Q1)

Height of the floor

=3.3m
Assume room size
=2.5 X5.0 m
Rise
=150mm
Tread
=250mm
Width of flight
=1.2m
Height of each floor =3.3/2= 1.65m
No. of risers required =1.65/0.15=11 Nos
No of treads
= 11-1=10 Nos
Space occupied by the treads =10X025=2.5m
Keep landing width as 1.25m
Space left for passage =5-1.25-2.5=1.25m
Computation of Design Constants
fy =415N/mm2 , fck=20 N/mm2
=0.479
Ru

= 0.36fck

(1-0.416

= 0.36x20x0.479 (1-0416X0.479)
=2.761
Computation of Loading and Bending Moment
Let bearing of the landing be 160mm
Effective length=2.5+1.25+0.16/2 =3.9m
Thickness of the waist slab= 200mm
Weight of slab w on slope= (200/1000) x 1x1x25000= 5000N/m2
Dead weight on horizontal area, w1 = wX ((R2+T2)0.5/T)
= 5000 X ((1502+2502)0.5/250)
= 5830.95 N/m2
Dead weight of steps
= (R/ (2x1000)) X 1X1X25000
= (150/2000) X 25000
= 1875 N/m2
Total Weight W= w1+w2
= 7705.95N/m2
Assume weight if finishing ad 100N/m2
Live load
= 15000N/m2
Total Load
= 22805.95 N/m
Wu

=34208.925N/m

Mu

= Wul2/8
= (34208.95X3.92)/8
= 65039.76 Nm

Design of Waist Slab

d

=
=
= 235.56mm Take 250mm
Use 20mm nominal cover and 10mm dia bars
Eff depth =250-20-5= 225mm

Computation of Reinforcement
Ast

= (05fck/fy) (
= (05X 20/415) (

= 870.97mm2
No of bars required in width 1.2 m

)bd
)1000x225
= (1.2x 874.97)/((/4)x102)
= 13.33=14 Nos

Spacing of bars= 1200/14= 85mm

Distribution Reinforcement Asd= (0.12x250x1000)*100= 300mm2
Spacing of 8mm dia bars= (1000x50.3)x180=279mm
Provide 8mm dia bars @250mm c/c

Q3) Ductile Detailing as per IS Standards

a) Flexural Members

b) Columns and Frames Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load

Q4 (a)
Tests for checking quality of concrete should be done for the following possible purposes:
1. To detect the variation of quality of concrete being supplied for a given specification.
2. To establish whether the concrete has attained a sufficient strength or concrete has set
sufficiently for stripping, stressing, de-propping, and opening to traffic etc.
3. To establish whether the concrete has gained sufficient strength for the intended purpose.
There are so many tests available for testing different qualities of concrete. Different tests give
results for their respective quality of concrete. Thus it is not possible to conduct all the tests as it
involves cost and time. Thus, it is very important to be sure about purpose of quality tests for
concrete. The most important test for quality check of concrete is to detect the variation of
concrete quality with the given specification and mix design during concrete mixing and
placement. It will ensure that right quality of concrete is being placed at site and with checks for
concrete placement in place, the quality of constructed concrete members will be as desired.

Following are the lists of various tests conducted for Concrete Quality:
Tests on hardened concrete:
Compressive strength (cylinder, cube, core)
Tensile strength: Direct tension
Modulus of rupture
Indirect (splitting) Test
Density
Shrinkage
Creep
Modulus of elasticity
Absorption
Permeability Tests on Concrete
Freeze/thaw resistance
Resistance to aggressive chemicals
Resistance to abrasion
Bond to reinforcement
Analysis for cement content and proportions
In situ tests: Schmidt Hammer, Concrete pull-out, break-off, cones etc.
Ultrasonic, nuclear.
Tests on fresh concrete:
Workability Tests (slump test and others)
Bleeding
Air content
Setting time
Segregation resistance
Unit weight
Wet analysis
Temperature
Heat generation
Of these many tests for concrete quality, in practice well over 90% of all routine tests on
concrete are concentrated on compression tests and slump tests. It is also desirable to conduct
fresh concrete temperature and hardened concrete density determination tests.
The reasons for the selection of compressive strength test and slump test in practice for quality
control testing of concrete are:
1. All or most other properties of concrete are related to its compressive strength.
2. Compressive strength test is the easiest, most economical or most accurately
determinable test.

3. Compressive strength testing is the best means available to determine the variability
of concrete.
4. Slump tests also checks for variation of construction materials in mix, mainly
water-cement ratio.
5. Slump test is easy and fast to determine quality of concrete before placement based
on recommended slump values for the type of construction.
6. Slump test is most economical because it is done at site and does not require any
laboratory or expensive testing machine.
7. Slump tests is done before the placement of concrete, so the quality of control is
high as rejected mix can be discarded before pouring into the structural member.
So, dismantling or repair of defective concrete members can be avoided.
Slump Test:
This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete just before its placing
to final position inside the formwork, and is always conducted by the supervisor on site.
However in mid of concreting process , should the site supervisor visually finds that the green
concrete becomes dry or the placement of concrete has been interrupted , a re-test on the
remaining concrete should be conducted in particular of the pour for congested reinforcement
area . The procedure of test in brief is as follows:
1. Ensure the standard Slump Cone and associated equipment are clean before test and free
from hardened concrete.
2. Wet the Slump Cone and drain away the superfluous water.
3. Request the mixer or concrete truck to well mix the concrete for additional 5 minutes.
4. Place the Slump Cone on one side ( i.e. not in middle ) of the base plate on leveled
ground and stand with feet on the foot-pieces of cone .
5. Using a scoop and fill the cone with sampled concrete in 3 equal layers, each of about
100mm thick.
6. Compact each layer of concrete in turn exactly 25 times with a Slump Rod, allowing
the rod just passes into the underlying layer.
7. While tamping the top layer, top up the cone with a slight surcharge of concrete after
the tamping operation.
8. Level the top by a sawing and rolling motion of the Slump Rod across the cone.
9. With feet are still firmly on the foot-pieces, wipe the cone and base plate clean and
remove any leaked concrete from bottom edge of the Slump Cone.
10. Leave the foot-pieces and lift the cone carefully in a vertical up motion in a few

seconds time.
11. Invert the cone on other side and next to the mound of concrete.
12. Lay the Slump Rod across the inverted cone such that it passes above the slumped
concrete at its highest point.
13. Measure the distance between the underside of rod and the highest point of concrete
to the nearest 5mm.
14. This reading is the amount that the sampled concrete has slumped.
15. If the concrete does not show an acceptable slump, repeat the test with another
sample.
16. If the repeated test still does not show an acceptable slump, record this fact in the
report, or reject that load of concrete.

Compression Test:
The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic strength of the concrete
but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by the supervisor on site. This cube test
result is very important to the acceptance of insitu concrete work since it demonstrates the
strength of the design mix.
The procedure of making the test cubes is as follows:
1. 150 mm standard cube mold is to be used for concrete mix and 100 mm standard cube mold is
to be used for grout mix.
2. Arrange adequate numbers of required cube molds to site in respect with the sampling
sequence for the proposed pour.
3. Make sure the apparatus and associated equipment ( see Fig 7 6 ) are clean before test and
free from hardened concrete and superfluous water .
4. Assemble the cube mold correctly and ensure all nuts are tightened.
5. Apply a light coat of proprietary mold oil on the internal faces of the mold.
6. Place the mold on level firm ground and fill with sampled concrete to a layer of about 50 mm
thick.
7. Compact the layer of concrete thoroughly by tamping the whole surface area with the Standard
Tamping Bar. (Note that no less than 35 tamps / layer for 150 mm mold and no less than 25
tamps / layer for 100 mm mold).

8. Repeat Steps 5 & 6 until the mold is all filled. (Note that 3 layers to be proceeded for 150 mm
mold and 2 layers for 100 mm mold).
9. Remove the surplus concrete after the mold is fully filled and trowel the top surface flush with
the mold.
10. Mark the cube surface with an identification number (say simply 1, 2, 3, etc) with a nail or
match stick and record these numbers in respect with the concrete truck and location of pour
where the sampled concrete is obtained.
11. Cover the cube surface with a piece of damp cloth or polythene sheeting and keep the cube in
a place free from vibration for about 24 hours to allow initial set .
12. Strip off the mold pieces in about 24 hours after the respective pour is cast. Press the concrete
surface with the thumb to see any denting to ensure the concrete is sufficiently hardened, or
otherwise de-molding has to be delayed for one more day and this occurrence should be stated
clearly in the Test Report.
13. Mark the test cube a reference number with waterproof felt pen on the molded side, in
respect with the previous identification number.
14. Place the cube and submerge in a clean water bath or preferably a thermostatically controlled
curing tank until it is delivered to the accredited laboratory for testing.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE:

The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test
specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths. The main
disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may
differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions;
and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for
the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several nondestructive methods of assessment have been developed. These depend on the fact that certain

physical properties of concrete can be related to strength and can be measured by non-destructive
methods. Such properties include hardness, resistance to penetration by projectiles, rebound
capacity and ability to transmit ultrasonic pulses and X- and Y-rays. These non-destructive
methods may be categorized as penetration tests, rebound tests, pull-out techniques, dynamic
tests, radioactive tests, maturity concept. It is the purpose of this Digest to describe these
methods briefly, outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
Penetration Tests
The Windsor probe is generally considered to be the best means of testing penetration.
Equipment consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver, hardened alloy probes, loaded cartridges,
a depth gauge for measuring penetration of probes and other related equipment. A probe,
diameter 0.25 in. (6.5 mm) and length 3.125 in. (8.0 cm), is driven into the concrete by means of
a precision powder charge. Depth of penetration provides an indication of the compressive
strength of the concrete. Although calibration charts are provided by the manufacturer, the
instrument should be calibrated for type of concrete and type and size of aggregate used.
Limitations and Advantages. The probe test produces quite variable results and should not be
expected to give accurate values of concrete strength. It has, however, the potential for providing
a quick means of checking quality and maturity of in situ concrete. It also provides a means of
assessing strength development with curing. The test is essentially non-destructive, since
concrete and structural members can be tested in situ, with only minor patching of holes on
exposed faces.

Windsor Probe

Rebound Tests
The rebound hammer is a surface hardness tester for which an empirical correlation has been
established between strength and rebound number. The only known instrument to make use of
the rebound principle for concrete testing is the Schmidt hammer, which weighs about 4 lb (1.8
kg) and is suitable for both laboratory and field work. It consists of a spring-controlled hammer
mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing. The hammer is forced against the surface
of the concrete by the spring and the distance of rebound is measured on a scale. The test surface
can be horizontal, vertical or at any angle but the instrument must be calibrated in this position.
Calibration can be done with cylinders (6 by 12 in., 15 by 30 cm) of the same cement and
aggregate as will be used on the job. The cylinders are capped and firmly held in a compression
machine. Several readings are taken, well distributed and reproducible, the average representing
the rebound number for the cylinder. This procedure is repeated with several cylinders, after
which compressive strengths are obtained.
Limitations and Advantages. The Schmidt hammer provides an inexpensive, simple and quick
method of obtaining an indication of concrete strength, but accuracy of 15 to 20 per cent is
possible only for specimens cast cured and tested under conditions for which calibration curves
have been established. The results are affected by factors such as smoothness of surface, size and
shape of specimen, moisture condition of the concrete, type of cement and coarse aggregate, and
extent of carbonation of surface.

Operation of the Rebound hammer

Pull-Out Tests
A pull-out test measures, with a special ram, the force required to pull from the concrete a
specially shaped steel rod whose enlarged end has been cast into the concrete to a depth of 3 in.
(7.6 cm). The concrete is simultaneously in tension and in shear, but the force required to pull the
concrete out can be related to its compressive strength. The pull-out technique can thus measure
quantitatively the in-situ strength of concrete when proper correlations have been made. It has
been found, over a wide range of strengths, that pull-out strengths have a coefficient of variation
comparable to that of compressive strength.
Limitations and Advantages. Although pullout tests do not measure the interior strength of mass
concrete, they do give information on the maturity and development of strength of a
representative part of it. Such tests have the advantage of measuring quantitatively the strength
of concrete in place. Their main disadvantage is that they have to be planned in advance and
pull-out assemblies set into the formwork before the concrete is placed. The pull-out, of course,
creates some minor damage. The test can be non-destructive, however, if a minimum pull-out
force is applied that stops short of failure but makes certain that a minimum strength has been
reached. This is information of distinct value in determining when forms can be removed safely.

LOK Test Insert

Dynamic Tests

At present the ultrasonic pulse velocity method is the only one of this type that shows potential
for testing concrete strength in situ. It measures the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing
through the concrete. The fundamental design features of all commercially available units are
very similar, consisting of a pulse generator and a pulse receiver. Pulses are generated by shockexciting piezo-electric crystals, with similar crystals used in the receiver. The time taken for the
pulse to pass through the concrete is measured by electronic measuring circuits.
Pulse velocity tests can be carried out on both laboratory-sized specimens and completed
concrete structures, but some factors affect measurement:
1. There must be smooth contact with the surface under test; a coupling medium such as
a thin film of oil is mandatory.
2. It is desirable for path-lengths to be at least 12 in. (30 cm) in order to avoid any errors
introduced by heterogeneity.
3. It must be recognized that there is an increase in pulse velocity at below-freezing
temperature owing to freezing of water; from 5 to 30C (41 86F) pulse velocities
are not temperature dependent.
4. The presence of reinforcing steel in concrete has an appreciable effect on pulse
velocity. It is therefore desirable and often mandatory to choose pulse paths that avoid
the influence of reinforcing steel or to make corrections if steel is in the pulse path.
Applications and Limitations: The pulse velocity method is an ideal tool for establishing
whether concrete is uniform. It can be used on both existing structures and those under
construction. Usually, if large differences in pulse velocity are found within a structure for no
apparent reason, there is strong reason to presume that defective or deteriorated concrete is
present.
High pulse velocity readings are generally indicative of good quality concrete. A general relation
between concrete quality and pulse velocity is given in Table.
Table: Quality of Concrete and Pulse Velocity
General Conditions Pulse Velocity ft/sec
Excellent

Above 15,000

Good

12,000-15,000

Questionable

10,000-12,000

Poor

7,000-10,000

Very Poor

Below 7,000

Fairly good correlation can be obtained between cube compressive strength and pulse velocity.
These relations enable the strength of structural concrete to be predicted within 20 per cent,
provided the types of aggregate and mix proportions are constant.
The pulse velocity method has been used to study the effects on concrete of freeze-thaw action,
sulphate attack, and acidic waters. Generally, the degree of damage is related to a reduction in
pulse velocity. Cracks can also be detected. Great care should be exercised, however, in using
pulse velocity measurements for these purposes since it is often difficult to interpret results.
Sometimes the pulse does not travel through the damaged portion of the concrete.
The pulse velocity method can also be used to estimate the rate of hardening and strength
development of concrete in the early stages to determine when to remove formwork. Holes have
to be cut in the formwork so that transducers can be in direct contact with the concrete surface.
As concrete ages, the rate of increase of pulse velocity slows down much more rapidly than the
rate of development of strength, so that beyond a strength of 2,000 to 3,000 psi (13.6 to 20.4
MPa) accuracy in determining strength is less than 20%. Accuracy depends on careful
calibration and use of the same concrete mix proportions and aggregate in the test samples used
for calibration as in the structure.
In summary, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests have a great potential for concrete control,
particularly for establishing uniformity and detecting cracks or defects. Its use for predicting
strength is much more limited, owing to the large number of variables affecting the relation
between strength and pulse velocity.
Radioactive Methods
Radioactive methods of testing concrete can be used to detect the location of reinforcement,
measure density and perhaps establish whether honeycombing has occurred in structural concrete
units. Gamma radiography is increasingly accepted in England and Europe. The equipment is

quite simple and running costs are small, although the initial price can be high. Concrete up to 18
in. (45 cm) thick can be examined without difficulty.

Q4 (b)
To determine the Flexural Strength of Concrete, which comes into play when a road slab with
inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or there are volume changes due
to temperature / shrinking.
REFERENCE STANDARDS
IS: 516-1959 Methods of tests for strength of concrete
EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS
Beam mould of size 15 x 15x 70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38 mm) or of size 10 x
10 x 50 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 19 mm)
Tamping bar (40 cm long, weighing 2 kg and tamping section having size of 25 mm x 25 mm)
Flexural test machine The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two steel rollers,
38 mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers shall be so
mounted that the distance from centre to centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm specimens or 40 cm for
10.0 cm specimens. The load shall be applied through two similar rollers mounted at the third
points of the supporting span that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm centre to centre. The load shall be
divided equally between the two loading rollers, and all rollers shall be mounted in such a
manner that the load is applied axially and without subjecting the specimen to any torsional
stresses or restraints.

Flexural Strength Test Arrangement

Procedure:
1. Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3 layers of approximately
equal thickness. Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as specified above.
Tamping should be distributed uniformly over the entire crossection of the beam mould and
throughout the depth of each layer.
2. Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers , and remove any loose sand
or other material from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make contact with the
rollers.
3. Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm will be
used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. The length of the rollers
shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. A total of four rollers shall
be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their own axes. The distance
between the outer rollers (i.e. span) shall be 3d and the distance between the inner rollers
shall be d. The inner rollers shall be equally spaced between the outer rollers, such that the
entire system is systematic.
4. The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from water; whilst
they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly centered with
the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. For moulded specimens,
the mould filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading.
5. The load shall be applied at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens and at
a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
CALCULATION
The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by
fb = pl/bd2 (when a > 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm for 10cm specimen)
or
fb = 3pa/bd2 (when a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3 cm but > 11.0cm for
10.0cm specimen.)
Where,
a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the center line
of the tensile side of the specimen
b = width of specimen (cm)
d = failure point depth (cm)
l = supported length (cm)
p = max. Load (kg)

Crack Pattern in Flexural test: