Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 5
1 a
two examples of giant ionic structure, e.g.
sodium chloride, magnesium oxide
[2]
[1 mark each]
two examples of a simple molecular
structure, e.g. carbon dioxide, bromine [2]
[1 mark each]
b Ionic structure is brittle because force
applied along layers displaces the ions; [1]
ions of like charge come near each other; [1]
repulsion between like charged ions disrupts
bonding.[1]
Metals are malleable because force applied
along layers causes layers of atoms/ions to
slide;[1]
there are still / there are new forces of
attraction[1]
between the ions and the delocalised
electrons.[1]
c Giant molecular structures have strong
covalent bonds;
[1]
throughout / network of bonds;
[1]
takes a lot of energy to break these (strong)
bonds.[1]
Simple molecular structures have weak
forces / bonds
[1]
between molecules / intermolecular forces;
[1]
requires only a small amount of energy to
overcomes these forces.
[1]
d In graphite, each carbon atoms bonded to
three others;
[1]
fourth outer electron on each carbon atom is
free / delocalised;
[1]
moving electrons are a flow of current / can
carry current.
[1]
In diamond all electrons involved in covalent
bond formation;
[1]
no moving electrons to carry current.
[1]
Total = 21
2 a
Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular
structure;[1]
intermolecular forces
[1]
are weak.
[1]

b Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant covalent / giant

molecular structure;
[1]
all bonds
[1]
are strong.
[1]
c Both compounds are covalent;
[1]
no mobile electrons (to carry the current). [1]
Total = 8
3 a
A gas in which the volume is proportional
to the (kelvin) temperature / inversely
proportional to pressure.
[1]
b high pressure;
[1]
low temperature;
[1]
molecules close together
[1]
Significant intermolecular forces between
molecules / volumes of molecules must be
taken into account.
[1]
c i weak forces between atoms;
[1]
easy to break interatomic forces
[1]
ii
no mobile / free electrons [allow: not
anion][1]
d Change temperature to correct units:
20C = 20+273 = 253K
[1]
0.51000
moles of He =
= 125mol[1]
4
gas equation: pV = nRT
[1]
rearrange gas equation correctly:
pV = nRT so V = nRT
[1]
p 

[1]
V = 1258.31253
50000
3
3
V = 5.256m = 5.26m (to 3 significant figures)
[1]
Total = 13
4 a
A regular arrangement of ions or atoms [1]
in three dimensions.
[1]
b Bromine has van der Waals forces
[1]
which are weak.
[1]
Water has hydrogen bonding;
[1]
hydrogen bonding (in water) is stronger than
van der Waals forces / hydrogen bonding is
the strongest type of intermolecular force. [1]
c Molecules in liquid kept together / close
to each other because of weak attractive /
intermolecular forces;
[1]
molecules in liquid gain kinetic energy; [1]

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this energy is sufficient to overcome

attractive forces;
[1]
molecules are free enough / have enough
energy to move about independently / are far
apart.[1]
d i The pressure exerted by molecules in
vapour phase above a liquid.
[1]
ii
The rate of molecules moving from liquid
to vapour is equal to the rate moving from
vapour to liquid /
[1]
there is an equilibrium between the liquid
and vapour phases.
[1]
[the idea of movement of molecules
in both directions without equality /
equilibrium = 1 mark]
e Change temperature to correct units:
98C = 98+273 = 371K[1]
change volume to correct units:
80cm3 = 8.0105m3
[1]
mRT
gas equation: pV = M [1]
r
rearrange gas equation correctly:
Mr = mRT
pV [1]
0.28.31371
Mr = (1.110
5
5
)(8.010 )

= 70.06
= 70 (to 2 significant figures)

[1]
Total = 18

5 a i giant ionic
[1]
ii
poor
[1]
iii
poor
[1]
iv
simple molecular
[1]
v
giant covalent / giant molecular
[1]
vi
good
[1]
vii
poor[1]
b A is ionic so has high melting point because
of strong electrostatic attractions;
[1]
between oppositely charged
[1]
ions.[1]
Solid has low electrical conductivity;
[1]
ions cant move from place to place;
[1]
in liquid the ions are able to move.
[1]
c B is simple molecular so has low melting
point because of weak van der Waals forces
[1]
between molecules;
[1]

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

only small amount of energy needed to

overcome these forces.
[1]
Low electrical conductivity because has
covalent bonding;
[1]
none of the electrons able to move.
[1]
Total = 18
6 a
Ions in lattice / regularly arranged;
[1]
in sea of delocalised electrons.
[1]
b Layers of metal ions;
[1]
slide when force applied;
[1]
new metallic bonds formed;
[1]
between metal ions and delocalised
electrons.[1]
c i Aluminium has low(er) density.
[1]
ii
Copper too dense on own;
[1]
could not support its own weight in the air;
[1]
aluminium has low density;
[1]
but has low tensile strength;
[1]
steel has high tensile strength so supports
the aluminium.
[1]
d i As percentage of zinc increases tensile
strength increases;
[1]
up to a point because pure zinc has lower
tensile strength than the alloy;
[1]
zinc atoms are a different size to the
copper atoms;
[1]
zinc atoms disrupt the lattice structure of
copper;[1]
make it more difficult for the layers to slide
over each other.
[1]
ii
brass[1]
e 1 mark each for any three reasons:
[3]
expensive to extract ore
costs in fuel of transporting heavy ore to
smelting plants
conserves supply of ore
expensive to melt aluminium oxide because
of high melting point
large quantity of electricity has to be used to
electrolyse the aluminium oxide
[allow reverse arguments]
Total = 21
7 a
They are both giant structures
containing strong covalent bonds.
b i All the bonds in the layers are strong;

[1]
[1]
[1]

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so difficult to break;
[1]
high tensile strength / high strength to
weight ratio.
[1]
ii
Layers of carbon atoms held together by
weak van der Waals forces;
[1]
forces easily broken;
[1]
layers can slide over each other;
[1]
layers can be removed onto paper.
[1]
c All bonds / network of bonds;
[1]
are strong covalent bonds;
[1]
bonds are hard to break so diamond hard; [1]
poor conductor of heat;
[1]
so doesnt melt at high temperatures
produced on drilling.
[1]
Total = 14
8 a
Regular arrangement of sodium and
chlorideions[1]
in three dimensions;
[1]
sodium and chloride ions alternate.
[1]
b i Is ionic so has high melting point because
of strong electrostatic attractions
[1]
between oppositely charged
[1]
ions.[1]
ii
Solid has low electrical conductivity; [1]
ions cant move from place to place;
[1]
in liquid the ions are able to move.
[1]
iii
Strong electrostatic attractions
betweenions;[1]
hard to break these electrostatic
attractions by scratching surface;
[1]
brittle because force applied along layers
displaces the ions;
[1]
ions of like charge come near each other;
[1]
repulsion between like charged ions
disrupts bonding.
[1]
Total = 14

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

not enough energy at 800C to break the

bonds.[1]
c i nanotube(s)[1]
ii
similarity: each carbon atom joined to
three others
[1]
similarity: each has interlocking hexagons
of C atoms
[1]
difference: nanotubes are cylindrical /
tube-shaped[1]
difference: graphite in layers
[1]
d B: weak forces / van der Waals forces
between tubes;
[1]
tubes slide over each over (when force
applied).[1]
C: covalent bonds / cross links
[1]
between the tubes;
[1]
tubes cant slide over each other (when force
applied).[1]
Total = 17

9 a
buckminsterfullerene[1]
b Buckminsterfullerene has molecular
structure;[1]
weak / van der Waals forces between the
molecules;[1]
at 800C temperature is high enough to
overcome intermolecular forces.
[1]
Diamond has giant covalent structure;
[1]
all bonds are strong / strong bonding in three
dimensions/ lots of bonds joined together;[1]
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press 2014