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AJIVIKA
669
on the corresponding
Kushan
the
substitute
coins, which
or
The Kushan
title f>AO
JM0.1
f>AONANO
lettering
me
to
cut
less
and
barbaric
than
better
the
appears
in Elam
population
But the close
with
that
vertible.
Elamites
Aramaic
is not
fact which
Elamite?a
of the Kanishka
connexion
in use
since
strange,
was at all times
and Persis
in Ely mais
the Greek
very small.
Greek
alphabet
is incontro
and Characene
is the preference
of these
noteworthy
Equally
for
Greek
instead of the popular
and Kushans
I have been asked why Kanishka
and Prakrit.
put Greek
legends, and Greek
legends only, on his copper
on
as
as
his
I can only answer that his
well
coins,
gold.
did the same.
Elamite
contemporaries
J.
Kennedy.
Ajivika
In his admirable
treatise
in Hastings'
upon the Ajivikas
and Ethics,
i, p. 259 seq.,
Encyclopaedia
of Religion
"
: On the exact
Dr. Hoernle
writes as follows
signification
'
we have no information."
of the name Ajivika'
However,
it probable
that the name was not originally
the
followers of the heresiarch
Gosala
them
up by
a nickname
to
selves, but was from the beginning
given
and meant
them by their opponents
to denote
them as
he
thinks
taken
only
as a means
So ajivika
(djiva).
or something
like that.
be denied
that
It cannot
mean
practising
livelihood
ascetic
rules
of
this
probable
explanation
do I pretend
to be in a position
would
this
seems
rather
a
"
of gaining
"
professional
to be
obscure
the most
word.
to offer a better
one.
Nor
But
1 I
have
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670
AJIVIKA
but
So we
find
in the Sveta^vatara
i, 6, and
Up.,
is well
to
known
"
noble
the
eightfold
sarvdjiva-
(cf. sammd-djlva-)
saonyag-djivaone of the stations
of
designate
"
in
lore
of
the
In Buddhist
the
sacred
Buddhists.
path
as
name
of
ascetics
heterodox
the
too, djlvika
scriptures,
=
8
met with, e.g. Vinaya
is frequently
Pitaka,
i,
Majjh.
Nik.
i, 170; Vin. Pit. ii, 130, 284, etc.; but the name of
is not mentioned
Gosala
from
the
Jain
head
canonical
of
epigraphical
date
which
in connexion
that we
books
mentioned
the djlviyas
mentions
of the word
from
the
time
with
it. It is only
learn that Gosala was
As for the
there.
djlvika,
of Asoka
and
the
his
first
of
successor
at
been dealt with
have
by
they
length
266
in his treatise,
seq.
p.
Now
the founder of the sect of the Ajivikas
is, as is
Jains
Gosala Maooikhafyiutta,
well known,
called by the
Dasaratha,
Dr. Hoernle
Gosala
Makkhali
and by the Buddhists
(Skt. Maskarioi
was
or Gosdlikdputra).
his real
That
Gosala
GoSdla
= onaskaonoi denotes
aud
makkhali
name,
(:manikhali)2
a certain
sect of mendicant
him as belonging
by birth to
friars, has been shown at length by Dr. Hoernle.
means
an ascetic
on to state
onaskarin
that
a
and
(inaskara),
single bamboo-staff
to the sect of mendicants
fore belonged
eka-dandins,
who
were,
as
we
know,
He
goes
carrying
there
that Gosala
usually
orthodox
called
Saivas.
1 Of
to the St. Petersburg
indications
I owe
tho following
course,
mentioned.
and to the article
already
by Dr. Hoernlo
Dictionary
*
of course,
of r into I, must,
of the change
because
belong
Makkhali,
the Magadhi.
to an Eastern
dialect,
probably
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AJIVIKA 671
monks
of such mascara-carrying
is,
early existence
as Dr. Hoernle
not
the
ascertained
out,
only by
points
name
Panini
but
also
vi, 1, 154
by
Mamkhalipntta,
where
he
(maskaramaskarindu
vennparivrdjakayoh),
of
word
maskarin.1
And
the
formation
the
explains
The
of course, be
may,
as
kind
Nigganthaputta
of Mahavira,
followers
Mamkhalipntta
of the same
as a noun
regarded
or
Sdkiyaputta,
the Niggantha,
and
house
the
ascetic
of
the
of
Gotama,
royal
great
Sakyas.
But this statement,
being quite clear to us, seems not to
have been so to the author of the Bhagavatisutra
(p. 1204 ;
names
of the
v. Dr. Hoernle's
was
for he states
i, p. 1);
as
Uvasagadasao,
App.
called Mamkhalipntta,
of (malignant)
pictures
him ".2 Now?to
with
there
deities
he
which
go further
is no real word mamkha
that
carried
Dr.
with
about
Hoernle?
could make
good this
real
the
of
that
moreover,
explanation;
meaning
presumably
invented
word was not very clear to Abhayadeva
and
we
must
Hemacandra.
So
put this explanation
surely
aside
and hold
a maskarin,
eka-dandin.
to the view
a mendicant
But
only a blunder
the carrying
cerning
really
carrying
I think
father was
that Gosala's
that
one
staff
if the word
of Abhayadeva,
of a picture
be quite right,
his
of
of
rather
an
bamboo,
mamkha
was
statement
con
certain
ugly
as I hope to show
looking deity might
in the following.
From
and the
v, 3, 99 (jivikdrthc
Panini,
cdpamje),
of Patanjali and others, we learn thata
explanations
picture
of Siva or some other deity3
that wras fabricated
for sale
1 As
for Patanjali's
of this sQtra
(M.Bh.
iii, p.
explanation
Ind. Stud,
Weber,
ii, 174 f., quoted
by Dr. Hoernle.
2
in the commentary
Hemacandra
upon Abhidhanaciutamani,
was = magadha,
"a bard."
says that mamkha
3
mentions
Skanda
and Visakha
too.
Pataiijali
90)
see
v, 795,
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AJIVIKA
672
should
god
was called
for earning money
I do not
&iva.
simply
to enter into an investigation
wish
of these grammatical
and their various explanations,
subtleties
which
have been
discussed
the
in a paper
late Professor
fully
by
Ludwig
an R. von Roth, p. 57 seq.
inserted in the Festgruss
But
I wish
to lay stress
Panini
must
sutra
profession
earning
rather
upon
have
of carrying
And
money.
traditional
at
been able
the
fact
about
his
for
that
to
the
of
purpose
have been
as the grammarians
had
as to the
nice distinctions
time,
such
when
I
the
think
words
it rather
the
to the
points
seems
the
of life must
already
uses of e.g. Siva
various
and Sivaka,
were
used to denote
these pictures.
clear
to this
according
accustomed
idols
such a mode
to make
that
well
been
highly
grammarian
we
hitherto
of Abhayadeva
explanation
quoted above
same fact as is told by Panini.
And if, as
we
must fix the date of the famous
probable,
at an earlier
than has been done
period
that
statement
be
his
may
suppose
might
with
the life of Gosala.
nearly contemporary
of
it
is
Now,
interest, too, that just Siva should be used
here for exemplifying
and that the
the rule of Panini,
are Skanda
other examples
who are both
and ViSdkha,
connected
very
closely
we
indications
might
"
deity which
malignant"
was carrying about, must
whom
and
ugly-looking
been known
have
relation
to this
on
fact
the
1Deralaka
about
M.Bh.).
called
idols
since
djlvika
or demla
showing
Cf. Amarakoua,
a ddivalaka
(Har.
was
a man
them
seems
father*
been just
terrible
from
conclude
perhaps
Gosala's
have
For
Siva.
very old
I might
conjecture
that
and
with
that
these
the
the Mauikhali,
the same Siva of
after all,
pictures may,
in India.
And in
times
also
perhaps
to be sometimes
who
gained
to the
people
lay stress
used as
his
livelihood
by carrying
v, 3, 99 ;
(schol. ad Pan.
tu devalah.
He was also
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AJIVIKA 673
a Saiva ascetic,
and that the
154
of Panini, vi, 1,
(and Patafijali
upon that
can
a Saiva
have
been
but
such
sutra)
scarcely
anything
one staff.
ascetic carrying
a synonym
maskarin
of
elca-dandin,
in the Vienna
And
times.
perhaps
to the same
another
instance
venture
I may
to think, perhaps,
that
it
time
before
and
Buddha,
designated
an ascetic
of the same kind as Gosala's
father,
but
ajivika,
dates
from
There
see here
pointing
course, nothing
lines concerning
originally
a mendicant
we might
the
friar belonging
is another
small
to some Saiva
observation
sect.
too
that might
to
my hypothesis,
perhaps
weight
though
I confess most willingly
one.
it is a rather uncertain
The
on his way from
Vin. Pit. i, 8 tells us that Gotama,
Gaya
a certain
after his enlightenment,
met with
immediately
a mendicant
friar, whom the text calls an ajivika.
Upaka,
If now it is almost
certain
that Buddha
died at the age
lend some more
about
560
calculated
probability
I should
rather think
states
that he founded
sixteen
before
years
could
be proved,
an djivalca,
that Gosala
a
little
his order
his
death.
died
about
B.C. 500?
later?aud
the Bhagavati
of mendicants
at Savatthi
If
these
calculations
whom
this Upaka,
the Vinaya
Pitaka
was
a
calls
not
of
Gosala,
certainly
disciple
to a sect previous
but belonged
I readily confess
to his.
can
that not much
be ascribed
to these
importance
uncertain
I
but
think
the
calculations;
chronological
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674
statement
nexion
in con
Pitaka
the Vinaya
may be viewed
never denote the
fact that the Buddhists
of
with
as
djlvikas
the
real
obtain
followers
some
of
Gosala.
Thus
it might
little more
probability.
few remarks
with
these
all, I have only wished
to
had
to try to prove that djlvaka
originally
nothing
name
a much
was
but
older
do with Gosala
especially,
a sect to which
and
he originally
belonged
designating
to his disciples.
transferred
afterwards
perhaps
After
Jarl
Imprecations
in Indian
Land
Charpentier.
Grants
has
for 1912 Mr. Pargiter
On pp. 248 ff. of this Journal
a useful
collection
afterwards
(increased
by
published
from the
Professor Hultzsch,
p. 476) of those passages
some of the
to which
Malulbhdoxita
and from the Puranas
verses
and benedictory
imprecatory
of
land
Sanskrit
may ultimately
grants
either
themselves
of the earliest
grants
well-known
ancient
Most
a general
that
these
verses
were
quoted in
be traced.
in
state,
or sung
way,
composed
or
the
Veda-Vyasa,
reputed compiler of both the
by Vyasa
or declare more distinctly
Malulbhdo'ata
and the Puranas,
in the Mahdbhdrata.
that they wTcre proclaimed
by Vyasa
be
it may
this
with
In connexion
subject,
perhaps
is regarded as the author
mentioned
that the fabulous Vyasa
as well, and that it
or
law-book
Smrti
of a much
quoted
of
that the authorship
legal writer named Vyasa
in
attributed
been
has
in
the
grants
imprecations
Ioidiaoi
Elements
Burnell's
Palaeography,
of South
is to this
the
Dr.
The
reference
Palaeography,
in
is to a previous
passage
whole
the
chapter
containing
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