Need For Protocol Architecture

E.g. File transfer

Source must activate comms. Path or inform network
of destination
Source must check destination is prepared to receive
File transfer application on source must check
destination file management system will accept and
store file for his user
May need file format translation
Task broken into subtasks
Implemented separately in layers in stack
Functions needed in both systems
Peer layers communicate

Key Elements of a Protocol

Syntax
Data formats
Signal levels

Semantics
Control information
Error handling

Timing
Speed matching
Sequencing

Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into
modules
For example file transfer could use three
modules
File transfer application
Communication service module
Network access module

Protocol Architectures and Networks

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate
Control information is added to user data at
each layer
Transport layer may fragment user data
Each fragment has a transport header
added
Destination SAP
Sequence number
Error detection code

This gives a transport protocol data unit

Standardized Protocol Architectures

Required for devices to communicate
Vendors have more marketable products
Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
Two standards:
OSI Reference model
Never lived up to early promises
TCP/IP protocol suite
Most widely used
Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Encapsulation

Names for Data at Each Layer

THE
OSI
MODEL

OSI - The Model

A layer model
Each layer performs a subset of the
required communication functions
Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
Each layer provides services to the next
higher layer
Changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

OSI
Model

OSI layers

Headers are added

to the data at layers
6, 5, 4, 3, and 2.
Trailers are usually
added only at layer 2.

An exchange using the OSI model

LAYERS
IN
THE
OSI
MODEL

Functionality of Physical layer

Physical Characteristics of interfaces & media

Representation of Bits
Data rate
Synchronization of Bits
Line configuration
Physical Topology
Transmission Mode

Physical Layer

Functionality of Data Link layer

Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control

Byte-oriented framing
Computer data is normally stored as
alphanumeric characters that are encoded with
a combination of 8 bits (1 byte)
This type of framing differentiates one byte
from another
It is an older style of framing that was used in
the terminal/mainframe environment
Examples of byte-oriented framing include
IBM's BISYNC protocol.

Bit-oriented framing
This type of framing allows the sender to
transmit a long string of bits at one time
IBM's SDLC (Synchronous Data Link
Control) and HDLC (High-level Data Link
Control) are examples of bit-oriented protocols
Most LANs use bit-oriented framing. There is
usually a maximum frame size. For example,
Ethernet has a maximum frame size of 1,526
bytes.

Clock-based framing
In a clock-based system, a series of repetitive
pulses are used to maintain a constant bit rate
and keep the digital bits aligned in the data
stream
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a
synchronous system in which all the clocks in
the network are synchronized back to a master
clock reference.

Data Link Layer

Node-to-node delivery

Network Layer

Functionality of Network Layer

Logical Addressing
Routing

End-to-end delivery

Functionality of Transport layer

Service Point addressing

Segmentation & reassembly
Connection Control
Flow control
Error control

Transport Layer

Reliable end-to-end delivery of a message

Functionality of Session Layer

Dialog control
Synchronization

Functionality of Presentation Layer

Translation
Encryption
Compression

Session Layer

Presentation Layer

Application Layer

Summary of layers

TCP/IP
PROTOCOL
SUITE

TCP/IP and OSI model

ADDRESSING

Addresses in TCP/IP

Relationship
of
layers
and
addresses
in TCP/IP

 Message The actual application data,

command, or instruction specified by
the user or application. A message is
encapsulated within a TCP segment
assuming TCP is used.
Segment The packet of information
exchanged between two connected
systems (peers) that contains transport
layer protocol information. TCP
exchanges segments. Segments
encapsulate upper-layer messages.

 Datagram The packet of information

that is exchanged between two
connected systems that contains
network layer protocol information. IP
exchanges datagrams. Datagrams
encapsulate segments.
Frame The packet of information at
the data link layer with a layout that is
specific to the protocol in use. Frames
encapsulate datagrams.