Chapter 4 Normal, Torsional, Bending, and

Transverse Shear Stresses and Strains

4.1

An area in the x-y coordinate system, as shown in sketch a, consists of a large circle
having radius r out of which are cut three smaller circles having radii r/3. Find the x and y
coordinates for the centroid. The radius r is 10 cm.

Notes: Equations (4.5) and (4.6) are used to solve the problem. It may be helpful to think of the
cutouts as negative areas in the application of Equations (4.5) and (4.6).
Solution:
2
2
-2 2
Note that the area of the large circle is A=r =(0.1m) =3.14x10 m . The area of the smaller
2
2
-3 2
circles is A=r =(0.1m/3) =3.49x10 m . The centroid locations of the individual circles are
shown on the sketch. Therefore, the y-coordinate of the centroid is given by Equation (4.5) as:
2 2
3 2
A1y1 + A2 y2 + ... 3.14 10 m (0.1m) 3.49 10 m (0.1m + 0.1m + 0.167m)
y=
=
= 0.0889m
A1 + A2 + ...
3.14 10 2 m2 3 3.49 10 3 m2

The x-coordinate is given by Equation (4.6) as:

) (

3 2
2 2
A1x1 + A2 x2 + ... 3.14 10 m (0.1m) 3.49 10 m (0.05m + 0.1m + 0.15m )
x=
=
= 0.10m
A1 + A2 + ...
3.14 10 2 m2 3 3.49 10 3 m2

) (

Therefore, the centroid is located at x=10cm and y=8.89cm.

4.2

The circular surface in sketch a has circular cutouts glued onto it diagonally below the
top cutout such that the centroids of the three cutouts are at x=r and y=r/3. Find the x and
y coordinates for the centroid (r=10cm).

Notes: The approach is similar to Problem 4.1. Equations (4.5) and (4.6) are used to solve the
problem. It may be helpful to think of the cutouts as negative areas in the application of
Equations (4.5) and (4.6).

Page 4-1

Solution:
2
2
-2 2
Note that the area of the large circle is A=r =(0.1m) =3.14x10 m . The area of the smaller
2
2
-3 2
circles is A=r =(0.1m/3) =3.49x10 m . The centroid locations of the individual circles are
shown on the sketch. Therefore, the y-coordinate of the centroid is given by Equation (4.5) as:
A y + A2 y2 + ...
y= 1 1
A1 + A2 + ...

3.14 102 m 2 )(0.1m) (3.49 103 m2 )(0.1m + 0.1m + 0.167m ) + 3(3.49 10 3m 2 )(0.0333m )
(
=
(3.14 10 2 m2 ) 3(3.49 10 3 m2 ) + 3(3.49 10 3m 2 )

or y=0.0704m=7.04cm. The x-coordinate is given by Equation (4.6) as:

A x + A2 x2 + ...
x= 1 1
A1 + A2 + ...

3.14 102 m 2 )(0.1m) (3.49 103 m2 )( 0.5m + 0.1m + 0.15m ) + 3(3.49 10 3 m 2 )( 0.1m )
(
=
(3.14 10 2 m2 ) 3 (3.49 10 3 m2 ) + 3(3.49 10 3m 2 )

or x=0.1m=10cm. Therefore, the centroid is located at x=10cm and y=8.89cm.

4.3

The rectangular area shown in sketch b is situated symmetrically in the x-y coordinate
system. The lengths of the rectangles sides are a in the x-direction and b in the ydirection. Find the moments of inertia Ix and Iy and the polar moment of inertia J for the
rectangular surface.

Notes: The solution is obtained by evaluating Equations (4.7) and (4.9).

Solution:
The moments of inertia Ix and Iy are given by Equation (4.7):
b/ 2
b/ 2
a
ab3
Ix = A y 2 dA = b /2 y2 ady = y 3
=
b /2
3
12
a/ 2 2
b 3 a / 2 ba3
2
Iy = A x dA = a /2 x bdx = x
=
a /2
12
3
The polar moment of inertia, J, is obtained from Equation (4.9) as:
ab 3 ba3 ab 2
J = Ix + I y =
+
=
a + b2
12
12
12

( )
( )
(

4.4

Derive the area moment of inertia for the hollow circular area shown in Table 4.1.

Page 4-2

Notes: The results from Example 4.2 on page 143 are used in this solution. An alternative
approach would be to evaluate the integrals in Equation (4.7).
Solution:
For the solid circle considered in Example 4.2 on page 143, the area moment of inertia was found
4
to be Ix=Iy=r /4. Therefore, the moments of inertia for the inner and outer circles are:
r 4
r 4
Ixi = I yi = i ; Ixo = I yo = o
4
4
Therefore, the moment of inertia for the hollow circular area is:
r 4 r 4
Ix = I y = o i
4
4

4.5

Derive the area moment of inertia for the elliptical quadrant shown in Table 4.1.

Notes: This problem is solved by application of Equation (4.7) given the equation of an ellipse.
Solution:
Recall that the equation of an ellipse can be written as:

x 2 y2
y2
x2
2
2

+
=
1;
x
=
a
1

;
y
=
b
1
b2

a2 b2
a2

For the elliptical quadrant shown in Table 4.1, Equation (4.7) gives the following:

b
b
y2
Ix = A y 2 dA = 0 y 2 xdy = 0 y2 a 2 1 2 dy
b

This is solved with the help of an integral table as:

a b4 ab3
Ix = =
b 8 2
16
Similarly, Iy is obtained from Equation (4.7) as:

b
b
x2
Iy = x 2 dA = x2 ydx = x 2 b 2 1 2 dx
0
0
a

A
which is solved as
a 3b
Iy =
16

4.6

Derive the moment of inertia for the triangular section shown in Table 4.1.

Notes: This problem is solved by application of Equation (4.7).

Solution:
The sketch to the right helps to understand the definition of the geometry. The equation for x is
given by

y
x = b 1
h
and that for y is

Page 4-3

 hx
, 0 x a

a
y = b
x
h
, a x b

b a
Therefore, from Equation (4.7),
y 3 y 4 h bh3
y

Ix = A y dA =
=
dy = b =
h
3 4h 0 12
a
b
b h(b x )
a hx
dx
Iy = x2 dA = x 2 y dx + x2 y dx = x 2 dx + x 2
0
a
a b a
0 a
A
2

h
0 y 2 x dy

b 2
0 y b 1

) (

4
3
h a 4 b4
hb a2 + ab + b2
ha3 h b ba
=
+
+
=
4
3(b a)
4 (b a )
12

4.7

Derive the area moment of inertia for a rectangular section with a cutout shown in sketch
c.

Notes: The moment of inertia should be calculated about the x- and y- axes, but an extension to
the problem could include calculating the moment of inertia about the new centroids. Note that
the circular cutout and the rectangular shape do not have the same centroid location in the ydirection. Therefore, the Parallel-Axis Theorem given by Equations (4.11) and (4.12) is used to
solve this problem. Also, the problem is simplified by using data from Table 4.1.
Solution:
2
2
2
The area of the circle is r =(0.025m) =0.00196m . Note that for the rectangular area, Table 4.1
gives
bh 3 (0.08m) (0.1m)3
Ixr =
=
= 2.667 105 m 4
3
3
I yr =

hb3 ( 0.1m )(0.08m)3

=
= 4.267 106 m 4
12
12

Page 4-4

where the second subscript is intended to differentiate the rectangle from the circle. Also, it
should be noted that for the moments of inertia to be evaluated about the x-y axes, Ixr needs to be
taken for the base of the rectangle and Iyr needs to be taken from the centroid. For the circle,
Table 4.1 gives the moment of inertia about the circles centroid as:
4
r4 ( 0.025m )
I xc = Iy c =
=
= 3.06810 7 m4
4
4
Therefore, noting that the circle and the square have their centroids located at x=0, we can
immediately write
-6 4
-7 4
-6 4
Iy=Iyr-Iyc=4.267x10 m -3.068x10 m =3.960x10 m
However, the moment of inertia of the circle about a different axis than its centroid requires
application of the Parallel-Axis Theorem. Therefore, the moment of inertia of the circle about the
x-axis is given by Equation (4.11) as:

Ixc = I xc + Ad y2 = 3.068 107 + 0.00196m2 (0.06m) = 7.37510 6 m4

2

Therefore,
-5

-6

-5

Ix=Ixr-Ixc=2.667x10 m -7.375x10 m =1.929x10 m .

4.8

Derive the area moment of inertia and the polar moment of inertia for the two
relationships shown in sketch d.

Notes: Equations (4.7) and (4.9) are needed to solve this problem.
Solution:
From Equation (4.7),

3
3

1 3 3 x2
1 x4
x7
= 6.646m 4
Ix = y dA = 2
y dydx = x dx =

0 x /10

3
4
3 0
10
7000

0
A

2
4
x 4 x 5 3
3 x
3 2
x
3 3 x
2
2
Iy = x dA = 0 x2 /10 x dydx = 0 x x dx = 0 x dx =
=15.39m 4

10

10

4
50

A
0
Therefore, from Equation (4.9),
4
4
4
J=Ix+Iy=6.646m +15.39m =22.04m
2

4.9

3 x

An elevator is hung by a steel rope. The rope has a cross sectional area of 200mm and a
modulus of elasticity of 70GPa. The upward acceleration when the elevator starts is 3
2
m/s . The rope is 100m long and the elevator weighs 1000kg. Determine the stress in the

Page 4-5

rope, the elongation of the rope due to the elevators weight, and the extra elongation due
to the acceleration.
Notes: The stress is obtained from Equation (4.22), and the elongation from (4.23) and (4.24).
Solution:
The stress due to the static weight alone is given by Equation (4.22) as:

2
P (1000kg ) 9.81m / s
= =
= 49.05MPa
A
0.0002m2
The stress due to the acceleration alone is given by the same equation as:

P (1000kg ) 3m/ s
=
= 15MPa
A
0.0002m 2
Therefore the total stress is tot=49.05MPa+15MPa=64.05MPa. The strain due to the elevators
weight is given by Equation (4.24), and the elongation by (4.23). Combining the equations gives:

l (49.05MPa) (100m )
= = ; =
=
= 0.0701m = 70.1mm
l E
70GPa
E
Similarly, the extra elongation due to the acceleration is:

l (15MPa) (100m)
= = ; =
=
= 0.0214m = 21.4mm
l E
70GPa
E
=

4.10

The 700-m-long cables in a suspension bridge are stressed to 200MPa tensile stress. The
total force in each cable is 10MN. Calculate the cross-sectional area, the total elongation
of each cable, and the spring rate when the modulus of elasticity is 70GPa.

Notes: The area is obtained from Equation (4.22). The elongation can be calculated as in Problem
4.9 or obtained directly from Equation (4.25). The spring rate is obtained from Equation (4.26).
Solution:
If =200MPa under a force of 10MN, then the area is obtained from Equation (4.22) as:
P
P
10MN
= ; A= =
= 0.05m 2
A
200MPa
The elongation is obtained from Equation (4.25) as:
(10MN )(700m)
Pl
=
=
= 2m
AE
0.05m 2 (70GPa )

The spring rate is obtained from Equation (4.26) as:

P 10MN
k= =
= 5MN / m

2m

4.11

A 1.28-m long steel piston in a hydraulic cylinder exerts a force of 4000kgf. The piston is
made of AISI 1080 steel and has a diameter of 50mm. Calculate the stress in the piston,
the elongation, and the spring rate.

Notes: This problem is solved in the same manner as Problem 4.10. Some additional care must be
taken to ensure proper units, and the elastic modulus of AISI 1080 steel is obtained from the

Page 4-6

inside front cover of the text. The stress is obtained from Equation (4.22). The elongation can be
calculated from Equation (4.25). The spring rate is obtained from Equation (4.26).
Solution:
From the inside front cover, the elastic modulus for AISI 1080 steel is 207GPa. The area of the
2
2
2
piston is A=d /4=(0.05m) /4=0.00196m . The stress in the piston is obtained from Equation
(4.22) as:

(4000kg ) 9.81m/ s
P
= =
= 20.0MPa
A
0.00196m2
Note that the stress is negative because it is a compressive stress. The elongation is obtained from
Equation (4.25) as:
l (20MPa)(1.28m)
=
=
= 1.237 104 m = 0.124mm
E
207GPa
The spring rate is obtained from Equation (4.26) as:
0.00196m 2 (207GPa )
AE
k=
=
= 317MN / m
l
1.28m

4.12

A steel pillar supporting a highway bridge is 14m high and made of AISI 1040 steel
tubing having an outer diameter of 1.5m and a wall thickness of 30mm. The weight
carried by the pillar is 12MN. Calculate the deformation of the pillar, the spring rate, and
the stress in the pillar.

Notes: This problem uses a similar approach as Problem 4.11.

Solution:
The elastic modulus of AISI 1040 steel is obtained from the inside front cover as 207GPa. The
cross sectional area of the tube is:

2
2
A = (1.5m ) (1.5m 0.06m ) = 0.1385m2
4
The stress is then obtained from Equation (4.22), recalling that a compressive stress is negative:
P
12MN
= =
= 86.6MPa
A
0.1385m 2
The elongation is obtained from Equation (4.25) as:
l ( 86.6MPa )(14m )
=
=
= 0.00586m = 5.86mm
E
207GPa
The spring rate is obtained from Equation (4.26) as:

0.1385m2 ( 207GPa )
AE
k=
=
= 2.048GN / m
l
14m

4.13

The foundation of a bronze statue is made of a 3m high conical tube of constant wall
thickness (8mm). The tubes outer diameter is 200mm at the top (just under the statue)
and 400mm at the ground. The tube material is AISI 316 stainless steel. The statue
weighs 1630kg. Calculate the deformation of the tube, its spring rate, and the maximum
and minimum compressive stresses in the tube.

Page 4-7

Notes: The first step is to calculate the area as a function of height of the tube, x. This then allows
calculation of strain as a function of x, which can be integrated to obtain the total deflection. The
stiffness is then the ratio of the load to the total deflection.
Solution:
From the inside front cover, the elastic modulus for AISI 316 stainless steel is 193 GPa. Let the
position, x, along the tube be measured from the top (just under the statue). The diameter as a
function of position is then
0.4m 0.2m

x
d = 0.2m + x
= 0.2m 1 +

3m
3m
The cross section area at a location x is:
d2

2
2
A( x ) =
(d 0.016m) = ( 0.032m )d (0.016m) = ( 0.0251m )(d 0.008m )
4
4
4
Substituting for d,

x
0.008m = 0.00482m2 + (0.00167m )x
A( x ) = (0.0251m ) ( 0.2m ) 1+
3m

The stress at any position x is given by Equation (4.22) as:

(1630kg ) 9.81m / s2
P
9.575MN / m
(x ) =
=
=
2
A( x)
2.88m + x
0.00482m + ( 0.00167m) x
Note that the maximum stress occurs at x=0 and is -3.32MPa and the minimum stress occurs at
x=3m and is -1.63MPa. The strain as a function of position is then obtained from (4.24) as:
(x )
9.575MN / m
4.961 105 m
(x ) =
=
=
E
(2.88m + x )(193GPa)
2.88m + x
The deformation is then:
5
5.88
l 4.96110 m
l
= 0 ( x )dx = 0
dx = 4.961 105 m ln
= 35.3m
2.88m + x
2.88
The spring rate is calculated from Equation (4.26) as:
2
P (1630kg) 9.81m / s
k= =
= 453MN / m

35.3m

4.14

Calculate the deflection at point A of the hanging cone shown in

3

sketch e. The cone has a density of 2000 kg/m .

Notes: An expression must be obtained to find the volume as a function of
position. Then Equation (4.25) allows solution of the problem. Since E is
not given, the deflection can only be determined as a function of elastic
modulus.

Solution:
Note from Equation (4.25) that is given by:

Page 4-8

6
Px dx
l vgdx
0.5 10 dx
=
+

0A E
0 r2 E
0 r2 E
x
x
x
But rx=0.05m at x=0, and rx=0.025m at x=1m. Therefore, rx can be solved as:
0.05 rx
x
x
=
; rx = 0.05
40
1 0.05 0.025
where x is in meters. v can be expressed in terms of rx and x as:
r 2 (2 x) ( 0.025)2
v= x

3
3
Substituting into the expression for ,
(0.025)2 (2 x )
x 2
+
2000
0.05 (9.807) dx

3
3
40
0.5
106 dx
=
+
0
x 2

x 2
0.05 E
0.05 E

40
40

2 0 , 5 4 0 84,882,600 8.490 107

+
=
E
E
E
where is in meters for E in Pa.
=

4.15

An aluminum core having a diameter di of 30 mm is placed within a tubular steel shaft

having a diameter do of 50mm, see sketch f. A flange is welded to the end of the shaft,
and a pullet force of 100kN is applied. The shaft is 100mm long. Find the deflection at
11
the end of the shaft. Assume that the moduli of elasticity are 2x10 Pa for steel and
11
0.7x10 Pa for aluminum.

Notes: This is a statically indeterminate problem. To obtain the load in the steel and the
aluminum, two equations are needed. The first is force equilibrium, the second is that the
deflection of the steel and aluminum members is the same. Once the loads are obtained, the
stresses are calculated from Equation (4.22) and the deflections from (4.25) for either the
aluminum or steel member.
Solution:
Using an s subscript to refer to the steel tube and an al for the aluminum, the area of the
2
-4 2
aluminum core is Aal=d /4 =7.069x10 m . The area of the steel tube is calculated as
2
As=0.001257m . Note that the deflection of the tube and core must be the same, or, from Equation
(4.25),

(
(

0.001257m 2 (200GPa)
Ps l
Pal l
AsE s
s =
= al =
; Ps = Pal
= Pal
= 5.08Pal
As Es
Aal Eal
Aal Eal
0.0007069m 2 (70GPa)

Also, from static equilibrium,

Pal+Ps=100kN;Pal+5.08Pal=100kN; Pal=16.44kN
Therefore, Ps=83.55kN. The deflection is obtained from Equation (4.25) for either aluminum or
steel, but is calculated using aluminum data here as:

Page 4-9

 s = al = =

Pal
16.44kN
=
= 3.324 104 m = 0.3324mm
Aal Eal
0.0007069m 2 (70GPa )

The stress in the aluminum is obtained from Equation (4.22):

P
16.44kN
al = al =
= 23.27MPa
Aal 0.0007069m2
The stress in the steel is similarly calculated as:
P
83.55kN
s = s =
= 66.47MPa
As 0.001257m2

4.16

A bar of weight W is supported horizontally by three weightless rods as shown in sketch

g. Assume that the cross-sectional areas, the moduli of elasticity and the yield stresses are
the same for the three rods. What is the maximum weight that can be supported?

Notes: The load is determined as a function of yield strength Sy and rod area A. Just as in Problem
4.15, static equilibrium does not give sufficient information to solve the problem, so an additional
equation is obtained from deflection, or kinematic, constraints.

Solution:
Refer to the rods from left to right as bars 1, 2, and 3. Taking moment equlibrium about the point
where rod 2 attaches to the bar gives the requirement that P1=P3, or else the bar does not remain
horizontal. Also note that the deflection of bars 1, 2 and 3 must be equal; equating the deflection
of bars 1 and 2 and applying Equation (4.25) gives:
Pl
P ( 2l )
1 = 1 = 2 = 2
; P1 = 2P2
AE
AE
Clearly rods 1 and 3 are the more critical members, since rod 2 takes one-half their load. From
force equilibrium,
P1+P2+P3=W; P1+0.5P1+P1=W; P1=0.4W
Therefore, the stress in rods 1 and 3 is obtained from (4.22) as:
P 0.4W
1 = 1 =
= Sy ;W = 2.5S y A
A
A

4.17

An electric motor transmits 100kW to a gearbox through a 50-mm diameter solid steel
shaft that rotates at 1000 rpm. Find the torque transmitted through the shaft and the
angular torsion of the 1-m-long shaft.

Notes: The torque is related to the power transmitted by Equation (4.42), while the angle of twist
is given by Equation (4.31). Some attention must be paid towards units.
Solution:

Page 4-10

The angular velocity of the shaft is =1000rpm=104.7rad/s. Therefore, Equation (4.42) gives the
torque as:
hp
100kW
T=
=
= 955Nm
104.7rad/ s
From the inside front cover, the elastic modulus of steel is 207GPa, and Poissons ratio is 0.3.
Therefore, the shear modulus is, from Equation (B.53) on page 918:
E
207GPa
G=
=
= 79.6GPa
2 (1+ ) 2 (1+ 0.3)
The polar moment of inertia for the round cross section is, from Table 4.1 on page 148,
r 4 ( 0.025m )
=
= 6.13610 7 m4
2
2
The angle of twist is then obtained from Equation (4.31) as:
Tl
( 955Nm )(1m )
=
=
= 0.01955rad = 1.12
JG
6.13610 7 m4 (79.6GPa)
4

J=

4.18

The torque-transmitting shaft in Problem 4.17 is too heavy for the application, so it is
exchanged for a circular tube having a 50-mm outside diameter and a 40-mm inside
diameter. Find the angular torsion of the tube-formed shaft, which is 1m long, when
2
100kW is transferred at 1000 rpm. The shear modulus is 80,000N/mm . Also, find the
maximum shear stress in the tube and the percentage of weight decrease from the solid
shaft.

Notes: The approach is similar to Problem 4.17, which is not needed to solve this problem. The
torque is related to the power transmitted by Equation (4.42), while the angle of twist is given by
Equation (4.31). The maximum shear stress is obtained from Equation (4.34). Some attention
must be paid towards units.
Solution:
The angular velocity of the shaft is =1000rpm=104.7rad/s. Therefore, Equation (4.42) gives the
torque as:
hp
100kW
T=
=
= 955Nm
104.7rad/ s
The polar moment of inertia for the tube is, from Table 4.1 on page 148,
ro4 ri4
( 0.025m )4 (0.020 m)4
J=
=
= 3.62310 7 m 4
2
2
The angle of twist is then obtained from Equation (4.31) as:
Tl
( 955Nm )(1m )
=
=
= 0.0329rad =1.89
JG 3.623 10 7 m 4 (80GPa)

] [

The weight ratio of the tube to the solid shaft is:

2
2
Wtube At l ro ri
( 0.025m )2 (0.020m )2
=
=
=
= 0.36
Wsolid Asl
ro2
( 0.025m )2
Or in other words, there was a 64% weight savings.

Page 4-11

4.19

A torque transmitting, hollow steel shaft with a circular cross section has an outer
diameter of 50mm and an inner diameter of 40mm. Find the maximum length possible
for the shaft if the torsion should be below 10 at a torque of 2000 Nm.

Notes: This is similar to problems 4.17 and 4.18. The length is obtained from Equation (4.31), but
the angle of twist must be expressed in radians.
Solution:
From the inside front cover, the elastic modulus of steel is E=207GPa, and Poissons ratio is
=0.3. Therefore, the shear modulus is, from Equation (B.53) on page 918:
E
207GPa
G=
=
= 79.6GPa
2 (1+ ) 2 (1+ 0.3)
The polar moment of inertia for the round cross section is, from Table 4.1 on page 148,
ro4 ri4
( 0.025m )4 (0.020 m)4
J=
=
= 3.62310 7 m 4
2
2
The angle of twist is 10=0.1745rad. Therefore, Equation (4.31) can be solved for the length as:

] [

7 4
Tl
JG ( 0.1745rad ) 3.62310 m (79.6GPa)
=
; l=
=
= 2.52m
T
JG
2000Nm

4.20

The bronze statue described in Problem 4.13 is asymmetrical, so that when a gale force
wind blows against it, a twisting torque of 1000 Nm is applied to the tube. Calculate how
much the statue twists. The tubes wall thickness, 6mm at the top and 12 mm at the
bottom, is assumed to be proportional to its diameter.

Notes: This problem requires the determination of the diameter as a function of tube height,
which then allows the determination of polar moment of inertia as a function of height. Equation
(4.31) gives the angle of twist.
Solution:
For the AISI 316 stainless steel, E=193GPa and =0.3 as found on the inside front cover.
Equation (B.53) on page 918 gives the shear modulus as:
E
193GPa
G=
=
= 74.23GPa
2 (1+ ) 2 (1+ 0.3)
The outer diameter of the tube, in meters, is
x
d0 ( x) = 0.2001 +

3
The inner diameter in meters is
x

x
di ( x) = ( 0.2 0.012 )1+ = 0.188 1+
3

3
The polar moment of inertia is, using the data from Table 4.1 on page 148,
4

x 4

x 4
J( x ) =
do d i4 = 1+ 0.24 0.188 4 = 3.44 10 5 1+
32
32
3

3
Therefore, the angle of twist is
T 3 m dx
1000Nm 3 m
dx
4
=
=

4 = 3.423 10 rad = 0.0196

G 0 J ( x) 74.23GPa 0

3.44 105 1+

) (

Page 4-12

4.21

Determine the minimum diameter of a solid shaft used to transmit 500kW of power from
a 2000 rpm motor so that the shear stress does not exceed 50MPa.

Notes: The torque is related to the power transmitted by Equation (4.42). The maximum shear
stress is given by Equation (4.34). This should be expressed as a function of the diameter, set
equal to the allowable stress of 50MPa, and then solved for the diameter.
Solution:
The angular velocity of the shaft is =2000rpm=209rad/s. Therefore, the torque transmitted is
given by Equation (4.42) as:
hp
500kW
T=
=
= 2390Nm
209rad / s
4
From Table 4.1, the polar moment of inertia for a round cross section is J=d /32. c from
Equation (4.34) is d/2. Therefore, the diameter is obtained form the maximum shear stress from
(4.34):
cT (d / 2)( 2390Nm ) 38240Nm
38,240 Nm
max =
=
=
= 50MPa; d 3 =
= 0.000243m 3
3
4
J

50MPa
(
)
d
d / 3 2

or d=0.0624m=62.4mm

4.22

A steel coupling is used to transmit a torque of 30,000Nm. The coupling is connected to

the shaft by a number of 5mm diameter bolts placed equidistant on a pitch circle of 0.3m
diameter. The inner diameter of the coupling is 0.1m. The allowable shear stress on the
bolts is 500MPa. Find the minimum number of bolts needed.

Notes: The bolts are assumed small enough and placed at a large enough diameter so that the
shear stress is assumed constant across a bolt section. One must merely apply torque equilibrium
to solve this problem.
Solution:
2
-5 2
If the bolt diameter is 5mm, then the cross sectional area is A=d /4=1.963x10 m . If the
allowable shear stress on a bolt is 500MPa, then the force transmitted by each bolt is
-5 2
F=A=(500MPa)(1.963x10 m )=9817N.
If there are n bolts on the 0.3m diameter, then the torque they can support is nF(0.15m). Equating
this to the applied torque yields:
T = nF( 0.15m ); 3 0 , 0 0Nm
0 = n(9817N )(0.15m ); n = 20.3
Therefore, 21 bolts are needed.

4.23

A shaft and a coupling are to transmit 50kW of power at an angular speed of 1000rpm.
The coupling is connected to the shaft by 10 bolts, 20mm in diameter, placed on a pitch
circle of 200mm. For an allowable stress on the bolts of 100MPa, are the bolts able to
transfer this power?

Notes: This problem is similar to Problem 4.22. The torque transmitted is calculated from
Equation (4.42). Torque equilibrium is then applied to solve the problem.

Page 4-13

Solution:
2
-4 2
The cross sectional area of each bolt is A=d /4=3.14x10 m . If the allowable shear stress on a
bolt is 100MPa, then the force transmitted by each bolt is
-4 2
F=A=(100MPa)(3.14x10 m )=31.4kN.
If there are 10 bolts on the 0.2m diameter, then the torque they can support is
10F(0.1m)=31.4kNm. The angular speed is 1000rpm=104.7rad/s. The applied torque is calculated
from Equation (4.42) as:
hp
50kW
T=
=
= 477Nm
104.7rad / s
This is a much lower torque than the bolts can safely transfer.

4.24

A beam transmitting a bending moment M of 5000Nm has a square cross section 100 by
100mm. The weight is decreased by making either one or two axial circular holes along
the beam. Determine whether one or two holes gives the lowest weight for the beam at a
given bending stress. Neglect the transverse shear stress.

Notes: The ratio of moment of inertia of the section to the area can be compared for the two
alternatives; this is because the extreme fiber distance, the beam length and material are all
constant.
Solution:

The two alternatives are sketched above. The moments of inertia and areas for the two shapes are:
a4 2 4 a 4 a 4
a4 1

I1 =

r =
(2) =

12 4
12 4 4
4 3 128
a 2

A1 = a2 2 = a2 1
4

8
a 4 4 a 4 a 4 a4 1
I2 =
r =
=

12 4
12 4 2
4 3 16
a 2

A2 = a2 = a2 1
2

4
Therefore, the following ratios can be written:
1
a4 1

a2

I1
3 128
4 3 128
=
=

A1
a 2 1
4

8
2

Page 4-14

I2
=
A2

2 1
a
3 16
3 16
=

4
a 2 1

a4
4

Therefore, comparing the two cases:

2 1

I1 / A1 3 128 4
= 0.797
=
21
I2 / A2

4 a
2

3 16
Therefore, the beam with two holes gives the lower weight at a given bending moment.

4.25

A straight beam is loaded at the ends by moments M: the area moment of inertia for the
3

beam is I=a b/12. Find the bending stress distribution in the beam when M=1000Nm,
a=3cm, and b=6cm. Also, find the radius of curvature to which the beam is bent. The
11
beams modulus of elasticity is 2.05 x 10 Pa.
Notes: Equation (4.49) gives the bending stress distribution; Equation (4.50) gives the radius of
curvature.
Solution:
3
3
-7 4
From the given data, the moment of inertia is I=a b/12=(0.03m) (0.06m)/12=1.35x10 m .
Therefore, the bending stress distribution is given by Equation (4.49) as:
My
(1000Nm)y
3
=
=
7 3 = 7.41GN / m y
I
1.35 10 m
The maximum bending stress occurs for y=a/2, or max=111MPa. The radius of curvature is
calculated from Equation (4.50) as:

7 4
1 M
EI ( 205GPa ) 1.35 10 m
=
; r=
=
= 28.1m
r EI
M
1000Nm

4.26

The beam in Problem 4.25 is bent in a perpendicular direction so that I=ab /12. Find the
bending stress distribution and the radius of curvature to which the beam is bent.

Notes: This is solved in the same manner as Problem 4.25, except that the values of a and b have
changed.
Solution:
3
3
-7 4
From the given data, the moment of inertia is I=ab /12=(0.03m)(0.06m) /12=5.4x10 m .
Therefore, the bending stress distribution is given by Equation (4.49) as:
My
(1000Nm )y
=
=
= 1.85GN / m 3 y
I
5.4 10 7 m3
The maximum bending stress occurs for y=b/2, or max=55.5MPa. The radius of curvature is
calculated from Equation (4.50) as:
7 4
1 M
EI ( 205GPa ) 5.4 10 m
=
; r=
=
= 110.7m
M
r EI
1000Nm

Page 4-15

4.27

A curved bar has a rectangular cross section with height h=r0-ri=50mm and width
b=100mm. Its inner radius is 100mm. Find the distance between the neutral axis and the
centroid.

Notes: This problem merely requires application of Equation (4.58).

Solution:
Note that ro=ri+h=150mm. The eccentricity is given by Equation (4.58) as:
r +r
r r
100mm +150mm 150mm 100mm
e= i o o i =

= 1.68mm

150
2
2
ro
ln

ln
100
r1

4.28

The curved bar is loaded with a bending moment of 3000 Nm. Find the stress at the
innermost and outermost radii.

Notes: These stresses are obtained from Equations (4.65) and (4.66). The results from Problem
4.27 are used to obtain this solution.
Solution:
As derived in Problem 4.27, e=1.68mm=0.00168m. With a height of 50mm and a width of
2
100mm, the cross sectional area is A=0.005m . Therefore, the stress at the inner surface is, from
Equation (4.65),
Mc
(3000Nm )(0.025m 0.00168m)
i = i =
= 83.29MPa
Aeri
0.005m2 ( 0.00168m )( 0.1m )

The stress at the outer surface is, from Equation (4.66),

Mco (3000Nm) (0.025m + 0.00168m )
o =
=
= 63.52MPa
Aero
0.05m2 ( 0.00168m)( 0.15m )

4.29

Two beams with rectangular cross sections axb are placed on top of each other to form a
beam having height 2a and width b. Find the area moments of inertia Ix and Iy for the two
beams
a) When they are welded together along the length
b) When they are not welded together.

Notes: The implication is that if the beams are welded together they act as a single beam; if not
welded, they act as two individual beams.
Solution:
If the beams are welded together, it is as if the cross section is of one material, so from Table 4.1,
bh3 b( 2a )3 2ba3
=
=
12
12
3
3
3
b h b ( 2a ) b3 a
Iy =
=
=
12
6
12

Ix =

Page 4-16

If they are not welded together, then the moments of inertia are:
bh3 bh3 2b ( a )3 ba3
Ix =
+
=
=
12
12
6
12
b3h b3h b3 ( a ) b3 ( a) b3 a
Iy =
+
=
+
=
12
6
12
12
12

4.30

Two thin steel plates having width b/20 and height 5a are placed one at each side of the
two beams in Problem 4.29. See sketch h. Find the moments of inertia around the x and y
axes
a)
When the plates are not welded together.
b)
When they are welded together as shown in sketch h
c)
When they are welded together to form a closed tube 5ax1.1b.

Notes: The approach is the same as in Problem 4.29.

Solution:
If the plates are not welded together, then the moments of inertia of the individual beams are
added together. Ix is calculated as
1 b
ba3
3
Ix = 2 (5a ) + 2
=1.21ba3
12 20
12
For Iy, note that even though the thin plates are not welded to the other plates, they still are
separated, so their moment of inertial about the y-axis needs to be evaluated using the ParallelAxis Theorem. Therefore,
1
1
b 3
b b b 2
Iy = 2 ab3 + 2 ( 5a ) + 2( 5a) + = 0.304ab3
12
12
20
20 2 40
If the plates are welded together, then the plates can be taken as one area. Ix is then calculated as:
1 b
1
3
3
Ix = 2 (5a ) + 2 (b )( 2a ) = 2.375ba 3
12 20
12
and by taking advantage of the geometry, Iy is
3

1
1
b
b
3
Iy = ( 5a ) b +
+ 2 (1.5a )( b) = 0.304ab 3

12
12
20 20
Note that Iy has not changed appreciably; this is attributable to the very thin plates used at the
ends of the axb plates.
If they are welded to form a closed tube, then Ix is given by:
1
1
Ix =
(1.1b )(5a )3 ( b )(3a)3 = 9.21ba3
12
12
3
and Iy is unchanged; it has the value 0.304ab .

Page 4-17

4.31

A cantilevered beam with a rectangular cross section is loaded by a force perpendicular to

the beam centerline at the free end. The cross section is 75 mm high and 25 mm wide.
The vertical load at the beam end is 20,000N. Calculate how long the beam should be to
give tensile and compressive stresses 10 times higher than the maximum shear stress.
Also, calculate these stresses.

Notes: Equation (4.48) gives the maximum bending stress, and Table 4.3 gives the maximum
shear stress.
Solution:
3
-7 4
For the cross section defined, the moment of inertia is (0.025m)(0.075m) /12=8.79x10 m . For a
cantilever with a load P at the free end, the maximum moment is M=Pl=(20,000N)l. The
maximum shear is V=P=20,000N. Therefore, the maximum shear stress is, from Table 4.3 on
page 170,
3V
3(2 0 , 0 0 0N )
max =
=
=16MPa
2A 2( 0.025m )( 0.075m )
Since the maximum normal stress is ten times the maximum shear stress, it is 160MPa. From
Equation (4.48),
0.075m

( 20,000 N )(l )
2
Mc
max =
=
= 160MPa;l = 0.1875m = 187.5mm
I
8.79 107 m 4

4.32

A cantilevered beam with a circular-tube cross section has an outer diameter of 100mm
and a wall thickness of 10mm. The load perpendicular to the beam is 15,000N, and the
beam is 1.2m long from the point of force to the wall where the beam is fastened.
Calculate the maximum bending and shear stresses.

Notes: The approach is similar to Problem 4.31. Equation (4.48) gives the maximum bending
stress, and Table 4.3 gives the maximum shear stress.
Solution:
The maximum moment occurs at the wall and equals M=Pl=(15,000N)(1.2m)=18kNm. The
maximum shear force is V=P=15kN. The moment of inertia of the beam is (see Table 4.1 on page
148):
4

I=
do di4 =
( 0.1m )4 (0.08m )4 = 2.89810 6 m 4
64
64
From Table 4.3 on page 170, the maximum shear stress is:
2V
2(15kN )
max =
=
= 10.61MPa
2
2
A
0.1m

0.08m
(
) (
)
4
From Equation (4.48),
Mc (18kNm )(0.05m )
=
=
= 310.5MPa
I
2.89810 6 m4

4.33

A fishing rod is made of glass-fiber-reinforced plastic in the form of a tube having an

outer diameter of 10 mm and a wall thickness of 1.5mm. The glass fibers are parallel to

Page 4-18

the tube axis, so that the bending shear stress is carried by the plastic and the bending
stresses are carried by the fibers. The fishing rod is 2m long. Determine whether the rod
fails from tensile stresses in the fibers or from shear overstressing in the plastic. The
bending strength of the fiber-reinforced plastic is 800MPa, and its shear strength is
3.2MPa.
Notes: The bending normal stresses are calculated from Equation (4.48) and the maximum shear
stress is obtained from Table 4.3 on page 170. Comparing the critical load for the two failure
modes allows solution of the problem.
Solution:
The maximum moment occurs at the wall and equals M=Pl=(P)(2m). The maximum shear force
is V=P. The moment of inertia of the rod is (see Table 4.1 on page 148):
4

I=
do di4 =
(0.01m)4 ( 0.007m )4 = 3.73 1010 m4
64
64
From Table 4.3 on page 170, the maximum shear stress is tmax=2V/A, so that the largest load
that can be applied at the end of the rod is:

(3.2MPa ) (0.01m)2 ( 0.007m )2

4

2P
max =
= 3.2MPa; P =
= 64N
2
A
The maximum load that can be supported without causing bending failure is obtained from
Equation (4.48), recognizing the maximum allowable bending stress is 80MPa:
Mc P(2m) (0.005m)
max =
=
= 800MPa;P = 29.8N
I
3.73 10 10 m 4
Therefore, the rod fails first from overstressing the fibers.

4.34

Two aluminum beams, like the one shown in Fig. 4.6, are welded together to form a
closed cross section with dimensions 240 by 80mm. The weld was badly done, so that the
wall is only 2 mm thick instead of 8mm. The allowable shear stress in the weld is 50MPa,
whereas the maximum allowable bending stress is 150MPa. Find whether the 2-m-long
beam fails first at the outermost fibers or at the welds.

Notes: The moment of inertia and the first moment have to be calculated for the shape. The
maximum load is then calculated for the two failure modes as in Problem 4.33. The only
difference is that Equation (4.67) is needed to obtain the maximum shear stress.
Solution:
The moment of inertia for the cross section is:
b h 3 b h 3 (0.08m)(0.24m )3 ( 0.064m )( 0.224m )3
I= 11 2 2 =

= 3.222 10 5 m4
12
12
12
12
For a cantilever, the maximum moment is M=Pl=(2m)P. Therefore, Equation (4.48) gives:

5 4
Mc Plc
maxI (150MPa ) 3.222 10 m
max =
=
;P=
=
= 20.14kN
I
I
lc
( 2m )( 0.120m )
The first moment of area is calculated as:
Q = (0.06m )(0.08m )(0.12m ) (0.056m) (0.064 m)(0.112m ) =1.746 10 4 m3
Equation (4.67) then gives:

Page 4-19

5 4
VQ
maxIwt (50MPa) 3.22 10 m ( 0.004m)
max =
; V=
=
= 36.9kN
Iwt
Q
1.746 10 4 m3
The weld fails first.

4.35

To decrease as much as possible the weight of beams subjected to bending, the center of
gravity of the cross section is placed as far away from the beam center of gravity as
possible. A beam supporting a floor has a cross section as shown in sketch i. The bending
moment acting on the beam is 3000Nm, and the shear force is 1000N. Calculate the
maximum bending stress and maximum shear stress.

Notes: The moment of inertia and the first moment have to be calculated for the shape. The
maximum load is then calculated for the two failure modes as in Problem 4.34.
Solution:
The moment of inertia for the cross section is:
b h 3 b h 3 ( 0.100m )(0.16m)3
(0.048m)(0.14m )3
I= 11 2 2 =
2
=1.218 10 5 m 4
12
12
12
12
Therfore, Equation (4.48) gives:
Mc (3000Nm)(0.08m)
max =
=
= 19.7MPa
I
1.21810 5 m4
The first moment of area is calculated as:
-5 3
Q=(0.035m)(0.004m)(0.07m)+(0.01m)(0.1m)(0.075m)=8.48x10 m
Equation (4.67) then gives:
5 3
VQ (1000N ) 8.48 10 m
max =
=
= 1.74MPa
Iwt
1.21810 5 m (0.004m)

Page 4-20