1.

Homeostasisduringscubadiving
2. Relationshipofchemoreceptorandlungcapacitywithscubadiving
3. Relationship of cardiovascular and respiratory in normal and extreme
condition
1. Thecardiovascularsystemofapersonismostinfluencedbydiving,asithasa
stronginfluenceoftheexternalpressureduetothewater.Thedeeperonedives
intothewater,thegreatertheexternalfactorsaffecthisbody.Thisresultsinpoor
circulationinthelimbs,whileinthecentralpartthecirculationismaintainedat
normallevels,duetothephysiologicalstructureofthechest,whichhelpstocope
withtheexternalpressure.Thenormalcirculationinbloodvesselsisnotonlydue
totheworkofthemainpumptheheart,butalsobecauseofgravitation,which
facilitatestheworkofthemyocardium.
Thereislessgravityinwater,sothehearthastoworkinfullforce.And
this momenttheproblemsinthecardiovascularsystemmayappearwhichare
invisibleinnormal.Particularlylargeburdenfallsontheleftventricle,whichis
responsible for pushing blood into the systemic circulation. Under external
pressurevesselsintheperipheralpartsofthebodyarenarrowed,andthehearthas
todomoretopushthebloodonthem.Duetosuchextremefactorsinvisiblein
everydaylifeheartproblems"climbsout".
Indivingtheorganismisalsoaffectedby:
Changeoftemperature.Thesharpdropintemperaturecancausecoronaryartery
spasmandarrhythmia,whichinturncancauseheartattackorcardiacarrest.
Divingreflex.Thisresultsinstimulationofthevagusnerve,whichslowstheheart
rate.Bloodvesselsareconstricted(excludingthosefeedingthebrainandheart).This
reflex is necessary, especially marine mammals to reduce oxygen consumption.
However,inhumanbeingoccursallbytheschemebutthenormalizationofpressure,
whichisoftenincreasedduetoemotionalarousal,resultinginincreasedloadonthe
heart.
This complex adaptive mechanism is caused by simultaneous activation of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the nervous system. It consists of
bradycardia;peripheralbloodvesselsnarrowing,thereforecausingagreateramount
of blood to move into the chest; and a hormonal reaction of the adrenal glands,
causingincreasedsecretionofcatecholaminesandthespleneticeffect
Carotidsinussyndrome.Ourbrainissuppliedwithbloodbytwocarotidarteries
withsensorysinuseslocatedinthelarynx.Indivingtheexternalpressureaffectsthese
information sites, signaling to the brain. In response, heart rate reflex inhibition
occurs,whichleadstoarrhythmias,weaknessandevenlossofconsciousness.
Fear.Thisfactorisoftencharacteristicofnovices,butoccursinproswhoperceive
newunexploreddepths.Fearcausesthereleaseofadrenalineintheblood,which
stimulatestheheartresultingvasodilation.Adrenalineincreasesheartbeatingrateand

withmoreforcepushesbloodintothevessels,alsoincreasesrespiration.Increased
loadontheheartleadstoarrhythmiasandmyocardialinfarction.
Besides underwater pressure and cold temperatures, these changes also include
breathingoxygenattheelevatedpressureandincreasedresistancetobreathing(5).
Intensifiedphysicalactivityandcoldnesscanleadtotheincreasedproductionoffree
radicals.Additionally,hyperoxiaasaresultofthehyperbaricexposureduringdiving
andbreathingoxygenathighpressurecouldinduceoxidativestres
2.Thefirstsensor,whichhasthestrongesteffectbyfaronventilation(atsealevel)is
the central chemoreceptor. The neurons responsible are located in the medulla.
These are close to, but separate, from the neurons that generate the rhythm of
breathing.Smallchangesinthepartialpressureofcarbondioxide(PaCO2)inthe
systemic arterial blood flowing to the medulla produce pronouced changes in
ventilation.
The second sensor is the peripheral chemoreceptor, which consists of afferent
neuronsmonitoringthebloodinthecarotidandaorticbodies.Theseareclosetothe
baroreceptors,butentirelyseparate.Bycontrastwiththecentralchemoreceptor,the
peripheralchemoreceptorhaslittleeffectonthebreathingofanormalpersonatrestat
sealevel.Butintwoimportantcircumstancestheperipheralchemoreceptorbeginsto
drivebreathing.

Whenthepartialpressureofoxygen(PaO2)fallsbelowabout60mmHg.This
canoccurinvariousrespiratorydisordersandathighaltitude.

Withanincreaseinthehydrogenionconcentration.Thisoccurswhenlactic
acidisreleasedintothebloodduringstrenuousexercise.Thispoint,atwhich
ventilation increases markedly, is called the lactate threshold (anaerobic
threshold).

3. In normal condition The cardiovascular and the respiratory system both work
towardthesamegoal:gettingoxygentotissuesandgettingcarbondioxideout.The
respiratorysystemisinvolvedinsupplyingoxygentothebloodandremovingcarbon
dioxide.Whentheheartreceivesbloodthatislowinoxygenandhighincarbon
dioxide,itpumpsittothelungsviathepulmonaryarteries.Whenthelungsexpand
andgetfreshairfromtheenvironment,oxygenistransferred(viathealveoli)intothe
lowoxygenblood,whichalsothensendssomeofitscarbondioxidebackintothe
lungs.Nowthatthisbloodhasfreshoxygeninit,itreturnstotheheartandtheheart
thenpumpsitthroughoutthebody.