LAB 1: DIGITAL STOPWATCH

Mechatronics 576
Spring 2010
February 23rd 2010

“Group D”

Priyanshu Agarwal
Dipen Harishbhai Dave
Ravikiran Chollangi
Jason Lieu

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York 14260
 Abstract
The major goal of this lab assignment was to develop a digital stop watch. The basic interfacing of LCD
module, MAX7219 7-Segment display driver, speaker, shift register for capturing inputs using switches
and pulse generator is first achieved. The successful implementation of the stop watch is possible with
synergistic integration of the components in the system. A digital stop watch is developed which
operates in two modes i.e. normal stop watch mode and timer mode. The timer mode provides the user
an option to enter hours, minutes and seconds after which the watch should give a buzzer. Both the
modes provide option to pause or continue and stop the watch. In addition, the watch also has the feature
of Auto Sleep Mode which kicks in when the watch is idle for some time. The user can also turn this
mode off. Also, the watch provides audio visual cues to the user for user friendliness.
Contents
Abstract 
 
Contents 
1. Introduction 
1.1 Design Objective 
1.2 Features of Digital Stop Watch 
1.3 User Operation Instructions 

2. Hardware 
2.1 List of Components 
2.2 Hardware Description 
2.3 Microcontroller (Basic Stamp 2) Pin Assignment 
2.4 Circuit Diagrams 

3. Software 
4. Mathematical Methods 
5. Implementation 
5.1 Software Algorithms 
5.1.1 System Flowchart 
5.1.2 Normal Mode (D0) Flowchart 
5.1.3 Timer Mode (D1) Flowchart 
5.1.4 Show Time Flowchart 
5.1.5 Start Timer Flowchart 
5.1.6 Sleep Mode Option Flowchart 
5.1.7 Pause Watch Option Flowchart 
5.2 Subroutines 

6. Testing Procedure 
7. Discussion 
8. Conclusion 

Bibliography 
 
Appendix 
 
A. PBASIC Code for Digital Stopwatch 

B. Data Sheets  

B.1 MAX7219, Serially Interfaced, 8‐digit LED Driver Display 

B.2 74HC165, 8‐bit parallel‐in/serial out shift register 

B.3 HD44780U (LCD‐II) Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display Controller /Driver 
 
1. Introduction
A microcontroller (also microcomputer, MCU or µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit
consisting internally of a relatively simple CPU, clock, timers, I/O ports, and memory [1]. Program
memory in the form of flash or ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount
of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for small or dedicated applications. The microcontroller used in
this lab assignment is BASIC Stamp II. The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized
BASIC interpreter (PBASIC) built into ROM. It is made by Parallax, Inc. and has been popular with
electronics hobbyists since the early 1990s due to its low threshold of learning and ease of use (due to its
simple BASIC language).

In this assignment interfacing of the microcontroller with few electronic components like 7-Segment
display using MAX7219 display driver, LCD, speaker, switches using shift register and pulse generator
is achieved. It was decided that the developed system should be such that the above mentioned
components should work as an integrated system. Also earlier discussions laid the foundations for the
various features that the system should provide to the user. It was decided that not only should the
developed stop watch provide the user with an option of a normal stop watch but it should also have
some feature to set up a timer, a system typically provided in mobile phones as a countdown timer.
Further, it was decided that system should try to reproduce as many features as possible of a typical stop
watch available in mobile phones. Inspired from the options provided by Nokia 6070, it was also
decided to provide the option for laps in our stop watch. Also, it was decided the watch should provide
various audio visual cues to be user-friendly.

1.1 Design Objective

The following are the design objectives for the developed digital stop watch:
(i) It should display the time elapsed in hours, minutes and seconds.
(ii) It should also provide a facility to set up a timer.
(iii) It should have the feature of laps.
(iv) It should, if possible, have power saving techniques.
(v) It should be user friendly.

1.2 Features of Digital Stop Watch

This section describes the various features of the digital stop watch developed.

1. Modes of Operation – In order to serve multiple purposes the watch has the following two modes of
operation:
(i) Normal Mode – This is the normal mode of stop watch with which all of us are familiar. In this
mode the system displays the time elapsed in hours, minutes and seconds along with the current lap
and the mode selected.

Normal Mode (D0) Timer Mode (D1)

(ii) Timer Mode – This is the timer mode which can be used to set up a timer based on the time
elapsed. Once the set time has passed the timer will stop and the watch will produce a ringing
sound stating that the set time is over. The mode also provides the user to manually enter the time
in hours, minutes and seconds after which the watch should ring.

2. User Input – The system is based on the input provided by the user. It seeks input from the user
using a set of 8 switches with different roles assigned to each switch based on the current state of
the operation of the watch. The following inputs are acquired in different scenarios:
(i) At the beginning the switches D0 and D1 are used to choose the mode to be selected.
(ii) The switch D7 also provides the option to turn on/off the auto sleep mode.
(iii) In case one of the modes is selected, the switches D2/D3/D4/D5 acts as Pause/Continue /Stop/Next
Lap buttons.
(iv) Also in Timer mode the switches D0-D1 convert into digits 0-6 providing the user the flexibility to
enter timer time.

Select Mode Screen Sleep Mode Selection Screen

3. Laps – The stop watch also provides a feature to divide the time into two laps. The current lap can be
assessed both from the LCD and the blinking LEDs.

Watch running in II Lap

4. Auto Sleep Mode – In order to save power which is always the case in standalone applications, the
system implements the feature of auto sleep mode. When no key is pressed in idle or paused
condition the system automatically turns off both the 7-segment display and the LCD in order to
saver power. However, the state of both the components is retained. The system also provides the
feature of turning this mode off. By default the auto sleep mode is set to on.

5. Audio Visual Cues – In order to be user-friendly the watch has the following features to guide the
user:
(i) Blinking message signifying that user input is required.
(ii) Visual status for each lap with blink on each passing counted second.
(iii) Invalid input feedback with message and beep when wrong key is pressed.
(iv) Tick sound with each counted second.
(v) LED blinking with each passing second.
 “PICK” Message on 7-Segment Display “Run” Message signifying that the watch is running

1.3 User Operation Instructions

The following are the instructions for the user to operate the developed Digital Stop Watch:

1. The clock starts with a welcome message on the LCD and a greeting on the 7-Segment Display.

2. It will provide the user a visual cue on the 7-Segment display with a “PICK” message blinking on it.
On the LCD it will display a message asking the user to pick one of the two modes available in the
watch. The user is expected to press D0/D1/D7 button provided on the board. In case any other button is
pressed it will provide a feedback to the user with a sound, a “----” display on the 7-Segment and
“Invalid Input!” on the LCD.

3. When the user presses the D0 button, the watch starts in Normal mode and the seconds tic will start.
The lap LED will also start blinking. The 7-Segment display will show “Run” to signify that the watch
is running. The mode will also be displayed on the LCD.

4. While the watch is running the user can press Pause (D2) /Stop (D4) button to pause or stop the
watch.

5. When Pause (D2) is pressed the watch stops and the lap LED also glows steadily corresponding to the
lap. The 7-Segment display will also show a message “HALT” on it.

6. In order to resume, the user should press Continue (D3) button. Once the watch starts running again
the 7-Segment display will again show the message “Run”.

7. In case the user wants to split the time to another lap, the user can press Lap (D5) button. The watch
supports 2 laps. The lap led corresponding to the current lap will now start blinking.

8. In order to stop the watch the user should press Stop (D4) button. The 7-Segment display also shows
the message “Stop” for a short while when this button is pressed. The watch is now reset to its select
mode state.

9. When the user presses the D1 button, the Timer mode is selected. In this mode the user is required to
input the number of hours, minutes and seconds one by one. When the time corresponding to the set
time has elapsed the watch will stop and give a ring sound.

10. Once the user enters the required hours, minutes and seconds the watch starts ticking. The options
for Pause/ Continue, Stop and Lap are valid in this mode as well.

11. In addition to the above modes the watch is by default set to the sleep mode which will be invoked if
the watch is idle for around 15 seconds. In which case both the 7-Segment display and the LCD is turned
off with their status still retained in the memory. The sleep mode kicks in when the watch is either idle
with no mode selected or the watch is paused.

12. The watch also provides the user an option to turn off the Auto Sleep Mode. This can be done by
pressing the D7 button when the watch is not running in either of the two modes. The user is required to
press D0 for setting off the Auto Sleep mode and D1 for turning on of the Auto Sleep mode.

13. The watch also has an LED that glows with each passing second irrespective of the fact whether the
watch is running or not.
3. Hardware
The following sections deals with the details of the hardware used to implement the digital stop watch.

3.1 List of Components

S. No. Component Quantity
1. BASIC Stamp Kit NX-1000 1
2. BASIC Stamp Module II 1
3. Hitachi LCD Module , HD44780 1
4. MAX 7219 Display Driver 1
5. 74HC165 Shift Register 1
6. Piezo Speaker 1
7. 7-Segment LED Display 4
8. Pulse Generator 1
9. LED 3
10. Switch 8
11. 10K Resistor 2
12. 5K Resistor 1

3.2 Hardware Description

Basic Stamp Kit INEX-1000

http://www.mouser.com/catalog/supplier/library/ParallaxMiniCatalog.pdf

1. INEX-1000 is a high-quality prototype and experiment area for all 24-pin BASIC Stamp modules
2. Audio amplifiers with screw terminals for 8 ohm speakers. an audio amplifier for external speakers and current limit
resistors sized for driving more LEDs. 510 ohm resistors allow more LED driving.
3. Board provides socket ports for each BASIC Stamp I/O pin.
4. A parallel LCD with cable.
5. 16 LEDs to monitor I/O pin status.
6. DB-9 connector for program download and debugging.
7. 4-digit LED 7-segment display with common cathode.
8. 8 pushbutton switches (active low without pull-up resistors) 8 DIP switches (with built-in pull-up resistors)
9. ULN2003 high-current driver for relay and stepper motors
10. Pulse generator for 1Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1 kHz
11. RS-232 interface port for communication with COM program
12. Socket for 24-pin BASIC Stamp modules
13. Parallel LCD module with connector and brightness control
14. Piezospeaker
15. 10K potentiometer
16. 2.5" x 7" breadboard with 800 contact points
17. 7.5V DC 1 amp power supply with polarity protection
Source: http://www.apexvalue.com/basic_stamp/product_id_28135.htm

Basic Stamp II Module

controller 6C57 C signifies EPROM program memory

ssor Speed Operation Frequency 20 MHz
am Execution Speed 0 PBASIC instructions/sec
nt Draw @ 5 VDC Run, 50 μA Sleep
ge n DIP
rce / Sink Current by any I/O pin
/25mA
OM (Program) Size: 2 Kbytes PBASIC instructions
Size: tes (6 for I/0, 26 for Variable)

Hitachi LCD Module, HD44780

http://www.nipahut.com.ph

‐ 16 x 2 Alphanumeric characters
‐ 4-bit or 8-bit MPU interface enabled
MAX 7219 Display
M D Driiver
T MAX 72219 are com
The mpact, serial input/output
i cathode dispplay drivers that interfacce microproccessors
t seven segm
to ment numeriic displays. TheT chip conntains a BCD D code-B decoder, multiiplex scan ciircuitry.
S
Segment andd digit driverrs and a 8X88 static RAM
M. It also alloows driving individual
i diigits of a dissplay.

I has the following featu

It ures:
• 10MHz Serial
S Interfaace
• Individua al LED Segmment Control, can controll up to 64 indiividual LEDs, or eight 7-seegment LED digits
d
• Decode/N No-Decode Digit
D Selectiion
• 150µA Low-Power
L Shutdown
S (D
Data Retained)
• Digital an nd Analog Brightness
B C
Control
• Display Blanked
B on Power-Up
P
• Drive Co ommon-Cath hode LED Display
• 24-Pin DIP
D and SO Packages
P

This is an LE
T ED driver thaat requires juust three miccrocontrollerr pins to conntrol up to 8 7-segment digits
d or
a bar graph display
d or up
p to 64 individual LEDs.

7
74HC165 Sh
hift Registerr

www.seeedstudio.coom

This shift reggister allowss a microconntroller to reaad a large nuumber of diggital inputs using
T u just three
m
microcontrol ller pins. Eacch 74HC1655 provides 8 input pins. Any A numberr of 74HC1665 chips can be
c
cascaded using the same set of microocontroller pins.
p It has syynchronous serial input.

P
Piezo Speak
ker

http://www
w.hvwtech.coom

7
7-Segment D
Display
3.3 Microcontroller (BASIC Stamp 2) Pin Assignment

Pin No. I/O Description

0 Output LCD Enable Pin
1 Output Piezo Speaker
2 Output Lap 1 LED
3 Output LCD Register Select Pin
4 Output LCD Data Pin
5 Output LCD Data Pin
6 Output LCD Data Pin
7 Output LCD Data Pin
8 Output Shift Register 74X165 Clock Pin
9 Input Shift Register 74X165 Data In Pin
10 Output Shift Register 74X165 Load Pin
11 Output 7-Segment Display Driver MAX7219 Load Pin
12 Output 7-Segment Display Driver MAX7219 Clock Pin
13 Output 7-Segment Display Driver MAX7219 Data Pin
14 Output Lap 2 LED
15 Input Pulse Generator

The pin directions as defined in PBASIC code is as follows:

DIRL = %11111111
DIRH = %01111101

3.3 Circuit Diagrams

HD44780 LCD Module Interface Circuit

P0, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 are the inputs from microcontroller.
P4-P7 are data pins
P0 is used to enable the LCD module while P3 selects the LCD register to be used.
R/W is grounded since only data is written on the LCD.

Piezo Speaker Interface Circuit

P1 acts as output port driving an Piezo Speaker for alerts

Lap LEDs Interface Circuit

P2 and P4 are outputs from the microcontroller which drives two LEDs ( Lap 1 and Lap 2).

Shift Register 74HC165 Interface Circuit

+5 +5

16 10K

2 11 D0
P8

7 12 D1
P9

1 13 D2
P10
Shift
Register 14 D3
74HC165
3 D4

4 D5

5 D6

6 D7

8 15
Vss
P8: Clock Pin input to 74X165
P9: Data In from the display driver
P10: Load pin input
D0-D7 takes inputs from the corresponding switches (Miniature Single Pole Single Throw Switches)
connected.
10K resistors are pull-up resistors

MAX7219 LED display driver Circuit

The LED display driver uses just three microcontroller pins P11 (Load), P12 (Clock) and P13 (Data) to
control up to four 7-segment digits (max eight seven segment digits can be controlled)
4. Software
The following section presents a basic overview of the important commands used while implementing
the system.

The PBASIC version 2.0 is used to program the BASIC Stamp II module [2]. The following commands
are used to program the module:

1. DATA – Write user data to the EEPROM location(s) during program download.
Syntax: {Symbol} DATA {@Address,} {Word} DataItem {, DataItem ...}

2. GOSUB – Store the address of the next instruction after GOSUB, then go to the point in the
program specified by Address; with the intention of returning to the stored address.
Syntax: GOSUB Address

3. HIGH/ LOW – Make the specified pin an output and high/low.

Syntax: HIGH/LOW Pin

4. FOR….NEXT – Create a repeating loop that executes the program lines between FOR and NEXT,
incrementing or decrementing Counter according to StepValue until the value of the Counter
variable passes the EndValue.
Syntax: FOR Counter = StartValue TO EndValue {STEP StepValue} ... NEXT

5. IF…THEN – Evaluate Condition and, if it is true, go to the point in the program marked by Address.
Syntax: IF Condition THEN Address

6. LOOKUP – Find the value at location Index and store it in Variable. If Index exceeds the highest
index value of the items in the list, Variable is left unaffected.
Syntax: LOOKUP Index, [Value0, Value1, ...ValueN], Variable

7. LOOKDOWN - Compare Target value to a list of values and store the index number of the first
value that matches into Variable. If no value in the list matches, Variable is left unaffected.
Syntax: LOOKDOWN Target, {ComparisonOp} [Value0, Value1, ...ValueN], Variable

8. SHIFTIN – Shift data in from a synchronous serial device. The SHIFTIN instruction first causes the
clock pin to output low and the data pin to switch to input mode. Then, SHIFTIN either reads the
data pin and generates a clock pulse (PRE mode) or generates a clock pulse then reads the data pin
(POST mode). SHIFTIN continues to generate clock pulses and read the data pin for as many data
bits as are required.
Syntax: SHIFTIN Dpin, Cpin, Mode, [Variable {\Bits} {, Variable {\Bits}...}]

9. SHIFTOUT – Shift data out to a synchronous serial device. The SHIFTOUT instruction first
causes the clock pin to output low and the data pin to switch to output mode. Then,
SHIFTOUT sets the data pin to the next bit state to be output and generates a clock pulse.
SHIFTOUT continues to generate clock pulses and places the next data bit on the data pin for
as many data bits as are required for transmission.
Syntax: SHIFTOUT Dpin, Cpin, Mode, [OutputData {\Bits} {,OutputData {\Bits}...}]

10. PULSOUT – Generate a pulse on Pin with a width of Duration.

Syntax: PULSOUT Pin, Duration
11. PAUSE – Pause the program (do nothing) for the specified Duration.
Syntax: PAUSE Duration

12. GOTO – Jump the point in the program specified by Address.

Syntax: GOTO Address

13. FREQOUT – Generate one or two sine-wave tones for a specified duration.
Syntax: FREQOUT Pin, Duration, Freq1 {, Freq2}

14. READ - Read value at Location in EEPROM and store the result in result in Variable.
Syntax: READ Location, {Word} Variable {, {Word} Variable, ...}

15. RETURN – Return from a subroutine, assuming there was a previous GOSUB or ON...GOSUB
executed.
Syntax: RETURN
5. Mathematical Methods
The digital Stopwatch is based on the pulse generated by the pulse generator. The pulse generator sends
a pulse at 1 Hz (1 pulse per sec) which acts a basis for counting seconds in the BASIC Stamp Module.
With every pulse a counter is incremented in the module which tracks the number of seconds passed.
Now, this counter is used to calculate the hours, minutes and seconds elapsed. The following section
presents a description of the methodology used to calculate hours, minutes and seconds to be displayed
on the LCD module.

1. Calculation of Display hours

   
       
3600

where, represents the floor function. The BASIC stamp module by default implements the floor
function in all its calculation.

The digits from the above calculated number of hours are now extracted using the following:
     
     
10

     
          10 x 
10

2. Calculation of Display minutes

   
       
60

The digits from the above calculated number of minutes are now extracted using the following:

     
     
10

     
          10 x 
10

3. Calculation of Display seconds

   
          60 x 
60

The digits from the above calculated number of minutes are now extracted using the following:

     
     
10

     
          10 x 
10
6. Implementation
The following section details the algorithms used along with the various subroutines used to implement
them.

The following figure shows the final setup of the system implemented using NX-1000 Experiment
Board.

6.1 Algorithms
The following section presents the various algorithms used to implement different modes in the system.
The different algorithms used are as follows:

1. System Flowchart
2. Normal Mode (D0) Flowchart
3. Timer Mode (D1) Flowchart
4. Show Time Flowchart
5. Start Timer Flowchart
6. Sleep Mode Option Flowchart
7. Pause Watch Option Flowchart
6.1.1 System Flowchart
6.1.2 Normal Mode (D0) Flowchart
6.1.3 Timer Mode (D1) Flowchart
6.1.4 Show Time Flowchart

6.1.5 Start Timer Flowchart

6.1.6 Sleep Mode Option Flowchart

6.1.7 Pause Watch Option Flowchart

6.2 Subroutines
In order to achieve efficiency the code is subdivided into subroutines so as to have an ability to execute
the same piece of code as and when required. The subroutines used in the program can be categorized in
the following major categories:

1. Initialization Subroutines – The following subroutines are used for initialization of variables and
display messages in different modes:
(i) LCD Initialization – Initializes the LCD for display.
(ii) Normal Mode Initialization – Initialize variables and display messages for Normal Mode
operation.
(iii) Timer Mode Initialization – Initialize variables and display message for Timer Mode
operation.
(iv) Lap Initialization – Initialized variables and display message for Next Lap.

2. Display Subroutines – The following subroutines are used for display of messages, characters and
digits on LCD and 7-Segment Display:
(i) LCD Write – Writes a character on the LCD module.
(ii) LCD digit display – Displays digit on the LCD module.
(iii) LCD Message Write – Writes EEPROM stored messages on the LCD module.
(iv) LCD Clear All – Clear the entire LCD module.
(v) LCD Clear Line1 – Clear the first line of LCD module.
(vi) LCD Clear Line2 – Clear the second line of LCD module.
(vii) Segment Display – Display characters on four 7-segment display.
(viii) Show Time – Show time and lap number on LCD module.

3. Speaker Subroutines – The following subroutines are used to handle speaker ring and button press
beeps:
(i) Time-up Speaker Ring – Sends the required frequencies to the piezo speaker to create a ring
sound.
(ii) Invalid Input Beep and Message – Creates an invalid input beep and display the
corresponding message on the LCD module and 7-segement display.

4. Timer Subroutines – The following subroutines are used to acquire user input for the timer mode and
evaluate time-up seconds:
(i) Evaluate Set Time – Evaluates the user input corresponding to the timer mode.
(ii) Evaluate Timer Seconds – Evaluate the timer seconds corresponding to the user input.

5. Switch Subroutines – The following subroutines are used to read switch input from the shift register
and perform the necessary task based on the input:
(i) Read Switch - Read the switch values from the shift register.
(ii) Switch Status – Sends the program control to the necessary subroutine based on the input
provided by the user.
(iii) Stop Watch & Reset – Stop the watch and reset it.
(iv) Pause Watch – Pause the watch and put it into a loop until the continue key (D2) is pressed.

6. Power Saving Subroutines – The following subroutines performs the necessary task of putting the
system in sleep mode for power saving.
(i) Shutdown – Shuts down the LCD and 7-Segment display for power saving and keeps the
program control in a loop until a key is pressed.
(ii) Sleep Mode Settings – Provides user an option to select the sleep mode settings.
(iii) Sleep Mode Off – Sets the sleep mode option to off.
 (iv) Sleep Mode On – Turn on the sleep mode option.

7. Lap Subroutines – The following subroutines perform the tasks pertaining to the lap updation and
lap LEDs blinking.
(i) Lap LEDs On – Turn on the lap LEDs corresponding to the current lap.
(ii) Lap LEDs Off – Turn off the lap LEDs.
7. Testing Procedure
Accuracy
The accuracy of the developed stop watch was measured using Direct Comparison Method [3].
We compare timekeeping of the stopwatch with a benchmark stopwatch. Here we use XNote
stopwatch [4] for PC as a benchmark. We test the accuracy of the stopwatch over a period of 1
minute and 30 minutes. We do this by simultaneously starting and stopping the two stopwatches
and comparing the respective time elapsed. Next we test the accuracy when pause button is used
for multiple number of times during a given time period.

Test # 1 The stop watch timekeeping is compared for a duration of 60 seconds without any
pause.

Test # 2 The stop watch timekeeping is compared for a duration of 60 seconds with 1 pause.
Time Period: 60 seconds Start / Pause: 1

Test # 3 The stop watch timekeeping is compared for a duration of 60 seconds with 5 pauses.
Time Period: 60 seconds Start / Pause: 5

Test # 4 The stop watch timekeeping is compared for a duration of 30 minutes without any
pause.

Test Results
S. No.  XNote Watch Time Digital Stop Watch Time  
1  Test 1    
   59.858  1:01 
        
2  Test 2    
   Set I    
(i)  30.42  31 
(ii)  01:00.2  1:02 
   Set II    
(i)  30.1  31 
(ii)  01:00.6  1:02 
        
3  Test 3    
(i)  13.244  14 
(ii)  11.435  12 
(iii)  23.213  24 
(iv)  36.239  39 
(v)  45.646  50 
(vi)  01:00.2  01:00.0 
        
4  Test 4    
   30:00.3  30:45:00 
The stop watch was found to have an error of 2 seconds per minute.
9. Discussion
The system still has a scope for improvement. The following is a list of the features that can either
improve the performance of the system or can be an added feature:

ƒ When the watch starts after the switch is pressed by the user the first second is not absolutely accurate.
This is because of the fact that the external pulse generator that is being used as a reference is already
running and so the switch press event doesn’t exactly coincide with the rising or falling edge of the
pulse generator.

ƒ The Auto Sleep mode currently does not function when the system prompts for Sleep mode on/off
mode and while asking for input in the timer mode.

ƒ Ability to store and retrieve upto 10 laps- Current implementation is limited by the memory of
EEPROM. Additional memory can solve the problem.

ƒ Increase the least count of stopwatch/timer to one hundredth of a second - Onboard oscillator can
generate pulses upto 1000 Hz. But the bottlenecks lie in the communication channel between the LCD
module and microcontroller and the speed of execution of instructions. At 4000 instructions per
second, it can run a 10 line loop 400 times in a second. That means 1/400th of a second is the upper
limit on the least count. A possible workaround with the communication channel bottleneck could be
to calculate and store time in hundredths of a second during run time and display the hundredth part
only when the time is stopped.

ƒ Light / Proximity sensor - Using a Light / Proximity sensor for switching, the stopwatch can be used
for a variety of applications like speed measurement, timed switching etc.

ƒ Adding Split time mode of operation - Current implementation can be extended to include split time
mode, with slight modifications in the program.

ƒ Interface the timer with an appliance - Slight modifications in the circuit can be made to switch an
appliance on termination of timer.

ƒ Increase the timer/stopwatch limit - Currently the maximum timer/stopwatch limit is 65536 seconds.
Modifications can be made to store the time in two words which can give it the maximum time limit of
232 seconds.
10. Conclusion
The following design objectives are met:
(i) The watch displays the time elapsed in hours, minutes and seconds.
(ii) It provides the user a facility to set up a timer.
(iii) It also has the feature of laps.
(iv) It also implements an Auto Sleep mode.
(v) It provides various audio visual cues to the user for guidance.
Contribution by each Team Member
Priyanshu Agarwal: Overall system integration, coordination among team members and lab report.

Dipen Harishbhai Dave: Algorithm for stop watch and coding for LCD display, testing methodology and
lab report.

Ravikiran Chollangi: Algorithm for Pause/Continue and Stop buttons, Component interfacing, hardware
details and lab report.

Jason Lieu: Algorithm for modes of the system, circuit diagrams, flow charts and lab report.
Bibliography
[1] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
[2] PBASIC Syntax Guide, PARALLAX INC., BASIC Stamp Editor/Development System, Version
2.4.2.
[3] Jeff C. Gust, Robert M. Graham, Michael A. Lombardi, Stopwatch and Timer Calibrations,
National Institute of Standards and Technology Recommended Practice Guide, 2004
[4] http://www.xnotestopwatch.com/
[5] StampWorks Manual Version 1.1a, Parallax Inc.
 Appendix
A. PBASIC Code for Digital Stopwatch 
' {$STAMP BS2} 
' ========================================================================= 
' LAB1: DIGITAL STOP WATCH PBASIC CODE 
' 
' GROUP D 
' 
' Priyanshu Agarwal 
' Dipen Harishbhai Dave 
' Ravikiran Chollangi 
' Jason Lieu 
' 
' ========================================================================= 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐CONSTANTS & VARIABLES DEFINITION‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐LCD CONSTANTS & VARIABLES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
E          CON   0                       ' LCD Enable pin  (1 = enabled) 
RS         CON   3                       ' Register Select (1 = char) 
LCDout     VAR   OUTB                    ' 4‐bit LCD data 
 
ClrLCD     CON   $01                     ' clear the LCD 
CrsrHm     CON   $02                     ' move cursor to home position 
CrsrLf     CON   $10                     ' move cursor left 
CrsrRt     CON   $14                     ' move cursor right 
DispLf     CON   $18                     ' shift displayed chars left 
DispRt     CON   $1C                     ' shift displayed chars right 
DDRam      CON   $80                     ' Display Data RAM control 
DispOff    CON   8                       ' LCD Display Off 
DispOn     CON   12                      ' LCD Display On 
 
 
Line1      CON   $80 
Line2      CON   $C0 
 
char       VAR   Byte                    ' character sent to LCD 
Msg        VAR   Byte                    ' Msg to be displayed on LCD 
index      VAR   Byte                    ' loop counter 
indexstart VAR   Byte                    ' Starting index of Msg 
indexend   VAR   Byte                    ' End index of the Msg 
line       VAR   Byte                    ' line in LCD 
 
Msgmode        DATA  "MODE D0  MODE D1" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
Msgselect      DATA  "SELECT A MODE!  "  ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgD0          DATA  "MODE D0 SELECTED" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgD1          DATA  "MODE D1 SELECTED" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
Msgup          DATA  "TIME UP!        " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
Msgreset       DATA  "RESETTING!" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 10) 
Msginvinp      DATA  "INVALID INPUT!" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 14) 
Msgclr         DATA  "                " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
Msghrs         DATA  "HOURS?" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 6) 
Msgmins        DATA  "MINUTES?" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 8) 
Msgsecs        DATA  "SECONDS?" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 8) 
MsgGreet       DATA  "   WELCOME TO   " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgClock       DATA  " DIGITAL CLOCK  " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgPower       DATA  "AUTO SLEEP OFF? " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgYN          DATA  " (Yes:D1/No:D0) " ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
MsgY           DATA  "Yes" 
MsgN           DATA  "No" 
'MsgPowerOn      DATA  "AUTO POWER OFF‐Y" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
'MsgPowerOff      DATA  "AUTO POWER OFF‐N" ' preload EEPROM with message (count 16) 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐TIMER CONSTANTS & VARIABLES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
segs       VAR   OUTL        ' segments 
digSel     VAR   OUTC        ' digit select 
tic        VAR   IN15        ' 1 Hz Pulse Generator input 
DPoint     CON   %10000000      ' decimal point bit 
D0         CON   1 
D1         CON   2 
D2         CON   4 
D3         CON   8 
D4         CON   16 
D5         CON   32 
D6         CON   64 
D7         CON   128 
 
secs       VAR   Word        ' seconds 
lsecs      VAR   Word        ' seconds 
digit      VAR   Nib        ' current display digit 
val        VAR   Byte 
lap        VAR   Nib 
SetTime    VAR   Byte 
Setsecs    VAR   Word 
convfac    VAR   Word 
sflag      VAR   Bit 
DelayTime  CON   25 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SPEAKER CONSTANTS & VARIABLES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
Speaker    CON   1        ' piezo speaker on pin 0 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SHIFT REGISTER INPUT 74X165 CONSTANTS &VARIABLES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
Clock      CON   8        ' shift clock (74x165.2) 
D_in       CON   9        ' shift data (74x165.7) 
Load       CON   10        ' input load (74x165.1) 
 
switches   VAR  Byte        ' inputs switches 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐MAX7219 CONSTANTS & VARIABLES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
d7219     VAR  Byte        ' data for MAX7219 
Dpin      CON  13        ' data pin (MAX7219.1) 
ClockMAX  CON  12        ' clock pin (MAX7219.13) 
LoadMAX   CON  11        ' load pin (MAX7219.12) 
 
Decode    CON  $09        ' bcd decode register 
Brite     CON  $0A        ' intensity register 
Scan      CON  $0B        ' scan limit register 
ShutDn    CON  $0C        ' shutdown register (1 = on) 
Test      CON  $0F        ' display test mode 
DecPnt    CON  %10000000 
Blank     CON  %1111        ' blank a digit 
 
Yes       CON  1 
No        CON  0 
 
indexMAX  VAR  Nib 
idxOdd    VAR  indexMAX.BIT0      ' is index odd? (1 = yes) 
segdata   VAR  Byte 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐7‐SEGMENT DATA‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' Segments     .abcdefg 
'              ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
CLEAR   DATA  %00000000      ' Clear Segment Digit 1 
        DATA  %00000000      ' Clear Segment Digit 2 
        DATA  %00000000      ' Clear Segment Digit 3 
        DATA  %00000000      ' Clear Segment Digit 4 
 
Stop7   DATA  %01011011      ' S 
        DATA  %00001111      ' t 
        DATA  %00011101      ' o 
        DATA  %01100111      ' p 
 
HALT    DATA  %00110111      ' H 
        DATA  %01110111      ' A 
        DATA  %00001110      ' L 
        DATA  %01110000      ' T 
 
Run     DATA  %01110111      ' R 
        DATA  %00011100      ' u 
        DATA  %00010101      ' n 
        DATA  %00000000      ' clear 
 
PICK    DATA  %01100111      ' P 
        DATA  %00000110      ' I 
        DATA  %01001110      ' C 
        DATA  %00110111      ' K 
 
Invalid DATA  %00000001      ' ‐ 
        DATA  %00000001      ' ‐ 
        DATA  %00000001      ' ‐ 
        DATA  %00000001      ' ‐ 
 
HII     DATA  %00110111      ' H 
        DATA  %00110000      ' I 
        DATA  %10110000      ' ! 
        DATA  %00000000      ' clear 
 
LAP2    DATA  %00001110      ' L 
        DATA  %01110111      ' A 
        DATA  %01100111      ' P 
        DATA  %01101101      ' 2 
 
HOUR    DATA  %00110111      ' H 
        DATA  %01111110      ' O 
        DATA  %00111110      ' U 
        DATA  %01110111      ' R 
 
MIn7    DATA  %01110110      ' Half M 
        DATA  %01110110      ' Half M 
        DATA  %00110000      ' I 
        DATA  %00010101      ' n 
 
SEC     DATA  %01011011      ' S 
        DATA  %01001111      ' E 
        DATA  %01001110      ' C 
        DATA  %00000000      ' clear 
 
AUTO    DATA  %01110111      ' A 
        DATA  %00111110      ' U 
        DATA  %01110000      ' T 
        DATA  %01111110      ' O 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐'VARIABLES & CONSTANTS RELATED TO LAP‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
LAPLED1  VAR   OUT2 
LAPLED2  VAR   OUT14 
MAXLAP   CON   2 
lflag    VAR   Bit 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐'VARIABLES & CONSTANT RELATED TO POWER SAVER MODE‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
counterMAX   VAR Word 
idlecounter  VAR Word 
 
counterPS    CON 100 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INITIALIZATION‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
Initialize: 
  DIRL = %11111111       ' setup pins for LCD, Lap LED as out, Speaker as out 
  GOSUB LCDinit          ' initialize LCD for 4‐bit mode 
  HIGH Load              ' make output; initialize to 1 
 
  DIRH = %01111101        ' data, clock and load (74X165) as out, 
                          ' data as in, clock and load as out for MAX7219 
                          ' Lap LED as out 
 
  '7 SEGMENT INITIALIZATION 
  FOR indexMAX = 0 TO 7 
    LOOKUP indexMAX,[Scan,3,Brite,5,Decode,0,ShutDn,1],d7219 
    SHIFTOUT Dpin,ClockMAX,MSBFIRST,[d7219] 
    IF idxOdd = No THEN NoLoad 
    PULSOUT LoadMAX,3        ' load parameter 
  NoLoad: 
  NEXT 
  segdata = CLEAR 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
 
  segdata = HII                   ' dispaly "HI!" on 7‐Segment display 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
 
  Msg = MsgGreet                  ' display welcome message on LCD 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  Msg = MsgClock 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  PAUSE 1000 
 
  idlecounter = 0 
  counterMAX = counterPS 
  lap = 0 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐MAIN PROGRAM‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 'DEBUG "Above" 
RepeatMsg: 
  Msg = Msgmode 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  Msg = Msgselect 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
Repeat: 
  idlecounter = (idlecounter + 1) 
  'DEBUG CR, DEC idlecounter, DEC counterMAX 
  IF idlecounter = counterMAX THEN ShutDownRepeat 
  segdata = PICK 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  PAUSE 100 
  segdata = CLEAR 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  IF Switches = 0 THEN Repeat 
  IF Switches = D0 THEN IniNormMod 
  IF Switches = D1 THEN IniTimerMod 
  IF Switches = D7 THEN AutoPowerOff 
  IF Switches <> 2 THEN InvalidInput 
 
MainSetTime: 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  'DEBUG CR, "Setsecs = ", DEC Setsecs 
  IF Switches = 0 THEN Resetsflag 
Resetted: 
  'DEBUG "Looping" 
  IF (Switches <> 0) AND (sflag = 0) THEN EvalSetTime 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
 
MainClr: 
  idlecounter = 0 
  GOSUB ClrLine1 
Main: 
  'DEBUG CR, "Main" 
  'PAUSE DelayTime 
  GOSUB ShowTime          ' show current Time 
  GOSUB SwitchStatus 
 
 
StartWatch: 
  GOSUB LapLedOff 
  'PAUSE DelayTime 
  IF tic = 1 THEN IncSec      ' new second? 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  GOTO Main            ' do it again 
 
IncSec: 
  lsecs = (lsecs+1) 
  secs = (secs+1) 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,1  ' seconds tic 1Hz for 10ms 
  'PAUSE DelayTime 
 
Waiting: 
  GOSUB LapLedOn 
  GOSUB ShowTime          ' show current digit 
  GOSUB SwitchStatus 
  IF secs >= SetSecs THEN TimeUp 
  'PAUSE DelayTime 
  IF tic = 0 THEN Main        ' if last tic gone, go back 
  GOTO Waiting          ' do tic check again 
  END 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SUBROUTINES USED IN THE PROGRAM‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INITIALIZATION SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐LCD INITIALIZATION‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
LCDinit: 
  PAUSE 500            ' let the LCD settle 
  LCDout = %0011          ' 8‐bit mode 
  PULSOUT E,1 
  PAUSE 500 
  PULSOUT E,1 
  PULSOUT E,1 
  LCDout = %0010          ' 4‐bit mode 
  PULSOUT E,1 
  char = %00001100        ' disp on, crsr off, blink off 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  char = %00000110        ' inc crsr, no disp shift 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  char = ClrLCD 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INITIALIZE VARIABLES FOR NORMAL MODE (D0)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
IniNormMod: 
  GOSUB CommonIni 
  SetSecs = 65535 
  Msg = MsgD0 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  line = Line1 
  GOTO Main 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INITIALIZE VARIABLES FOR TIMER MODE (D1)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
IniTimerMod: 
  GOSUB CommonIni 
  SetSecs = 10 
  Msg = MsgD1 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  line = Line1 
  index = 5 
  GOTO HrsDispSet 
'  GOTO Main 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐COMMON INITILIZATION BETWEEN TWO MODES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
CommonIni: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  GOSUB ClrAll 
  sflag = 0 
  secs = 0 
  lsecs = 0 
  lap = 1 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
  '‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INITIALIZATION FOR NEXT LAP‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
NextLap: 
 IF lap = MAXLAP THEN NoUpdate 
 FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
 segdata = LAP2 
 GOSUB SegDisp 
 PAUSE 100 
 GOSUB ClrLine2 
 line = Line2 
 index = 0 
 lap = lap+1 
 lsecs = 0 
 NoUpdate: 
 lflag = 1 
 GOTO Main 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐WRITE ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
LCDcommand: 
  LOW RS            ' enter command mode 
 
LCDwrite: 
  'char = %11000110 
  LCDout = char.HIGHNIB        ' output high nibble 
  PULSOUT E,1          ' strobe the Enable line 
  LCDout = char.LOWNIB        ' output low nibble 
  PULSOUT E,1 
  HIGH RS            ' return to character mode 
  'GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY DIGIT ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
DigDisp: 
  char = line+index      ' set new DDRAM address 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  LOOKUP val,["0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9",":"," "],char 
  GOSUB LCDwrite          ' write the character 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐LCD MSG WRITE‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
MsgClrDisp: 
  GOSUB ClrAll 
MsgDisp: 
  FOR index = indexstart TO indexend        ' get message from EEPROM 
    char = line + index      ' set new DDRAM address 
    GOSUB LCDcommand 
    READ (Msg + index),char      ' read a character 
    GOSUB LCDwrite        ' write it 
  NEXT 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐CLEAR FULL LCD DISPLAY‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ClrAll: 
  char = ClrLCD        ' Clear the LCD 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐CLEAR LINE 1 OF LCD DISPLAY‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ClrLine1: 
  Msg = Msgclr 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐CLEAR LINE 2 OF LCD DISPLAY‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ClrLine2: 
  Msg = Msgclr 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  line = Line1 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY DATA ON 7‐SEGMENT‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
SegDisp: 
  FOR indexMAX = 4 TO 1 
    READ (4 ‐ indexMAX + segdata),d7219    ' read and send letter 
    SHIFTOUT Dpin,ClockMAX,MSBFIRST,[indexMAX,d7219] 
    PULSOUT LoadMAX,3 
  NEXT 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SHOW TIME ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ShowTime: 
  segdata = Run 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  char = CrsrHm          ' move the cursor home 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  index = 0 
  val = lap 'lap number 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display ten's digit of hours 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = 11 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display space 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = (lsecs/3600)/10    'ten's digit of hours 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display ten's digit of hours 
  val = (lsecs/3600)//10    'one's digit of hours 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display one's digit of hours 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = 10 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display colon 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = (lsecs/60)/10    'ten's digit of minutes 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display ten's digit of minutes 
  index = index +1 
  val = (lsecs/60)//10    'one's digit of minute 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display one's digit of minutes 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = 10 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display colon 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = (lsecs//60)/10    'ten's digit of second 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display ten's digit of second 
 
  index = index +1 
  val = (lsecs//60)//10    'one's digit of second 
  GOSUB DigDisp    'display one's digit of second 
 
  index = 0 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ SPEAKER SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐TIMEUP SPEAKER RING‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
TimeUp: 
  secs = 0 
  lsecs = 0 
  sflag = 0 
  lap = 0 
  GOSUB LapLedOff 
  Msg = Msgup 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  FREQOUT Speaker,2000,440,480    ' combine 440 Hz and 480 Hz 
  Msg = Msgreset 
  indexend = 9 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  PAUSE 200 
  line = Line1 
  GOTO RepeatMsg 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐START WATCH BUTTON PRESS BEEP‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
StartWatchBeep: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  GOTO StartWatch 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INVALID INPUT BEEP AND MESSAGE‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
InvalidBeepMsg: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,50,1000,100    ' button press tic 1000Hz/100Hz for 50ms 
  segdata = Invalid 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ClrLine2 
  Msg = Msginvinp 
  indexend = 13 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  PAUSE 200 
  line = Line1 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐TIMER SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐EVALUATE SET TIME FOR TIMER‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
EvalSetTime: 
'  DEBUG "EvalTime", CR, DEC Switches 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  sflag = 1 
  LOOKDOWN Switches, [D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7], Switches 
  IF Switches = 7 THEN EvalSecs 
  val = Switches 
  index = (index + 1) 
  GOSUB DigDisp 
  SetTime = SetTime*10 
  LOOKUP  Switches, [SetTime+0, SetTime+1, SetTime+2, SetTime+3, SetTime+4, SetTime+5, SetTime+6], SetTime 
 ' DEBUG CR, DEC SetTime 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐EVALUATE SECONDS FOR TIMER‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
EvalSecs: 
  SetSecs = SetSecs+SetTime*convfac 
  SetTime = 0 
  IF convfac = 3600 THEN MinDispSet 
  IF convfac = 60 THEN SecDispSet 
  IF convfac = 1 THEN MainClr 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY HOURS? ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
HrsDispSet: 
  Setsecs = 0 
  SetTime = 0 
  sflag = 1 
  segdata = HOUR 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
'  GOSUB ClrAll 
  GOSUB ClrLine1 
  Msg = Msghrs 
  indexend = 5 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  convfac = 3600 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY MINUTES? ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
MinDispSet: 
  segdata = Min7 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ClrLine1 
  Msg = Msgmins 
  indexend = 7 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  convfac = 60 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐DISPLAY SECONDS? ON LCD‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
SecDispSet: 
  segdata = SEC 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ClrLine1 
  Msg = Msgsecs 
  indexend = 7 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  convfac = 1 
  GOTO MainSetTime 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐RESET FLAG FOR SETTING TIMER‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
Resetsflag: 
  sflag = 0 
  GOTO Resetted 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SWITCH SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐READ SWITCH STATUS FROM 74x165.BS2‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ReadSwitches: 
  PULSOUT Load,3          ' grab the switch inputs 
  SHIFTIN D_in,Clock,MSBPRE,[switches]  ' shift them in 
'  DEBUG HOME, IBIN8 switches      ' display binary mode 
'  PAUSE 100 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SWITCH STATUS WHILE WATCH IS RUNNING‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
SwitchStatus: 
  IF Switches = 0 THEN Resetlflag ' Lap Button Wil work only when lflag = 0 
                     ' (Avoid looping due to repetitive pressing in one go) 
  IF Switches = D2 THEN PauseWatchBeep 
  IF Switches = D4 THEN StopWatchBeep 
  IF (Switches = D5) AND (lflag = 0) THEN NextLap 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐STOP WATCH AND RESET‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
StopWatchBeep: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
StopWatch: 
  segdata = Stop7 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  Msg = Msgreset 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  PAUSE 200 
  GOSUB ClrAll 
  lap = 0 
  GOTO RepeatMsg 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐PAUSE STOP WATCH‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
PauseWatchBeep: 
  idlecounter = 0 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  GOSUB LapLedOn 
 
PauseWatch: 
  segdata = HALT 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  PAUSE 100 
  segdata = CLEAR 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  IF Switches = D3 THEN StartWatchBeep 
  IF Switches = 0 THEN IncIdleCount 
  idlecounter = 0 
  IncIdleCount: 
  idlecounter = (idlecounter + 1) 
  'DEBUG CR, DEC idlecounter 
  IF idlecounter = counterMAX THEN ShutDownPause 
'  DEBUG CR, "RETURNED" 
  GOTO PauseWatch 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐POWER SAVING SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SHUTDOWN LCD & 7‐SEG FOR POWER SAVING‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ShutDown: 
  SHIFTOUT Dpin,ClockMAX,MSBFIRST,[Shutdn,0]  ' ShutDown 7‐Segment Display 
  PULSOUT LoadMAX,1 
  char = DispOff          ' turn the LCD Off 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
ShutLoop: 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  IF Switches <> 0 THEN Start 
  GOTO ShutLoop 
Start: 
  'Switches = 0 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  SHIFTOUT Dpin,ClockMAX,MSBFIRST,[Shutdn,1]  ' ShutDown 7‐Segment Display 
  PULSOUT LoadMAX,1 
  char = DispOn          ' turn the LCD On 
  GOSUB LCDcommand 
  idlecounter = 0 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SHUTDOWN FOR REPEAT MSG‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ShutDownRepeat: 
  GOSUB ShutDown 
  GOTO Repeat 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SHUTDOWN FOR PAUSE‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
ShutDownPause: 
  GOSUB ShutDown 
  GOTO PauseWatch 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐AUTOPOWER OFF SETTING‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
AutoPowerOff: 
  Msg = MsgPower 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  Msg = MsgYN 
  indexend = 15 
  line = Line2 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  idlecounter = 0 
PowerLoop: 
  segdata = PICK 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOSUB ReadSwitches 
  IF Switches = D0 THEN PowerN 
  IF Switches = D1 THEN PowerY 
  PAUSE 200 
  segdata = CLEAR 
  GOSUB SegDisp 
  GOTO PowerLoop 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐AUTOPOWER OFF YES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
PowerY: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  GOSUB ClrAll 
  Msg = MsgY 
  indexend = 2 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  counterMAX = counterPS 
  PAUSE 1000 
  GOTO RepeatMsg 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐AUTOPOWER OFF NO‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
PowerN: 
  FREQOUT Speaker,10,5000    ' button press tic 5000Hz for 10ms 
  GOSUB ClrAll 
  Msg = MsgN 
  indexend = 1 
  line = Line1 
  GOSUB MsgDisp 
  counterMAX = 65535 
  PAUSE 1000 
  GOTO RepeatMsg 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐LAP SUBROUTINES‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐RESET FLAG FOR LAP‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
Resetlflag: 
  lflag = 0 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐TURN ON LAP LEDS‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
LapLedOn: 
  IF lap = 1 THEN Led1 
  IF lap = 2 THEN Led2 
Led1: 
  LAPLED1 = 1 
  RETURN 
Led2: 
  LAPLED2 = 1 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐TURN OFF LAP LEDS‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
LapLedOff: 
  LAPLED1 = 0 
  LAPLED2 = 0 
  RETURN 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐MISC‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
 
'‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐SEND BACK ON INVALID INPUT‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
InvalidInput: 
  idlecounter = 0 
  GOSUB InvalidBeepMsg 
  GOTO RepeatMsg 
' ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 
   
B. Data Sheets

B.1 MAX7219, Serially Interfaced, 8-digit LED Driver Display (www.datasheetcatalog.com)

B.2 74HC165, 8-bit parallel-in/serial out shift register (NXP Semiconductors)

Pin Configuration Functional Diagram

B.3 HD44780U (LCD-II) Dot Matrix Liquid Crystal Display Controller /Driver