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Department of Geology, Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals,Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology,Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
Email address
kalsayed2001@yahoo.com(K. A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein)
Abstract
North Kordofan Region is characterized by poor rock exposure, which makes the traditional field mapping always a
problematic issue. The objective of the present study to test the viability of integrating Landsat 8 OLI image and satellite
gravity data with limited field work for regional geological mapping in poorly exposed areas. Remote sensing has
proven a valuable aid in geological mapping and exploring for mineral deposits. However, this technique has limitations,
especially in vegetated areas or regions characterized by poor rock exposure. The processing of Landsat 8 OLI image
utilizing various remote sensing techniques such as colour composite, PCA, band ratoing and PC spectral sharpening
improved the visual interpretation of the image set. The enhanced image provided persuasive spectral information
helpful for discriminating the various rock units. Bouguer anomaly map produced from the processed satellite gravity
data provided complementary information that assisted in the delineation of the boundary of different rock domains in
addition to the enhancement of the linear features which in most cases represent structural elements such as faults and
shear zones. The integration of the different datasets including the enhanced satellite images and gravity data with the
petrographic investigation of some selected rock samples in the GIS environment facilitated the production of the final
geological map of the study area, which is of accepted credibility and relatively took shorter time frame. Therefore, this
integrated approach should be adopted in mapping similar regions of the same characteristics.
Keywords
Landsat 8 OLI Images, Satellite Gravity, Geological Mapping, North Kordofan, Sudan
1. Introduction
Mineral exploration activities were dramatically
increased in the recent years in Sudan. This entails the
proper geological mapping and delineation of major
structures that control the presence of mineralization. North
Kordofan Region is characterized by poor rock exposure,
which makes the traditional field mapping always a
problematic issue. The tough environments coupled with
the poor exposure of rocks make the conventional
geological field survey very expensive, time consuming
26
Khalid A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein et al.: An Integrated Analysis of Landsat OLI Image and Satellite Gravity
Data for Geological Mapping in North Kordofan State, Sudan
Mesozoic(Carboniferous-Triassic)
alkaline
ring
complexes affected both of the high-grade and low-grade
sequences in the region [10]. The general structural trend of
the low-grade Pan-African sequences is NE-SW parallel to
other Pan-African structures in the main shield east of the
Nile,e.g. [11].
Umm Badir Shear zone (UBSZ) is a late Precambrian
Pan African brittle shear zone which affects all previous
formations. Kinematic indicators suggest dextral strike-slip
movement shearing structure related to the late
Precambrian. Sodari Shear Zone (SSZ) represents
reactivation of latter pan African orogeny, which is sinistral
brittle strike-slip structure trending 33NE and extend for
about 200 km (144-240 Ma), it affects the very low-grade
units of Umm Badir belt [10].
3. Methodology
In order to fulfill the objective of the present study,
different materials and methods have been utilized:
3.1. Data Types
The following materials were made available for the
present study:
2. Geologic Setting
The late Proterozoic crust in the Arabian Nubian Shield
was built by the growth and coalescence of several intraoceanic island arcs and Andean-type magmatic arcs to form
large continental masses [4]. The Precambrian basement of
Sudan can be divided into two major geodynamic systems,
namely
gneisses
with
interfolded
supra-crustal
metasediments and a dominantly low-grade juvenile
ophiolitic island-arc assemblage[5].
Continuation of Late Proterozoic structures with juvenile
basement from the Arabian-Nubian Shield into the foreland
region west of the Nile is well-documented [6].Two distinct
high-grade and low-grade basement sequences are exposed
in the foreland region of the Arabian Nubian Shield west of
the Nile. The high-grade sequence, which is probably
middle to lower Proterozoic in age, is overlain by lowgrade late Proterozoic Pan African sequences of
metasediments, metavolcanics and volcanoclastic rocks and
associated calc-alkaline intrusive rocks [7]. Relatively
intact ophiolite complexes have so far been reported from
the Jabel Rahib area [8]and from the Nuba Mountains[9].
27
Fig. 2.Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum shows Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI bands locations.
28
Khalid A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein et al.: An Integrated Analysis of Landsat OLI Image and Satellite Gravity
Data for Geological Mapping in North Kordofan State, Sudan
Table 1.Statistical summary of Eigen vectors, eigen values and variance percentage of the OLI principal components.
Band 2
Band 3
PC 1
0.12
0.21
PC 2
0.55
0.52
PC 3
0.49
0.32
Eigen vector
Band 4
Band 5
Eigen value
Var. %
Acc. Sum
0.54
17408313.04
86.81
86.81
-0.25
-0.46
1805816.588
9.01
95.82
-0.11
0.54
569302.68
2.84
98.66
band 6
Band 7
0.48
0.54
0.27
0.25
-0.34
-0.48
0.36
PC 4
0.23
0.02
-0.51
-0.01
0.72
-0.41
169926.43
0.85
99.51
PC 5
-0.01
-0.02
-0.63
0.68
-0.34
0.16
80548.47
0.40
99.91
PC 6
0.62
-0.76
0.14
0.08
-0.05
0.04
16808.81
0.08
99.99
Fig 5. The PCA colour composite image obtained using PC1, PC2 and
PC3 in RGB, respectively.
29
Fig7. Sultan's colour composite ratio image obtained using bands ratios
6/7,6/2 and (4/5*6/5) in RGB, respectively.
Bouguer Anomaly
Satellite gravity data in the form of Free Air Anomaly
(FAA) was processed usingthe elevation data to calculate
the Bouguer correction and hence the Bouguer Anomaly for
each point. The results of computations were imported into
the GIS environment for further manipulations which
finally resulted in the preparation of Bouguer anomaly map
of the study area (Fig. 8).
Fig 8. Bouguer gravity map of the study area, contour interval is 1mGal.
30
Khalid A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein et al.: An Integrated Analysis of Landsat OLI Image and Satellite Gravity
Data for Geological Mapping in North Kordofan State, Sudan
Fig10.The second vertical derivative gravity map of the study area. Note:
zero contours line separates the positive from the negative anomalies. The
separated anomalies indicate different lithological units.
31
Fig 11. Geological map of the study area obtained through the integrated analysis of Landsat OLI image and satellite gravity data.
5. Conclusions
Remote sensing has proven a valuable aid in geological
mapping and exploring for mineral deposits. However, this
technique has limitations, especially in vegetated areas or
regions characterized by poor rock exposure.
The processing of Landsat 8 OLI image utilizing various
remote sensing techniques such as colour composite,
principal component analysis transformation and PC
spectral sharpening techniques improved the visual
interpretation of the image set of the study area. The
enhanced Landsat 8 OLI Image provided persuasive
spectral information helpful for discriminating the various
rock units.
Bouguer anomaly map produced from the processed
satellite gravity data provided complementary information
that assisted in the delineation of the boundary between the
different rock domains in addition to the enhancement the
linear features which in most cases represent structural
elements such as faults and shear zones.
The integration of the different datasets including the
enhanced satellite images and gravity data with the
petrographic investigation of some selected rock samples in
the GIS environment facilitated the production of the final
geological map of the study area with reasonable accuracy
and relatively took short timeframe. Therefore, this
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the United States Geological
Survey (USGS) for providing the Landsat 8 OLI
images.Thanks extended to the Satellite Geodesy atScripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego for availing the satellite gravity grid data.Thanks are,
also, due to the editor and anonymous reviewer for their
constructive comments.
References
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Khalid A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein et al.: An Integrated Analysis of Landsat OLI Image and Satellite Gravity
Data for Geological Mapping in North Kordofan State, Sudan
[4]
[5]
[6]
H.
Schandelmeier,
A.
Richter,U.
Harms
and
E.M.Abdelrahman.Lithology and structure of the late
Proterozoic Jebel Rahib Fold and Thrust belt (NW Sudan).
Berliner Geowiss. Abh. A 122.1.pp. 15-30, 1990.
[7]
[8]
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