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eight
a)
respiration
excrete
move
reproduce
stimuli
internal environment
b) Minimal answers:
nucleus contains the genetic material and controls the cell activities
cytoplasm a liquid gel where many chemical reactions take place
cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
mitochondria provide the cell with energy through respiration
3
a)
Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell sap, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
b) Cell wall made of cellulose to strengthen the cell and give it support
Vacuole a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap that helps to keep the cell rigid
Chloroplasts found in the green parts of the plant. They contain green chlorophyll, which
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
c)
The plant root cell would not contain any chloroplasts because the roots are underground, dont
get any light and dont carry out photosynthesis, so they dont need chlorophyll.
a)
Amylase breaks down starch. The evidence is that iodine no longer turns black to indicate the
presence of starch.
d) It wouldnt work as well, in fact it would probably stop working completely, because a change
in pH causes a change in the shape of the active site, which affects the ability of the enzyme to
catalyse the reaction.
5
a)
b) Lactic acid
c)
Aerobic respiration produces water and carbon dioxide as waste products, plus a lot of energy.
Anaerobic respiration produces only lactic acid and less energy.
a)
Because blood travels through the water by diffusion and sharks follow the diffusion gradient
c)
a)
There is a lower concentration of water molecules in the partially permeable membrane bag than
in the surrounding pure water. Water moves into the bag by osmosis down a concentration
gradient. The bag fills and water is forced up the glass tube.
b) The situation would be reversed. There would be a higher concentration of water molecules in
the bag than in the surrounding solution. Water would move out of the bag by osmosis into the
surrounding solution. The level of water in the tube would drop and the bag would become
flaccid.
c)
a)
Cells that are specialised and adapted to carry out particular functions in the body
b) The number of mitochondria in a cell reflects the amount of energy needed by the cell, so a cell
with many mitochondria will tend to be a very active cell, either dividing, contracting or
producing chemicals such as hormones or enzymes.
c)
i)
A group of cells specialised for a particular function. Any sensible example, e.g. muscle
ii)
Several tissues working together to carry out a function in the body. Any sensible example,
e.g. heart
iii) Several organs working together to carry out a function in the body. Any sensible example,
e.g. circulatory system, digestive system
d) Suitable diagram could be as simple as
cell tissue organ organ system body
Example
Way(s) of feeding
Multicellular?
animal
cow
yes
plant
[any plant]
yes
protoctist
[any protoctist]
sometimes
Bacterium (prokaryote)
[any bacterium]
no
virus
[any virus]
doesnt feed
no
a)
Examples:
Plants
Animals
multicellular
multicellular
b) Any sensible difference, e.g. plants photosynthesise, fungi do not; plant cell walls are made of
cellulose, fungal cell walls are made of chitin; any sensible similarity, e.g. both have cell walls.
3
a)
b) Features that have a similar evolutionary background / strong similarity of structure and
function
c)
a)
b) Fungi dont contain chlorophyll, so they cant photosynthesise. They contain chitin in their cells
walls, not cellulose.
c)
i)
ii)
a)
b)
c)
i)
The hyphae secrete digestive enzymes onto the food. The enzymes break the food down
into soluble molecules such as sugars, which are then absorbed by the mould. (They are
known as extracellular enzymes.)
ii)
a)
b) Bacteria feed, respire, reproduce, grow, excrete, etc. all characteristic of living organisms.
Viruses only reproduce in the cells of a living host they dont carry out any of the other
characteristics of a typical living organism.
c)
Bacteria can be very useful decomposition, making food, etc., although they can also cause
disease. All natural viruses cause disease.