SIZING OF ENERGY STORAGE FOR MICROGRID

ASeminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by

P.MARY SLESSOR
(13761A0243)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of

M.B.CHAKRAVARTHI
Assist. Professor in E.E.E Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Accredited by NBA and ISO 9001-2008 certified)

L.B.REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA Dist.JUNE 2015- 2016.

LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MICROGRID
NEED OF MICROGRID
MICROGRID COMPONENTS
MICROGRID OPERATING MODES
ALGORITHM
FUTURE SCOPE
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a new method for reserve, is introduced. The effectiveness of the
approach is validated by a case study where the optimal ESS rating for MG is
determined. The quantitative optimal sizing of an energy storage system (ESS) in a micro
grid (MG) for storing electrical/renewable energy at the time of surplus and for
redispatching.The unit commitment problem with spinning reserve for MG is considered
in this new method. The total cost function, which includes the cost of ESS, cost of
output power and cost of spinning results show that the ESS with an optimal size is not
only storing renewable energy and re-dispatching it appropriately, but also saving the the
total cost for MG. The main method is formulated as a mixed nonlinear integer problem
(MNIP), which is solved in AMPL (A Modeling Language for Mathematical
Programming).

INTRODUCTION

The micro grid (MG) concept

assumes a cluster of loads and micro
sources operating as a single controllable
system that provides both power and heat
to its local area. This concept provides a
new paradigm for defining the operation
of distributed generation. It consists of a
group of radial feeders, which could be
part of a distribution system. There is a
single point of connection to the utility
called point of common coupling (PCC).
The MG also has the micro sources
consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system,
a wind turbine (WT) system, two micro
turbines (MT) and an ESS. The fuel
input is needed only for the MT as the
energy input for the WT and PV comes
from wind and sun. To serve the load
demand, electrical power can be
produced either directly by MT, PV and
WT. Furthermore, the central controller
is the main interface between the
upstream grid and the micro grid. The
central controller has the main
responsibility for optimizing the micro
grid
operation,
or
alternatively,
coordinating the actions of local
controllers to produce the optimal output.
With
renewable
energy
sources
connected online, their integration and
control pose more challenges to the
operation of power systems. How to
mitigate renewable power intermittency,
load mismatch and negative impacts on
MG voltage stability are some key
problems to be solved. A potential
candidate solution for the identified

problems is using ESS to store

electrical/renewable energy at the time of
surplus
and
re-dispatch
it
appropriately .ESS plays an important
role in MG, which is desirable to shave
peak demand period and store the surplus
electrical/renewable energy. Sizing of
ESS is to be considered first when
considering ESS in the MG. Several
research works have been done to
address this question. Battery storage is
being used in conjunction with
renewable energy resources, i.e., solar
and wind, where they provide a means of
converting these nondispatchable and
highly variables resources into dispatch
able ones.
This paper focuses on determining the
size of ESS for MG. It aims to find the
optimal size of ESS for MG in economic
dispatch and unit commitment problems.
This paper also tries to find the
relationship between the size of ESS and
the total cost of MG. Considering the
daily cycle of the solar and wind pattern
in Singapore, ESS will also follow the
same charge and discharge cycle every
day.

MICROGRID
What is micro grid?
Micro grid is a small scale power supply
network to provide power for a small
community. It is used for local power
generation for local loads. It uses highly
flexible and efficient small power
generating sources. It is connected to
both the local generating units and the
utility grid thus preventing power
outages. Excess power can be sold to the
utility grid. Size of the micro grid may
range from housing estate to municipal
regions.

NEED OF MICROGRID
Micro grid could be the answer to our
energy crisis. Transmission losses gets
highly reduced. Micro grid results in
substantial savings and cuts emissions
without major changes to lifestyles.
Provide high quality and reliable energy
supply to critical loads.

MICROGRID COMPONENTS:
Various micro grid components are

Wind Turbine
Micro Turbine
Photovoltaic System
Controller
Fuel Cell
Energy Storage System

WIND TURBINE - Wind pushes the fan

blades of wind turbine and produce
energy output. No control over the
energy output.
MICRO TURBINE - Single staged
combustion turbine. Usually powered by
biogas, natural gas, propane.

Fig.1 Micro grid connections

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM - PV cell

is a self-contained electricity producing
device consist of semiconducting
material. Light striking on the
semiconducting material in PV cell,
creating dc.

FUEL CELL - FC uses an

electrochemical process to turn hydrogen
and oxygen to electricity.

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

ESS include electrochemical battery,
super capacitor, compressed air energy

FLYWHEEL ESS:

storage, super conducting energy storage,

flywheel energy storage etc. Lithium ion
is commonly used because best energy to
weight ratio and slow loss of charge
when not in use. ESS store energy at the
time of surplus and re-dispatch it when
needed. ESS plays an important role in
micro grid. Sizing of ESS to be
considered first when considering ESS in
MG. ESS increase the reliability of
power system. The cost of ESS includes
onetime ESS cost and the annual
maintenance cost. The battery storage
system made up of small battery blocks.

Fig.2 Flywheel ess

MICROGRID OPERATING
MODES:
ISLAND MODE:
Utility grid is not supplying power.
Static switch is open. Feeder A, B, C are
being supplied by Microsources.Feeder
D (not sensitive) is dead.

Fig.3 Schematic view of Micro grid

Components

Fig.4 Island mode

GRID CONNECTED MODE:

Utility grid is active. Static switch is
closed. All the feeders are being supplied
by utility grid.

ENERGY STORAGE IN
MICROGRID:
High Performance
Avoid costly downtime and battery
replacements
Very high cycle life
Extremely abuse tolerant
Ability to stand at partial state of
charge
High efficiency
Self-balancing
Wide operating temperature range
Minimal degradation

Fig.5 Grid connected mode

NEEDS OF ESS IN MICROGRID:

ESS IN ISLANDED MICROGRID:

Sizing of a suitable battery bank in
terms of power and energy help in

Crucial element in the

integration of DG into Micro
grid.
Critical role in stabilizing the
voltage and frequency.

shaving the peak demand. Stores excess

renewable energy and supply load when
renewable energy is low. When ESS
discharges its energy to power grid its
generating positive real power.

ESS IN GRID
MICROGRID:

CONNECTED

The upstream grid can be treated as

bidirectional generator

which

generate positive power when power is

transferred from the MG and generate
negative

power

when

the

power

transferred from the MG to upstream

grid.

The

output

of

bidirectional

generator is limited by the capacity of

transmission line between the MG and
upstream grid.

ALGORITHM:

Algorithm to solve optimal bess

size capacity

ALGORITHM STEPS:
1.Enter forecasting renewable power
and load. Calculate minimum BESS
capacity CEmin.
2.Set CEmax , CE and initialize the
variables.
3.Solve the objective function for CE.
Minimize the TC for islanded MG and
maximize TB for grid connected MG.
4.If CE < CE max, update CE using the
above equation . The algorithm will stop
when
CE CEmax.
FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
MICROGRID RESEARCH:

ON

 To investigate full-scale
development, field demonstration,
experimental performance
evaluation of frequency and
voltage control methods under
various operation modes.
Transition between grids
connected and islanded modes on
interaction phenomena between
distribution generation and high
penetration of distributed
generation.
Transformation of Micro grid
system today into the intelligent,
robust energy delivery system in
the future by providing significant
reliability and security benefits

FUTURE SCOPE:
In the near future when cost of
Micro grid system will be
affordable then Micro grids will
become more popular and
conventional grid will be replaced
by Micro grid.
Research are going such as to
increase stability and reliability of
the Micro grid for effective
working.

ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
A major advantage of a Micro
grid, is its ability, during a utility
grid disturbance, to separate and
isolate itself from the utility
seamlessly with little or no
disruption to the loads within the
Micro grid.
In peak load periods it prevents
utility grid failure by reducing the
load on the grid. Significant
environmental benefits made
possible by the use of low or zero
emission generators.
The use of both electricity and
heat permitted by the close
proximity of the generator to the
user, thereby increasing the
overall energy efficiency.
Micro grid can act to mitigate the
electricity costs to its users by
generating some or all of its
electricity needs.

DISADVANTAGES:
Voltage, frequency and power
quality are three main parameters

that must be considered and

controlled to acceptable standards
whilst the power and energy
balance is maintained.
Electrical energy needs to be
stored in battery banks thus
requiring more space and
maintenance. Resynchronization
with the utility grid is difficult.
Micro grid protection is one of the
most important challenges facing
the implementation of Micro
grids.
Issues such as standby charges
and net metering may pose
obstacles for Micro grid.
Interconnection standards needs
to be developed to ensure
consistency.

CONCLUSION:
It can therefore be concluded that
Micro-Grid gives impetus to the use of
renewable sources of energy. Reliability
is achieved due to decentralization of
supply. BESS for MG decrease the
schedule cost of MG in islanded MG and
increase benefit of MG. As the size of
BESS increases, the benefit increases.
The TCPD increases in a constant rate
and when the size of BESS is greater
than optimal size TC will increase in
islanded MG and TB will reduce in grid
connected MG. In an event of power grid
failure micro grid is one of the best
alternatives.

REFERENCES
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.ieeexplore.ieee.org
3. www.a4academics.com
4. www.researchgate.net
5. www.sciencedirect.com