Wireless Communication-2

(EC 010 801)

February 19, 2014

(EC 010 801)

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Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users
to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum
The sharing of spectrum is required to achieve high capacity
by simultaneously allocating the available bandwidth (or the
available amount of channels) to multiple users.
Efficient allocation of signaling dimensions between users is a
key design aspect of both uplink and downlink channels, since
bandwidth is usually scarce and/or very expensive.
Multiple access techniques divide up the total signaling
dimensions into channels and then assign these channels to
different users.
The most common methods to divide up the signal space are
along the time, frequency,and/or code axes.

(EC 010 801)

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Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division
multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access
(CDMA) are the three major access techniques used to share
the available bandwidth in a wireless communication system.
Two other multiple access schemes are used for wireless
communications are packet radio (PR) and space division
multiple access (SDMA).
Packet Radio (PR) can be viewed as a form of TDMA where
the assignment of timeslots to users is adaptive.
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is an MA format for
systems with multiple antennas and it can be combined with
all other MA formats.
The goal of all MA methods is to maximize spectral efficiency
i.e. to maximize the number of users per unit bandwidth.
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Duplexing

(EC 010 801)

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Duplexing

In wireless communications systems, it is often desirable to

allow the subscriber to send simultaneously information to the
base station while receiving information from the base station.
Duplexing may be done using frequency or time domain
techniques.
Duplexing separates transmission and reception at a
transceiver. It serves to separate the uplink and downlink.

(EC 010 801)

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FDD and TDD

Frequency division duplexing (FDD) provides two distinct
bands of frequencies for every user. The forward band provides
traffic from the base station to the mobile, and the reverse
band provides traffic from the mobile to the base station.
In FDD, any duplex channel actually consists of two simplex
channels, and a device called a duplexer is used inside each
subscriber unit and base station to allow simultaneous radio
transmission and reception on the duplex channel pair.
Time division duplexing (TDD) uses time instead of frequency
to provide both a forward and reverse link
If the time split between the forward and reverse time slot is
small, then the transmission and reception of data appiars
simultaneous to the user.
TDD allows communication on a single channel (as opposed
to techniques requiring two simplex or dedicated channels)
and simplifies the subscriber equipment since a duplexer is not
required.
TDD is often used in conjunction with TDMA.
FDD can be used in combination with any MA method.
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Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

(EC 010 801)

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Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

In FDMA the system signaling dimensions are divided along
the frequency axis into nonoverlapping channels,and each user
is assigned a different frequency channel.
FDMA is usually combined with frequency domain duplex so
that the two frequency bands (with a fixed dupex distance)
are assigned to each user; one for downlink (BS to MS) and
one for uplink (MS to BS) communication.
Duplexing may be done using frequency or time domain
techniques.
Duplexing separates transmission and reception at a
transceiver. It serves to separate the uplink and downlink.
Features of FDMA-self study

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Example -FDMA
First-generation analog systems were allocated a total
bandwidth of B = 25 MHz for uplink channels and another B
= 25 MHz for downlink channels. This bandwidth allocation
was split between two operators in every region, so each
operator had 12.5 MHz for both their uplink and downlink
channels. Each user was assigned Bc = 30 KHz of spectrum
for its analog voice signal, corresponding to 24 KHz for the
FM modulated signal and 3 KHz guardbands on each side.
The total uplink and downlink bandwidths also required guard
bands of Bg = 10 KHz on each side to mitigate interference
to and from adjacent systems. Find the total number of
analog voice users that could be supported in the total 25
MHz of bandwidth allocated to the uplink and the downlink.
Answer: N=832 or 416 users per operator.

(EC 010 801)

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Time division multiple access (TDMA)

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TDMA frame structure

In a TDMA frame, the preamble contains the address and

synchronization information that both the base station and
the subscribers use to identify each other.
Guard times are utilized to allow synchronization of the
receivers between different slots and frames.
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Example 1 -TDMA

Consider Global System for Mobile, which is a TDMA/FDD

system that uses 25 MHz for the forward link, which is broken
into radio channels of 200 kHz. If 8 speech channels are
supported on a single radio channel, and if no guard band is
assumed, find the number of simultaneous users that can be
accommodated in GSM.
Answer: N=1000, thus GSM can accomodate 1000
simultaneous users.

(EC 010 801)

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Example 2 -TDMA

If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of

eight time slots, and each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and
data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel, find (a)
the time duration of a bit, (b) the time duration of a slot,(c)
the time duration of a frame, and (d) how long must a user
occupying a single time slot must wait between two
simultaneous transmissions.
(a) 3.692microsecond, (b) 0.577 millisecond, (c) 4.615
millisecond, (d) A user has to wait 4.615 millisecond, the
arrival time of a new frame, for its next transmission.

(EC 010 801)

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Example 3 -TDMA

If a normal GSM time slot consists of 6 trailing bits, 8.25

guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts of 58 bits of
data, find the frame efficiency.
Answer=74.24 percentage.

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