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Scattering parameters
There is a need to establish well-defined
termination conditions in order to find the
network descriptions for Z, Y, h, and
ABCD networks
Open and short voltage and current
conditions are difficult to enforce
RF implies forward and backward
traveling waves which can form standing
waves destroying the element
2
Solution: S-parameters
Input-output behavior of network is
defined in terms of normalized power
waves
Ratio of the power waves are recorded in
terms of so-called scattering parameters
S-parameters are measured based on
properly terminated transmission lines
(and not open/short circuit conditions)
3
1
(Vn + Z 0 I n )
2 Z0
bn
1
(Vn Z 0 I n )
2 Z0
=
Vn
In
Z 0 ( an + bn )
1
( an bn )
Z0
1
1
2
=
Pn
Re =
Vn I n
an bn
2
2
)
6
Vn+
=
Z0
Vn
=
Z0
Z 0 I n+
Z 0 I n
+
0 n
0 n
Vn = V + V = Z I Z I
b1 S11
=
b2 S 21
b1
S11 =
a1
S12 a1
S 22 a2
1 = 1 11 + 2 12
2 = 1 21 + 2 22
a2
b2
S21 =
a1
b2
S22 =
a2
b1
S12 =
a2
a2
+ 2
1
1V
1V
2
2
P1
(1 =
(1 S11 )
=
11 )
2 Z0
2 Z0
10
V1
=
+
V1
b1
a1
S11
a2 = 0
1 + S11
1 S11
11
1V
1 2
= P=
a1
inc
2 Z0
2
is the maximal available power from the
generator.
The total power at port 1 (under matched
output
condition)
expressed
as
a
combination of incident and reflected powers
2
a1
1
2
2
2
)
(1 in )
P=
Pinc + Pref= ( a1 b1 =
1
2
2
12
a2
1
2
2
2
( a2 =
(1 out )
=
P2
b2 )
2
2
13
Meaning of S-Parameters
The S-parameters can only be determined
under conditions of perfect matching on the
input or output side.
For instance, in order to record S11 and S21
we have to ensure that on the output side the
line impedance Z0 is matched for a2 = 0 to be
enforced, as shown in Figure.
14
S11 =
11
Z in Z o
=
Z in + Z 0
RL = 20 log S11
15
Z0
b2
=
a1 a =0 (V1 + Z 0 I1 )
2
2 Z0
+
+
0
I=
=
2 V2
2V
2V2
=
=
S 21
VG1
VG1
Here we observe that the voltage recorded at
port 2 is directly related to the generator
voltage and thus specifies the forward
voltage gain of the network. To find the
forward power gain,
2
=
G0
S=
21
2
V2
VG1
2
17
Z out Z 0
S22 =
out =
Z out + Z 0
for S12
=
S12
V1
Z0
b1
=
a2 a =0 (V2 + Z 0 I 2 )
1
2 Z0
+
+
I=
1 V1= 0
19
2V
2V1
=
=
S 21
VG 2
VG 2
Known as the reverse voltage gain and whose square
is identified as reverse Power gain.
S12
20
a1 T11 T12 b2
=
b1 T21 T22 a2
It is immediately seen that the cascading of
two dual-port networks becomes a simple
multiplication
21
22
And network B by
a T
=
b T
B
1
B
1
B
11
B
21
T b
T a A
b2 a1B
B
12
B
22
B
2
B
2
A = B
a2 b1
a T
=
b T
A
1
A
1
A
11
A
21
T T
T T
A
12
A
22
B
11
B
21
T b
T a
B
12
B
22
B
2
B
2
23
a1 T11 T12 b2
=
b1 T21 T22 a2
1 = 2 11 + 2 12
1 = 2 21 + 2 22
b1 S11
=
b2 S 21
S12 a1
S 22 a2
1 = 1 11 + 2 12
2 = 1 21 + 2 22
24
T11
a1
=
b2 a = 0
2
a1
=
S 21a1
1
S 21
Similarly
T12
T22
S 22
S11
and T21 =
=
S 21
S 21
( S11S 22 S12 S 21 )
=
S 21
S
S 21
25
scattering
b1
T21b2 T21
=
= =
S11
a1 a =0 T11b2 T11
2
S12
S 21
T11T22 T21T12 T
=
T11
T11
T12
1
=
and S22 =
T11
T11
26
Z 0=
{b}
Z0
{V=}
Adding {V } =
{V } =[ S ]{V
gives
Z 0 [ S ]=
{a}
[ S ]{V }
+
} + {V } =([ S ] + [ E ]){V }
+
27
Z0 {a}
{V } [ S ]{V=}
+
Z 0 ({a} {b=
}) Z 0 { I }
28
{ }
=
V
Z 0 ([ E ] [ S ])
+
{I }
V } ([ S ] + [ E ]) {V
{=
=
Z 0 ([ S ] + [ E ]) ([ E ] [ S ])
{I }
29
Z=
Z 0 ([ S ] + [ E ]) ([ E ] [ S ])
Z11
Z
21
Z12
S12 1 S11 S12
1 + S11
= Z0
Z 22
S 21 1 + S 22 S 21 1 S 22
S12
1 + S11
Z0
S 21 1 + S 22
=
(1 S11 )(1 S22 ) S21S12
S12
1 S 22
S
1
S
11
21
30
2.
32
(a)Source node a,
which
launches wave.
= a
34
36
V V
V + V =VG + Z G
Z0 Z0
+
S
+
S
Z0
+
S
V
V
=
S
VG
ZG + Z0
Z0
Z0
0 gives
bs = b' as
37
Z0
ZG + Z0
VG
bS
b= bS + L S b=
1 LS
'
'
Nodal Assignment
39
Branch
Series Connection
40
Parallel Connection
Splitting of Branches
41
42
Solution:
The process of setting up the individual ratios
is explained best by going through a step-bystep simplification for the ratio a1/ bs
employing the rules
43
44
45
b1
S12 S 21
in =
= S11 +
L
a
1 S 22
46
S12 S 21
L S
S11 +
1 S 22 L
47
1
a1 =
bS
S12 S21
L S
1 S11 +
1 S22 L
48
a1
1 S 22 L
=
bS 1 ( S11 S + S 22 L + S12 S 21 S ) + S11S 22 S L
49
Generalization of S-Parameters
We assume that port 1 is connected to line
impedance ZOI and port 2 to impedance Z02 we have
to represent the voltage and current waves at the
respective port (n = 1,2) as
+
n
Vn = V
+V
Z 0 n ( an + bn )
and
Vn+
Vn
In =
=
Z0n
Z0n
an
Z0n
bn
Z0n
Where
an
Vn+
and bn
=
Z0n
Vn
Z0n
50
Vi
Sij
bi
=
+
V
aj
i
a
=
n 0( n j )
Z 0i
Z0 j
+
V=
n 0 ( n j )
+
1
V ( z=
0)
= V
1
+ j ( l1 )
1
V ( z1 =
l1 ) =
V e
52
in
= V
V ( z=
0)
1
and
in
l1 ) =
V ( z1 =
V e
j ( l1 )
V1
0
+
=
j 2l2 +
Vout (l2 ) 0 e V2
53
V (l1 ) e
=
V (l2 ) 0
in
out
j 1l1
0 V
j 2l2
e
V
V2 S21 S22 V2
54
0
0
e
11
12
in ( l1 )
=
j 2l2
j 2l2 +
e
e
S21 S22 0
Vout (l2 )
Vout (l2 ) 0
[S ]
SHIFT
S11e
S12 e
= j( l + l )
j 2 2l2
11
22
S22 e
S21e
j 2 1l1
j ( 11
l + 2l2 )
55