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* Memorize
Adam D. Foltz
15 Unknowns:
o 6 Stresses
o 6 Strains
o 3 Displacements
15 Governing Equations:
o 3 Equilibrium Equations
o 6 Strain-Displacement Equations
o 6 Strain-Stress Equations
o If all equations are satisfied, the equations of compatibility are satisfied.
3D Strain:
o =
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
2 = =
2 = =
2 = =
Stress-Strain Relationships:
1
o = + + T
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
= ( + ) + T
1
= + + T
2 = =
2 = =
2 = =
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + +
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + ( + )
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + +
= 2 + *
= 2 +
= 2 +
Equations of Compatibility:
o 2D:
2 x
y2
3D:
2 x
+
y2
2 y
o
o
2 y
x2
=
=
2 xy
xy
2 xy
x
x
y
y
z
z
xy
y
xy
x
xz
x
xz
+
z
yz
z
yz
y
Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0
+ Fz = 0
Dilation:*
12
o = x + y + z =
x + y + z
o
x2
Equilibrium Equations:*
o
2 y
xy
2 yz
2 z
+ y2 = yz
z2
2
z
2 x
2 xz
+
=
2
2
x
z
zx
2 x
=
[-1 < v < 0.5 (incompressible)] *
o
o
o
=
3(12)
=
2(1+)
= (1+)(12)
Plane Stress
Situation:
o Thin plates
Strain:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Plane Strain
+ =
2 = =
= = 0
= = 0
+ *
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + + = 2 +
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + ( + ) = 2 +
2 y
2 xy
2 x
+
=
(In terms of strain)
2
2
y
x
xy
2
2
2 + 2 + = (1 + )
x
x
y
y
xy
y
xy
Fz = 0
+ Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0
Situation:
o Thick plates (long prismatic bodies)
Strain:
o
o
o
o
2 = =
Equilibrium Equations:
o
2 = =
o = 0
Equations of Compatibility:
o
2 = =
Stress-Strain Relationships:
1
o =
o
= 0
2 = = +
o = = 0
o = = 0
Stress-Strain Relationships:
o
o
1 2
1 2
o
o
o
o
o
o
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + = 2 + (x + y )
= (1+)(12) (1 ) + = 2 + (x + y )
o = x + y = (x + y ) *
Equations of Compatibility:
o
o
= 0
2 = =
= = = 0
= = = 0
2
2 xy
2 x
+ 2y =
(In terms of strain)
2
y
x
xy
2
2
1
2 + 2 + =
+
Equilibrium Equations:
o
o
o
x
x
y
y
xy
y
xy
Fz = 0
+ Fx = 0
+ Fy = 0
Stress Transformations
Uniaxial Stress:
o = 2 ()*
o = sin() cos() *
Biaxial Stress:
+
o = + cos(2) + sin(2)
o
2
+
o =
Triaxial Stress:*
o =
cos(2) sin(2)
sin(2) + cos(2)
]
o = [
o 1 = [ ]
]
o 2 = [
Traction/Normal/Shear:*
o =
o 1 =
o 1 =
o =
Plane Equations: *
o ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0
o Given three points: , , , , , ,
Calculate
and
=
= , , 0
=
Strain Transformations
Uniaxial Stress:
o = 2 ()
o = sin() cos()
Biaxial Stress:
+
o = + cos(2) + sin(2)
o
2
+
2
2
cos(2)
sin(2)
o = sin(2) + cos(2)
Triaxial Stress:
o =
Principal Stresses
Uniaxial Stress:
o 1 =
o 2 = 3 = 0
o = 0
Biaxial Stress:
o
o
o
o
o
1 =
2 =
+
2
3 = 0
tan2 =
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
o = + 45*
Triaxial Stress:
o [1 , 2 , 3 ] = ([])
o [1 , 2 , 3 ] = ([])
1
o = |1 3 |
2
Stress Invariants:
o 3 1 2 + 2 3 = 0
o 1 = ([])
o 2 = + + 2 2 2
o 3 = ([])
Principal Strains
Uniaxial Strain:
o 1 =
o 2 = 3 = 0
o = 0
Biaxial Strain:
o
o
o
1 =
2 =
+
2
3 = 0
tan2 =
= + 2
o = + 45
Triaxial Strain:
o [1 , 2 , 3 ] = ([])
o [1 , 2 , 3 ] = ([])
o = |1 3 |
Strain Invariants:
o 3 1 2 + 2 3 = 0
o 1 = ([])
o 2 = + + 2 2 2
o 3 = ([])
avg =
Biaxial Stress:
2
2
+ 2
Triaxial Stress:
Stress Transformation*
o = + (2 )
o = (2 )
o (*If the seam lies in the upper half-plane, rotate the x-axis counter-clockwise until parallel to the seam,
to find ; otherwise rotate the x-axis clockwise until parallel; is always positive.)
avg =
Biaxial Strain:
2
2
Triaxial Strain:
Strain Transformation:
o = + (2 )
o = (2 )
Axial Loading: *
o =
o
o
o
o
o
()
()()
()
()()
= =
o =
o =
Torsion:*
o =
o
= =
o =
o =
Sign Convention:
Steps:
Get () from a F.B.D. (A () must be found for each section with new loads)
Find the area under each section of to get , sketch the slope.
*Make sure the shear and moment diagrams match the end boundary conditions.
*Replace a distributed loaded with an equivalent point load when performing calculations.
*The shear diagram is discontinuous; the moment diagram is continuous unless there is a moment load.
*For a beam on the ground, assume a uniform reaction of = (solve for w).
*The shear diagram doesnt change going through a moment, neither does the slope of the moment.
*Add a negative moment for the moment diagram, and subtract a positive moment.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Bending: *
o =
o
2
(from the left end)
2
3
() =
(from the left end)
6
Stress Distribution (the neutral axis lies on the centroid of the cross-section)
Shear: *
o =
o =
o Diagram
Stress Distribution:
=
=
2
4
3
2
(Circular Cross-Section)
= 1 =
(hoop stress)
=
Diagram:
= 2 =
(longitudinal stress)
(out-of-plane, maximum)
(in-plane)
(hoop stress)
(longitudinal stress)
=
(out-of-plane, maximum)
= 0
(in-plane)
Strain:
=
*. =
Spherical:
= 1 =
= 2 =
Combined Loading: *
Geometrical Properties
o
o
Common formulas:
x =
y =
2
2
2
= 2
2
=
4
2 4
2 2
4
4
4
Castigliones Theorem: *
o General:
= 4 = 0
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ( )
=
+ +
+ +
*Add dummy load to point of interest, set load to zero at the end.
*Add reaction force to point of interest, set deflection/slope to zero at the end.
*Add (x-a) for a load shifted a to the right.
6
10
() ,
()
* =
=
5
9
Trusses:
= =1 2
=
= =1
N is the axial force in each member, found from the method of joints or the method of sections.
Thin-Walled Cross Sections: *
o Open:
1
= 3 (b is the length of a segment)
=
Closed:
=
=
2
Closed/Multiply Connected:
= 2
= 0 (calculate for each intersection)
= 2 (calculate for each enclosed area)
= 1 + 1 +
2
=
=
=
Failure Theories
Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion/ Maximum Principal Stress Fracture Criterion: *
o Fails if: (|1 |, |1 |, |1 |) >
o Useful for: predicting fracture in brittle materials under tension-dominated loading
Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion/ Tresca Criterion: *
o Fails if: (|1 2 |, |2 3 |, |3 1 |) >
o Useful for: predicting yield in ductile materials
Maximum Distortion Energy Yield Criterion/ Von Mises Criterion: *
o
o
= *
Cyclic Loading:
o = = (1 + ) (mean stress)
2
2
o = (range stress)
o = = = (1 ) (alternating stress)
o
o
=
=
2
2
1
=
1+
1
=
1+
(stress ratio)
(amplitude ratio)
o =
Columns
General Equations: *
2
2
2
Effective lengths:
Deflection of Beams
Method of Integration: *
o
o
o
o
4
= ()
4
3
3 = ()
2 = = ()
= ()
Boundary Conditions: *
Wedged Rod: *
1. Find an equation relating the two unknown reaction forces.
2. Pick a point in the center of the rod, and find an equation for the deflection of the point coming from
the left, and find an equation for the deflection of the point coming from the right. (Use same
coordinate system for both; for a temperature change, each rod extends away from the rigid wall).
3. Due to the geometric constraint, the deflections should be equal, so set the equations equal to each
other, and then solve the system of equations. (If there is a gap in-between, either subtract the gap
from the deflection coming from the right, or add the gap to the deflection coming from the left).
Elementary Statics
Newtons Laws: *
o 1st: Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external
force is applied to it. This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often
termed simply the "Law of Inertia".
o 2nd: = (for static cases, = 0)
o 3rd: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Equilibrium of a Particles: *
o Fx = 0
o Fy = 0
o Fz = 0
Direction Cosines: *
o = + +
o 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
o
o
o =
Force Vector: *
o = + +
o
= 2 + 2 + 2
() =
Moment: *
o =
o =
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies: *
o Fx = 0
o Fy = 0
o Fz = 0
o Mx = 0
o My = 0
o Mz = 0
Definitions of Structures:
o Trusses- designed to support loads and are usually stationary, fully constrained structures. They consist
exclusively of straight members connected at joints located at the end of each members. Members of a
truss, therefore are two-force members, or members acted upon by two equal and opposite forces
directed along the member.
o Frames- designed to support loads and are also, fully constrained structures. Unlike trusses, frames
contain at least one multi-force member, or a member acted upon by three or more forces which, in
general, are not directed along the member.
o Machines- designed to transmit and modify forces and are structures containing moving parts.
Machines, like frames, always contain at least one multi-force member.
Trusses: *
o Tension (a) / Compression (b)
o
o
Method of Sections:
Used to determine the force in specific members.
Up to three unknown members.
Cases:
Solution Method:
1. Solve for F and N.
2. If , equilibrium is maintained, if , motion occurs and =
Belt/Rope Friction:
2 = (2 > 1 , 2 , > 2, = + )
3. Check that 0
2
1. Set =
2
2. Solve for P, N, and F
3. Check that
o = +
o
1
12
Reactions*