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HYDROLOGY
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Hydrological data
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Lectures_ 1 &2
Definitions
Hydrological Cycles and Water Distribution
Water Budget
Space-time Scales
Catchment Area
History of Hydrology
Applications
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Water Distribution
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Source-CWC, India
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Source-CWC, India
2. Hydrologic Budget
The water budget represents the inventory of water for a specific water
body (or hydrologic region) during a certain time interval.
It can be estimated using the mass conservation equation, which
expresses the balance between the inflows, outflows and change of
storage in any water body / hydrologic region over a period of time. For a
drainage basin
P - R - G - E - T = S
(1)
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dS
= I O
dt
d
(Ss + Sm +Sg+Si ) = Ir + Isn Osr Osb Og e et f
dt
Subscripts s=surface storage; m = soil moisture storage; g = ground water storage;
i = interception storage
Ir = rainfall intensity; Isn = rate of snowfall; Osr= surface runoff; Osb= subsurface
runoff; Og = ground water runoff; e = rate of evaporation; et = rate of transpiration;
f = infiltration rate
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3. Space-Time scales
Depending on the hydrologic problem under consideration, the
hydrologic cycle or its component can be treated at different scales of
time and space.
The global scale is the largest spatial scale and the drainage basin, the
smallest spatial scale.
The time scales used in hydrologic studies range from a fraction of an
hour to a year or perhaps many years. The time scale used in a
hydrologic study depends on the purpose of the study and the problem
involved.
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Catchment
boundary of
the Kosi river
Almora
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Stream
Drainage
Pattern
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Ds =
Nunmber of streams N s
Catchment area A
km -2
4. Drainage density Dd = Total length of all streams channels (perennial and intermittent) Ls
A
Drainage density varies inversely as the length of overland flow and
indicates the drainage efficiency of the basin.
A high value indicates a well-developed network and torrential runoff causing
intense floods while a low value indicates moderate runoff and high
permeability of the terrain.
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Wb
A
= 2
Lb
Lb
<1
L2b
A
>1
Elongation ratio , =
Circularity ratio, =
Watershed area
Area of circle of watershed perimeter
Compactness coefficient, C c =
Pb=perimeter of the basin
Pb
2 A
2 A =circumference of circular area having area equal to the area of the basin
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Stream slope
1. Average stream slope=total fall of the longest water course/length of the
entire longest water course.
2. The channel is divided into N number of reaches each having Slope Si,
and length Li. (Johnstone and Cross, 1949)
The equivalent stream slope
N
1/ 2
Li S i
S m = i =1 N
Li
i =1
History of Hydrology
It is not easy to answer the question How and where the science of
hydrology began?.
In ancient times various hydrologic principles were successfully
applied in practice.
Early Chinese irrigation and flood control works and Greek and
Roman aqueducts are worth mentioning.
The Roman engineer Marcus Vitruvius (1st century B.C.) developed
an early theory of the hydrologic cycle in his treatise 'On Architecture'.
During the Middle Ages, Vitruvius's work was the standard reference
book on Hydrology.
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Applications In Engineering
1. Scientific Hydrology-a study concerned with academic aspects.
2. Engineering or applied Hydrology- a study concerned with
engineering applications
Hydrological Data
The basic hydrological data required are:
1. Precipitation and climatological data - IMD
2. Topographic maps - SOI
3. Stream-flow records - CWC
4. Ground water data Central Ground Water Board
5. Evaporation and transpiration data -IMD
6. Cropping pattern, crops and their consumptive use Irrigation Dept
7. Soil map
8. Water quality data of surface streams and groundwater
9. Geological maps - GSI
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