RASPBERRY PI DISCRIPTION

Raspberry Pi Model, 512 Mb with a nice black plastic case : The Raspberry Pi [12] is a low
cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard
keyboard and mouse. It has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been used in
real time applications. This board is the central module of the whole embedded image capturing
and processing system as given in figure 3. Its main parts include: main processing chip,
memory,power supply HDMI Out, Ethernet port, USB ports and abundant global interfaces.

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation . The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom
chip which includes an ARM1176JZF 700 MHz processor

BCM2835 system on a

Video Core IV GPU and was

originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later Upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include
a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but Uses an SD card for booting and long-term storage.
The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes
an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor (The firmware includes a number of "Turbo" modes so
that the user can attempt overclocking, up to 1 GHz, without affecting the warranty), Video
Core IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded to

512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but uses an SD card for
booting and long-term storage. The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25
and US$35. They started accepting orders for the higher priced model B on 29 February 2012,
and the lower cost model A on 4 February 2013.
The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download. Tools are
available for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via
the RISC OS image or the "Brandy Basic" clone for Linux), C, and Perl.

Hardware:
Initial sales were of the Model B, with Model A following in early 2013. Model A has
one USB port and no Ethernet controller, and will cost less than the Model B with two USB ports
and a 10/100 Ethernet controller.
Though the Model A doesn't have an 8P8C (RJ45) Ethernet port, it can connect to a network by
using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the model B the Ethernet port
is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter. As is typical of modern computers, generic
USB keyboards and mice are compatible with the Raspberry Pi.
The Raspberry Pi does not come with a real-time clock, so an OS must use a network time
server, or ask the user for time information at boot time to get access to time and date for file
time and date stamping. However, a real-time clock (such as the DS1307) with battery backup
can be added via the IC interface.
On 20 April 2012 the schematics for the Model-A and Model-B were released by the Raspberry
Pi Foundation.
Hardware accelerated video encoding became available on 24 August 2012 when it became
known that the existing license also covered encoding. Previously it was thought that encoding
would be added with the release of the announced camera module. However, for the time being
there is no stable software support for hardware H.264 encoding.

At the same time the Raspberry Pi Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought
separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will support CEC,
enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote control.
On 5 September 2012, a revision 2.0 board was announced, with a number of minor corrections
and improvements. On 15 October 2012, the Raspberry Pi foundation announced that all new
Raspberry Pi model B's would be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MBRAM.

USB hub

A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus (USB) port into several
so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system. USB hubs are often
built into equipment such as computers, keyboards, monitors, or printers. When such a device
has many USB ports, they all usually stem from one or two internal USB hubs rather than each
port having independent USB circuitry. Physically separate USB hubs come in a wide variety
of form factors: from external boxes (looking similar to an Ethernet or network hub) connectible

with a long cable, to small designs that can be directly plugged into a USB port (see the
"compact design" picture). In the middle case, there are "short cable" hubs which typically use an
integral 6-inch cable to slightly distance a small hub away from physical port congestion and of
course increase the number of available ports.
In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain a USB hub,
which will allow multiple devices to be used. It is recommended that a powered hub is used - this
will provide any additional power to the devices without affecting the RPi itself. A USB 2.0
model is recommended. USB 1.1 is fine for keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for
other accessories.
Serial Connection
The Serial Port is a simple and uncomplicated method to connect to the RPi. The
communication depends on byte wise data transmission, is easy to setup and is generally
available even before boot time. Connect the serial cable to the COM port in the RPi, and
connect the other end to the COM port or USB Serial Adapter in the computer.
The following parameters are needed to connect to the RPi. All parameters except Port
Name and Speed are default values and may not need to be set. Port Name: Linux automatically
assigns different names for different types of serial connectors.
Choose your option:
Standard Serial Port: ttyS0 ... ttySn
USB Serial Port Adapter: ttyUSB0 ... ttyUSBn
Speed: 115200
Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Flow Control: None

The Serial Port is generally usable by the users in the group dial out.

SD Card
The SD card is a key part of the Raspberry Pi, provides the initial storage for the Operating
System and files. Storage can be extended through many typesof USB connected peripherals. 32
GB SD card is used for our Project.
Secure Digital (SD) is a nonvolatile memory card used extensively in portable devices, such
as mobile phones, digital cameras, GPS navigation devices, handheld consoles, and tablet
computers. It is a family of solid-state storage media. The Secure Digital standard was
introduced in August 1999 as an improvement over Multimedia Cards (MMC). The Secure
Digital standard is maintained by the SD Association (SDA). SD technologies have been
implemented in more than 400 brands across dozens of product categories and more than 8,000
models. The Secure Digital format includes four card families available in three different form
factors. The four families are the original Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity
(SDHC), the eXtended-Capacity (SDXC), and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions
with data storage. The three form factors are the original size, the mini size, and the micro size.
Electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a device built for a larger
card. There are many combinations of form factors and device families, although as of 2013, the
prevailing formats are full- or micro-size SDHC and full or micro SDXC.
Power supply:
Raspberry Pi can work without the main connection by using power bank that can be connected
to Pi using an USB cable. The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power itself (only the power
pins are connected so it will not transfer data over this connection). A standard modern phone
charger with a micro- USB connector will do, but needs to produce at least 700mA at 5 volts.
Check your power supply's ratings carefully. Suitable mains adaptors will be available from the
RPi Shop and are recommended if you are unsure what to use You can use a range of other
power sources (assuming they are able to provide enoughcurrent ~700mA):

Computer USB Port or powered USB hub (will depend on power output)
Special wall warts with USB ports
Mobile Phone Backup Battery (will depend on power output) (in theory needs
confirmation).

To use the above, you'll need a USB A 'male' to USB micro 'male' cable - these are often
shipped as data cables with MP3 players.
USB earphone: It is the main requirement for user to record or to receive audio message. The
user can enroll the name of new face image to the database by record in gan audio message
through a earphone and for the identified person, enrolled name is sent as a voice message on
earphone to notify the user.
Camera module: The Raspberry Pi camera module [12] can be used to take high-definition
video, as well as stills photo graphs. It attaches via a 15cm ribbon cable to the CSI port on the
Raspberry Pi. It is very popular in Face recognition Application. A camera captures 5 images for
training and 10 images for recognition. The camera plugs directly into the CSI connector on the
Raspberry Pi. It's able to deliverclear 5MP resolution image, or 1080p HD video recording at
30fps.
The module attaches to Raspberry Pi, by way of a 15 pin Ribbon Cable, to the dedicated 15 pin
MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI), which was designed especially for interfacing to cameras.
The CSI bus is capable of extremely high data rates, and it exclusively carries pixel data to the
BCM2835 processor.
GPIO: One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins along the edge of the board, next to the yellow video out socket.26 GPIO
Header in Model A/B and 40 GPIO Header in Model B These pins are a physical interface
between the Pi and the outside world. Out of 26, 8 are dedicated IO Lines, 2 are for UART, 4 are
for SPI (+1 for Another Chip Select) , and another 2 for the I2C Interface (Total 17 out of 26)
These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. Rest are Supply Rails.
WiringPi : Easy to use C Library for accessing the GPIO Lines via Programming (Arduino Style
Programming) These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. At the
simplest level, you can think of them as switches that you can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi

can turn on or off (output). Seventeen of the 26 pins are GPIO pins; the others are power or
ground pins.
. Software
The software for this project is based on algorithms provided by the OpenCV computer vision
library. The Raspberry Pi is a perfect platform for this project because it has the power to run
OpenCV, while being small enough to fit almost anywhere.
a) Install Raspbian: Raspbian software packages [12] isinstall to run Raspberry Pi and enable
camera.
b) Install C Make: The cross-platform, open-source buildsystem. CMake is a family of tools
designed to build,test and package software. CMake[12] is used to controlthe software
compilation process using simple platformand compiler independent configuration files.Cmake
ismandatory for compile.
c) Install Open CV Lib for face recognition: OpenCV[10] is released under a BSD license
and hence its free for both academic and commercial use. It has C++, C, Pythonand Java
interfaces and supports Windows, Linux, Mac OS, iOS and Android. Open CV was designed for
computational efficiency and with a strong focus on real-time applications. Written in optimized
C/C++, the library can take advantage of multi-core processing.
Enabled with OpenCL, it can take advantage of the hardware acceleration of the underlying
hetero generous compute platform. Adopted all around the world, Open CV has more than 47
thousand people of user community and estimated number of downloads exceeding 9 million.
Usage ranges from interactive art, to mines inspection, stitching maps on the web or through
advanced robotics.

GSM System:
The GSM used to send the SMS to the customer as well as government authorized person for the
verification. GSM module interfacing with microcontroller: Here the GSM module is used to
exchange the information in form of SMS between microcontroller assembly and central
database provided by the Government. This ex- changes the information which is required for
user authentication as well as for other details. The Fig. 4 shows
the GSM modual. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted
standard for digital cellular communication.
GSM is the name of a standardization group mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz
A GSM modem as shown in fig 4 is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network.
A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a
dial-up modem while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

The working of GSM modem is based on commands, the commands always start with AT (which
means Attentions) and finish with a character. For example, the dialing command is ATD;
ATD3314629080; here the dialing command ends with semicolon. The AT commands are given
to the GSM modem with the help of PC or controller. The GSM modem is serially int.
Features

Quad Band GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900 Mhz

GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
GPRS Mobile station class B
Compliant to GSM Phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2W@850/900Mhz)
Class 1(1W@1800/1900Mhz)
Control via AT commands(GSM 07.07,07.05 and enhanced AT commands)
Operation Temperature(-20 deg C to +55 deg C)

Specifications for Voice

Tricodec
Half rate(HR)
Full rate(FR)
Enchanced Full rate(EFR)
Hands-free operation(Echo suppression)

Getting Started

Insert SIM card: Press the yellow pin to remove the tray from the SIM cardholder. After

properly fixing the SIM card in the tray, insert the tray in the slot provided.
Connect Antenna: Screw the RF antenna on the RF cable output provided.
If voice call is needed, connect the mic and speaker to stereo sockets.
Connect RS232 Cable: (Cable provided for RS232 communication) Default baud rate is
9600 with 8-N-1, no hardware handshaking. Cable provided has pins 7 and 8 shorted that
will set to no hardware handshaking. In you need hardware handshaking the pins 7-8 can

be taken for signaling.

Pin 2 is RS232 level TX out
Pin 3 is RS232 level RX in
Pin 5 is Ground
Pin 7 RTS in (shorted to pin 8 in cable for no hardware handshaking)

Pin 8 CTS out (shorted to pin 7 in cable for no hardware handshaking)

Connect the power Supply (9-12V) to the power jack. Polarity should be Center +ve

and outer ve DC jack.

Network Led indicating various status of GSM module eg. Power on, network

registration & GPRS connectivity.

After the Modem registers the network, led will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage
you can start using Modem for your application.

Microprocessor Unit and GSM Module Interface:

To interface between the microprocessor unit and the GSM module of the system, RS 232 and
MAX 232 has been used. MAX 232 converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals
suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits [9]. In the system MAX 232 is a dual
driver/receiver and converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. It includes a capacitive voltage
generator to supply EIA 232 voltage levels from a single 5 volts supply. Each receiver converts
EIA 232 inputs to 5 volts TTL or CMOS logic levels.
Each driver converts TTL or CMOS input levels into EIA 232 levels [10]. GSM Modem, which
works at RS 232 voltage levels, logic 1 varies from -3 to -15 volts and logic 0 from +3 to +15
volts. The microcontroller which
works on TTL logic levels, logic 1 is +5 volts and logic 0 is 0 volts.
Therefore to interface the two, a MAX 232 driver IC has been used [10]. These parts are
especially useful in battery powered systems, since their low power shutdown mode reduces
power dissipation to less than 5 micro watts. In this system, RS 232 data is bi-polar +3 to +12
volts indicates an "ON" or 0 state (SPACE) condition, while -3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" or
1 state (MARK)condition [11] [14]. The output signal level usually swings between +12 to - 12
volts. The dead area between +3 to -3 volts is designed to absorb line noise

MAX232:
The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals
from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits.
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and tyARM7ally converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS
signals.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply
via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232
in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power
supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this
case.
The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard
5 V TTL levels.

These

receivers

have

tyARM7al

threshold

of

1.3 V,

and

tyARM7al hysteresis of 0.5 V.

The MAX232(A) has two receivers that convert from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels, and two
drivers that convert from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels. As a result, only two out of all RS232 signals can be converted in each direction. TyARM7ally, the first driver/receiver pair of the
MAX232 is used for TX and RX signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS signals.