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Transition Metals
ATransition metals are metals that contain an incomplete d
sub shell in atoms or ions.
Top row transition metals: Sc Cu
Zn is not a transition metal (Zn & Zn2+)
A d block element is one where the outer electron fills the d
sub-shell
In period 4 Sc to Zn
1
Li
Be
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
4s1
He
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
6
4s1
4s1 3d5
5
3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p 4p
3d6 3d7 3d8
3d10
3d5
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The 3d orbitals
z
z
y
dyz orbital
dxy orbital
dxz orbital
z
z
y
y
x
x
dx2- y 2
orbital
dz2 orbital
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Forming ions
When transition metals form ions they lose the 4s electrons
before the 3d
Cu 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d10
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[Co(H2O)6]2+
H2O
Co
Cl
2+
OH2
H2O
[CuCl4]22-
Cu
OH2
OH2
Cl
OH2
Cl
Cl
3) They exhibit
variable oxidation
states.
Sc
+3
Ti
+4
V
+5
Cr
+6
Mn
+7
Fe
+6
Co
+5
Ni
+4
Cu
+3
+3
+4
+5
+6
+5
+4
+3
+2
+2
+3
+4
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
+1
+2
+3
+4
+3
+2
+1
+1
+2
+3
+2
+1
+1
+2
+1
Zn
+2
+1
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Ni
V 2 O5
Fe
Pt, Pd
margarine production
making SO3 for H2SO4
Haber process to make NH3
catalytic converters
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atomic radius pm
200
190
La
180
170
160
Sc
Zr
Hf
150
Ti
140
Nb
Ta
Va
130
120
Mo
W
Cr
Re
Tc
Mn
Os
Ru
Fe
Ir
Rh
Co
Pd
Pt
Au
Ag
Cd
Hg
Zn
Ni
Cu
110