Gk.
hyoeides, Y-shaped.]
thyra, door
Appl. a muscle extending from
;

thyroid cartilage

to

hyoid cornu

(anat.).

[Gk. thyra, door

Appl. a ductless
highly-vascular gland at the front
and sides of the neck ; also to

thyroid
eidos,

(thl'roid) a.

form.]

arteries, cartilage,

and veins

in its

region (anat.).

thyrsoid (theYsoid) a. [Gk. thyrsus,

a wand eidos, form.] Resembling
a thyrsus in shape (bot.).
thyrsus (ther'sus) n. [Gk. thyrsus, a
wand.] A mixed inflorescence with
main axis racemose, later axes
cymose, with cluster almost doublecone shaped (bot.).
;

TIB-

n.
[L. tibia, a pipe,
The inner and larger of the
leg-bones between knee and ankle

tibia (tib'ia)

tonoplast (tonoplast)

n.
[Gk. tones,
plastos,
modelled.]
with
distinct
vacuole
walls
plastid

tension

flute.]

the joint of an insect leg between

femur and tarsus (zoo/.).

tonsil (ton'sil) n.

One

formed when

tibia

and

and

tibia

Tonicity,

fibula are

slightly

flute

place

n.

[F.

tige,

stem.] The central embryonic axis,

consisting of radicle and plumule
[F.

tissu,

fleshy swellings

knobbed

torques (tor'kwez)
to twist.]

ment of

fur,

n.

torquere,

[L.

necklace-like arrangefeathers, or the like

(zool.).

torticone (tor'tikon) n. [L. torquere,

to twist conus, a cone.] A turreted,
;

spirally-twisted shell (zool.).

the yeast-like
condition,
isolated cells resulting from growth

elastic, fibrous, lymphoid, mucous,

muscular, nervous, parenchyma,

torula

sclerenchyma, sieve,
reticular,
tracheal, vascular (biol.).
tokocytes (to'kosits) n. plu.
[Gk.
tokos, production
kytos, hollow.]
Reproductive cells of Sponges
;

(zoo/.).

tomentose (tomgn'tos) a. [L. tomenCovered closely

tum, stuffing.]
with matted hairs, as a leaf (dot.).

tomentum

(tomfin'tum) n. [L. tomentum, stuffing.] The closely matted

hair on leaves or stems (bot.).

tongue (tung) n. [A.S. tunge, tongue.]

An organ on the floor of the mouth,
usually movable and protrusible
any tongue-like structure, as a
;

(biol.).

Having
(bot.).

(zool.\

woven.] The fundamental structure

of which animal and plant organs
are composed. See adipose, areolar, collenchyma, connective, cork,

radula, a ligula

tornote (tor'not) a. [L. tornare, to

With blunt extremities, as
turn.]
a spicule (zoo/.).
torose (to'ros) a. [L. torus, a swelling.]

torsion (tor'shun) . [L. torquere, to

The twisting round of a
twist.]
gastropod body as it develops

(bot.).

n.

topos,

specimen

(zoo/.).

Tiedemann's (te'dmanz) vesicles,

small rounded glandular chambered
bodies at the neck of the Polian
vesicles
the racemose vesicles of

tish'u)

[Gk.

the original

to turn.]

(tls'ii,

n.

(top'otlp)

typos, a figure.]
locality of

n.
[L. tornare,
The free larval stage in
the development of Balanoglossida

foot.]

tibiotarsus (tib'Iotar'sus) n. [L. tibia,

flute
Gk. tarsos, sole of foot.] The
tibial bone of Birds to which the
proximal tarsals are fused (zoo/.).

tissue

type (biol.).
tornaria (torna'ria)

[L. tibia,

Pert, tibia and tarsus ; pert, or in

the region of the tibiotarsus (zoo/.).

Asteroidea (zoo/.).
tigellum (tijeTum)

see teeth.

topotype

(anat.).

Gk. tarsos, sole of

[Gk. tonos, tension.]

condition of being
as of muscles

from the

tibiotarsal (tib'Iotar'sal) a.

or

stretched,

(Phys.).

tooth,

[L.
fibula, buckle.] Pert.
fibula ; appl. articulation,
;

syndesmosis

aggregations of
near the tongue

tissue

base (anat.).
tonus (to'nus) n.

[L. tibia,

[L. tonsilla, a tonsil.]

paired

The bone

fused, as in the Frog (zool.).

tibioflbular (tlb'ioflb'ular)
a.
flute

of

lymphoid

(ana/., zoo/.).

tibioflbula (tlb'ioflb'ula) n.
flute fibula, a buckle.]

(biol.).

tibial (tib'fal) a.
[L. tibia, pipe.]
Pert, or in the region of the tibia

tibia,

TOT-

327

of blue

mould conidia

solution

torulose

in saccharine

(bot.).

(tor'ulos)

swelling.]

a.

[L.

torus,

Having small swellings

(bot.).

torulus (t&r'ulus)
small swelling.]

n.

[L.

torulus,

The insect antenna

insertion socket (zool.).

[L. torus, a swelling.]
axis bearing the floral leaves ;
the thickened side of a bordered
pit (bot.) ; a firm prominence or a
marginal fold or ridge (anat.) ; a

torus

(to'riis) n.

The

ridge bearing uncini in Polychaeta

(zool.).

totipalmate (to'tTpal'mat) a. [L. totus,

all
palma, palm of the hand.]
:

TOTHaving the

webbed

feet completely

totipotent (totip'otent)
;

tracheid

potens, powerful.]

a.

[L. totus,

Appl. blasto-

meres

which can develop into

complete embryos when cut off
from the aggregate of blastomeres

tracheidal

[Gk. foxon,

coil.]

spiral

more than one

spicule of rather
revolution (zool.}.

toxicology

n.

individual thickof a tracheal column,

n.

(tok'sikol'oji)

[Gk.

toxikon, poison
logos, discourse.]
science treating of poisons in
all aspects.
toxiferous (toksiferus) a. [Gk. toxiL.
to carry.]
kon, poison
ferre^
Holding or carrying poison.
toxin (tok'sin) n.
[Gk. toxikon,
poison (phys.}.
poison.]
toxon (tok'son) n. [Gk. toxon, a bow.]
toxa or bow-shaped spicule (zool.}.
;

toxophores

(tok'soforz) n.

toxikon, poison

The poisoning

plu. [Gk.
pherein, to carry.]
qualities of toxin

molecules cf. haptophores (phys.}.

trabeculae (trabek'ule) n. plu.
[L.
Plates of
trabecula, a little beam.]
sterile cells extending across the
a
sporangium of Pteridophytes
row of cells bridging a cavity (dot.}
two curved bars of cartilage em;

bracing the hypophysis cerebri of the

embryo (emb.} small fibrous bands
forming imperfect septa or framework of organs (anat., zool.}.
;

trabecular (trabeVular) a. [L. traPert, or of

becula, a little beam.]
the nature of a trabecula ; having
a cross-barred framework.

persist

(bot.}.

transfusion

in

cells,

sue, cells resembling tracheids

trachelate

(trak'glat)

a.

[Gk.
as

Narrowed

neck.]

tis-

(bot.}.

train

neck-formation (zool.}.
trachelomastoid (trak'glomas'toid)

a.

[Gk. trachelos, neck

eidos, form.]

The

trachia,

[L.

An

ened cell
where end-walls

chelos,

(emb.}.

toxaspire (tok'sasplr)
a bow L. spira, a

n.

(trak'eid)

windpipe.]

(zool.}.

all

TRA

328

;
mastos, breast ;
Pert, tracheal region

and

mastoid
muscle (anat.}.

process

trachenchyma
[Gk.

appl.

(trakeng'kima)

a
n.

neck
engchyma,
Tracheal vascular tissue

trachelos,

infusion.]

(bot.}.

tracheobronchial
a.

(trak'eobrong'kial)
;
brongchos,
tube.]
Appl. glands
appl. a syrinx formed of

[Gk. trachelos, neck

a bronchial
(anat.}

the lower end of the trachea and

the upper bronchi (zool.}.
trachyglossate.(trak'iglos'at) a.
[Gk.
trachys, rough ; glossa, tongue.]
a
or
toothed
Having
rasping

tongue

(zool.}.

tract (trakt) n. [L. trahere, to draw.]

A region or area or system considered as a whole, as the aliment-

ary tract (anat.}.

tractellum (trakteTum)

here, to draw.]

n.

[L.

tra-

flagellum of the

forward end of Mastigophora, with

circumduction motion (zool.}.
tragus (tra'gus) n.
[Gk. tragos, a
goat.] A small pointed eminence
in front of the concha of the ear
'

(anat.}.

trama

(tra'ma) n.
[L. trama, the
central core of interwoven

trabeculate, trabecular.
trabs cerebri, the corpus callosum.

hyphae of a fungus conidiophore

trachea

(bot.}.

(trake'a,

tra'kea)

n.

woof.]

[L.

The windpipe
trachia, windpipe.]
a respiratory tubule of Insects and
other Arthropods (zool.} the spiral
or annular vascular tissue of plants

(trake'al)

a.

[L.

trachia,

Pert., resembling, or
windpipe.]
having tracheae ; appl. tissue.
tracheal gills, small wing-like refrom the
spiratory
outgrowths
abdomen of water larvae of Insects
(zool.}.'

tracheate,

form.]

Change

metamorphosis

of form,

(zool.}

as

in

metabolism

(Phys.}.

(bot.}.

trachea!

transformation (tranz'forma'shun) n.
across
trans,
[L.
formare, to

tracheal,

transfusion

the tissue of
tissue,
leaves, consisting of
and
tracheidal
parenchymatous

gymnosperm
cells (bot.}.

transilient

(transll'ignt)

a.

[L.

transilire, to leap over.]

Appl.
nerve fibres connecting brain con-

volutions not adjacent (anat.}.

TRAtransitlonal

(tranzTsh'onal)

a.

[L.

transire, to

go across.] Appl. epioccurring in ureters and

urinary bladder, renewing itself by
mitotic division of the third and
innermost layer of cells (phys.}.
translocation
n.
(tranz'loka'shun)
trans, across ; locus, place.]
[L.
as of food
material
Diffusion,
thelium

[Gk. trapezion, a small table

transmedian (tranzme'dlan)

a.
[L.
across ;
medhis, middle.]
trans,
Pert., or crossing the middle plane ;

appl. muscles (anat.).

transmutation theory,
the theory
that one species can evolve from

another (biol.).
transpalatine (tranz'pal'atin)

n.

[L.
trans, across palatus, the palate.]
cranial bone of Crocodiles, con;

necting pterygoid with jugal and

maxilla (zoo/.).
transpiration (transplra'shun) n. [L.
trans, across
spirare, to breathe.]
Exhalation of vapour through pores
(phys.}, or stomata (pot.).
transpyloric plane, the upper of the
imaginary horizontal planes dividing the abdomen into artificial
regions (anat.).
transversal
(tranzveYsal) a.
[L.
vertere, to turn.]
trans, across
Lying across or between, as a trans;

(oot.).

a.

[L. trans,

across ; vertere, to turn.]

Lying
across or between, as artery, colon,
ligament, process (anat.).

transversum (tranzveYsum)

appl.

(oot.).

trefoil (tre'foil) n.
[L. trifolius, threeflower or leaf with three
leaved.]

(dot.).

tremelloid

a.

(tr&n'e'loid)

[L.

tre-

Gelatinous in
tremble.]
substance or appearance (6ot.).
triactinal (trlak'tlnal) a. [Gk. tria,
three
Three-rayed.
aktis, ray.]
mere, to

triadelphous
three

a.

(tri'adeTfus)

adelphos,

[Gk.

brother.]

Having stamens united into three

bundles by their filaments (oot.).
triaene (trfen) n.
[Gk. triaina, a
trident]

somewhat

trident-

shaped spicule
triandrous
three

(zoo/.).
(trlan'drus) a.

[Gk.

tria,

Having three

aner, man.]

stamens

(oot.).

triangle (triang'gl)

n.

three-sided.]
structure or area ;
structures (anat.).
laris,

trianthous (trlan'thus)

[L. triangu-

three-sided
various

appl.
a.

[Gk. tria,

three
anthos,
flower.]
three flowers (dot.).
;

Having

triarch (trfark) n.
[Gk. tria, three
arche, beginning.]
Having three
bundles
xylem
uniting to form the
woody tissue plate of root (pot.).

triarticulate (trfartik'ulat) a. [L. tres,

three
articulus, a joint.] Three;

n.

[L.
In
trans, across ; vertere, to turn.]
most Reptiles, a cranial bone exmaxilla
from
to
tending
pterygoid

(zoo/.).

trapeziform

(trape'ztform) a.
[Gk.
trapezion, a small table ; L. forma,
shape.] Trapezium-shaped (zoo/.).
trapezium (trape'zium) n. [Gk. tra-

pezion, a small table.] The first

carpal bone, at the base of the first
the greater
metacarpal
(zoo/.)
multangular bone ; a portion of the
Varolii
(anat.).
pons
;

[Gk. traA broad,

muscle
of
the neck
flat, triangular
and shoulders (anat.).
trapezold (trape'zoid, trap'ezoid) a.

trapezius (trape'zlus) n.
pezion, a small table.]

eidos,

ligament, nucleus, ridge (anat.).

traumatropism (tromat'roplzm) n.
trope, a
[Gk. trauma, a wound
Sensitiveness to wounds
turning.]

tria,

transverse (tranz'vSrs)

Trapezium-shaped

form.]

lobes

(Phys.).

versal wall

TRI-

329

jointed (zoo/.).
Triassic (tnas'ik)

a.
[Gk. tria, three.]
geological period of the secondor
Mesozoic
ary
group ; the seventh
rock - systems
of the
thirteen

(Pal.).

triaster (trias'ter) n.
aster,

[Gk.

Three

star.]

tria,

three

chromatin

masses

from
tripolar
resulting
mitosis, as in cancer cells (cyt.).
triaxon (triak's6n) n. [Gk. tria, three
axis, axle.]
sponge spicule with
three axes (zoo/.).
;

tribracteate (tribrak'teat) a. [L. tres,

three
bractea, a thin plate of
metal.] With three bracts (dot.).
;

trica (trfka) n. [F. tricoter, to knit.]

lichen apothecium with ridged
spherical surface (6ot.).

TRI-

tricarpellary (tri'karpeT&ri) a. [Gk.

Ma, three karpos, fruit.] With
three carpels (dot.}.
triceps (trfse'ps) n. [L. tres, three ;
caput, head.]
Appl. a muscle with
three heads or insertions (anat.).
trichites (trik'its) n. plu. [Gk. thrix,
;

Fine rod-like structures

hair.]
found in the tongue of Didinium,
an Infusorian (zoo/.).
trichocarpous (trlk'dkar'pus) a. [Gk.
hair
With
karpos, fruit.]
hairy fruits (dot,).
n.
trichocyst (trik'dsist)
[Gk. thrix,
hair ; kystis, a bladder.] An oval
or spindle-shaped protrusible body
found in Infusorians (zoo/.).
thrix,

trichodragmata (trik'ddrag'mata) n.
plu. [Gk. thrix, hair
dragma, a
;

spicules in

hair-like

fine

Straight,

sheaf.J

bundles

(zoo/.).

(trik'qjm) n.
[Gk. thrix,
hair ; gyne, woman.] An elongated
hair-like receptive cell at the end
of the carpogonium of Thallophytes
(dot.}.

trichome (trik'om) n. [Gk. trichoma,

a growth of hair.]
A hairy epidermal structure (bot.).
trichophore (trik'ofor) n. [Gk. thrix,
hair
pherein, to bear.] A group
;

cells

(hot.}

bearing the trichogyne

sac
of
chaetigerous

Annelids (zoo/.).
trichotomous (trikot'omus)
tricha, threefold

a.

[Gk.

tome, a cutting.]

Divided into three branches

(bot.).

a.
(trlsip'ital)
[L. tres,
caput, head.]
Having three
heads or insertions, as the triceps

tricipital

three

(anat.).

three-carpel fruit (hot.).

(triko'nodont) a.
[Gk.
tria, three ; konos, cone
odous,
a tooth with three
tooth.]

trlconodont

Appl.

crown prominences in
jaw axis (zoo/.).

a line parallel

to the

trlcostate (trikos'tat)
three
costa, rib.]

beat

(Phys.).

tricrural (trikroor'al) a.
[L. tres,
three
With three
crus,
leg.]
branches.
tricuspid (trikus'pid) a.
[L. tres,
three
Threecuspis, a point.]
pointed ; appl. a triangular valve
of the heart (anat.}.
tricuspidate (trlkus'pldat) a. [L. tres,
three
Appl. a
cuspis, a point.]
;

three-pointed leaf (bot.).

tridactyl (trldak'tll) a.
[Gk. tria,
three
Having
daktylos, finger.]
three digits (zoo/.).
tridentate (triden'tat) a.
[L. tres,
three dens, tooth.] Having three
;

tooth-like divisions

(bot.}.

tridynamous

(tridin'amus) a.
[Gk.
With
tria, three dynamis, power.]
three long and three short stamens
(bot.).

trifacial (trifa'shial) a.

[L. tres, three

fades, face.] Appl. the fifth cranial

nerve, the trigeminal (anat.).
trifarious (trlfa'rius) a. [L. trifarius,
In groups of three
of three sorts.]
in three rows ;
of three kinds
having three surfaces (bot.).
trifid (tri'fld) a.
[L. tres, three
;

Cleft

to form

triflagellate (trlflaj'glat) a.
three flagellum, a whip.]

[L. tres,

Jindere, to cleave.]
three lobes.

Having

three flagella
trifoliate

(zoo/.).
(trifo'liat) a.

folium, a

leaf.]

[L. tres, three

Having three leaves

growing from the same point

trifoliolate (trlfo'llolat)

a.

[L.

(bol.).

tres,

three foliola, a small leaf/] Having three leaflets growing from the

same point (bot.).

trifurcate (trifur'kat) a.
three ; furca, a fork.]
forks or branches.

[L.

tres,

With

three

trigamous (trig'amus) a. [Gk. tria,

three
Appl.
gamos, marriage.]
;

a flower-head with staminate,

a.

[L.

Having

tres.

three

and hermaphrodite

late,

pistil-

flowers

(bot.).

the largest cerebral nerve, the great sensory nerve

trigeminal nerve,

(bot.).

tricotyledonous (trl'kotlle'donus) a.
[Gk. tria, three kotyledon, a cuplike hollow.] With three cotyledons
;

of head and face, and motor nerve

of mastication muscles (anat.).

trigon

(bot.).

trtcrotic

krotein, to beat.]
Having a
in the arterial pulse

triple

tricoccous (trlkok'us) a.
[Gk. tria,
three ; kokkos, a kernel.] Appl. a

ribs

three

trichogyne

of

TRI

330

(tnkrot'ik)

a.

[Gk.

tria,

(tri'gon) n.

gonia,

angle.]

[Gk.

The

tria,

three
of

triangle

TRI-

cusps of upper jaw molar teeth

(zool\
trigonal (trig'dn&l) a.
[Gk. Ma,
three ; gonia, angle.] Ternary or
triangular when appl. symmetry
with three parts to a whorl appl.
three-sided stems (hot.}.
trigone (trl'gon) n. [Gk. Ma, three
;

gonia, angle.] Also trigonum, a

small triangular space, as the olfactory trigone, the trigonum vesicae
(anat.).

trigonid
three

(trig'onfd)

n.

[Gk.

Ma,

The
gonia, an angle.]
triangle of cusps of lower jaw molar
teeth (sool.).
;

trigynous

(trij'inus)

a.

[Gk.

three ;
gyne, woman.]
three styles (bot.).

tria,

Having
[L.

tres,

Having

three pairs of leaflets (hot.),

trilabiate (trila'blat) a.
[L. tres,
three
labium, lip.] Having three
;

(dot.').

trilobate (trilo'bat) a.
[Gk. Ma,
three lobos, a lobe.] Three-lobed.
trilocular (trllok'ular) a.
[L. tres,
three
a little place.]
loculus,
Having three cells or loculi.
;

trilophodont (trllof'odont) a.
[Gk.
Ma, three lophos, a crest odous,
;

Having three-crested

tooth.]

teeth

(wrt).
trilophous (trilofus)

a.
[Gk. Ma,
Appl. a rayed
with
three
rays branched
spicule
or ridged (zool.).
trimerous (trim'e'rus) a. [Gk. Ma,
three ; ineros, part.] Composed of
multiples of three, as the parts of a
flower (bot.).

three

lophos, crest.]

trimorphism

(trlmor'ftzm) n.
[Gk.
three
Ocmorphe, form.]
currence of three distinct forms or
forms of organs in one species

tria,

binomial

[Gk. Ma,
three
morphe, form.] With three
distinct forms or forms of organs
occurring in the same species (biol.).
(trimor'fus) a.

trinervate

(trineVvat) a.
[L. tres,
three
nervus, a sinew.] Having
three veins or ribs running from
base to margin of leaf (bot.).
;

trinomial (trmo'mTal)
three ; nomen, name.]

a.

three

terms

cf.

(biol.).

trioecious (trie'shCis) a.
three
oikos, house.]

[Gk.

tria,

Producing
hermaphrodite

male, female, and

flowers on different plants

(bot.).

triovulate (triov'ulat) a.
[L. tres,
three
ovum, egg.] Having three
ovules (bot.}.
;

tripartite (tripar'tlt, trip'artlt) a. [L.

three
tres,
fiartitus, separated.]
Divided into three lobes, as a leaf
;

(bot.\

tripetalous (trtpgt'alus) a. [Gk. triay

three
Having
petalon, a leaf.]
three petals (bot.).
a.
tripinnate (trlpin'at)
[L. tres,
three
Thrice
pinna, feather.]
divided pinnately three
pinnate
times (bot.).
;

a.
tripinnatifld
(tripinat'IfTd)
-[L.
tres, three
pinna, feather findere,
to cleave.]
Divided three times in
;

[L.

tres,

Appl. names

a pinnatifid manner

(bot.).

tripinnatisect (trlpTnat'isgkt) a. [L.

tres, three
pinna, feather ; secarc,
to cut]
Thrice pinnatisect three
times lobed with divisions nearly to
;

midrib (bot.).
triple-nerved, appl. a leaf with three
prominent veins (bot.).
triplicostate

(trip'likos'tat)

triplex, triple costa, a rib.]

three ribs (bot.).
triploblastic (trip'loblas'tik)
;

triplax,

triple

blastos,

a.

[L.

Having
a.

[Gk.
bud.]

three

Having
primary germinal
mesoblast, and
epiblast,
hypoblast (etnb.).
tripod (trl'pod) n. [Gk. tria, three
A tripod-shaped or
pous, foot.]
three-legged spicule (zool.).
tripolar (tnpo'lar.) a. [Gk. Ma, three
polos, an axis.] Appl. the division
of the chromatin to three poles in
diseased cells instead of the normal
layers,

two

(biol).

trimorphous

of

consisting

trijugate (trljoog'at)
three
jugum, a yoke.]
a.

lips

TRI-

331

poles, in mitosis

(cyt.).
a.

triquetrous (trikweVriis)

[L.

tri-

three-cornered.] Appl. a
stem with three angles and three
concave faces (bot.) appl. a threecornered or wedge - shaped bone

quetrus,

(anat.).

triquetrum (trlkwgt'rum)
quetrus,

cuneiform

three

carpal

Wormian bone

n.

[L.

cornered.]

bone

(anat.).

MThe

(zool.)',

TRI-

TRO-

332

trlqulnate (trikwi'nat) a.
[L. tres,
three
Divided
quint, five each.]
into three, with each lobe again
divided into five (bot.).
;

triradial (trira'dial) a.
[L. tres, three
a ray.]
radius,
Having three
branches as radii from one centre
appl. the orbital sulcus (anat).
;

trisepalous (trisep'alus) a. [Gk. tria,

three ; Gk. sepalon, a sepal.] H aving
three sepals (bot.).
triseptate (trisgp'tat) a.
[L. tres
three ; septum, a partition.] Having
three partitions or septa, as a fruit
t

hump.] A theory of molar tooth

development.
triungulin (trlung'gulm) n. [L. tres,
three
Also
ungula, a claw.]
triungulus, the small, six-legged
larva of Strepsiptera and Canthar;

idae

(zool.).

trivium

(triv'ium) n.
[L. trivium, a
cross-road.] The three rays of a
starfish farthest from the madre-

porite ; cf, bivium (zooL).

trizoic (trlzo'ik) a,
[Gk. tria, three

Appl, a protozoan
spore containing three sporozoites

zoon, animal.]
(zool),

(bot.).

triserlal (trlse'rial) a.
[L. tres, three
series, a row.]
Arranged in three
;

rows having three whorls (hot.).

trisporous (trispo'rus) a. [Gk. tria,
three ; sporos, seed.]
Also trisporic,
having three spores (hot.}.
tristachyous (trlsta'kius) a. [Gk. tria,
;

three ; stachys, an ear of corn.]

With three spikes (bot.).
tristichous (tris'tikus) a. [Gk. tria,
three
stichos, row.]
Arranged in
three rows (dot.),
triternate (triteYnat) a.
[L. tres,
three
Thrice
terni, three each.]
ternately divided (bot.).
tritoblasts (tri'toblasts) n. plu.
[Gk.
;

third ;
A
blastos,
tritos,
bud.]
generation of Neosporidia produced
deutoblasts
and
in
turn
by
giving

trochal

a.
(trS'kal)
[Gk. trocko^
wheel.] Wheel-shaped; appl. the
anterior disc of Rotifers (zool.).

trochanter (trokan'ter) n. [Gk. trochanter, a runner.] Appl. processes

or prominences at the upper end
of the thigh-bone a greater, lesser,
and sometimes a third (anat.) the
small segment of an insect leg
between coxa and femur (zool.).
a deep detrochanteric fossa,
pression on the medial surface of
the neck of the femur (anat.).
trochantin (trdkan'tin) n. [Gk. trochanter, a runner.] A short joint
which may follow the trochanter
of an insect leg (zooL).
trochate (tro'kat) a. [Gk. trochos, a
;

Having a wheel-like strucwheel.]

ture
wheel-shaped (zool.).
trochiferous, trochate.
trochiform, trochate.

n.
(tri'toseVebrum)
third ;
L. cerebrum,
Part of the brain of higher
Crustacea, consisting of antennal
nerve centres (zool.).
tritocone (trl'tokon) n.
[Gk. tritos,
third
konos, cone.]
cusp of a
tooth
premolar
(zool.).
tritozooid (tri'tozo'oid) n. [Gk. tritos,

trochlea (trok'lea) n. [Gk. trochilia,

a pulley.] A pulley-like structure
through which a tendon passes
appl. such a surface of humerus,
femur, orbit (anat.).
trochlear (trok'lear) a. [Gk. trochilia,
a pulley.] Shaped like a pulley
pert, a trochlea (anat.).
trochoid (tro'koid) a. [Gk. trochos,
wheel eidos, form.] Wheel-shaped
capable of rotating motion, as a

rise to teloblasts (zool.).

tritocerebron

(tri'toser'e'bron) n.

[Gk.

third

;
tritos,
kerebron, brain. J
third lobe of an insect brain indi-

cated during development (emb.).

trltocerebrum
[Gk.

tritos,

brain.]

zoon, animal ; eidos, form.]

zooid of the third generation

third

(zool).

trltubercular (trltubeVkular) a. [L.

treS) three
tuberculum, a small
hump.]
Appl. molar teeth with
;

three cusps tricuspid.

trituberculy (trltubeYkuli)
tuberculum.
(res, three
;

n.

[L.

small

pivot-joint (anat.).
n.
trochophore
(trok'ofor)
trochos, wheel ; pherein, to

[Gk.
bear.]

trochosphere.

trochosphere (trok'osfer) n.
[Gk.
wheel
trochos,
sphaira, globe.]
;

The

free

stage of
Molluscs

swimming

pelagic larva

many Worms and some

(zool.).

TROtrochus

.
(tro'kus)
[Gk. trochos,
The inner, anterior, coarser
ciliary zone of a rotifer disc ; cf.

wheel.]

cingulum

[Gk.

tropis,

keel.]
Keel-shaped (zool.).
trophi (tro'fi) n. plu.
[Gk. trophe,
nourishment.] The hard chitinous
the
chewing organs of Rotifers
the
mouth-parts of an Insect
;

mandibles and

and second

first

maxillae collectively (zool.).

trophic (trof'ik) a.
[Gk. trophe,
Connected
with
nourishment.]
nutrition
appl, nerves (anat.).
trophoblast (trof'oblast) n.
[Gk.
;

trophe, nourishment

;
blastos, bud.]
outer layer of cells of a morula

(emb.).

trophochromatin (trof'okro'matin) n.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment chroma,
;

colour.]

Vegetative chromatin, or

that which

metabolism
idiochromatin

regulates

and functions

cf.

(biol.).

trophochromidia (trof'okromid'Ia) n.
plu.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment

chroma, colour.] Vegetative chromidia cf. idiochromidia (biol.).

trophodisc (trofodlsk) n. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment
a
diskos,
plate.]
The female gonophore of certain
;

Hydrozoa (zool.).
trophology (trofol'qjl)
nourishment

n.

[Gk. trophe,

logos,

discourse.]

The

science of nutrition (phys.).

trophonemata (trof'onSm'ata) n. plu.
[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; nema,
Uterine villi or hair-like
thread.]
of
Elasmobranchs,
projections
which transfer nourishment to the
the
embryo
through
spiracles

plasm

The principal nucleus of

binuclear Protozoa, regulating metakinetocf.

kernel.]

bolism and growth

nucleus (cyt.).

n.
trophophore
(tr6f'6for)
[Gk.
trophe, nourishment
pherein, to
In Sponges, an internal
bear.]
bud or group of cells destined to
;

become a gemmule (zool.).

trophoplasm (trof'oplazm) n.

[Gk.

nourishment plasma, something moulded.] The vegetative or

;

cf.

idio-

(cyt.).

trophoplast

n.

(trof'oplast)

[Gk.

nourishment
plastos,
A cell, nucleated or
moulded.]
not a plastid (biol.).
trophosome(trof'6s6m)#. [Gk. trophe,
nourishment
The
soma, body.]
nutritive polypoid persons of a
hydroid colony (zool.).
;

trophospongia

(trof'ospun'jla)

n.

[Gk. trophe, nourishment sponggia,

a sponge.]
A spongy vascular
layer of mucous membrane between
uterine wall and trophoblast (emb.).
;

trophospongium

(trof'ospSn'jium) n.

[Gk. trophe, nourishment ; sponggia,

Canalization of nerv^
sponge.]
cells, the canaliculi being occupied
by branching processes of neuroglia
cells (phys.).

trophotaxis (trof'btak'sls) n.
[Gk.
trophe, nourishment taxis, arrangeStimulation
an
by
ment.]
agent
which may serve as food (phys.).
;

trophotropism

(trofot'roplzm)

n.

[Gk. trophe, nourishment

trope,
a turning.]
Tendency of an organism towards a food supply
;

(biol.).

trophozoite

(trof'ozo'lt) n.

[Gk. trophe,

zoon, animal.] The

adult stage of a Sporozoan (zool.).

nourishment

trophozooid (trof'ozo'oid) n.
[Gk.
zoon, animal
trophe, nourishment
;

eidos, form.]

nutritive zooid of

tunicate

free-swimming

colonies

(zool.).

tropic

movement,

movement

to

certain

tropism (tro'pizm)
turning.]

(zool.}.

trophonucleus (trof'onu'kleus) n. [Gk.

trophe, nourishment; L.. nucleus, a

trophe,

of a cell

nutritive part

trophe,

(zool.).
a.

tropeic (trope'Ik)

The

TRU-

333

The

n.

reactionary
stimulation

[Gk. trope, a
of an

tendency

organism to react in a certain way

to a certain kind of stimulus ; a
tendency to move towards (positive)
or away from (negative) a source of
stimulus (phys.) ; cf. chemo-, geo-,
photo-, tropho-tropism.
tropophyte (tro'poflt) n. [Gk. trope,
a turning ; phyton, a plant.] A
changing plant, or one which is
more or less hygrophilous in summer
and xerophilous in winter (bot.).
true ribs, ribs which are directly
connected with the sternum, as
opp. floating ribs.

TRU-

truncate (trung'kat) a. [L. tnuicare,

to cut off.]
Terminating abruptly,
as if the tapering end were cut off
(biol.).

the most anof the amphibian

which the blood is

truncus arteriosus,
terior

region

heart, through

driven from the ventricle

trunk

n.

tuberculate

the proboscis of an elephant

(zool.}.

trunk legs,

pereiopods of Decapods,
thoracic locomotory legs (zool.).
tryma (tri'ma) n. [Gk. fry ma, a hole.]
A one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with separable rind
and two-valved endocarp with
spurious dissepiments, as Walnut

many

a.

(trip'anomo'nad)

monas,
[Gk. trypanon, an auger
a unit.] Appl. a phase in the development of a Trypanosome while
;

in its invertebrate

host

crithidial

(zool.).

trypanorhynchus (trip'anoring'kus)
[Gk. trypanon, an auger
snout.]

spiniferous

n.

rhyngchos,
protrusible
phyll-

proboscis accompanying each

idium in certain Cestoidea (zool.).

trypsin (trip'sin) n. [Gk. tryein, to
rub down
pepsis, a digesting.]
An enzyme of pancreatic juice a
similar enzyme of various plants
and animals (phys.).
tubar (tu'bar) a. [L. tuba, a pipe.]
Consisting of an arrangement of
tubes, or forming a tube, as appl.
system and skeleton in Sponges
;

[L.

tubercles.

tuberiferous

hump

(tu'berif'erus) a.
ferre, to bear.]

ing or producing tubers

[L.

Bear-

(bot.).

tuberiform (tu'beriform) a. [L. tuber,

hump forma, shape.] Resembling
or shaped like a tuber.
;

tuberoia, tuberiform.
tuberosity (tu'beros'itl) n. [L. tuber,
a
A rounded
protuberance.]
eminence on a bone, usually for

muscle attachment (anat.).

tuberous (tu'berus) a. [L. tuber, a
Covered with or having
hump.]

many

(hot.}.

trypanomonad.

a.

(tuber'kulat)

tuberculum, a small hump.] Pert.,

resembling, or having tubercles.
tuberculose (tubeVkulos) a. [L.
tuberculum, a small hump.] Having

tuber,

(zool.).

(trungk')
[L. truncare, to
cut off.] The main stem of a tree
(bot.)

TUB-

334

tubers.

tubicolous (tubik'olus) a. [L. tubus,

a tube
Incolere, to inhabit.]
habiting a tube (zool.).
tubicorn (tu'bikorn) a.
[L. tubus,
tube
cornu, horn.] With hollow
horns (zool.).
tubifacient (tu'blfa'shient, tu'bifas'ient)
a. [L. tubus, tube faciens,
making.]
;

Tube - making

some Worms

as

(zool.).

tubilingual (tu'billng'gwal) a.
[L.
tubus, a tube
lingua, a tongue.]
a
tubular
Having
tongue, adapted
for sucking (zool.).
;

tubiparous (tubip'arus)
a tube

glands

parere, to
secreting

material

(zool.).

tubulate
small

[L. tubus,

tube

Appl.
forming

[L. tubulus, a

(tu'bulat) a.

tube.]

a.

beget.]

Tubiform

tubu-

liferous.

(zool.).

[L. tuba, a pipe.]

tubate
Tube-shaped.
tube (tub) n. [L. tuba, a
(tu'bat) a.

pipe.]

Any

tubular structure (anat.) ; a cylinstructure, as the protective

enveloping case of many animals
drical

a mollusc siphon (zool.).

tuber (tu'ber) n. [L. tuber, a knob.]
A thickened fleshy underground
a rounded protuberstem (bot.)
ance (anat.).
;

tubercle (tu'berkl)
a small hump.]

n.

[L. tuberculum,

small rounded

protuberance(a#a/.);aroot-swelling
or nodule (bot.) ; a tuberculum or
rib-knob (zool.).

tubule

(tu'bul)
[L. tubulus, a
small tube.]
Any small hollow,
cylindrical structure.
n.

tubuliferous
tubulus, a
carry.]

(tu'bullf'grus)

small

Having a

tube

a.

ferre,

[L.
to

tubule.

tubuliflorous (tu'buliflo'riis) a.
[L.
tubulus, a small tube ; flos, flower.]
Having florets with tubular corolla
(bot.).

tubuliform

[L.
(tu'buliform) a.
a small tube ; forma,
tubulus,
shape.]
Tube-shaped ; appl. certain spinning glands (zool.).

tubulose (tu'bulos) a. [L. tubulus, a

small tube.]
Having, or com-

TUBposed

tubular structures, as an
(bot.), a tubipore Coral

of,

head

aster
(zool.}

hollow and cylindrical.

(tu'bulus)

small

(ana/.).

tunic

tunica (tu'nlka)

(tu'nik),

n.

[L.

An investing
a coating.]
or tissue, as that of
those of
testis,
kidney, ovary,
tunica,

membrane

A natural covering an
integument.
tunnel of Corti, a triangular tunnel
enclosed by the two rows of pillars
of Corti and the basilar membrane
coating.]

(anat.).
(tiir'blnal)

whirl.]

as bone

(tllot'ik) a.
[Gk. tylos, knob.]
Affected by tylosis (bot.).
tylotoxea (tl'ldtok'sea) n. [Gk. tylos,
knob oxys, sharp.] A tylote with
one sharp end, directed towards the
surface of the Sponge (zool.).

tylotic

tympanic

(tlmpan'ik) a.
[Gk. tymPert, the tym-

panon, a drum.]

panum.
tympanohyal

a.

[L.

turbo,

Spirally rolled or coiled,

or cartilage (anat., zool.).

turbinate (tur'binat)

[L. turbo, a

a.

shaped.]

(emb.).

(ttm'panum) n. [Gk. tymThe drum-like

panon, a drum.]
cavity constituting the middle ear

the drum of the ear the membrane

of the auditory organ on tibia or
abdomen of Insect an inflatable
air-sac on the neck of some Tetra;

oninae (anat., zool.).

type (tip) n. [L. typus, an image.]

The sum of
common to a

knob

n.

[Gk.

aktis, a ray.]
hex, six
hexactine spicule with rays

ending
tylosis

in

knobs

(tilo'sls) n.

Development of

(zool.).

[Gk.

tylos,

individuals,
for classification

tylotate
knob.]

end

a primary model

(tlf'losol) n.
[Gk. typhlos,
blind solen, channel.]
median
dorsal longitudinal fold of the
intestine projecting into the lumen
of Annulates a longitudinal ridge
in rectum and intestine of Anodon

typical (ttp'ikal) a.
[L. typus, an
image.]
Appl. a specimen conforming to type or primary example ; exhibiting in a marked
degree the essential characteristics
of genus or species (biol.).
Tyson's glands, glands round the
corona of the glans penis (anat.).

a knob.]

irregular cells in

[Gk. tylos, a
a pillar.] A spicule
pointed at one end, knobbed at
the other (zool.).
;

(biol.).

a cell cavity (bot.).

tylostyle (tl'lostll) n.

knob

the

characteristics
large number of
serving as a ground

(zool. ).

ground stem (bot.).

tylhexactine (til'heksak'tfn)

and

tympanum

sure in living cell tissue due to

transpiration (bot.).
turgidity, turgescence.
turgor, turgescence.
turio (tu'rio), turion (tu'rion) n. [L.
turio, a shoot.]
young scaly
shoot budded off from an under-

tympanum

typhlosole

Pert,

hyoid (anat.)
part of the hyoid
arch embedded in the petro-mastoid

appl.
Top-shaped (bot.)
certain shells (zool.)
appl. certain
nasal and olfactory bones (anat.).
turgescence (turj6s'6ns) n. [L. turgere, to swell.] Tension or preswhirl.]

tylos,

(tim'panohi'al) n.
[Gk.
drum ; hyoeides, Y-

tympanon, a

arteries (anat.}.

tunicate (tu'nikat) a. [L. tunica, a

coating.] Appl. bulbs with numerenous concentric layers (bot.)
veloped in a leathery test or.
mantle (zool.).
tunicle (tu'nikl) n.
[L. tunica, a

turbinal

tylote (tfl6t) n.
[Gk. tylos, knob.]
A slender dumbbell-shaped spicule
(zool.).

n.
[L. tubulus, a
hymeneal pore
tube.]
a cylindrical
(bot,} ;
ovipositor
(zool.} ; any small tubular structures,
as tubuli lactiferi, recti, seminiferi

tubulus

ULN-

335

stylos,

(tflotat)

a.

[Gk.

Having a knob

(zool.).

at

tylos,

each

ulna

(ul'na) n.

[L. ulna, elbow.]

long bone on the medial side of the

fore-arm parallel with the radius
t. t

sool.).

ULNulnar

a.

[L. ulna, elbow.]

appl. artery, nerve,

(ul'nar)

ulna

Pert,
vein,

UNC-

336

bone

(anat.}.

umbilical cord, the navel cord conembryo with placenta

necting
the prolongation by which
(anat.)
the ovule is attached to the placenta
;

a radiating or cross
nervure in the wing of Insects (zool.).

ulnar neryure,

(bot.).

(ulna're, ulna'ra) n.
[L. ulna,
elbow.] The bone in the proximal
row of carpals lying at the distal
end of the ulna (anat.}.

umbilicate (umbil'ikat)

a.
ulnocarpal
(ulnokar'pal)
[L.
ulna, elbow
carpus, wrist.] Pert.
the ulna and carpus (anat.).
ulnoradial (ulnora'dial) a. [L. ulna,
elbow radius, radius.] Pert, the
ulna and radius (anat.).
ulotrlchous (ulot'rikus) a. [Gk. oulos,
woolly
thrix,
Having
hair.]
woolly or curly hair.
ultimobranchial bodies, a pair of
gland rudiments derived from the
fifth
pharyngeal pouches, which

[L. umbilicus, navel.]

ulnare

later

and

degenerate

leave

no

vestiges (emb.).
(um'beT; n. [L. umbella, dim.
of umbra, shade.] An arrangement
of flowers or of polyps springing
from a common centre and forming
a flat or rounded cluster (zool., dot.).

umbel

umbellate (um'bglat)
shade.] Arranged

a.

in

[L. umbella,

umbels

(dot.,

umbelliferous (um'belif'erus) a. [L.

umbella, shade
ferre, to carry.]
Producing umbels (dot.).
umbelliform (umbeTlform) a.
[L.
shade
umbella,
forma, shape.]
Shaped like an umbel (hot., zool.).
umbelliferous (um'belij'e'rus) a. [L.
umbella, shade
gerere, to carry.]
Bearing flowers or polyps in um;

bellate clusters

(hot.,

umbellula (umbgl'ula)
dim.

of

The name given

zool.).
n.
[L.

umbella,

um-

shade.]

to a large cluster

of polyps at the tip of an elongated

stalk or rachis (zool.).

umbellulate (umbeTulat) a. [L. umin

Arranged
bellula,
umbel.]
umbels and umbellules (zool., dot.).
umbellule (umbeTul) n.
[L. um-

A small or secondbellula, umbel.]

ary umbel (zool., bot.).
umbilical (um'bilr'kal, umbil'ikal) a.

Pert, the
umbilicus, navel.]
navel, or umbilical cord ; appl.
vesicle
veins,
arteries,
tissues,
[L.

(emb.).

[L.

um-

a central

depression

umbilicus

(um'bill'kus, umbil'ikus) n.
The navel
the central abdominal depression at
the place of attachment of umbilical
cord (anat.) ; the hilum (bot.)
a
basal depression of certain spiral
shells
either of the two openings
near the base of a feather (zool.).
umbo (um'bo) n. [L. umbo, a shieldA protuberance like the
boss.]
boss of a shield (bot.)
the beak
or older part of a bivalve shell
;

(zool.).

umbonate

(um'bb'nat) a.
[L. umbo,
a shield-boss.] Having a conical
or rounded protuberance.

umbraculiferous (umbrak'ulif'eriis) a.
[L. umbraculum, dim. of timbra,
shade.] Bearing an umbrella-like
organ or structure (bot.).

umbraculiform (umbrak'uliform)
[L.

a.

umbraculum, umbrella forma,

Shaped like an expanded
;

shape.]

zool.).

bellula,

a.

navel.]
Having
navel-like.
;

bilicus,

umbrella

(bot.).

umbraculum (umbrak'ulum) n. [L.

umbraculum, umbrella.] Any umbrella-like structure (bot.).

umbrella (umbreTa)

n.

[L. umbella,

dim. of umbra, shade.] The contractile disc of a Jelly-fish (zool.).

unciferous (unsif'erus) a. [L. uncus,

hook

Bearing
ferre, to carry.]
hooks or hook- like processes (zool.).
unciform (un'siform) a. [L. uncus,
hook forma, shape.] Shaped like
a hook or barb (zool., bot.) appl.
process of the .ethmoid bone (anat.).
unciform, ;/. The unciform or hama;

tum of the
uncinate
hook.]

wrist (anat.).
[L.

(un'sinat) a.

uncimis,

Unciform.

uncinate

backwardly
process, a
directed process occurring on the
ribs of Birds ; also a downwardly
directed process of the ethmoid
(anat., zool.).

uncinus
hook.]
like,

(un'sinus) n.

Small

structure

[L.

uncinus,

hooked, or hookone of the small

UNC-

hooks found on the segments of

many Worms a hook-like structure
found in certain Infusorians one
of the marginal teeth of Gastropods

cornu, horn.]
horn-like spine

etc. (zool.}.

(ting'kus) n.

[L. uncus, hook.]

The hook-shaped anterior extremity
of the hippocampal gyrus (anat.)
the hooked head of the mastax of
the hook-like process on
Rotifers
the dorsal portion of the ninth, or
copulatory, abdominal segment of
;

male Lepidoptera (zool.}.

under-wing, one of the posterior
wings of any Insect (zool.}.
undose (un'dos) a.
undosus,
[L.
billowy.]
Having undulating and
nearly parallel depressions which
run into one another and resemble
the ripple-marks on the seashore
(zool.}.

unequally pinnate,

odd pinnate, pin-

nate with single terminal leaflet (bot.}.

a.
[L. unguis, a
Pert, or having a nail or
nail.]
claw appl. phalanges bearing claws
or nails (zool.}.

ungual (ung'gwal)
;

unguiculate

(unggwik'ulat)

a.

[L.

unguiculus, a nail.] Clawed appl.

narrowed stalk-like
petals with
;

portion below (bot.}.

unguis (ung'gwls) n.
[L. unguis,
the narrow
claw.] A nail or claw
stalk-like portion of some petals
the
bone
lacrymal
(bot.}
(anat.}
one of the chitinous hooks on the
foot of an Insect (zool.}.
;

(iing'gula)

n.

[L.

ungula,

Hoof.

hoof.]

ungulate

[L. ungula,

axis, axis.]

[L.

With only one

(biol.}.

unicellular (G'nTseTular)
;

a.
[L. unus,
cell.]
Having only
or consisting of only one

cellula,

cell,

cell (biol.}.

(bot.}.

unicotyledonous (u'nikotile'donus) a.
Gk. kotyle, leaf.]
[L. unus, one
;

Having a

single cotyledon

(bot.}.

unicuspid (u'mkus'pid) a. [L. unus,

one
cuspis, point of a spear.]
Having one tapering point, as a
;

tooth

(zool.}.

unidactyl (u'nidak'til) a. [L. unus,

one Gk. daktylos, finger.] Having
;

one digit only (zool.}.

uniembryonate (u'nigm'brionat) a.
Gk. embryon, a
[L. unus, one
Having one embryo only
foetus.]
;

(bot.}.

unifacial (u'mfa'shal) a.
[L. unus,
one ; fades, the face.] Having one
face or chief surface (zool.}.
uniflagellate (u'niflaj'elat) a.
[L.
unus, one flagellum, whip.] Havone
flagellum (zool.}.
ing only
uninorous (u'nlflo'rus) a. [L. unus,
one ftos, flower.]
Bearing only
one flower (bot.}.
unifoliate (u'nlfo'llat) a.
[L. unus,
;

one folium^
;

leaf.]

With only one

leaf (bot.}.
unifoliolate (u'nifo'llolat) a. [L. unus,
one ; foliolum, dim. offolium, leaf.]

Having one leaflet only (bot.}

unijugate (Q'nTjoog'at) a. [L. unus,
one jugum^ yoke.] Appl. pinnate
leaf having one pair of leaflets
unilabiate (u'nila'biat) a. [L. unus,
one
labium, lip.] With one lip
only (bot., zool.}.
;

unilamlnate (u'nllam'inat) a.
[L.
unus, one lamina, layer.] Having
one layer only appl. tissues (bot.,
;

unibranchiate (u'mbrang'kiat) a. [L.

Gk. brangchia, gills.]
unus, one
Having one gill (zool.}.
unlcapsular (u'nikap'sular) a.
[L.
unus, one capsula, case.] Having
only one seed-case (bot.}.

one
one

[L. unus,

(bot.}.

a.

ungula, hoof; gradus, step.] Walking upon hoofs (zool.}.

uniaxial (u'niak'sTal) a.
[L. units,
axis

a.

one costa, rib.] Having a single

prominent mid-rib, as certain leaves

(iing'gulat) a.

Hoofed.
hoof.]
unguligrade (unggu'llgrad)

one

unicostate (u'mkos'tat)

(zool.}.

ungula

a.
[L. unus, one ;
Having a single
appl. various shells,

unicorn (u'nlkorn)

uncus

UNI-

337

zool.}.

unilateral (u'nilat'eral)

one
latus, side.]
one side only (bot.,
;

a.

[L. unus,

Arranged on
zool.}.

unilocular (Q'nilok'ular) a. [L. unus,

one loculus, dim. of locus, place.]
One-celled
having one division
only appl. ovaries (bot.}.
;

unimucronate (u'nimu'kronat)
unus,

one

mucro,

sharp

a.

[L.
point.]

UNIHaving a single sharp point or tip

appl. leaves, etc. (bot.}.

unpaired (un'pard)

a.
[L. un, not
par, equal.] Situated in the median
line of the body, and consequently

unlnucleate (u'ninu'kleat) a. [L. unus,

one
nucleus, nucleus.]
Having
one nucleus (biol.}.
uniparous (unrp'arus) a. [L. unus,
one parere, to beget.] Producing
one at a birth (zool.}
having a
cymose inflorescence with one axis
at each branching (bot.}.
unipetalous (u'mpe't'alus) a. [L. unus,
one
Gk. petalon, leaf.]
Having
one petal (bot.}.
unipolar (u'mpo'lar) a. [L. unus, one
polus, pole.] Having one pole only

single

ventral fins

urceolate (ur'seb'lat) a. [L. urceolus,

small pitcher.]
Pitcher-shaped
shells
appl. calyx or corolla (bot.}
of various Protozoa (zool.}.
urceolus (ur'seolus) n. [L. urceolus,
small pitcher.] The external tube
of certain Rotifers (zool.} any urn;

nerve-cells (anat.}.

uniseptate (u'nisSp'tat) a. [L. unus,

one
Having
septum, a hedge.]
one septum or dividing partition
;

shaped structure (bot.}.

urea (ure'a) n. [Gk. ouron,

(biol.}.

a.

(u'mse'rial)

nitrogenous excretory substance,

the chief constituent of urine

[L.

Appl.

series, rank.]

fins

(phys.}.

uredinium

(zool.}.

uniserrate (u'niseYat)

a.

[L. unus,

one

bearing uredospores

uredo

[L. unus,
serrula, dim. of serra, saw.]

seta,

bristle.]

a.

[L.

[L. uredo, blight.]

many rust

stage of

unus,

Bearing one

and spread the disease

bristle (zool.}.

unisexual (Q'nisSk'sual) a. [L. unus,

one sexus, sex.] Of one or other
sex
distinctly male or female

ureter

n.

(ure'ter)

ureter.]

(bot.}.

oureter,

[Gk.

The duct conveying

urine

from kidney to bladder or cloaca

(anat.}.

(biol.}.

unispiral (u'ni spiral)

one

;
spira, coil.]
spiral only (bot.}.

units of Spencer,

a.

[L.

unus,

Having one

the physiological

which determined the form of

each living creature. These units
were regarded as intermediate between chemical molecules and cells,
and consequently must correspond
to groups of molecules.
They are
quite useless as an interpretation
of heredity, but have this advantage
that they forced a more and more
searchinganalysis into the "bearers"
units

of heredity.

univalve

[L. uredo,

(bot.}.

Fungi (bot.}.
uredospores (ure'dosporz) n. plu. [L.
Gk. sporos, seed.]
uredo, blight
Reddish summer spores borne on
each sporophore of Rusts, which fall

Having one row of small serrations

on the edge (bot.}.
one

(ure'do) n.

The summer

(u'nlsgr'ulat) a.

unisetose (Q'nTse'tos)

(u'redln'ium) n.

In Rusts, the mycelium-

blight.]

one ; serra, saw.] Having only one

row of serrations on the edge (bot.}.
uniserrulate

urine.]

unus,
with
radials on one side of the basalia

one

median dorsal and

(u'rakus) n.
[Gk. ouron,
urine echein, to hold.] The median
umbilical ligament
the
(emb.}
fibrous cord extending from bladder
to umbilicus (anat.}.

uniserial

the

(zool.}.

urachus

some

(zool.}.

unpaired fins,

appl.

URI-

338

(u'nivalv') n.

urethra (ure'thra) n. [Gk. ourethra,

from ouron, urine.]
The duct
leading off the urine from the
bladder, and in the male conveying

semen

the

urinary

one

a.

ouron,

[Gk.

Pert, urine

(anat.}.

urine

(u'rin) n.
[Gk. ouron, urine.]
fluid excretion from the kidneys

in

Mammals, a

solid or semisolid

Birds

excretion in

and

Reptiles

(phys.}.

uriniparous
[L. unus,

shell
valvae, folding doors.]
consisting of one piece or valve,
as a gastropod shell (zool.}.

in addition (anat.).

(u'rlnari)

appl. bladder,
organ, papillae, kidney tubules, etc.

urine.]

ouron,

(u'rinip'arus)

urine

parere,

a.

to

[Gk.
beget.]

Urine - producing
appl. to the
kidney tubules in the cortical
of
the
kidney
(anat.}.
portion
;

URIurinogenital

(u'rinojgn'ital)

a.

[Gk.

ouron, urine
gignesthai, to proConnected with urinary
duce.]
and genital systems (anat.}.
urinogenital ridge, one of a pair
of ridges from which the urinary
and genital systems are developed
;

a bladder or
connection
with the

sinus,

in

pouch

and

urinary

(u'rlt) n.

systems

genital

many animals

in

[Gk. aura,
in

tail.]

An

Arthropods

n.

(urn)

The

[L. urna, a pitcher.]

theca of Mosses

(urnz) n. plu.
[L. urna, a
Ciliate bodies floating
pitcher.]
in
coeloinic fluid of Annulates
(zool.).

urobilin (u'robflm) n.
[Gk. ouron,
L. bilis, bile.]
A yellow
urine
pigment in urine (phys.}.
urocardiac ossicle, a short stout bar
forming part of the gastric mill
;

in Crayfish (zool.}.

urochord (u'rokord)

[Gk. aura,

chorde, cord.] The notochord

confined to the caudal region,
as in certain Tunicates (zool.}.
;

when

urochrome (u'rokrom)
urine

n.

chroma, colour.]

[Gk. ouron,

A yellowish

which the ordinary

colour of urine is due (phys.}.

pigment

to

urocoel

n.

(u'rosel)
[Gk. ouron,
An excrekoilos, hollow.]
tory organ in the Mollusca, of
nature
doubtful
morphological

urine

(zool.}.

urocyst

(u'rosist)

n.

[Gk.

ouron,

The
hollow.]
kystis,
urinary bladder (zool.}.
(u'rode'um)
[Gk. ouron,
The part or
urine
odaios, way.]
chamber of the cloaca into which
the ureters and genital ducts open
urine

urodaeum

(zool.}.

urodelous

(u'rode'lus) a.

[Gk. oura,

With perdelos,
visible.]
sistent tails ; appl. a certain division
tail

of the Amphibians (zool.}.

urogastric (u'rcigas'trik) a. [Gk. oura,
The tail
tail
gaster, stomach.]
or posterior portion of the gastric
in
certain
Crustaceans
region
;

(zool.}.

tail

An abdominal

part.]

seg-

ment in Arthropods (zool.}.

uroneme (u'ronem) n.
[Gk.
tail

One

netna, thread.]

Protozoa

oura,
of tail-

seen in some ciliate

(zool.}.

uropatagium
tail

(u'ropata'jium) n.
[Gk.
L. patagium, border.]

The membrane

stretching from one

to the other in Bats ; one

of the plates at the side of the
in
anus
Insects (zool.}.

uropod (u'ropod)

n.

[Gk. oura, tail

of the abdominal
the Crayfish and

pous, foot.]

Any

appendages

in

similar Crustaceans

(zool.}.
[Gk. orros,
(u'ropij'lal) a.

uropygial

end of os sacrum pyge, rump.]

Pert, the uropygium
oil
appl.
;

gland
n.

[Gk. oura,

A median
Y-shaped.J
bony element in the hyoid arch
below the hypohyals (zool.}.
uromere (u'romer) n. [Gk. oura, tail
hyoeides,

femur

(dot.}.

urns

tail

urohyal

(u'rohlal) n.

oura,

(zool.}.

see urino-

(u'rqje'n'ital),

genital.

like structures

(zool.}.

abdominal segment

urn

urogenital

meros,

(embJ).

urinogenital

urite

URO-

339

(zool.}.

uropygium

n.
[Gk.
;
pyge,
of
the
end
rump.]
a bird s trunk, containing the caudal
vertebrae, and supporting the tail
feathers (zool.}.

(u'ropij'ium)

end

orros,

of

sacrum

os

The hump

uropyloric

a.

(u'ropilor'ik)

tail ;
oura,
pyle,
posterior portion

stomach

at

gate.]

of

[Gk.
Pert.

crustacean

(zool.}.

urorectal (u'rorek'tal) a. [Gk. ouron,

urine rectus, straight.] Appl. embryonic septum, which ultimately
divides the intestine into anal and
;

urogenital parts (emb.}.

urorubin
urine;

(u'roroob'Tn) n.
[Gk. ouron,
The red
L. ruber, red.]

pigment of urine

(phys.}.

urosacral (u'rosa'kral) a. [Gk. oura,

tail
sacrum, sacred.] Pert, caudal
and sacral regions of the vertebral
;

column (zool.}.
urosome (u'rosom)
tail

Fish

pod

n.
[Gk. oura,
soma, body.] Tail region of
the abdomen of an Arthro-

(zool.}.

urostege
tail

(u'rostej)

stege,

plate of a

roof.]

n.

Serpent

[Gk. oura,
ventral tailalso

(zool.}

urostegite.

Y2

UROurosteon (uros'teon)

n.

tail

;
osteon,
bone.]
ossification on the

of

[Gk. oura,

A median
back portion

the

keel-bearing part of the

sternum in Birds (zool.}.
urosternite (u'roster'nlt) n.
[Gk.
A
oura, tail ; sternon, breast.]
ventral plate of an arthropodan

abdominal segment (zool.}.

urosthenic (u'rosthen'ik) a.
tail

oura,

Having the

[Gk.

sthenos,

tail

stylos,

strength.]
strongly developed

(u'rostll) n.

[Gk. oura,

tail

An unsegmented

pillar.]

bone, the posterior part of the

vertebral column of anurous Amphibians the hypural bone in Fishes
;

(zool.}.

Urthiere

n.

plu.
[Ger.
name given
Urtkiere, protozoa.]
by Oken to the Infusoria (biol.}.

urticant
nettle.]

(oor'tere)

(ur'tikant)

Appl.

a.

[L.

urtica,

thread-cells

with

power of stinging.
use inheritance, the transmission of
acquired characteristics (biol.}.
uterine (u'tSnn) a. [L. uterus, womb.]
uterus
appl. artery, vein,
plexus of Mammals (anat., zool.}.

Pert,

uterus masculinus, a large median

sac attached to the dorsal surface
of the urino-genital canal of the
the utriculus pros(zool.}

male

taticus (anat.}.

utricle

(u'trikl) n.

[L. utrzculus,a.small

An air-bladder
indehiscent onecelled fruit (bot.}
a membranous
sac of the ear-labyrinth ; the uterus
bag or bottle.]
a membranous

for propulsion (zool.}.

urostyle

VAG-

340

masculinus (zool.}.
utricular (utrik'ular) a. [L. utriculus,
small bag.]
Containing vessels
like small bags
appl. modification
of laticiferous tissue (bot.}.
utriculus (utrik'ulus) n. [L. utriculus,
small bag.] The utricle of the ear
;

the air-bladder of aquatic

(anat.}

plants

(bot.}.

uva

(u'va)

n.

[L.

pulpy indehiscent

uva, grape.]
with central

fruit

placenta, like the grape (bot.}.

[L. uva, grape.]

uvea (u'vea) n.

The

pigmented epithelium covering the

posterior surface of the

uvula

iris (anat.}.

n.
[L. uva, grape.]
of the cerebellum ; a conical
pendulous process from the soft

(u'vula)

A lobe

palate (anat.}.

uterine

muscular bell-like
female of certain
thread-worms, communicating with
coelom and uterus (zool.}.
uteroabdominal (u'teroabdom'inal) a.
womb ;
[L.
uterus,
abdomen,
a
bell,
structure in the

Pert, uterus and

stomach.]
dominal region (ariat.}.
uterosacral (u'tSrosa'kral) a.

ab[L.

uterus, womb
sacrum, sacred.]
Appl. two ligaments of the sacrofolds
to the sacrum
attached
genital
;

(Q't6r6vaj'inal)

a.

[L.

uterus, womb ;
vagina, vagina.]
Pert, uterus and vagina (anat.}.
uterovesical (u'teroves'ikal) a.
[L.
uterus, womb ; vesicula, vesicle.]
Pert, uterus and bladder (anat.}.

uterus

vacuolar (vaku'olar)

(u'te'rus) n.

[L. uterus,

womb.]

The organ in female Mammals in

which the embryo develops and is
nourished before birth
any en;

larged portion of the oviduct

modified to serve as a place for
development of young or of eggs in
lower vertebrates (anat.}.

a.

[L.

vacuus,

Pert, or like a vacuole.

empty.]

vacuolated (vak'uola'ted) a. [L. vacuus, empty.]

Containing vacuoles.
vacuole (vak'uol) n.
[L. vacuus,
empty.]
in cell

One of the spaces found

protoplasm containing air,

or
material
sap,

(anat.}.

uterovaginal

.V

partially

digested

food

(cyt.}.

[L. vagus, wanderPert, the vagus (anat.}.

(vaji'na) n.
[L. vagina, a
sheath or sheath-like
sheath.]
tube ; a canal leading from the
uterus to the external opening of
the genital canal (anat.} ; the expanded sheath-like portion of a

vagal

(va'gal) a.

ing.]

vagina

leaf base (bot.}.

vaginal (vajl'nal,

vaj'inal)

a.

[L.

vagina, sheath.] Pert, or supplying

the vagina
appl. arteries, nerves,
;

etc. (anat.}.

VAG-

vaginal process, a projecting lamina

on the inferior surface of the petrous
either of
portion of the temporal
a pair of laminae on the sphenoid
;

(anat.).

vaginate

a.
[L. vagina,
Invested as with a sheath

(vaj'inat)

sheath.]
(anat.).

veins

irregularly-arranged

(dot.).

vaginicolous (vaj'imk'dlus) a,
[L.
vagina, sheath colere, to inhabit.]
certain
Infusorians
which
Appl.
build and inhabit sheaths or cases
;

(zool.).

vaglnula (vajm'ula)

n.
[L. vaginula,
dim. of vagina, sheath.] A small
sheath (zool.} a sheath surrounding
the basal portion of the sporophyte
;

in Mosses (dot.).
vagus (va'gus) n. [L. vagus, wanderThe pneumogastric or tenth
ing.]

cranial nerve (anat.).

vaUecula

(valek'ula)

n.

[L.

vallis,

A depression (anat.) ; a
groove or depression (dot.).
vallecular (valelc'ular) a. [L. vallis,
Pert, groove or depresvalley.]
sion.

one of the canals

tissue of the stem of

vallecular canal,

in the cortical
the Horse-tails (hot.).
valleculate (valeVulat)

(zool.).

valve of Vleussens (vyii'song), a thin

layer of white matter extending
between the superior peduncles of
the cerebellum (anat.).
valvelet (valv'lgt) n. [L. valva, fold.]

a.

[L. vallis,
-vulva,

leaf,

Appl. view of a Diatom when

one whole valve is next the observer
(dot.).

see valval.
a.

[L. valva, fold.]

at the margin only ; meetat
the
ing
edges ; opening by socalled valves (dot.) ; furnished with

Hinged

(zool.).

(valv)

n.

(val'vula)

valvula,
small fold

[L.

dim. of valva, fold.]

or valve (anat.).

valvulae conniventes, folds of membrane found in the alimentary canal

from duodenum to ileum, affording
an increased area for secretion and
absorption (anat.).

vane (van)
flag.]

[A.S. fana, a small

or web of a
consisting of barbs, etc.
n.

The vexillum

feather,
(zool.).

variant (va'riant)
An
changing.]

n.

[L. varians,
individual
or
some charspecies deviating
acter or characters from the type

[L.

(dial.).

variation (va'rlashun) n. [L. variare,

to change.]
Divergence from type
in certain characteristics (dial.).
varicellate (vartseTat) a. [L. varix,
shells with small or

ridge.J Apfil.
indistinct ridges (zool.).
(va'riol)

various.]

n.

A small

[L.

varius,

pit-like marking
in Insects

found on various parts

fold.]

valvar (val'var),
valvate (val'vat)

valvula

variola

Grooved.
valley.]
valval (val'val) a.
[L.

valva, fold.]

of the various structures which

permit flow in one direction, but
are capable of closing the tube or

Any

the lid-like structure of certain

anthers ; one of the pieces forming
the shell of a Diatom (dot.) ; any
of the pieces which form the shell
in certain Molluscs, Barnacles, etc.
one of the pieces forming the sheath
of the ovipositor in certain Insects

in

valley.]

valve

formed by a capsule on dehiscence

A valvula.

(nooL\

vaginiferous (vaj'imf'erus) a.
[L.
vagina, sheath
ferre, to carry.]
Vaginate.
vaginipennate (vaj'inipen'at). a. [L.
vagina, sheath
penna, feather.]
Having wings protected by a sheath

valves

vessel and preventing the backward

flow (anat.) ; any of the pieces

vaginervose (vaj'iner'vos) a.
[L.
nervus, sinew.]
vagus, wandering

With

VAS-

341

(goal.).

varix

(va'riks)

n.,

varices

(var'isez)

One
plu. [L. varix, dilatation.]
of the prominent ridges across the
shells
univalve
whorls of various
showing the previous position of
the outer lip (zool.).
vasa (va'za) plu. [L.
.,
(vas)
A small vessel, duct,
vas, vessel.]
blind tube, or canal (anat.).
vasa deferentia, the ducts leading
from the testes to the penis (anat.),
or to the exterior, the urogenital
canal, or cloaca (sool.).
vas

the

efferentia,

which

tubes

lead from the testis to the vas

deferens (anat.).
vasal (va'sal) a.
[L. vas, vessel.]
Pert, or connected with a vessel.

vascular (vas'kular)

a.
[L. vascuhim,
small vessel.] Peri., consisting of,
or containing vessels adapted for
the transmission or circulation of
fluid (anat ).
vascular areas,
several scattered
areas developed between endoderm
and mesoderm of yolk-sac, the
of primitive
bloodbeginnings

vessels (emb.).

vascular bundle,

a group of special
two parts, the
or
wood
xylem
portion and the
phloem or bast portion ; many of
the vascular bundles have in addition a thin strip of cambium
separating the two parts (hot.}.
vascular tissue, specially modified
plant-cells, usually consisting of
either tracheal or sieve cells, for
the circulation of sap (bot.).
vasculum (vas'kulum) n. [L. vasculum, small vessel.] A pitchershaped leaf or ascidium (pot.}.
vasifactlve (vas'ifak'tiv) a. [L. vas,
vessel ; facere, to make.] Producing new blood-vessels (emb.}.
cells consisting of

vasiform

(vas'iform) a.
[L. vas,
vessel ; forma, shape.] Functioning

as or resembling a duct

vascular

(biol.}.

[L.

vas,

vessel

a.

to

constringere,

Causing constriction

tight.]

vessel

(vas'omo'tor) a.

vasodentine
vas, vessel

n.

(vas'oden'tin)
dens, tooth.]

A variety

permeated

by blood-

of dentine

[L.

vasoconstrictor

and

fibres (phys.}.
(vas'tus)

n.

vastus

vasodilator (vas'odila'tor)

a.

[L. vas,

vessel ; dilatus, separated.]

Relaxing or enlarging the vessels (phys.}.
vasoformative (vas'6f6r'mativ)
see
vasifactive.
)

(vas'ohi'pe'rtonTk),

see vasoconstrictor.

vasohypotonic (vas'dhl'potonlk),

see

vasodilator.

vasoinhibitory

(vas'6'inhib'itorl),

see

n.

[L.

vasodilator.

vasomotion

vasodilator

vastus,
[L.
immense.] Name given to various
divisions or parts of the quadriceps
muscle of the thigh (anat.).
vegetal pole, that side of a blastula
at which the megameres collect
;

opp. animal pole (emb.}.

vegetation (vej'eta'shun)
vegetare, to enliven.]
sidered collectively.

vegetative

n.

[L.

Plants con-

(vej'eta'tiv) a.

[L. vegetare,
Appl. to stage of pure
plants as opp. reproductive
appl. foliage shoots as
opp. flower or reproductive shoots

to enliven.]
growth in
;

(hot.}.

vegetative cone,

the

apical

point

(hot.}.

vegetative pole,

see vegetal pole

(emb.}.

among
reproduction,
animals, a kind of asexual reproduction which consists in the
formation of buds (zool.).
The
veil (val) n.
[L. velum, a sail.]
the calyptra (bot.)
the
velum

vegetative

velum

(zool.}.

veins (vanz)

n. plu.

[L. vena, vein.]

vessels which convey
heart (anat.} ; the
ribs or nervures of an insect wing
or
the branching ribs
(zool.)
nerves of a leaf (bot.).

The branched
to

the

velamen (vela'men)

vessels (anat.}.

vasohypertonic

[L. vas,

movere, to move.] Appl.

nerves supplying the muscles in
the wall of blood - vessels and
regulating the calibre of the bloodvessels, through containing both

blood

(Phys.}.

vas,

in
the calibre of a
blood-vessel (phys.}.

Any change
vasomotor

vasoconstrictor (vas'okonstrik'tor)

draw

VEL-

342

VA.Svasa

(vas'omo'shun)
vessel ; movers, to

move.]

n.
[L. velum,
a
a sail.] A membrane (anat.)
sheath of tracheides at the apex of
the aerial roots of Orchids (bot.).
velar (ve'lar) a. [L. velum, a sail.]
Pert, situated near, or belonging to
the velum.
velarium (vela'rium) n. [L. velum,
The velum of certain
covering.]
of the Cubomedusae, which differs
from a true velum in containing
endodermic canals (zool).
velate (ve'lat) a. [L. velum, coverVeiled ; covered by a velum.
ing.]
;

VELveliger

n.

(vel'ijer)

[L.
velum,
The
carry.]
larval life of

velum
gerere, to
second stage in the
;

certain Molluscs when the head

bears the velum (zool.).
vellus (veTus) n. [L. vellus, fleece.]
The stipe of a Fungus (hot.}.
velum (ve'lum) n. [L. velum, coverAny membrane or structure
ing.]
likened to a veil (anat.) ; in Hydromedusae and certain Jelly-fish the
annular membrane projecting inwards from the margin of the bell
a membrane in connection with
the buccal cavity in the Lancelet a
;

membrane-like structure bordering

the oral cavity of certain Ciliates
the larval swimming organ of the
a mass of
veliger larva (zool.)
tissue stretching from the stipe to
the pileus in certain Thallophytes
;

vent

(v6nt) n.

The anus

[L. finders, to cleave.]

the cloacal or anal

aperture in the lower vertebrates
;

(zool.).

vent feather,
feather

venter

an under
n.

(veVtgr)

venter,

[L.

The abdomen

belly.]

covert

tail

(zool.).

lower ab-

dominal surface
a protuberance,
as of a muscle a smooth concave
;

surface (anat.) ; the swollen basal

portion of an archegonium (bot.).

ventral

a.

(v&n'tral)

venter,

[L.

Pert, or situated on the

lower or abdominal surface (zool.)
pert, or designating that surface
of a petal, etc., that faces the centre
or axis of the flower appl. lower
surface of flattened ribbon -like
belly.]

thalli (bot.).

ventricle

(vfin'trikl)

n.

ventri-

[L.

dim. of venter, belly.]

A
cavity or chamber, as in heart or
brain
fusiform
fossa
of
appl.
the gizzard of
larynx (anat.) ;
Birds
the mid-gut or chylific
ventricle of Insects (zool.).
ventricose (vgn'trikos) a. [L. venter,
belly.]
Swelling out in the middle,
or unequally appl. shells (zool.).
ventricular (vgntrik'ular) a.
[L.
Pert, a venventriculus, belly.]
culus,

(hot.}.

velutinous

(v&lu'tinus) a.

[It.

velluto,

velvet] Covered with very fine,

dense, short upright hairs (zool.).

velvet

(veTvet)

The

velvet.]

skin

VER-

343

n.

[M.E.

soft

and

veluet,

vascular

which covers the antlers of

Deer during growth, but is later

off by the animal (zool.).
venae (ve'ne) plu.
.,
(ve'na)

rubbed

vena

of the vessels
by which the blood is carried from
the body to the heart (anat.).

Any

[L. vena, vein.]

venation (vena'shun) n.
[L. vena,
the system or
Nervation
vein.]
;

disposition

nervures

of veins or

(bot., zool.).

venin

n.

(vSn'In)

[L.

venenum,

Any of the toxic substances in snake poison (phys.).

poison.]

venomosalivary (vgn'omosal'ivari)
salivare,
[L. venenum, poison
;

a.

to

Pert,
or
designating
salivary glands of which the secretion is poisonous (zool.).
salivate.]

venomous (vSn'omus)
enum,

poison.]

able to
glands
ous wound (zool.).
;

venose (ve'nos)

a.

a.

[L.

ven-

Having
inflict

poisona poison-

[L. vena,

vein.]

(bot.).

venous

(ve'nus) a.
[L. vena, vein.]
Pert, vein ; applied to blood returnheart
after
circulation
to
the
ing

body

tricle

ligaments and folds

or

appl.

of the

larynx
appl. septum
valves in heart (anat.).
;

ventriculus

(vfintrTk'ulus),

(phys.).

see

ventricle.

ventrodorsal (v6n'trod6r'sal) a. [L.

venter, belly
dorsum, back.] Extending from ventral to dorsal
;

surface

(zool.).

ventrolateral

(vgn'trolat'e'ral) a.
[L.
venter, belly ; latus, side.] At the
side of the ventral region ; appl.
different
structures
in
various

groups (zool.).
venule (vgn'ul) n.
of vena, vein.]
insect's

wing

[L. venula, dim.

small vein of an

(zool.).
a.

vermian (veYmian)

With many and prominent veins

in the

[L.

vennis,

worm.] Worm-like.
vermicular (vgrmlk'ular) a.
[L.
vermis,
worm.]
Resembling a
worm in appearance or movement
(zool.).

vermiculate (vgrmik'ulat) a.
Marked
vermis,
worm.]

[L.

with

VERnumerous
colour

or bands of

lines

fine

(zool.)

marked by numerous
lines (hot.}.

irregular depressed

vermiform (veYmif6rm) a.

worm

like a

worm

tures,

but

[L. vermis,

Shaped
numerous struc-

forma,

shape.]

appl.
especially
;

the

to

ap-

vermis (veYmis) n.
[L.
The annulated
worm.]

vermis,

median

portion of the cerebellum (anat.) ;

the central portion of the cerebellum
in Birds and Reptiles (zool.).
vernation (vfirna'shun) n. [L. vernation, sloughing.]
of leaves within a

The arrangement
bud

n.
[L. verruca,
Any wart-like projection ;
wart.]
one of the small wart-like pro-

surrounding the base of

many of the Alcyo-

the polyps in
naria (zoo/.).

verruciform

a.

(veroos'if6rm)

wart

verruca,

forma,

[L.

shape.]

Wart-shaped.
verrucose (vgrook'os) a. [L. verruca,
Covered with wart-like prowart.]
jections (zool., bot.).
versatile (veYsatil) a. [L. versare, to
turn around.]
Swinging freely ;
appl. anthers (bot.) ; capable of
and forwards ;
backwards
turning
appl. bird's toe (zool.).

versicoloured (veYsikulerd)
versare, to

change

a.

[L.
color, colour.]

Variegated in colour (bot.) capable

of changing colour (zool.).
vertebra (vgr'tebra) n. [L. vertebra,
;

Any of the bony or cartilajoint.]

ginous segments that make up
the backbone (anat., zool.) ; one of
the ossicles in an ophiuroid arm
(zool.).

vertebra prominens (prom'ingnz),

the seventh cervical vertebra (anat.).
vertebral (vgr'tebral) a. [L. vertebra,
appl.

spinal

Pert, spinal

various

column

structures

or

vertex

(ver'teks) n.

[L. vertex, top.]

top of the head the highest

point of the skull (anat.).
vertical (veYtlkal) a. [L. vertex, top.]
;

Standing upright ; lengthwise, in

direction of axis (bot.) pert, vertex
of head (zool.).
vertical margin, the limit between
the frons and the occiput in Diptera
;

(zool.).

(dot.).

verruca (vgrook'a)

joint.]

Having a backbone
column (zool.).

joint.]

vertebration (ver'tebra'shun) n. [L.

vertebra, joint.]
Dividing up into
segments or divisions resembling
vertebrae (emb.).

The

pendix.

jections

VES-

344

(anat.)

situated

near or connected with the spinal

column, or with any structure
likened to the spinal column (zool.).
vertebrarterial canal, term applied
to the canal formed by the foramina
in the transverse processes of the
cervical vertebrae or between cervical rib and vertebra (zool.).

vertebrate (veVtSbrat) a. [L. vertebra,

verticil (veYtisil) n.
[L. verticillus,
dim. of vertex, whirl.] An arrangement of flowers, structures or inflorescences about the same point
on the axis (bot.).
verticillaster (veYtisilas'ter) n.
[L.
verticillus,

small whorl

A much

aster, star.]

condensed cyme with the

appearance of a whorl, but in reality
arising in the axils of opposite
leaves (bot.).
verticillate (vertis'ilat) a.
[L. verticillus, small whorl.] Appl. antennae
the joints of which are surrounded,
at equal distances, with stiff hairs
(zool.)

disposed in verticils

(bot.).

verumontanum (ver'oomonta'num)

n.

[L. veru, spit ; montanum, mounsmall elevation on the

tainous.]
floor
of the urethra where the

seminal ducts enter (anat.).

vesica (veYika) n. [L. vesica, bladder.]
The bladder.
vesical (veVikal) a. [L. vesica, bladPert, or in relation with the
der.]
bladder ; appl. arteries, etc. (anat.).
vesicle (ve"s'ikl) n. [L. vesicula, dim.
of
A small
vesica,
bladder.]
globular or bladder-like air space
in the tissues (bol.) ; a small cavity
or sac usually containing fluid
(zool.) ; a hollow prominence on a
shell or coral (zool.) ; one of the
three primary cavities of the brain
(anat.).

vesicula (vgsik'ula) n. [L. vesicula,

small bladder.] A small bladderlike cyst or sac (anat.).

vesicula seminalis, a sac in which

spermatozoa complete their development and are stored (zool.).

VES-

vesicular (vgsik'ular) a. [L. vesicula,

small bladder.]
Composed of or
marked by the presence of vesiclelike cavities (bot., zool.}.

vesicular gland,
a gland in the
tissue underlying the epidermis in
and
plants
containing essential
oils (tot.).

and functional
vestigial

(vgstlj'ial) a.

vexillum

(zool.}.

ofvasculum, vessel.] Any tube or

canal with properly defined walls
which fluids, such as blood,
lymph, etc., circulate (anat.} ; a
continuous tube formed by the
superposition of numerous cells

n.

whip-like organs, supposed to be

modified zooids for defensive purposes, found on the Polyzoa (zool.}.
vibracularium (vibrak'ula'rlum), the

(bot.}.

vgksil'um)

the vane of a feather (zool.).

(bot.}
via (vfa, ve'a) n. [L. via, way.] A
way or passage (anat.}.
vibracula (vibrak'ula) n. plu.
[L.
vibraculum, whip.] The movable

in

vestibule

(vgk'sllum,

[L. vexillum, standard.] The upper

petal in a papilionaceous flower

[L. vescellum, dim.

[L. vesPert,
a

appl. artery, bulb, fissure,

gland, etc. (anat.}.

vestibulate (vfistlb'ulat)

[L.

animals (zoo/.).
vexillary (vgk'sTlari, vgksil'arl) a. [L.
vexillum, standard.] Pert, a vexillum appl. a type of aestivation in
which the upper petal is folded
over the others (bot.\
vexillate (vgk'silat) a. [L. vexillum,
standard.] Bearing a vexillum.

vestibular (vgstib'ular) a.
a passage.]
tibulum,

[L. vestigium,

Small and
trace.]
imperfectly
developed (biol.}.
vestiture (vgs'titur) n.
[L. vestis,
garment.] A body covering, as of

veterinarius, pert, beast of burden.]

Pert, art of treating the diseases of

(phys.}.

n.

some ancestor

scales, feathers, etc. (zool.}.

a.
(vgt'grinari)

vespertine (vgs'pSrtin) a. [L. vesper,

evening star.] Blossoming in the
evening (bot.} crepuscular (zool.}.
vespold (vfis'poid) a.
[L. vespa,
wasp Gk. eidos, like.] Wasp-like
vessel (v6s'6l)

in

(biol.}.

veterinary

vesiculase (vgslk'ulas) n. [L. vesicula,

small bladder.] An enzyme from
the secretion of the prostate gland,
which is capable of coagulating
the contents of the seminal vesicles

vibracula.
a.

[L.-

vibratile (vlb'r&til) a.
[L. vibrare,
to
Oscillating ;
quiver.]
appl.
antennae of Insects (zool.}.
vibratile
corpuscles,
corpuscles

ves-

tibulum, a passage.] In the form

of a passage between two channels
(biol.}
resembling a vestibule.
vestibule (vgs'tibul) n. [L. vestibulum,
A cavity leading into
passage.]
another cavity or passage, as the
;

ear-labyrinth ; the
the labia minora
containing the opening of the
urethra ; the portion of the ventricle
directly below the opening of the
aortic arch ; the cavity leading to
the larynx ; the nasal cavity (anat.} ;
the posterior chamber of a bird's
cloaca ; a small tubular or grooved
depression leading to the mouth in
most Infusorians ; the space within
the circle of tentacles in endocavity

VIC-

345

closely resembling
in

found

(zool.}.

vibrioid (vlb'rfoid) a.
[L. vibrare,
to quiver ; eidos, like!]
Like a
vibno, a bacterium with thread-like

of the

space between

proctan Polyzoans (zool.}.

vestibulum, see vestibule.
vestige (vgs'tij) n. [L. vestigium, a
A small degenerate or
trace.]
imperfectly developed organ or
which
may have been complete
part

sperms

the coelomic fluid of Star-fish

appendages and a vibratory motion

(bot.}.

a slender cylindrical
body found in the superficial layer
of many Algae and Fungi (bot.}.
vibrissa (vlbris'a) n., vlbrissae
(vibrIs'e)//. [L. vibrissa, a nostril
A hair growing on the
hair.]
nostril or face of animals, the
whiskers of the cat, etc., acting
often as organs of touch (zool.}.
vicinism (vis'Inlzm) n. [L. vicinus,
vibrioid body,

The tendency to
neighbour.]
variation due to the proximity of
related forms (biol.}.

VILvilliform

a.

(vil'iform)

[L.

villus,

shaggy hair forma, shape.] Having the form or appearance of

;

velvet appl. dentition (zool.).

villous (vil'us) a. [L. villus, shaggy
;

Pubescent

hair.]

villi or covered with

vlllus (vil'us) n., villi

villus,

shaggy hair.]

(hot.) ;
having
villi (zool.).
(vil'l)

plu.

[L.

Trophonemata

or minute vascular processes on the

intestine lining ; processes on the

chorion through which nourishment

passes to the embryo (anat.) ; fine
straight processes on the epidermis
of plants (hot.},

vimen

(vl'me'n) n.,

vimina

[L. vimen, twig.]

plu.
slender shoot or branch

vinculum (ving'kulum)

(vim'ina)

long

n.,

vincula
t

as vincula brevia (anat.) ; a band

uniting the two main tendons of
the foot in Birds (zool.).

virescence
.

grow

(virfis'fins) n.

[L. virescere,

The production

green.]

green colouring

of

matter in petals

instead of the usual colouring

matter (hot.).
virgate (veYgat) a. [L. virga, twig.]
Rod-shaped.
virginal (ver'jTnSl) a.
[L. virgo,
virgin.]
Appl. female which reproduces parthenogenetically (zool.}.
virgula (ver'gulS) n. [L. virga, rod.]
A small rod, the axis of a Graptolite.

particles to

one another

visitant (viz'Itant)

go to
which

Term

see.]

(phys.).
[L. visere, to
appl. a bird

is not an inhabitant of a
certain region, but appears at stated
periods in that region (zool.).

visual purple,

seerhodopsin (phys.).
the peculiar form of
in living phemanifested
energy
nomena when considered distinct
from
and
chemical,
physical,
mechanical forces (biol.).

vital

force,

the functions of the

body on which life depends (phys.).

vitalism (vl'talizm) n. [L. vita, life.]
The belief that the various phenomena exhibited in living organisms are due to a special force
quite distinct from physical forces
(biol.\

vitamines
vita,

(vl'taminz)

life

n.

plu.

[L.

ammoniacum, resinous

Active substances whose

gum.]
absence in diet causes disease,
as in beri-beri ; basic nitrogenous
substances occurring in varying
amounts in different foods (phys.).

vitellarium

a.
[L.
special organ in

(vit'ela'rium)

vitellus, yolk.]

Flatworms and many Rotifers which

produces yolk-laden cells (zool.).
vitelligenous (vit'glij'eniis) a.
[L.
vitellus, yolk
gignere, to beget.]
Producing yolk ; appl. cells in the
ovary of many Insects (zool.).
;

viscera

(vis'erii) n.

plu. [L. viscera^

internal organs conbowels.]
tained in the various cavities of the

The

body

Carrying motor impulses to the

viscera (phys.).
viscosity (viskos'itl) n. [L. viscosus,
viscous.] The internal friction in
liquids due to the adherence of

vital functions,

(hot.).

vinculum
(ving'kula) plu.
[L.
chain.] Slender tendinous bands
accessory connecting bands of fibres,

to

VIT-

346

(anat.).

visceral

(vis'eral)

bowels.]

numerous

a.

[L.

viscera,

Pert, the viscera ; appl. to

structures and organs

(anat.).

n.
(vitgl'Tn)
[L. vitellus,
yolk.] The phospho-protein of eggor related
a
similar
yolk (phys.) ;
substance in seeds (hot.).

vitelline
yolk.]

a series of arches
developed in connection with the

visceral arches,

mouth and pharynx

(zool.).

visceral clefts, a series of furrows

or clefts on the neck region between successive visceral arches,
which may or may not place the
direct communication
with the exterior (anat.).

pharynx

vitellin

in

visceromotor (vls'erom6't6r) a.
[L.
viscera, bowels
movere, to move.]
;

(viteTin)

a.

[L.

the yolk,

Pert,

vitellus,

or

yolk-

producing organ
appl. artery,
vein, duct (zool., emb.).
vitellophags (vitgl'ofagz) n. plu. [L.
Gk. phagein, to eat.]
vitellus, yolk
Isolated cells forming the hypoblast
of Crustacean egg (zool.).
;

vitellose (viteTos)

n.

[L.

vitellus,

substance formed in the

digestion of yolk (phys.).
vitellus (vlteTus) n.
[L vitellus,
The yolk of an egg (emb.).
yolk.]
yolk.]

VIT-

vitrella (vitrgl'a) n. [L. vitrum, glass.]

crystalline cone cell of an invertebrate eye (zool.).

vitreodentine (vit'reodgn'tin)

n.

[L.

A
dens, tooth.]
glassy
very hard variety of dentine (zool.}.
vitreous (vit'reus) a.
[L. vitreus,
glassy.] Transparent appl. a clear
in
the inner
substance
jelly-like
chamber of the eye (anat.).
vitta (vlt'a) ., vittae (vlt'e) plu. [L.
One of the
vitta, band or fillet.]
oil receptacles in an umbellifer fruit
a band of colour (zool.).
(bot.)
vitreus,

[L.
(viv'ifika'shun) n.
living ; facere, to make.]
of the series of changes in

viviflcation

vivus,

One

assimilation by which the proteid

material which has been taken up
by the cell is able to exhibit the
phenomena of living protoplasm
(phys.).

vlviparity (viv'ipar'itT) n. [L. vivus,

The conalive parere, to beget.]
dition of bringing the young forth
alive (zool.) ; or of multiplying by
means of shoots or bulbils (bot.).
viviparous (vivip'ariis) a. [L. vivus,
Bringing
living ; parere, to beget.]
forth the young alive ; cf. oviparous
(zool.) ;
germinating while still
attached to the parent (hot.).
vocal (vo'kal) a. [L. -vox, voice.]
Pert, voice or utterance of sounds.
vocal cords, folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx.
volar (vo'lar) a. [L. vola, the palm of
the hand.] Pert, palm of the hand
or to the sole of the foot (anat.).
Volkmann's canals (folk'm&nz),
simple canals piercing the circumferential or periosteal lamellae of
bone for the passage of blood;

[L. volvere, to
spirally (bot.).
twist.]
voluntary (vol'untari) a. [ L. voluntas,
Subject to or regulated by
will.]
a.

Twining

appl. action of muscles

(phys.}.
(volut')

volute

n.
[L. volvere.
The spiral twists of a
shell (zool.).
volva (vbl'va) n. [L. volva, wrapper.]
The sac-like structure enveloping

to twist.]

the stipes of an Agaric

volvate

a.

(vol'vat)

(bot.).

[L.

volva>

Provided with a volva

wrapper.]
(bot.).

vomer

(vo'mer) n. [L. vonier, ploughbone in the nasal region

share.]
of the skull (anat.).
vomerine (vo'mgrin) a. [L. vomer,
Pert, the vomer
ploughshare.]
appl. teeth (zool.).

vomeronasal

(vo'me'rona'zal)

a.

'[L.

vomer, ploughshare
nasus, nose.]
Appl. cartilage and organ in region
of vomer and nasal cavity (anat.).
von Baer's law, see recapitulation
theory,
;

vortex

n.
[L. vortex;
spiral arrangement
fibres at the apex of

(vof'tfiks)

vortex.]

The

of the muscle
the heart (anat.).

vulva

[L. vulva, vulva.)

external parts of the female
genital organs (anat.).
vulviform (vul'vlform) a. [L. vulva,
vulva forma, shape.] Like a cleft
with projecting lips (bot.) ; shaped
(vul'va)

The

a vulva (zool.).
vulvouterine (vul'vou'tgrin) a.
[L
vulva, vulva uterus, womb.] Pert.
vulva and the uterus (anat.).
vulvovaginal (vul'vovaj'mal) a. [L
vulva, vulva; vagina, sheath.] Per*.
the vulva and the vagina (anat.).
like

w
an imaginary

the
separating
Oriental regions

line

and
Australian
between
it ran

Bali and Lombok, between Celebes

and Borneo, and then to the eastward of the Philippines (zool.).

Wallerian
a.

[L.

volvere,

to

Spirally twisted (zool.).

twist.]
volutin grains,
grains formed in
cytoplasm and representing a foodmaterial which is absorbed by the
nucleus in growth and formation of

chromatin

volution (vSlu'shun)

Wallace's Line,

vessels (phys.).

voluble (vol'ubl)

the will

WAN-

347

(cyt.).

the dedegeneration,
generation of nerve fibres following
this proceeds from the
section,
seat of the injury along the axon

away from the neuron (phys.).

wandering cells, amoeboid cells of
mesogloea

migratory leucocytes of

areolar tissue

(zool.).

WAR-

medium.

warning

colours,

conspicuous

colours assumed by
to

warn

wart

off

enemies

(w6rt) n.

many animals

(biol.}.

[A.S. wearte, wart.]

dry excrescence formed on the

skin (zool.}
a firm glandular protuberance (dot.}.

water-cells, specialized cells in the

stomach of the camel for storage
of fluid (zool.}.
the experimental
water culture,
growing of plants in water to see
the effect of different salts on them
(bot.}.

water

gland,

structure

in

the

mesophyll of leaves regulating

water excretion through stomata
-

the

pore,

minute

ciliated

opening through the actinal wall

of the disc of Antedon (zool.} ; an
opening at the apex of a leaf-vein
for the excretion of water (bot.}.
water stomata, pores on the surfaces of leaves for the excretion of
water

(hot.}.

water

tube, a ciliated branched

tube connected with the ring-vessel

and coelom (zool.}.

water vascular system,

(zool.}.

The

(wot'l)

fleshy

under

the

n.
[A.S. -watel, bag.]
process, usually red,
throat of a cock or

turkey (zool.}.
(waks) n. [A.S. iveax^ wax.] A
substance produced by bees and
used in forming the honeycomb

wax

(zool.}.

wax

pocket, a wax-secreting cavity

on the abdomen of the bee (zool.}.

web

being connected by a

membrane (zool.}.
Weberian apparatus,
found

in

an apparatus
Cypriniformes connecting

the ear with the air-bladder, first

described by Weber (zool.}.
Weberian ossicles, a chain of four
small bones stretching on each side
from a membranous fenestra of the
atrium to the air-bladder in Cyprini-

formes

(zool.}.

wedge

small infravertebral
bones,
ossifications at the junction of two
vertebrae, often present in Lizards
(zool.}.

Weismannism
[

(wis'mamzm)

German

Weismann,

n.

biologist.]

of Weismann in connection with evolution and heredity,

chiefly dealing with the continuity
of the germ-plasm, and the nontransmissibility of acquired char-

The teaching

(w6b)

n.

[A.S.

wheal

(hwel) n. [A.S. hwelian, to

long-continued shorteninflame.]
ing and thickening of a muscle

on stimulation (phys.}.
the locomotory ciliated
ring of Rotifers ; the specialized
ciliated epithelial structure in the
buccal cavity of the Cephalochorda
fibre

wheel organ,

(zool.}.

white body,

the

so-called

gland of Molluscs, a large

a system of
canals circulating a watery fluid
throughout the body of Echinoderms ; also applied to the excretory system of Platyhelminths

wattle

to the toes

acteristics.

(bot.}.

water

WIN-

348

warm-blooded, a term appl. animals

which have a fairly high and
constant
which is
temperature
above that of the surrounding

-webbe,

web.]

The membrane stretching from toe

to toe in swimming Birds; vexillum

the fine network of threads spun by

Spiders (zool.}.
webbed (w6bd) a. [A.S. webbe, web.]
Appl. feet of swimming Birds owing

of

unknown

function

soft

optic

body

(zool.}.

white corpuscle, a leucocyte.

white matter, tracts of medullated
fibres in brain and spinal cord (anat.}.
white yolk spheres, minute vesicles
forming a flask-shaped plug in the
centre of the egg-yolk, and a layer
investing it (cyt.}.
whorl (hworl) n. [A.S. hiueorfa, a
wheel.] The spiral turn of a univalve shell (zool.}
a circle of
flowers or parts of a flower arising
;

from one point

(bot.}.

the fertilization
wind-fertilization,
of plants by pollen carried by the

wind

(bot.}.

wing (wing) n.
One of two

[M.E.
lateral

papilionaceous flower

ivinge^ wing.]
petals in a

the lateral

expansion on many seeds (bot.}

any broad membranous expansion
the fore-limb of Birds
organ of Insects (zool.}.

;
;

the flight

WINwing
wing

coverts, see tectrices.

pad, the undeveloped wing of

insect

wing

XEN-

349

pupae

(zool.).

the

petal,

lateral

petal

in

papilionaceous plants (dot.).

the egg of many freshwater forms provided with a thick
shell which preserves it as it lies
quiescent during the winter ; cf.

Wormian bones (wor'mlan),

see
sutural bones,
wrist bones, the name applied to
the bones that go to make
up the
carpus (zool.).

winter egg,

summer eggs

(zoo I.).

wisdom

the four molar teeth

teeth,
which complete the permanent set
in man, erupting much later than

xanthin

the others (anat,).

xanthine (zan'thm, zan'then)

wolf tooth,

a small premolar tooth

premolar series,
Horses
occasionally present in
at the front' of the

(zan'thln) n.

[Gk. xanthos>
colouring matter

Yellow
yellow.]
in flowers (bot.).

n.
[Gk.
Dioxy-purine,
muscle, liver, pancreas,
and in urine ; also in certain plants

xanthos,

found

yellow.]

in

(zool.).

Wolfflan (wool'flan)

a.

\_Wolff,

em-

bryologist.] Afipl. certain structures

first discovered by Wolff.

Wolfflan body, the embryonic mesonephros which arises bythedevelopment of a series of mesonephnc
tubules (anat.).

Wolffian duct,

the duct of

the

pronephric duct (anat.).

Wolfflan ridges, ridges which appear
on either side of the middle line of
the early embryo, and upon which
the limb-buds are formed (emb.).
wood (wood) n. [A.S. wudu, wood.]
The hard substance of a tree stem,
the xylem of the vascular bundles
(hot.}.

in

one of the special cells

cell,
the xylem of a vascular bundle

(hot.}.

wood

fibres,

sclerenchymatous

fibres (bot.).

wood parenchyma,
chymatous

wood

vessel,

lignified
cells (bot.).

paren-

an element of tracheal

tissue, a long tubular structure

formed by cell-fusion (bot.).
Woolner's tubercle, see Darwinian
tubercle (zool.).
worker, a non-fertile female in a
colony of social Insects (zool.).
worm (wurm) n. [A.S. ivyrm, worm.]
A general name of no scientific
value, used to designate any of
the Flatworms, Roundworms, Polychaetes or Oligochaetes (zool.).

(zan'thokar'pus)

[Gk. vanities, yellow ; karpos^

Having yellow fruits (bot.).

a.

fruit.]

xanthodont

(zan'thodSnt) a.
[Gk.
odous,
yellow
tooth.]
Having yellow-coloured incisors ;

xantfwS)

appl. certain

mesonephros this may arise either

by a splitting of the pronephric
duct, or it may be the whole of the

wood

xanthocarpous

xanthophane
xanthos,
appear.]

Rodents

(zool.).
n.

(zan'thofan)

yellow

[Gk.

phainein,

to

Chromophane.

xanthophyll

n.

(zan'thofil)
[Gk.
xanthos, yellow phyllon, leaf.] A
yellow colouring matter found in
;

autumn

leaves, probably a
stituent of chlorophyll (bot.).

con-

xanthopous

a.
[Gk.
(zan'thopiis)
Hav; pous, foot.]
ing a yellow stem (bot.).
xanthospermous (zan'thospeVmus) a.
[Gk. xanthos, yellow ; sperma, seed.]
Having yellow seeds (bot.).

xanthos, yellow

xenarthral

(ze'nar'thral) a. [Gk. xenos,

strange ; arthron, joint.] Having
additional articular facets on the
dorso-lumbar vertebrae (zool.).

xenia

(ze'nta) n.
[Gk. xenios, hospitAppearances in the seed
of characters, after cross-fertilization, belonging to foreign pollen
parent (bot.).
xenogamy (ze'nSg'aml) n. [Gk. xenos,
strange gamos, marriage.] Cross-

able.]

fertilization (bot.).

xenogenesis

(zgn'6j6n'6sls)

n.

[Gk.

xenos, strange ; gigneslhai, to proHeterogenesis (biol.).

duce.]

xenomorphosis

(ze'n'om&r'fosTs)

[Gk. xenos, strange

Heteromorphosis.

n.

morphe^ shape.]

XEN-

YOL-

350

xenophya (zeVoffa)

n.plu. [Gk. xenos,

strange phyein, to grow.] Foreign
bodies deposited in interspaces of
certain Sarcodina, or used in formation of shells of certain Protozoa
;

(zool.}.

xerophilous (zerof ilus) a. [Gk. xeros,

Able to
dry
philein, to love.]
withstand drought
appl. plants
for
a
limited
water
adapted
supply
;

Wood-eating
appl. certain Molluscs and Insects (zool.}.
xylostroma (zHostro'ina) n.
[Gk.
;

wood

xylon,

stroma, couch.]

The

mycelium of certain wooddestroying Fungi (bot.}.

xylotomous (zllot'omus) a. [Gk. xylon,
felt-like

wood

temnein, to cut.]

bore or cut wood

Able to

(zool.}.

(hot.}.

xerophyte

(ze'rofit) n.
[Gk. xeros,
; phyton,- plant.]
xerophilous
a plant growing in desert
plant
or alkaline soil (dot.).

dry

xiphihumeralis

(zifihume'ra'lis)

n.

[Gk. xiphos, sword ; L. humerus,

muscle extending
shoulder.]
from xiphoid cartilage to humerus

(anat.).
(zif'Tplas'tron) n.

[Gk.

F. plastron, shield.]
xiphos, sword
The fourth lateral plate in the
;

plastron of Chelonia (zool}.

xiphisternum (zifisteVnum) n. [Gk.

L. sternum, breastxiphos, sword
The posterior segment or
bone.]
ensiform process of the sternum
;

(anat.').

xiphoid (ztf'oid) a.
[Gk. xiphos,
sword
Swordeidos,
shape.]
shaped ensiform (anat.}.
the
last
xiphoid process,
segment of
the sternum (anat.}
the tail or
telson of Limulus (zool.}.
xiphophyllous (zif'ofil'us, zlfof'ilus) a.
[Gk. xiphos, sword phyllon, leaf.]
Having sword-shaped leaves' (hot.}.
xylem (zl'lfim)
[Gk. xylon, wood.]
;

The

lignified portion of a vascular

wood
woody

(bot.}.

n.

(zi'lokarp)

karpos,

[Gk. xylon,

fruit.]

hard

fruit (bot.}.

xylogen (zl'lojgn)
wood; gignesthai,

shape.]

sembling wood

xyloma

n.

[Gk. xylon,
to produce.] The

(zilo'ma)

Woody, or rein structure (dot.}.

n.

[Gk.

xylon,

A hardened mass of
wood.]
mycelium which gives rise to sporebearing structures in certain Fungi
(bot.}.

xylophagous
xylon,

cells surrounding the

cells,
gut of an earthworm, probably exin
function
cells occurring
cretory
in the intestine of Turbellarians
in

wood

(zllof'agus)
;

Radiolarians, symbiotic algae or

zoochlorellae (zool.}.
yellow fibres, see elastic fibres.
yellow spot, the macula lutea of the
retina (anat.}.
(yok) n.

yolk

phagein,

a.

to

[Gk.
eat.]

[A.S.

geoloca,

the

The

inert, or nonformative, nutrient material in the

yellow part]

ovum

(emb.}.

yolk-duct, the vitelline duct (zool.}.

the epithelium
yolk - epithelium,
surrounding the yolk-sac (emb.}.
yolk-gland, a gland in connection
with the reproductive system in
certain worms by which the egg is
furnished with a supply of foodmaterial ; the oviducal gland in
certain vertebrates (zool}.

yolk-nucleus, a cytoplasmic body

appearing in the ovarian egg (cyt.}.
yolk-plates,
parallel lamellae into

which the deutoplasm may be

up

forming wood in a bundle (bot.}.

xyloid (zfloid) a. [Gk. xylon, wood
eidos,

tissue fibres (anat.}.

yellow

xiphiplastron

bundle
xylocarp

a cartilage in
yellow cartilage,
which the matrix is everywhere
pervaded by yellow connective

in

split

egg-yolk of Amphibia and

Fishes.
yolk -plug, the mass of yolk-cells
filling up the blastopore, as in the

many

Frog (cyt}.
yolk-pyramids, certain of the cells
formed in the segmenting egg of
the Crayfish
a
yolk-sac,
tached to the

(zool.}.

membranous sac atembryo and contain-

yolk, which passes to the

intestine through the vitelline duct,
for the developing

ing

and acts as food

embryo (emb.}.

YOL-

the remains of
spherules,
neighbouring cells or of pseudocells found in the ovum (smb.}.

yolk

ZON-

361

yolk-stalk, a short stalk or strand

containing ducts and connecting
the yolk-sac and the embryo (emb.).
ypsilifonn (ipsil'iform) a.
[Gk. T,
Tupsilon; L. forma, shape.]
the
germinal
spot
shaped
appl.
at a certain stage in its development
(emb.\
ypsilold (ip'siloid) a. [Gk. T, upsilon
eidos, resemblance.]
Ypsiliform.
ypsiloid cartilage, attached to the
in
with funcSalamanders
pubes
;

zoid (zoid) a.
[Gk. zoon, animal ;
A sporozoite
eidos, resemblance.]
formed by division of sporoblasts
of Haemosporidia (zoo/.).
zoidophore (zo'Idofor) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal
eidos, shape
pherein, to
A spore mother cell or
bear.]
sporoblast formed by the segmentation of the oocyte in Haemosporidia
;

(zoo/.).

zona

(zo'na) n.
[Gk. zone, girdle.]
zone, band, or area.
the inner part of the
basilar membrane supporting the
organ of Corti (anat.).

zona arcuata,

zona fasciculata, radially arranged

columnar cells in the suprarenal
gland below the outer layer (anat.).
zona pectinata, the outer division of

tional lungs (zoo/.).

the basilar

zalambdodont (zalam'dodont) a.

[Gk.

lambda, A odous, tooth.]

with narrow
insectivores
molar teeth with V-shaped transverse ridges (zoo/.).

za, very

Appl.

zero

(ze'ro)

n.

$ifrun, cipher.]

[Ar.

The

origin of graduation.
the point of
zero, physiological,
adaptation to temperature.
see zonula ciliaris
Zinn, zonule of,
(anat.).

zoaea

n.

(zoe'a)

[Gk. zoe,

life.]

zoea.

zoarium

(zoa'rium) n.
[Gk. zoon,
animal.] The whole of the individuals of a polyzoan colony ; a

polypary (zoo!.).
zodiophilous (zo'diof'ilus)
zoon, animal
Zoophilous.

zoea

philein,

a.

[Gk.

to

love.]

An

n.

(zoe'a)
[Gk. zoe, life.]
early larval form of certain decapod

Crustaceans

(zoo/.).

zoeaform (zoe'aform) a.
[Gk. zoe,
L. forma, shape.]
life
Shaped
;

like

a zoea

zoecial

(zoo/.).

(zoe'shial)

a.

[Gk.

zoon,

Pert, or
animal
oikos, house.]
resembling a zooecium (zoo/.).
n.
zoecium (zoe'shtum)
[Gk. zoon,
See zooeanimal
oikos, house.]
cium.
;

Of

zoetic (zoet'ik) a.
[Gk. zoe, life.]
or pert, life (biol.).
zoic (zo'lk) a. [Gk. zoikos, peri, life.]
Pert, animals or animal life (zoo/.).

membrane

(anat.).

zona pellucida, the thick transparent

membrane surrounding the mammalian ovum (smb.).
zona reticularis, the inner cortical
of the
layer
suprarenal gland
(anat.).

zonal

(zo'nal)

zone.]

a.

[L.

Of m pert, a

zonal symmetry,

see

zonalis, pert.

zone.

metamerism

(zoo/.).

the view of a Diatom in

which the girdle is seen (bot.).
zonary (zo'nari) a.
[Gk. zonarion,

zonal view,

Pert, the
dim. of zone, girdle.]
Zonaria, a division of deciduate
Mammals in Huxley's classification
(zoo/.).

see placenta.
[Gk. zone, girdle.]
Zoned or marked with rings arranged in a single row, as various
tetraspores (bot.}.
zone (zon) n.
[Gk. zone, girdle.]
An area Characterized by a similar
fauna or^flora (biol.) ; a stratum or
set of beds characterized by a
typical fossil or set of fossils (pal.).
zonociliate (zo'nosU'fat) a. [Gk. zone,

zonary placenta,
zonate (zo'nat) a.

girdle; L. ciliunt, eyelash.] Banded

with cilia, as certain annelid larvae
(zoo/.).

zonoid (zo'noid) a. [Gk. zone, girdle

Like a zone.
eidos, resemblance.]
zonolimnetic (zo'nolimnet'ik) a. [Gk.

zone, girdle ; limne, pool.]

pert, a certain zone in depth

plankton

(biol.).

Of
;

or

appl.

ZONzonoplacental (zo'noplase'n'tal)
zona,

girdle

a,

placenta,

[L.

cake.]

Having a zonary placenta (zool.}.

zonula ciliaris (zo'nula silla'ris) n.
zonula, dim. of zona, girdle
The hyaloid
cilium,
eyelash.]
[L.

membrane forming

the suspensory
ligament of the lens of the eye
(zo'nul) n.

[L. zonula, dim. of

little zone, belt,

zona, girdle.]
or girdle a zonula (anat.}.
zooblast (zo'oblast) n.
[Gk.
;

animal

animal; gamos, marriage.] A motile

gamete or planogamete (bot.}.

zoogamy
animal

(zSog'ami) n.
[Gk. zoon,
gamos, marriage.] Sexual

reproduction in animals
zoogenesis (zo'ojgn'esis) n.

The

blastos, bud.]

An

zoon,

animal

zoocaulon (zo'okol'on) n. [Gk. zoon,

animal
See zookaulos, stalk.]
;

cleiiclrium.

zoochlorellae

n.
(zo'okloreTe)
plu.
;
chloros, green.]

[Gk. zoon, animal

Symbiotic green Algae (Protococcaceae) living in various groups

of the Protozoa, e.g. Sarcodina,
Radiolaria (biol.}.
zoocoenocyte (zo'ose'noslt) n.
[Gk.

animal
koinos, common
hollow vessel.] A coenocyte
bearing cilia in certain Algae such
as Vaucheria (bot.}.
zoocyst (zo'oslst) n. [Gk. zoon, animal
A sporocyst
kystis, hollow sac.]
zoon,

kytos,

(zool.}.

zoocytium
animal
;

(zo'osit'Ium) n.

kytos,

hollow

[Gk. zoon,
In
sac.]

common

the
Infusoria,
gelatinous and often
matrix (zool.}.
certain

branched

zoodendrium (zo'oden'drium)
zoon, animal
tree-like

n.

[Gk.

dendron, tree.]

The

branched stalk of certain

colonial Infusorians

(zoo/.).'

zoodynamics (zS'odlnam'iks)
animal
zoon,
dynamis,

n.

[Gk.
power.]
of animals (phys.}.
zooecium (zoe'sium, zoe'shtum) n.
[Gk. zoon, animal ; oikos, house.]
A chamber or cell enclosing a
polyzoan nutritive zooid (zool.}.
;

The physiology

zooerythrin (zo'ogrith'rin) n.
[Gk.
A
zoon, animal
erythros, red.]
red pigment found in the plumage
of various Birds (zool.}.
zoofulvin (zo'oful'vin) n. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; L. fulvus, yellow.]
A
in
the
yellow ipigment found
plumage of various Birds (zool.}.
;

(zo'ogamct')

//.

[Gk. soon,

(zo'ojeog'rafi) n.

[Gk.

zoon, animal ; ge, earth graphein,

to write.] The science of the distribution of animals on earth (biol.}.
;

zoogloea (zo'ogle'a)
animal gloia, glue.]

[Gk.

embedded

bacteria

cell.

(zool.}.

[Gk. zoon,
gignesthai, to produce.]
origin of animals (biol.}.

animal

zoogeography

(anat.}.

zonule

ZOO-

352

zoon,

mass of
a

in

muci-

laginous matrix, frequently forming

an iridescent film (zool.}.

zoogonidium (zo'ogonid'ium) n. [Gk.
animal
zoon,
gonos, offspring.]
One of the motile spores formed
in the gonidangium of
Algae (bot.}.
zoogonous (zoog'onus) a. [Gk. zoon,
animal
Vivigonos, offspring.]
;

parous (zool.}.
zooid (zo'oid) n.
eidos, like.]

[Gk. zoon, animal

of a com-

A member

pound animal organism

an

indi-

vidual or person in a coelenterate

or polyzoan colony ; the posterior

and

non-sexual region
Polychaetes (zool.}.
n.
(zo'olith)
[Gk. zoon,

genital

formed
zoolith
animal

many

in

lithos,

stone.]

fossil

[Gk.

zoon,

animal.

zoology

n.

(zool'djl)

animal
The
logos,
discourse.]
branch of science dealing with the
structure, functions, history, and
;

distribution of animals.

zoon

An

n.
[Gk. zoon, animal.]
individual developed from an

egg

(zool.}.

(zo'on)

zoonerythrin (zS'ongrith'rin) n. [Gk.

A
zoon, animal
erythros, red.]
red colouring matter found in
various animals (zool.}.
;

zoonite (zo'onit) n.

[Gk. zoon, animal.]

body segment of an

animal

articulated

(zool.}.

zoonomy

n.
[Gk. zoon,
The laws
nomos, law.]
life
with
animal
(biol.}.
dealing
zoophilous (zoof'ilus) a. [Gk. zoon,
animal ; philein, to love.] Appl.
which are adapted for
plants
pollination by animals other than

animal

Insects

(zoon'b'ml)

(bot.}.

ZOOzoophyte

n,

(z5'6flt)

ZOOM,

[Gk.

animal ;phyton, plant.] Any animal

resembling a plant in appearance
or growth.

zooplankton (zo'oplang'kton) n. [Gk.

zoon, animal; plangktos, wanderThat part of the plankton
ing.]
consisting of animals (biol.}.
zooplasm (zo'dplazm) n. [Gk. zoon, an imal plasma, something moulded.]
Living substance which depends on
;

the products of other living organisms for nutritive material.

zoosperm (zS'ospSrm)
animal
tozoon

n.
[Gk. zoon,
sperma, seed.] A spermaa
(zoo!.)
zoospore (dot.}.
;

zoosporangium

(zo'osporan'jium)

n.

[Gk. zoon, animal ; sporos, seed

A sporangium
anggeion, vessel.]
in which zoospores develop (hot.}.
zoospore (zo'ospor) n.
[Gk. zoon,

swarmsporos, seed.]
in
flagellate or amoeboid,

animal
cell,

many

Protozoa

(zoo/.)

protoplast in certain Algae

motile
(dot.}.

zoothecium

(zo'othe'sium, zo'pthe'[Gk. zoon, animal ;

dim. of theke, case.]

n.

shium)

thekion,

zoocytium.

zoothome (zo'othom)

n.
[Gk. zoon,
thomos, heap.] Any group
of individuals in a living Coral

animal

(zoo!.).

zootomy
animal

(zoot'om!)
;

anatomy

man

ZYG-

353

n.

temnein, to
of animals

[Gk.
cut.]

other

zoon,

The
than

(zoo I.).

zooxanthellae (zo'ozantheTe) n. plu.

[Gk. zoon, animal xanthos, yellow.]
Yellow cells or symbiotic unicellular
Algae living in various Protozoa
;

(biol.).

zygapophysis
zygon, yoke

n.

(zl'gapof'TsIs)

[Gk.

apophysis, process of
a bone.] One of the processes of
a vertebra by which it articulates
;

with adjacent vertebrae (anat.}.

zygobranchiate (zl'gobrang'kiat) a.
[Gk. zygon, yoke brangchia, gills.]
;

Having the gills symmetrically

placed and renal organs paired
appl. a group of Gastropods (zoo!.).
zygocardiac (zl'gokar'diak) ossicles,
paired lateral ossicles in the gastric
;

mill of the Crayfish (zoo!.).

zygodactyl

(zl'godak'til)

a.

[Gk.

yoke
daktylos,
digit.]
Having two toes pointing forward,
in
as
two backward,
parrots (zoo!.).
zygodont (zfgodont) a. [Gk. zygon,
yoke odous, tooth.] Having molar
teeth in which the four tubercles
zygon,

are united in pairs (zoo!.).

zygoma (zlgo'ma) n. [Gk. zygoma,
yoke.] The bony arch of the cheek.

zygomatic
zygoma

a.

(zi'gomat'ik)

zygoma, yoke.]

Of

or pert,

[Gk.
the

(anat.).

zygomaticofacial (zl'gomat'Tkofa'sIal)
L. fades,
a.
[Gk. zygoma^ yoke
face.]
Appl. foramen on the malar
surface of zygomatic for passage of
nerve and vessels (anat.}.
;

zygomaticotemporal

(zl'gomat'lko-

tgm'poral) a. [Gk. zygoma, yoke

L. temporalis, temporary.]
Appl.
suture,
foramen, nerve, etc., at
of zygomatic
surface
temporal

(anat.).

zygomorphic (zl'gomor'flk), zygomorphous (zl'gom&r'fus) a. [Gk. zygon,

yoke morphe, shape.] Bilaterally
;

zooxanthin (zo'ozan'thin) n.
[Gk.
animal
zoon,
xanthos, yellow.]
A yellow pigment found in the
plumage j>f certain Birds (zoo!.).
zwischenkorper (tsvish'e'nkerpe'r) n.
[Ger. zwischen, between
kbrper,
body.] A body or group of granules, probably comparable with the
cell-plate in plants, formed in the
;

equatorial region of the spindle

during the anaphases of mitosis
(cyt.).

zygantrum

the neural arch of the vertebrae of

Snakes and certain Lizards (zoo!.).

(zlgan'trum) n.
[Gk.
A
zygon, yoke ; antron, cave.]
fossa on the posterior surface of

symmetrical
appl. irregular petal
arrangement (biol.).
zygoneury (zl'gonu'ri) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke
neuron, nerve.] In certain
Gastropods, having a connective
between the pleural ganglion and
the ganglion on the visceral branch
;

of the opposite side

(zoo!.).

zygophore (zl'gofor) n. [Gk. zygon,

yoke pherein, to bear.] A conjugating hypha in certain Fungi (hot.}.
zygophyte (zl'goflt) n. [Gk. zygon,
yoke phyton, plant.] A plant with
two similar reproductive cells which
;

unite in fertilization (bot.\

ZYG-

zygopleural (zl'goploor'al) a.
[Gk.
pleuron, side.] Bizygon, yoke
;

laterally symmetrical.

zygosis

zygosperm

zygosis,

n.

Snakes and certain Lizards, which

into the zygantrum (anat.).
zygosporangium (zi'gosporan'jium) n.
[Gk. zygon, yoke ; sporos, seed
anggeion, vessel.] A sporangium
in which zygospores are formed
fits

(bot.\

zygospore (zi'gospor) n. [Gk. zygon,

yoke sporos, seed.] A zygote a
cell formed by the conjugation of
;

(zl'gotoblast')

n.

[Gk.

A
yoked
blastos, bud.]
sporozoite produced by segmentation of the zygotomere in Haema-

moebae

(zool.).

zygotomere (zl'gotomer') n.
[Gk.
meros, part.J A
zygotes, yoked
cell formed by segmentation of the
'

zygote in

Haemamoebae

zygotonucleus

(zool.).

(zl'gotb'nu'kleus)

n.

zygotes, yoked ; L. nucleus,

nucleus formed by the
kernel.]

[Gk.

fusion of two gametonuclei (zool.).

zygozoospore (zi'gozo'ospor) n. [Gk.
zygon, yoke zoon, animal sporos,
seed.] A motile cell formed by the
union of two similar cells (zool.).
zymase (zl'mas) n. [Gk. zyme, leaven.]
An enzyme found in yeast cells
;

(aot.).

(&?/.).

n.
zygosporophore
(zfgospo'rofor)
[Gk. zygon, yoke ; sporos, seed
to
p herein,
Zygophore.
carry.]
zygotaxis (zi'gotak'sis) n. [Gk. zygon,
The
yoke
taxis, arrangement.]
tendency towards conjugation between two specialized hyphae in
certain Fungi (bot,\
zygote (zi'got) n. [Gk. zygotes, yoked.]
;

zygotoblast
zygotes,

(zi'gosperm)
[Gk.
A
zygon, yoke ; sperma, seed.]
zygospore.
n.
zygosphene (zl'gosf en)
[Gk. zygon,
yoke sphen, wedge.] An articular
process on the anterior surface of
the neural arch of vertebrae of

similar cells

Any cell formed by the union of

two gametes or reproductive cells
(biol.).

n.
[Gk.
Conjugation.

(zigo'sis)

balancing.]

ZYM-

354

zymogen

[Gk. zyme,
(zi'mojen) n.
A substance capable of
transformed
into
a ferment
being
leaven.]
(Phys.).

zymosis

(zimo'sis)

leaven.]

zymotic

n.

[Gk.

zyme,

Fermentation.

(zfmot'ik) a.

[Gk. zymotikos,
Pert, or
causing fermentation.]
caused by fermentation.

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