This article was downloaded by: [University Federal Do Parana]

On: 04 February 2013, At: 05:16

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfac20

Caffeine levels in beverages from Argentina's market:

application to caffeine dietary intake assessment
a

V. Olmos , N. Bardoni , A.S. Ridolfi & E.C. Villaamil Lepori

Ctedra de Toxicologa y Qumica Legal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqumica, Universidad

de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Version of record first published: 18 Mar 2009.

To cite this article: V. Olmos , N. Bardoni , A.S. Ridolfi & E.C. Villaamil Lepori (2009): Caffeine levels in beverages from
Argentina's market: application to caffeine dietary intake assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 26:3, 275-281
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802430649

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to
anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents
will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should
be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims,
proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in
connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Food Additives and Contaminants

Vol. 26, No. 3, March 2009, 275281

Caffeine levels in beverages from Argentinas market: application to caffeine dietary

intake assessment
V. Olmos*, N. Bardoni, A.S. Ridolfi and E.C. Villaamil Lepori
Catedra de Toxicologa y Qumica Legal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqumica, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

(Received 26 February 2008; final version received 22 August 2008)

The caffeine content of different beverages from Argentinas market was measured. Several brands of coffees,
teas, mates, chocolate milks, soft and energy drinks were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. The highest concentration level was found in short coffee (1.38 mg ml1) and
the highest amount per serving was found in instant coffee (95 mg per serving). A consumption study was also
carried out among 471 people from 2 to 93 years of age to evaluate caffeine total dietary intake by age and to
identify the sources of caffeine intake. The mean caffeine intake among adults was 288 mg day1 and mate was
the main contributor to that intake. The mean caffeine intake among children of 10 years of age and under was
35 mg day1 and soft drinks were the major contributors to that intake. Children between 11 and 15 years old and
teenagers (between 16 and 20 years) had caffeine mean intakes of 120 and 240 mg day1, respectively, and mate
was the major contributor to those intakes. Drinking mate is a deep-rooted habit among Argentine people and
it might be the reason for their elevated caffeine mean daily intake.
Keywords: caffeine; beverage; dietary intake; mate

Introduction
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine) is the most consumed
psychoactive substance in the world (Concon 1988;
Lewin 1998; Nehlig 1999). It has a major effect on the
central nervous system (Janssen et al. 1996; Smith
2002), but it also affects, to a lesser degree, the
cardiovascular system (Rachima-Maoz et al. 1998;
Savoca et al. 2005) and diuresis (Serafin 1996).
Caffeine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract. A maximum plasma level is obtained in 15 min to
1 h after ingestion (Concon 1988; Baselt 2000). The
plasma half-life in adults was shown to be between 3
and 6 h (Baselt 2000). The metabolism of caffeine by
the liver P450 system is extensive and its metabolites
are excreted in urine.
Caffeine naturally occurs in plants like Coffea
arabica, Coffea robusta, Thea sinensis, Theobroma
cacao, Cola acuminata and Ilex paraguayensis, and it
is present in a wide variety of beverages including
coffee, tea, Argentine mate, carbonated soft drinks and
energy drinks.
The intake of moderate amounts of caffeine is not
harmful to healthy adults or occasional consumers.

*Corresponding author. Email: volmos@ffyb.uba.ar

ISSN 0265203X print/ISSN 14645122 online
2009 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/02652030802430649
http://www.informaworld.com

Intakes of 20200 mg day1 are associated with positive effects on mood like alertness, efficiency, energy,
concentration and motivation to work (Ellenhorn
1997; Fredholm et al. 1999). Moderate amounts of
caffeine (200500 mg day1) may produce headaches,
tremors, nervousness and irritability (Lewin 1998).
Caffeinism is a syndrome related to excessive caffeine
consumption. It has typical cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric characteristics (Lewin
1998). It has been described with daily intakes of over
1000 mg of caffeine (Foxx and Rubinoff 1979;
Fredholm et al. 1999).
The aims of this study were to determine the caffeine
content of different beverages and how much it contributes to caffeine total daily intake in a population of
different ages. For that purpose, the caffeine content of
beverages from Argentinas markets was measured by
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
ultraviolet (UV) detection. Also, a consumption study
was carried out to evaluate caffeine total daily intake
and to identify sources of caffeine intake. Other caffeine
sources like food, herbal supplements and medicines
were not considered in this study.

276

V. Olmos et al.

Materials and methods

Chemicals
Caffeine standard was purchased from Sigma
Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Methanol and
acetonitrile were high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and purchased from Aberkon
(Buenos Aires, Argentina). Double-distilled water was
obtained by a FigmayTM distillatory system (Cordoba,
Argentina). Syringe filters were Cameo 13N, MSI
(Westboro, MA, USA).

concentration (Quattrocchi et al. 1992). Lowest concentration levels (0.005, 0.010 and 0.015 mg ml1) were
used to build a second calibration curve. From the
extrapolation to zero concentration, a blank response
(Ybl) was estimated. The standard deviation (SD) for
each point of the curve described previously was
determined. A plot of SD versus concentration was
obtained and an SD for zero concentration (Sbl) was
extrapolated.
LOD and LOQ were calculated according to:
LOD Ybl 3Sbl =b

Analytical procedure

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Standard solutions
A caffeine stock solution was prepared in water to
a final concentration of 1 mg ml1.
Three sets of working standard solutions of 0.005,
0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025, 0.030 and 0.050 mg ml1
were prepared from the stock solution.
Chromatography
The HPLC system (Jasco Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)
consisted on an HPLC pump (PU-980) with a ternary
gradient unit (LG-980-02), an automatic sampler
injector (AS-950), a UV/VIS detector (UV-975) and
an on-line degassing system (Alltech, Deerfield, IL,
USA). Data and chromatograms were collected and
analysed using a BorwinTM Chromatography Software
(JMBS Developments, Grenoble, France). The C18
reverse-phase column was a Nucleosil HD100 RP-18
(Macherey Nagel, Duren, Germany). The length of the
separation column was 150 mm, with an i.d. of 4.6 mm
and a 5 mm particle size.
The mobile phase consisted of methanol:water
(28:72, v/v). The injection volume was 20 ml and the
flow rate was 1.0 ml min1. The detection wavelength
was 272 nm. The assay was performed at room
temperature.

Validation of the analytical method

The HPLC method was developed in our laboratory
and was validated according to Quattrocchi et al.
(1992).
Linearity and precision were determined by the
analysis of triplicate determinations of caffeine standards. Linearity was expressed as coefficient of
correlation (r) of all data at all the concentration
levels tested. Precision was calculated as the coefficient
of variation (CV, %) for each level of concentration
and expressed as mean and range.
The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of
quantification (LOQ) of the method can be estimated
from the calibration curve, if low concentration levels
of the analyte are considered, by extrapolation to zero

LOQ Ybl 10Sbl =b,

where b is the slope of the calibration curve.
Recovery from fortified samples was calculated
to estimate accuracy (Commission of European
Communities 2002). Coffee, tea, mate, chocolate
milk, soft and energy drinks were fortified with
known amounts of caffeine (20% of their mean
content) and processed by triplicate analysis.
Recoveries were expressed as percentages.

Caffeine content study

Samples
Different brands and batches of coffees, teas,
mates, chocolate milks, carbonated soft and energy
drinks were purchased from local markets and
coffee stores in Buenos Aires between January and
July 2005.
A total of 79 samples were analysed for caffeine
concentration and included 41 coffees, eight teas, ten
mates, five chocolate milks, eight carbonated soft
drinks and seven energy drinks. Several commercial
presentations and preparations of coffees were analysed: regular (espresso), instant coffee, electric
machine coffee, coffee bags, short coffee and coffee
and milk. Fourteen different brands (all commercially
available ones) of coffees and up to three different
batches by brand were included.
Samples preparation
Electric machine coffee was prepared according to
household measures (3050 g of ground coffee by 1
litre of hot water). Coffee and milk prepared by adding
milk to electric machine coffee (2050% of total
volume). Instant coffee was prepared with two
teaspoons of coffee in 200 ml of hot water. Espressos
and short coffees were purchased at different coffee
stores.
Mate cebado was prepared by pouring hot (not
boiled) water (approximately 50 ml) into a recipient
(called mate) containing 50 g of mate leaves, and
repeating this process 1520 times at which moment

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Food Additives and Contaminants

the leaves are discarded and changed for new ones. The
caffeine mean value between the first and the last mate
was considered for analysis.
Boiled mate was prepared by adding mate leaves to
boiling water (50 g of leaves by 1 litre of water) and
letting it stay for at least 5 min before serving.
Teas were prepared according to package
instructions.
Carbonated soft and energy drinks were degassed
by mechanical agitation for 20 min.
All beverages containing milk (chocolate milks and
coffee and milk) were de-proteinized by mixing with an
equal volume of acetonitrile and were centrifuged for
5 min at 3000 rpm.
A 20-fold water dilution of each beverage was
filtered through a 0.45 mm pore diameter filter and
injected into the chromatograph. Each sample was
processed by duplicated analysis.
The mean caffeine content was calculated for each
beverage.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using Info-stat
software (student version; Cordoba, Argentina).
Analysis of variances (ANOVA) test and a
Bonferroni a posteriori test were performed to compare
caffeine contents between coffees.

Consumption study
Population studied and assessment of caffeine intake
A cross-sectional study was performed among students, teachers and workers (and their families) of
a public university in Buenos Aires, Argentina, during
the fall of 2006. The population was comprised of 471
people between 2 and 93 years of age (200 males and
271 females, including eight pregnant and five breastfeeding women). All people were asked to fill in
a questionnaire (a closed list of caffeine containing
beverages and serving sizes, and open answer about
number of serving sizes) voluntarily about their weekly
caffeine-consuming habits. The quantity ingested was
recorded in units of volume.
Total daily intake (mg day1) was calculated
by multiplying the daily ingested volume of each
beverage by its mean caffeine content obtained in this
study, and by summing all the caffeine sources for each
individual.

Results and discussion

Analytical data
The HPLC method was shown to be rapid, sensitive
and precise. The calibration curve was shown to be

277

Table 1. Mean recoveries from fortified samples.

Beverages
Coffees
Teas
Soft drinks
Energy drinks
Mates
Chocolate milks

Percentage mean recovery (SD)

98
115
98
110
105
94

(2.4)
(7.1)
(1.6)
(5.3)
(12.0)
(7.8)

SD, standard deviation.

linear (coefficient of correlation (r) 0.9925) in the

range of the concentration selected. The LOD was
0.001 mg ml1 and the LOQ was 0.005 mg ml1.
Precision, expressed as coefficient of variation (mean
CV, %), was 3.1%, with a range between 0.7 and
6.7%. Assay recoveries from fortified samples were
higher than 90% for all beverages. The results are
shown in Table 1.
Table 2 shows the caffeine content of the different
beverages. The highest concentration level and highest
amount per serving were found in coffees, the latest
only overcame by the single light energy drink data.
Lowest concentration level and lowest amount per
serving were found in cocoa beverages.
Among coffees (different preparations), the
highest concentration was found in short coffee
(1.38 mg ml1) ( p 5 0.001). No significant difference
between the other coffee preparations was found.
When milligrams per serving for different coffee
preparations were compared, no significant difference
was found between short coffee, regular coffee, electric
machine coffee and instant coffee ( p 0.8025) and
there was a significant difference when coffee bags
were compared with the other coffee preparations
( p 5 0.05) (Table 2). Coffee and milk could not be
included in any comparison because of the low number
of samples analysed.

Consumption data
The intake of caffeine-containing beverages is widely
distributed among the Argentine population. The
survey showed that 98% of the children and teenagers
(aged 220 years) and almost 100% of the adults
consumed caffeine from different sources.
The mean caffeine intake for adults was
288 mg day1 (4.4 mg kg1 day1). Caffeine intake
among adults was shown to be higher in comparison
with data reported by other authors for countries such
as the USA: 193 mg day1 (Frary et al. 2005),
3 mg kg1 day1 (Barone and Roberts 1996) or
(Mandel
2002);
the
UK:
2.4 mg kg1 day1
4 mg kg1 day1 (Barone and Roberts 1996); and
Brazil: 171 mg day1(Rojo Camargo et al. 1999).

278

V. Olmos et al.

Table 2. Caffeine content of different beverages and preparations.

Concentration (mg ml1)
Mean (SD)

Range

Coffees
Regular (espresso)
Instant
Coffee bag
Electric machine
Coffee and milk
Short coffee

0.78 (0.31)
0.41 (0.16)
0.47 (0.04)
0.39 (0. 07)
0.22 (0.14)
1.38b (0.68)

Teas
Tea bag
Leaves
Mates
Mate bag
Leavesa
Chocolate milk
Cocoa milk
Soft drinks
Diet soft drinks
Energy drinks
Light energy drinks

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Beverages

Amount (mg) per serving

Mean (SD)

Range

ml per serving

Number of samples

0.461.59
0.210.44
0.420.52
0.260.53
0.100.35
0.732.76

93.6c (28.3)
95.2c (42.8)
53.7d (15.0)
86.4c (16.5)
54.9 (37.2)
90.7c (25.1)

59.7158.9
48.2159.9
42.178.2
58.6121.8
22.787.2
60.6132.7

200
200
150
220
150
45

10
6
4
10
2
9

0.12 (0.03)
0.27 (0.04)

0.080.17
0.220.33

24.8 (7.4)
55.0 (8.9)

16.036.3
45.368.3

200
200

5
3

0.15 (0.02)
0.33 (0.03)
0.034 (0.005)
0.040 (0.002)
0.11 (0.01)
0.13 (0.01)
0.28 (0.08)
0.32 (n.a.)

0.120.18
0.310.34
0.0300.042
0.0370.042
0.090.12
0.120.14
0.170.36
n.a.

24.335.3
71.179.3
7.410.5
9.310.4
31.445.9
43.151.1
42.693.3
n.a.

200
200
250
250
354
354
250
350

3
7
3
2
4
4
6
1

29.2
75.2
8.5
10.0
38.8
45.7
70.7
112.2

(4.3)
(5.8)
(1.3)
(0.5)
(4.6)
(2.9)
(20.2)
(n.a.)

Boiled mate and mate cebado.

Significant difference, p 5 0.001.
c
No significant difference, p 0.8025.
d
Significant difference, p 5 0.05.
n.a., Non-applicable; SD, standard deviation.
b

The total caffeine intake (mean and 95th percentile) by

age and source is shown in Table 3.
Despite coffee having the highest values of caffeine,
mate was the major contributor to total caffeine intake
among the Argentine adult population. About 75% of
the population studied used to take the infusion, and
its consumption represented 50% of total caffeine
intake, followed by coffee (36%) (Figure 1).
The mean caffeine intake for children aged 210
years was 35 mg day1 (1.3 mg kg1 day1), for children
aged 1115
years
was
120 mg day1
1
1
(2.3 mg kg day ), and for teenagers (1620 years)
was 240 mg day1 (4.1 mg kg1 day1).
Mate is a popular beverage among Argentine
children and teenagers; 42% of the group aged 1120
years used to take the infusion daily. Mate was also the
major source of caffeine among children aged 1115
years and for teenagers aged 1620 years (32 and 50%
of total caffeine intake, respectively) (Figure 1).
Children between 11 and 15 years and teenagers
showed a higher caffeine intake compared with data
from other countries: 1 mg kg1 day1 for the USA
(Barone and Roberts 1996; Mandel 2002);
1.3 mg kg1 day1 for Australia (Barone and Roberts
1996); and 127 mg day1 for Brazil (Rojo Camargo
et al. 1999), as a consequence of Argentinean deeprooted habit of drinking mate.

Among 10-year-old children and those under this

age soft drinks and chocolate milk were major
contributors to caffeine intake with 41 and 27%,
respectively, and mate represented only 12% (Figure 1).
There is no unanimous opinion about the risk of
caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Several studies could not find a clear association between caffeine
consumption and pregnancy outcome (Clausson et al.
2002; Bracken et al. 2003; Bech et al. 2007). Several
other studies have found an association between
caffeine intake during pregnancy and foetal death
(Bech et al. 2005), spontaneous abortion (Parazzini
et al. 1998; Cnattingius et al. 2000; Wen et al. 2001;
Tolstrup et al. 2003; Sata et al. 2005), and other effects
described on neonates like low birth weight (Caan and
Goldhaber 1989; Vlajinac et al. 1997; Fernandes et al.
1998) or intrauterine growth retardation (Fenster et al.
1991). The general consensus is that it is desirable that
total caffeine intake during pregnancy should not
overcome 300 mg day1 (Organization of Teratology
Information Specialists (OTIS) 2001; Kaiser and Allen
2002; Nawrot et al. 2003). In the present study, mean
caffeine intake for pregnant women was 205 mg day1
(3.4 mg kg1 day1), range 52457 mg day1. Mate was
the main contributor to total caffeine intake in
this group followed by coffee (49.5 and 24.5%,
respectively).

Energy
drinks
Tea

Coffeeb

Matec

Chocolate
milk

Total
intake

Soft
drinksa

Energy
drinks

Tea

Coffeeb

95th percentile
Matec

Chocolate
milk

35
120
240
227
322
346
296
277

1.3
2.3
4.1
3.8
4.8
5.1
4.2
3.7

14
30
26
20
29
25
17
15

0
2
3
2
1
0
0
0

2
8
13
18
16
10
19
28

5
32
73
64
90
138
110
123

4
38
119
121
185
172
149
110

10
11
6
1
1
0
0
0

86
344
741
461
704
653
674
629

63
74
94
78
120
94
73
103

0
4
17
10
0
0
0
0

11
40
52
79
77
45
57
80

33
168
227
196
368
414
400
349

34
200
512
314
560
560
560
400

19
29
19
7
6
0
0
0

mg day1 mg kg1 day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1 mg day1

Soft
drinksa

Colas and diet colas.

Regular coffee, coffee and milk, espresso.
c
Mate bags, boiled mate and mate cebado.

210
41
1115 37
1620 27
2130 104
3140 107
4150 62
5160 49
460
44

Age
(years)

Total intake

Mean

Table 3. Mean caffeine intake and 95th percentile by age group of the studied population.

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Food Additives and Contaminants

279

280

V. Olmos et al.

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Figure 1. Contribution of different beverages on caffeine

intake in children of different ages, teenagers and adults.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first report on caffeine
content of a wide variety of non-alcoholic beverages
from Argentinas markets, and it is also the first report
on caffeine daily intake by source and by age in the
Argentine population. The most significant finding is
that mate is the main contributor to total caffeine
intake among people of 11 years of age and older, and
we think it is responsible for the higher caffeine intake
among the children surveyed compared with caffeine
intakes among children from other countries.
Nevertheless, to extrapolate this finding to the whole
population, a survey on a larger number of participants is needed.

References
Barone JJ, Roberts HR. 1996. Caffeine consumption. Food
Chem Toxic. 34:119129.
Baselt RC. 2000. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in
man. 5th ed. Foster City (CA): Chemical Toxicology
Institute. Caffeine. p. 120.
Bech BH, Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. 2005.
Coffee and fetal death: A cohort study with prospective
data. Am J Epidemiol. 162:983990.
Bech BH, Obel C, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. 2007. Effects of
reducing caffeine intake on birth weight and length
of gestation: Randomised controlled trial. Br Med J.
334:409.
Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K,
Leaderer BP. 2003. Association of maternal caffeine
consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J
Epidemiol. 157:456466.
Caan BJ, Goldhaber MK. 1989. Caffeinated beverages and
low birthweight: A case-control study. Am J Public
Health. 79:12991300.
Clausson B, Granath F, Ekbom A, Lundgren F,
Nordmark A, Signorello LB, Cnattingius S. 2002. Effect
of caffeine exposure during pregnancy on birth weight and
gestational age. Am J Epidemiol. 155:429436.
Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G, Clausson B,
Ekbom A, Ljunger E, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK,

Petersson G, Rane A, et al. 2000. Caffeine intake and

the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J
Med. 343:18391845.
Commission of European Communities. 2002. Council
Directive 2002/657/EC. Off J Eur Comm. L221:8.
Concon JM. 1988. Endogenous toxicants in foods derived
from higher plants. In: Food toxicology: Principles and
concepts. Part A. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker.
Chapter 8, p. 281403.
Ellenhorn MJ. 1997. Over-the-counter products drug interactions. In: Ellenhorns medical toxicology: Diagnosis and
treatment of human poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore (MD):
Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 52, p. 9801035.
Fenster L, Eskenazi B, Windham GC, Swan SH. 1991.
Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and fetal growth.
Am J Public Health. 81:458461.
Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, Pastuszak A,
Koren G, Einarson T. 1998. Moderate to heavy caffeine
consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: A metaanalysis. Reprod Toxicol. 12:435444.
Foxx RM, Rubinoff A. 1979. Behavioral treatment of
caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking. J Appl
Behav Anal. 12:335344.
Frary CD, Johnson R, Wang MQ. 2005. Food sources and
intakes of caffeine in the diet of persons in the United
States. J Am Diet Assoc. 105:110113.
Fredholm BB, Batig K, Holmen J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE.
1999. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference
to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol
Rev. 51:83133.
Janssen MMT, Put HMC, Nout MJR. 1996. Natural toxins.
In: de Vries J, editor. Food safety and toxicity. Boca Raton
(FL): CRC Press. Chapter 2, p. 737.
Kaiser LL, Allen L. 2002. Position of the American Dietetic
Association: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
outcome. J Am Diet Assoc. 102:14791490.
Lewin NA. 1998. Caffeine. In: Goldfrank LR, editor.
Goldfranks toxicologic emergencies. 6th ed. Stanford
(CT): Appleton & Lange. Chapter 28, p. 651660.
Mandel HG. 2002. Update on caffeine consumption, disposition and action. Food Chem Toxicol. 40:12311234.
Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A,
Feeley M. 2003. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food
Addit Contam. 20:130.
Nehlig A. 1999. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine?
A review on human and animal data. Neurosci Biobehav
Rev. 23:563576.
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS).
2001. Caffeine and pregnancy [Internet]. OTIS; [cited 2007
Sept 19]. Available from: http://www.otispregnancy.org/
pdf/caffeine.pdf/
Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Di Cintio E, Mezzopane R,
Surace M, Zanconato G, Fedele L, Benzi G. 1998. Coffee
consumption and risk of hospitalized miscarriage before 12
weeks of gestation. Hum Reprod. 13:22862291.
Quattrocchi OA, Abelaira de Andrizzi SI, Laba RF. 1992.
Validacion de metodos;. In: Quattrocchi, Abelaira and
Laba, editors. Introduccion a la HPLC. Aplicacion y
practica. Artes Graficas Farro, Buenos Aires (Argentina):
Chapter 12, p. 301328.

Food Additives and Contaminants

Downloaded by [University Federal Do Parana] at 05:16 04 February 2013

Rachima-Maoz C, Peleg E, Rosenthal T. 1998. The effect of

caffeine on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive
patients. Am J Hypertens. 11:14261432.
Rojo Camargo MC, Toledo MCF, Farha HG. 1999.
Caffeine daily intake from dietary sources in Brazil.
Food Addit Contam. 16:7987.
Sata F, Yamada H, Suzuki K, Saijo Y, Kato EH,
Morikawa M, Minakami H, Kishi R. 2005. Caffeine
intake, CYP1A2 polymorphism and the risk of recurrent
pregnancy loss. Mol Hum Reprod. 11:357360.
Savoca MR, Mackey ML, Evans CD, Wilson M,
Ludwig DA, Harshfield GA. 2005. Association of ambulatory blood pressure and dietary caffeine in adolescents.
Am J Hypertens. 18:116120.
Serafin WE. 1996. Farmacos utilizados en el tratamiento del
asma. In: Hardman JG, Limbrid LE, Molinoff PB,

281

Ruddon RW, Goodman Gilman A, editors. Goodman &

Gilman, Las bases farmacologicas de la terapeutica.
9th ed. Mexico City (Mexico): McGraw-Hill
Interamericana. Chapter 28, p. 707731.
Smith A. 2002. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food
Chem Toxicol. 40:12431255.
Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Madsen LB, Ottesen B,
Bergholt T, Gronbaek M. 2003. Does caffeine and alcohol
intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion? Hum Reprod. 18:27042710.
Vlajinac HD, Petrovid RR, Marinkovic JM, Sipeti SB,
Adanja BJ. 1997. Effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy
on birth weight. Am J Epidemiol. 145:335338.
Wen W, Shu XO, Jacobs DR Jr, Brown JE. 2001. The
association of maternal caffeine consumption and nausea
with spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 12:3842.