Green Building and Remodeling Concepts and

Practices in Construction

Green building also known as green construction or sustainable building refers to both a structure and the
using of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings
life-cycle; including design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
Although new technologies are all the time being developed to complement present practices in creating
greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment.
Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as
meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs. Although some green building program do not address the issue of the retrofitting existing
homes, others do, especially through public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment. Green
construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately
eliminate the impact of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking
advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and
photovoltaic equipment, and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of
rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building materials or using
packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance
replenishment of ground water.

While the practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ
from region to region, fundamental principles continue from which the method is derived: sitting and
structure design efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, materials efficiency, indoor environmental
quality enhancement, operations and maintenance optimization and waste and toxics reduction. The
essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper
synergistic design, individual green building technology may work together to produce a greater
cumulative effect.

Sitting and structure design efficiency

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage,
in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and
performance. In designing environmentally finest buildings, the objective is to minimize the total
environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a
process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never
repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a
multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the
design stage. A dissimilarity of every design variable may affect the environment during all the buildings
relevant life-cycle stages.

Energy efficiency
Green buildings often include measures to reduce power consumption both the embodied energy
required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide
services such as heating and power for equipment.

To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that decrease air leakage through the building
envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify highperformance windows and extra padding in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar
building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and
place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar
gain in the winter. In addition, efficient window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and
lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.
Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can
significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most
expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One
critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its
ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on
water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water
throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water
in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing
water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate
the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point
of use water treatment and heating improve both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the
amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as siteirrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency
Building materials typically considered to be green include lumber from forests that have been certified
to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension
stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products
that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable. For concrete a high performance is available.
Indoor environmental quality enhancement
The Indoor Environmental Quality is one of the five environmental categories created to provide comfort,
well-being, and productivity of occupants. It addresses design and construction strategy especially: indoor
air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.
Also important to indoor air quality is the control of humidity accumulation (dampness) leading to mold
growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and
microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a buildings envelope or water condensing on cold
surfaces on the buildings interior can improve and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly
sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate
moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and
other activities.
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed
building envelope will also aid in increasing a buildings thermal quality. Creating a high performance
luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve
on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.
Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known
to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypoallergenic and its
smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and

Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of
carpet.[36] The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in
the air to moderate humidity.
Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that
determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such process is the subject of indoor air
scientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air.

Operations and maintenance optimization

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so
if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M)
personnel are part of the projects planning and development process will help retain the green criteria
designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a
buildings life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of
waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a buildings lifecycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take
place. O&M staff should aim to establish best practice in energy efficiency, resource conservation,
ecologically sensitive products and other sustainable practices. Education of building operators and
occupants is key to effective implementation of sustainable strategies in O&M services.

Waste reduction
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction.
During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills.
Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by
providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.
When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills.
Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered waste and reclaiming it into
useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste building materials
such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.
Centralized wastewater management systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this
process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other
benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi centralized biogas plant with
other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced.

Square Footage
Consider how much space you really need, not just how much you want. After all, truly eco friendly
means using as few new materials, and creating as little waste, as possible. A lot of people think their
house has to be big enough for a Super Bowl party, even if theyll never use the space except for that one
event, says Michele. To add just two small bedrooms, a second bathroom, and a modest study/library,
she and Michael chose to bump up the attic, raising the roof by a mere 6 feet and leaving the houses
footprint intact. Adding unnecessary square footage doesnt just result in the excessive use and disposal
of building materialsyou also have to factor in the extra heating, air-conditioning, electricity, and
furniture youll need to service the living space. If you cant give up certain amenities, let rooms do double
dutya laundry room thats also a pantry, say, or a home office that converts to a guest room.

Flooring
Renewable, durable, and versatile, reclaimed wood is recycled no new trees are chopped down for
your floors. For a truly green floor, make sure any adhesive backing is free of formaldehyde and other
harmful Materials. Prices vary depending on the source and how much work it took to transform the wood
from its previous use into flooring. Reclaimed wood is a hot seller, so it should be clearly labeled.

Store the Suns Rays

Passive solar design captures the suns energy to keep interiors toasty and save you energy costs.
Concrete floors and thick interior walls made of concrete, brick, or plaster soak up heat during the day
and release it at night when sunlight goes away or your cozy fire goes out. That helps stabilize temp
fluctuations and makes a room or house more comfortable. If your remodel plans dont include
passive solar design, you can always beef up your insulation.

Chameleon-Like Roofs
Black roofs that absorb heat or lighter-colored ones that reflect it are useful for half the year. MIT
students are working on a solution: color-changing roof tiles that turn light or dark depending on the
outdoor temperature, so your indoor heating and cooling system doesnt have to work as hard. Although
theyre not on the market yet, the inventors of Thermeleon tiles claim they reflect 80% of sunlight when
theyre white, cutting cooling costs by as much as 20% over a black roof.

Use of Terrazzo
Chips of recycled glass cast into a concrete slab make up terrazzo, a green countertop choice known for
its durability and nearly limitless color options. Recycled components make up the bulk of the material
the glass chips usually come from post-consumer sources, such as bottles and windshields, which make
terrazzo a greener choice than granite, but not cheaper. You can expect to pay about $57-$68 per square
foot. On the upside, its easy to clean, and so tough that you can put a hot pot directly on it.

Use of Rainwater
Rainwater picks up all sorts of pollutants like salt, fertilizer, and oil on its way into storm drains, which then
dump the water into rivers and lakes. Rain gardens plants arranged in a shallow depression help
soak up rainwater. That reduces erosion, improves water quality and decreases the chance of flooding.
Costs vary depending on the size of your garden and what kind of plants you use, but native plants are
typically cheaper and better for wildlife, too.

Burning Clean
Wood-burning fireplaces are romantic, but theyre messy, inefficient, and produce pollutants that irritate
lungs. A more eco-friendly choice: a direct-vent gas fireplace. Direct-vent fireplaces use outside air for
combustion and convert up to 80% of the fuel they burn into usable heat (wood burners convert only
about 10% of their fuel). Direct-vent fireplaces dont require a chimney, either they can be vented
horizontally or vertically.

Use of High-rise Buildings

This high-rise hideaway in Kyoto, Japan, built by the nonprofit Japan Tree house Network, is meant to
break down the feeling of separation that exists between humans and nature. Its built from sustainable
materials and does not harm the tree. For your kids, it sure beats video games. See more tree houses,
homemade cordwood masonry houses, and other gratifying, extreme green trends.

Regulation and operation

As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations
have developed standards, codes and rating systems that let government regulators, building
professionals and consumers embrace green building with confidence. In some cases, codes are written
so local governments can adopt them as bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings