Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Abstract: This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
Keywords: HAAR wavelet transform, Multiresolution analysis (MRA), Daubechies wavelet transforms,
Biorthogonal wavelets.
Mathematical Classification: 42C40
I. Introduction to wavelets [1,2,6,7]
Wavelet analysis is used to decomposes sounds and images into component waves of varying durations,
called wavelets which are localised vibrations of a sound signal or localized detail in an image. This analysis can
be used in signal processing for removing noise. Jean Baptist Joseph Fourier (1807) has introduced frequency
analysis leading Fourier analysis. He also explained the fact that functions can be represented as the sum of sine
and cosine which led to Fourier Transform.
Alfred Haar in the year 1909 introduced wavelets. Haars contribution to wavelets is very evident so the
entire wavelet family named after him. The Haar wavelets are the simplest of the wavelet families.
0 otherwise
The equation,
t 2t 2t 1
(2)
is called the dilation equation. The Haar function t is typically called a scaling function. The space
t k kZ
A cn2
nZ
c
nZ
n t B cn2
nZ
c.
(3)
Then we say that the translates
n t nZ
kZ
(4)
The vector space V j span 2 j t k kZ L2 R is called the Haar space V j . V j L2 R is a vector
space of piecewise constant functions with possible breakpoints at 2 j Z . For each k Z , define the function
j
j
(5)
j ,k 2 2 2 2 t k .
The set j ,k t
is an orthonormal basis for V j . The compact support for the functions j , k t is given
kZ
by,
www.ijres.org
31 | Page
k 1 .
k
supp j ,k j ,
2 j
2
(6)
The dyadic interval I j , k , j , k Z , dilation equation and projection function are defined by
k
k 1 .
k k 1
I j ,k j ,
t R j t
j
2
2
2
2j
2
2
j ,k t
j 1, 2 k t
j 1, 2 k 1 t .
2
2
P f t
t , f t t ,
kZ
j ,k
(7)
(8)
(9)
j ,k
where P j is called the approximation operator and the space V j is also known as approximation space. The
Haar spaces V j
satisfy
jZ
V1 V0 V1 V2
V1 V0 V1 V2 0
(10)
jZ
V1 V0 V1 V2 L2 R
jZ
t 2t 2t 1 1
1
2
t 1
2
.
otherwise
0t
(11)
The equation,
t 2t 2t 1 , is called the dilation equation. The space W0 span t k kZ L2 R is
called the Haar wavelet space W0 generated by the Haar wavelet function t . The set t k kZ forms
an orthonormal basis for W0 . The set t k kZ also forms a Riesz basis for W0 . The Haar wavelet space
If f t V0 and g t W0 , then
f t , g t 0 .
(12)
V0
j ,k 2 2 2 j / 2 t k . The set
j ,k
j, k
t is given by,
k 1 .
k
,
j
2j
2
t
j ,k
kZ
is an orthonormal
(13)
j, k
t is given by,
www.ijres.org
32 | Page
j ,k
2
2
j 1, 2 k t
j 1, 2 k 1 t
2
2
(14)
jZ
(15)
If j and l are integers with l j , then V j and W j are perpendicular to each other.
If j and l are integers with l j , then W j and W l are perpendicular to each other.
V j 1 V j W j
Let f j 1 t V j 1 be defined as f t
j 1
mZ
2
2 , then the projection of f t into V can be written as
T
h h0 , h1
,
j 1
j
2
2
f j t bk j ,k t f j 1 t , j ,k t j ,k t
kZ
where b
k
(16)
kZ
2
a 2 k a 2 k 1 h a k for k Z and a a2k , a2k 1
2
T .
Let f j 1 t V j 1 be defined as
f j 1 t
mZ
j 1, m t .
(17)
2 .
T
g g 0 , g 1
,
2
2
(18)
c t
kZ
where c k
(19)
j ,k
2
a 2 k a 2 k 1 g a k for
2
k Z
transformations (matrices). The technique to process discrete data via a discrete version of the decomposition
process is called the discrete Haar wavelet transformation.
33 | Page
WN
The
Suppose that N is an even positive integer. The discrete Haar wavelet transformation is defined as,
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
(20)
0
0
0
0
HN 2
2
2
G N 2 2 2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
N
N
2
block H N
We have, H N 2 a
b and G N 2 a c . The inverse discrete Haar wavelet transformation is given by,
b .
T
a WN
c
(21)
It is very simple.
It is fast.
It can be calculated without any need of temporary array so it needs less memory.
It can be reversed exactly without the edge effects.
Original function
f sin x
www.ijres.org
34 | Page
f sin x
VIII.
Acknowledgement
We are very much thankful to Prof. N. M. Bujurke, UGC Emeritus professor and INSA Senior Scientist for
introducing us to such a deep subject and helping us in preparing this report. The first author would like to thank
the three academies, namely, the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, the Indian National Science
Academy, New Delhi and the National Academy of Sciences India, Allahabad for providing an opportunity to
study this subject under Prof. N. M. Bujurke through Summer Research Fellowship Programme.
Refernces
[1.]
[2.]
[3.]
[4.]
[5.]
[6.]
[7.]
www.ijres.org
35 | Page