Project Session Lift and Weight Group E11B

Solutions to the problems:

Task 1:
Please refer to spreadsheet, all angles and extra calculations and
plottings are ther.
Task 2:
2.1 Why do we plot Cp (negative) instead of Cp (positive) upward?
In the formula of the pressure coefficient:

Cp=

p p
0.5 V

, you can see that

when p is smaller than p, Cp will be negative. So the plot will also be negative.
Hence, they use Cp so that the curve will be a positive curve. This way you can
compare it better with the downward Cp curve.

2.2)
a) the mach number decreases from 0.06M to 0.03M. According to Bernoullis
law

1
1
2
2
P1+ V 1=P 2+ V 2
2
2
P1 doubles when V2 = V1/2.
b)
At M=0.8, the flow becomes compressible and the following equation
holds:

P
1 2 /(1)
=(1+
M )
Pt
2
Which means P is inversely proportional to M2, so the pressure drops
quadratically with the speed.

2.3)
Yes, there is a relation between the thickness and the pressure distribution of the
airfoil. Our data show that when the thickness increases the pressure distribution
of the upper and lower site narrows. Therefore, we assume, that most of the lift
is generated in front of the thickest part of the wing.

2.4: What is the highest value of Cp that is to be found in the test

and why? How do we call this point?
Formules used:
Cp = (P-Peff)/(0,5**V2)
Peff=p+(85/135)*(Patm-p)
Peff is the corrected input pressure because the input pressure measured may not be accurate
enough.
In task 1 you can see that the maximum Cp is at an angle of attack of 12.5 degrees.
(0,936485992)
The point at maximum Cp is called the stagnation point. This is when Cp = 1. In
this case it is about 12.5 degrees. At a higher angle of attack, the Cp drops again.
The reason for this is because the pressure under the airfoil is higher than the
pressure on the airfoil, because of the diffrence between those pressures, lift is
generated. At the maximum Cp, the wind is in a flow that is called attached flow.
When the angle of attack is higher dan it would be on the maximum Cp it creates
a saperate flow. Because of this seperate flow the pressure under the airfoil
drops. Therefore there is no more lift generated
TASK 3
3.1: please refer to the spreadsheet attached
3.2 Plot the pressure distribution from the provided data in excel. Upper and
lower surface have to be plotted in the same graph.

Pressure Distribution
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Cp
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

Upper Surface

0.2

0.4

Lower Surface

0.6

0.8

1.2

X/C

Use the Trapezoid Rule to find the lift coefficient of the MH44 aerofoil. The three
column titles are given to point you in the right direction.
Upper surface
x/c
0
0,00505
0,01449
0,0282
0,04617

Cp
0,99093
0,58711
0,20079
-0,06389
-0,22967

Step size
0,00505
0,00944
0,01371
0,01797
0,02213

Average height
0,78902
0,39395
0,06845
-0,14678
-0,27964

Area covered
0,003984551
0,003718888
0,00093845
-0,002637637
-0,006188433

0,0683
0,09448
0,12454
0,15827
0,1954
0,23561
0,27856
0,32392
0,37128
0,42023
0,4703
0,52097
0,57168
0,62196
0,67127
0,71902
0,76479
0,80834
0,84914
0,88634
0,91923
0,94719
0,9697
0,98629
0,99653
1

-0,32961
-0,38606
-0,4126
-0,42106
-0,41792
-0,40558
-0,38701
-0,3591
-0,32869
-0,29557
-0,26048
-0,22695
-0,19219
-0,15395
-0,11794
-0,08047
-0,02868
0,03229
0,08206
0,12106
0,15604
0,18543
0,21027
0,22435
0,16603
0,99152

0,02618
0,03006
0,03373
0,03713
0,04021
0,04295
0,04536
0,04736
0,04895
0,05007
0,05067
0,05071
0,05028
0,04931
0,04775
0,04577
0,04355
0,0408
0,0372
0,03289
0,02796
0,02251
0,01659
0,01024
0,00347
-1

-0,357835
-0,39933
-0,41683
-0,41949
-0,41175
-0,396295
-0,373055
-0,343895
-0,31213
-0,278025
-0,243715
-0,20957
-0,17307
-0,135945
-0,099205
-0,054575
0,001805
0,057175
0,10156
0,13855
0,170735
0,19785
0,21731
0,19519
0,578775
0,49576

-0,00936812
-0,01200386
-0,014059676
-0,015575664
-0,016556468
-0,01702087
-0,016921775
-0,016286867
-0,015278764
-0,013920712
-0,012349039
-0,010627295
-0,00870196
-0,006703448
-0,004737039
-0,002497898
7,86077E-05
0,00233274
0,003778032
0,00455691
0,004773751
0,004453604
0,003605173
0,001998746
0,002008349
-0,49576

Lower surface
x/c
0
0,00022
0,00635
0,018
0,03464
0,05599

Cp
0,99093
0,28469
-0,12327
-0,22198
-0,27723
-0,31126

Step size
0,00022
0,00613
0,01165
0,01664
0,02135
0,0258

Average height
0,63781
0,08071
-0,172625
-0,249605
-0,294245
-0,3198

Area covered
0,000140318
0,000494752
-0,002011081
-0,004153427
-0,006282131
-0,00825084

0,08179
0,11183
0,14602
0,18411
0,22585
0,27085
0,31862
0,36863
0,42035
0,47321
0,52657
0,57982
0,63229
0,68335
0,73235
0,77872
0,82187
0,86129
0,8965
0,92706
0,95259
0,97277
0,98743
0,9967
1

-0,32834
-0,32382
-0,29995
-0,26968
-0,23661
-0,20552
-0,17867
-0,15252
-0,12974
-0,10809
-0,08818
-0,07235
-0,05755
-0,04608
-0,03473
-0,02672
-0,01715
-0,01103
-0,00272
0,00022
0,00351
-0,003
0,01993
0,05761
0,99152

0,03004
0,03419
0,03809
0,04174
0,045
0,04777
0,05001
0,05172
0,05286
0,05336
0,05325
0,05247
0,05106
0,049
0,04637
0,04315
0,03942
0,03521
0,03056
0,02553
0,02018
0,01466
0,00927
0,0033
-1

-0,32608
-0,311885
-0,284815
-0,253145
-0,221065
-0,192095
-0,165595
-0,14113
-0,118915
-0,098135
-0,080265
-0,06495
-0,051815
-0,040405
-0,030725
-0,021935
-0,01409
-0,006875
-0,00125
0,001865
0,000255
0,008465
0,03877
0,524565
0,49576

-0,009795443
-0,010663348
-0,010848603
-0,010566272
-0,009947925
-0,009176378
-0,008281406
-0,007299244
-0,006285847
-0,005236484
-0,004274111
-0,003407927
-0,002645674
-0,001979845
-0,001424718
-0,000946495
-0,000555428
-0,000242069
-0,0000382
4,76135E-05
5,1459E-06
0,000124097
0,000359398
0,001731064
-0,49576

Step size is the difference between the x/c n and x/cn+1

Average height =

C pn+ C pn+1
2

Area covered = step size * area covered.

Where CL is the lift coefficient, is the angle of attack and C a is the axial force
coefficient. In Anderson (2008) it is stated that for small angles of attack ( 5)
you can assume that CL

Cn .

C p ,l= Area covered lower=0,12155

C p ,u= Area covered upper=0.66495

Cl C n= C p ,l C p ,u=0,543401

3.3 Calculate the lift coefficient.

0.13

( ) ( )) (
( ) ( ))
(10.84( cx ) d ( xc ))()=[( cx )0.42( xc ) ] ([( xc ) 2003 ( xc ) ] +[2.47( xc )+1.315( cx ) ]
x
( C C ) d ( c )=

1200

x
x
x
x
d
+ 2.47+2.63
d
c
c
c
c
0,13
2 1

3 0.13

2 1
0.13

p ,l

p, u

C l=C n=
0

TASK 4
NACA 0020 (Wind tunnel)

Cl =0

DC l /d
Cl

4.4756
About 1.3 at 17

max

The point where

Cl =0

is when the graph crosses the x axis. This is 0.

This is logical as it is a symmetric airfoil.

DC l /d

is the gradient of the graph, which was calculated to be about

4.4756 (calculations shown in the spreadsheet)

Cl

max

is the point where the graph stops increasing (its maximum). We do

not have enough angles to determinate this accurately. However, we got

while in the lab that the stall angle was about 17-18 degrees. From this
information, we linearized the

Cl

max

to be around 1.3 at 17 degres.

However this is not accurate as the gradient actually starts decreasing

before reaching the maximum point of the curve.

TASK 5

=1.453

5.1
NACA 0020 has a lift curve that is going through the origin, because this
aerofoil is symmetrical, and symmetrical aerofoils (non-cambered) have
zero lift at an angle of attack of zero, whereas cambered aerofoils make for
a lower pressure at the top of the wing and thus creating a pressure
difference. This results in a lift coefficient at an angle of attack of zero.
5.2
When the angle of attack gets too high, attached flow turns into separated
flow on the upper surface of the aerofoil, which causes the pressure
difference to drop significantly and CL drops precipitously. At this stage, the
airplane is in a stall.

5.3
The formula for Cl, when the aircraft has a stationary, level flight, is
mg
1
2
V S
2

. Given is that S, V and m constants are when comparing Mars to

Earth. The difference is thus g/, therefore the ratio is (gmars/mars)/

(gearth/earth), which gives a ratio of 3.1
5.4
According to the Thin Aerofoil Theory the slope of the Lift curve CL, = 2.

6. At steady horizontal flight: Weight=Lift and Drag=Thrust

M=2.5 kg
G=3.72m/s^2
=0.13225739 kg/m^3
V=35m/s
S=0.77m^2
CL= M*G/(.5V^2*S)
CL=1.49

TASK 7
Build the excel sheet capable of calculating the total lift force in Newton.
See excel sheet
Calculate E using Equation 12.
1
A ellipse = ab
2

1
= ab
ellipse
4
2

A1

A rectangular =ab

E=

Arectangular
1
4
=
=
A1
1

ellipse

2
4

For task 7, 8 and 9 see the excel sheet.

Jeroen & Jurian
Bart and Louis
Jin Xian & Max
Jonathas laffita
Loedy

2.1, 3.2, 3.3, Task 7, 8, 9

2.2, Task 5 & 6
2.2, task 5, task 6
Task1, Task4
2.4, and helped in all, assisting
with data calculation and more