Week 2 Vocabulary

*Crete (Greek: Κρήτη, transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest
of the Greek islands and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km2
(3,219 sq mi). Crete is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece and covers the same area as
the Greek region of Crete from before the 1987 administrative reform.[1] It forms a
significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece; while it retains its own
local cultural traits (such as its own music and dialect), Cretans identify themselves as
Greeks. Heraklion is the largest city and capital of Crete.
*Minotaur (Greek: Μῑνώταυρος, Latin: Minotaurus, Etruscan Θevrumineś), as the
Greeks imagined him, was a creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man[1] or, as
described by Ovid, "part man and part bull."[2] He dwelt at the center of the Cretan
Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction[3] built for King Minos of Crete
and designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus who were ordered to build it to
hold the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus. Theseus was the son
of Aethra, and fathered by both Poseidon and Aegeus.
The term Minotaur derives from the Greek Μῑνώταυρος, etymologically compounding
the name Μίνως (Minos) and the noun ταύρος "bull", translating as "(the) Bull of
Minos". In Crete, the Minotaur was known by its proper name, Asterion,[4] a name shared
with Minos' foster-father.[5]
Minotaur was originally a proper noun in reference to this mythical figure. The use of
minotaur as a common noun to refer to members of a generic race of bull-headed
creatures developed much later, in 20th-century genre fiction.

*Loom-shaped clothing is apparel made from separate pieces which are shaped as they
are woven. Most often these pieces are rectangles or squares. There is no cutting
involved, except to separate the pieces after they have been removed from the loom and
processed. It is the manner in which the pieces are folded and assembled which forms
them into a comfortable garment.
*Guilloché (Guilloche), is an engraving technique in which a very precise intricate
repetitive pattern or design is mechanically etched into an underlying material with fine
detail. Specifically, it involves a technique of engine turning, called guilloché in French
after the French engineer “Guillot”, who invented a machine “that could scratch fine
patterns and designs on metallic surfaces”.[citation needed] The machine improved upon the
more time-consuming practice of making similar designs by hand, allowing for greater
delicacy, precision, and closeness of the line, as well as greater speed.
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the
Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king
of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was
narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by
Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey
describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the
war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes
from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature,
and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.Classical Greece
3 orders:
~Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) of a temple without a
base; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves; and they were
topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the
intersection with the horizontal beam (entablature) that they carried.
~Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from
the stylobate or platform; The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart. Originally the
volutes lay in a single plane (illustration at right); then it was seen that they could be
angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and
satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on
the corner columns, ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side
facade. The 16th-century Renaissance architect and theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi designed
a version of such a perfectly four-sided Ionic capital; Scamozzi's version became so much
the standard, that when a Greek Ionic order was eventually reintroduced, in the later 18th
century Greek Revival, it conveyed an air of archaic freshness and primitive, perhaps
even republican, vitality.[1]
~Corinthian order is one of the three biggest classical orders of ancient Greek and
Roman architecture. It is the most ornate, characterized by a slender fluted column and an
elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. The other two orders were
the Doric and the Ionic. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance,
two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order.
**(will be on final quiz)Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple of the
Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its
construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC on the Athenian Acropolis,
although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BC. It is the most important
surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the
development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high
points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece
and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The
Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and
reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[1]
Acanthus leaf as decorative motif of a stylized leaf originated in ancient Greece where it
was used as an architectural motif particularly on Corinthian capitals. Today this motif is
found most commonly on case goods, but you will find it in upholstery fabric patterns as
well. It was made popular during the French Louis XVI period, and is still used to give a
rich opulent touch.

Acropolis (Greek: Ακρόπολη) means "highest city" in Greek, literally city on the
extremity (akros, akron,[1] edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis). For purposes of
defense, early people naturally chose elevated ground to build a new settlement,
frequently a hill with precipitous sides. In many parts of the world, these early citadels
became the nuclei of large cities, which grew up on the surrounding lower ground, such
as modern Rome.*Polis

Athena (pronounced /əˈθiːnə/) or Athene (/əˈθiːniː/; Attic: Ἀθηνᾶ, Athēnā or Ἀθηναία,

Athēnaia; Epic: Ἀθηναίη, Athēnaiē; Ionic: Ἀθήνη, Athēnē; Doric: Ἀθάνα, Athana;
Latin: Minerva), also referred to as Pallas Athena (Παλλάς Αθηνά; pronounced
/ˈpæləs/), is the goddess of civilization, wisdom, strength, strategy, craft, justice and skill
in Greek mythology. Minerva, Athena's Roman incarnation, embodies similar
attributes.[2] Athena is also a shrewd companion of heroes and the goddess of heroic
endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens. The Athenians built the Parthenon on the
Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens, in her honour (Athena Parthenos).[2]

Athens (pronounced /ˈæθɨnz/[2]; Greek: Αθήνα, Athina, IPA: [aˈθina]), the capital and
largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the world's oldest cities,
its recorded history spans around 3,400 years.
The Greek capital has a population of 745,514 (in 2001) within its administrative limits[1]
and a land area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi).[3] The urban area of Athens extends beyond the
administrative city limits with a population of 3,130,841 (in 2001)[1] and a land area of
412 km2 (159 sq mi).[3] According to Eurostat, the Athens Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) is
the 8th most populous LUZ in the European Union (the 4th most populous capital city of
the EU) with a population of 4,013,368 (in 2004).[4] A bustling and cosmopolitan
metropolis, Athens is central to economic, financial, industrial, political and cultural life
in Greece and it is rated as an alpha- world city.[5] It is rapidly becoming a leading
business centre in the European Union. In 2008, Athens was ranked the world's 32nd
richest city by purchasing power [6] and the 25th most expensive[7] in a UBS study.

volute is a spiral scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the
capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite
column capitals. Four are normally to be found on an Ionic capital, eight on Composite
capitals and smaller versions (sometimes called helix) on the Corinthian capital.[1]

*golden rectangle is one whose side lengths are in the golden ratio, 1: (one-to-phi),

that is, or approximately 1:1.618.

A distinctive feature of this shape is that when a square section is removed, the remainder
is another golden rectangle; that is, with the same proportions as the first. Square removal
can be repeated infinitely, in which case corresponding corners of the squares form an
infinite sequence of points on the golden spiral, the unique logarithmic spiral with this
property.
According to astrophysicist and math popularizer Mario Livio, since the publication of
Luca Pacioli's Divina Proportione in 1509,[1] when "with Pacioli's book, the Golden Ratio
started to become available to artists in theoretical treatises that were not overly
mathematical, that they could actually use,"[2] many artists and architects have
proportioned their works to approximate the form of the golden rectangle, which has been
considered aesthetically pleasing. The proportions of the golden rectangle have been
observed in works predating Pacioli's publication.[3]

*pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found

above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns. The gable
end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding. The tympanum, or triangular
area within the pediment, was often decorated with sculptures and reliefs demonstrating
scenes of Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures. It also consisted of many
bright colours suitable to the nature of the building being adorned.Cornice
frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or
Corinthian order—decorated with bas-reliefs. Even when neither columns nor pilasters
are expressed, on an astylar wall it lies upon the architrave ('main beam') and is capped
by the moldings of the cornice. A frieze can be found on many Greek and Roman
buildings, the Parthenon Frieze being the most famous.*Chiton
*klismos (Greek: κλισμός) or klismos chair is a type of ancient Greek chair, familiar
from depictions on painted pottery and in bas-reliefs from the mid-fifth century BCE
onwards. In epic, klismos signifies an armchair, but no specific description is given of its
form; in Iliad xxiv, after Priam's appeal, Achilles rises from his thronos, raises the elder
man to his feet, goes out to prepare Hector's body for decent funeral and returns, to take
his place on his klismos.[1]
*mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around
the world to join pieces of wood, usually when the pieces are at an angle close to 90°.
Although there are many variations on the theme, the basic idea is that the end of one of
the members is inserted into a hole cut in the other member. The end of the first member
is called the tenon, and it is usually narrowed with respect to the rest of the piece. The
hole in the second member is called the mortise. The joint may be glued, pinned, or
wedged to lock it in place.
x-form stool For our period, there are two common forms of the x-chair. Both forms
trace their roots back to the folding stool of the Egyptians, c.2000-1500 BC. Over the
centuries, the concept of a stool or chair with crossed legs can be found in many different
cultures. These stools were only sometimes collapsable.
The Romans were fond of the crossed legs design and developed the 'sella curulis' form
of x-chair. This form has the legs crossing front to back and vise versa so that the 'x' is
seen on the side of the chair and a back is formed. The sella curulis became a seat for
authority figures and was often placed on a podium or built tall and used with a foot rest.
The 'x' form of chairs and stools can be seen through the medieval period used by
authority figures such as kings (Dagobert I, king of the Franconians) and high ranking
church officials (Pope Giulio II). It is in these examples from the middle ages that we see
the crossing legs become frontal instead of placed sidewise. This emphasizes the "X"
structure and became a symbol of authority.
Himati
*fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is
connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its
length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward
the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the
formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane
anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of
the ankle-joint.
*caryatid (Greek: Καρυάτις, plural: Καρυάτιδες) is a sculpted female figure serving
as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an
entablature on her head. The Greek term karyatides literally means "maidens of Karyai",
an ancient town of Peloponnese. Karyai had a famous temple dedicated to the goddess
Artemis in her aspect of Artemis Karyatis: "As Karyatis she rejoiced in the dances of the
nut-tree village of Karyai, those Karyatides, who in their ecstatic round-dance carried on
their heads baskets of live reeds, as if they were dancing plants" (Kerenyi 1980 p 149).