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(1)
which states that the work is the difference in the changes of internal energy
and enthalpy.
Q
Cv
T v
(2)
Q
Cp
.
T p
(3)
From the two forms of the first law we can show that
Q U
T v T v
Q H
T p T p
so that the definitions for heat capacity can also be written as
U
Cv
T v
(4)
H
Cp
.
T p
(5)
cv
cp
Cv u
=
m T v
(6)
h
=
.
m T p
(7)
Cp
(8)
=
+ p
.
T p T p
T p
(9)
U
V U
C p Cv =
+ p
.
T p
T p T v
(10)
The differential of U is
U
U
dU =
dT +
dV .
T V
V T
Dividing by dT gives
dU U U dV
=
.
+
dT T V V T dT
and assuming constant pressure we get
dU U U dV
+
dT p T V V T dT p
or
U
U
U V
=
+
.
T p T V V T T p
(11)
U
V
C p C v =
+ p
V T
T p .
(12)
u
c p cv =
+ p
.
T
T p
( U
(13)
u
cv
T v
And the specific heat at constant pressure was defined as
h
cp
T p
Since the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas depend only on
temperature, then for an ideal gas we dont have to write the specific heats as
partial derivatives, but can instead use full derivatives
du
dT
.
dh
cp
dT
cv
From the expressions for the internal energy of ideal gases, we then get that
3
R ; monatomic gas
2
5
cv = R ; diatomic gas
2
cv =
The expression relating the specific heats at constant pressure and at constant
volume is also greatly simplified for an ideal gas. The general expression
[Eqn. (13)] becomes, for an ideal gas,
c p cv = R ,
(14)
cp =
99% of the atmosphere is composed of diatomic molecules (N2 and O2), and has
a specific gas constant of 287.1 J-kg1-K1. This leads to values of cv and cp of
718 J-kg1-K1 and 1005 J-kg1-K1. These values are extremely close to the
measured values for the atmosphere.
cv dT = dq pd
c p dT = dq + dp
We are often most interested in how the thermodynamic variables change with
time. By dividing the first law by dt we get
dT dq
d
=
p
dt dt
dt
dT dq
dp
cp
=
+
dt dt
dt
cv
In meteorology, the most common form of the first law used the top equation
above. There are many different symbols used for the heating term. Some
common ways that you will see the first law written in other textbooks are
DT
dQ
=
Dt
dt
DT
D
cv
+p
=J
Dt
Dt
dT
Dp
= H
cp
dt
Dt
Cp
Bluestein, (1992)
Holton, (1992)
Houze, (1993) .
BEWARE: Not all textbooks use consistent notation. Many (such as Bluestein)
use upper case C for specific heat.
The first law is often referred to as the thermodynamic equation or
thermodynamic energy equation.
EXERCISES
1. Show that for an ideal gas
u
c p cv =
+ p
T
T p
reduces to
c p cv = R .