4.

REGULATOR,
VOLTAGE
States Patent
United
2,455,143.E.

ReFerences

M.

Sorensen.

STABILIZED

5. ELECTRONC INSTRUMENTS RADIATION SERIES,

United States Patent 2,453,451.

3. VOLTAGE STABILIZERS, F. A. Benson. Electronic Engineering (London, England), May 1949.

Publishing Co., New York, N. Y., 1948. Page

469.
6. CATHODE FOLLOWER CIRCUITS, Walter Richter.
Electronics (New York, N. Y.), May 1943, page 112.
7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK, Harold
Pender, Knox McIlwain. John Wiley and Sons

1. AN

ELBCTRO

MEBCHANICALLY

MAINS SUPPLY UNIT, A. E. Maine. Electronic

Engineerixg (London, England), September 1949
pages 319-21.
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR SYSTEM, F. L. Moseley.

Greenwood, Holdam, MacRae.

McGraw-Hill

of synchronous machines. This theory,

however, can be used to analyze and calculate the performance of all types of electric
machinery. In the following the 2-reaction
theory is used: to derive the differential
equations of a-c motors; to develop the
steady state equations of a-c motors; to
draw vector diagrams for a-c motors; to
solve the steady state equations and find the
currents and torques. The advantages of
this method are: its simplicity; the exaou
clusi of vagueness
vageness andd ambiguity about
clusion
certain signs; and it presents a unified
method for the mathematical analysis of all
electric machines.

mehof

ambigity;

N teaching courses on a-c machinery,

* the writer found that the two methods
usually used for the calculation of the
performance of a-c machinery, namely the
method of symmetrical components1'2
and the cross field theory3'4 while simple
and straight forward for certain types of
machines, present difficulties when applied to other types.i While working
with Parks equations5 he observed that if
the quadrature axis was assumed to lag
the direct axis, the equations thus obPaper 51-319, recommended by the AIEE Rotating
Machinery Committee and approved by the AIEE
Technical Program Committee for presenttion at

AIEE

the
October

6pill,
1951.

Fall General Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio,

22-26, 1951. Manuscript submitted

md vial o pitn uut

E3. M. SABBAGH is a Professor of Electrical Engineering with Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
Th witr isestoacnolegeth hlpgien
h hel
e

1748

(1)

(2)

4/f = Lffif+Ldfid

tained are similar to those given by the

cross-field theory.
By the 2-reaction theory it is easy to
derive the basic differeintial equations
from the circuits of the machine considered. From these differential equation
s the steady-state equations may be
obtained. From the steady-state equations vector diagrams can be drawn although these are not necessary for the
solution of the problem. From the basic
the torque of the motor can
equations
Alobotandargieby
alsobe
obtained,
In their simplest forms the differential
equations are usually expressed in terms
of the self and mutual inductances of the
circuits of the machine. These inductances can in turn be expressed in terms of
reactances and the reactances in terms of
their components: the leakage and magnetizing reactances.
In this paper the generalized 2-reaction
theory will be applied to the following:

(3)

where

Pd=fiUX linkages of the direct axis winding

pq=fiux linkages of the quadrature axis
winding

A,f=-flux linkages of the field winding

Ldd, Lqq and Lff=self inductances of the

direct axis, the quadrature axis and
the field windings
Ldf =mutual inductance between the direct
axis and field
and if=currents in the direct, quadraid, eq
ture, and field circuits

The equations of the terminal voltages

are given by:
d

vd = -idRd - -4d - 'lq

V = - R-

(4)

dt
da

dt

(5)

q {di

Single-phase induction motor.

Two-phase induction motor.

V
f

Two-phase induction motor usel as a

capacitor motor.
The capacitor motor.
The repulsion motor.
The series motor.

Assumptions

I h analysis th fet

fhysteresis

o o o

aa

Vd

and eddy currents are neglected. The

lose casd
hseei_n dycr
lsecaedby hseel n dycr
rents can be taken into consideration

by_

r suetoo
adaned
askoleg
theTh_urnsan
addition of a resistive component
him by themacrwlhieryt
graduate students
in the School of ElecThe**reactance.)
the
class
in
magnetizing
equivalent
probiems
Th urnsadvoltages aesumd
advncemchieryasexercises fo)r the application

R. S. Carlson and L. W. Anania gave the sollitions

for the 2-phase motor as acapacitor motor, and the
capacitor motor. Richard K. W. Cheng gave the
solutions of the repulsion and series motors.

No
Dicso
No 11SCUSSlOf

-qLqqiq

at Purdue
trical Engineering
University.
were given
to his
contained herein

of the 2-reaction theory to asynchronous machines.

Brown,

{Id=Lddid +Ldff

SAEBACGH
MEMBER AIEE

E. M.

Synopsis: The 2-reaction theory, intro-

PRINCIPLES OF SERVOMECHANISMS,

Campbell. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,

N. Y., 1948.

From the analysis of 2-phase salient

pole alternators with one rotor circuit,
the following expressions are obtained:

Electric M otors

duced first by Blondel and later expanded

by others, is generally applied to the analysis

8.

Equations
~~~~~~~~~~Basic

Tl
n
*
* f |
A |
or tne 2-Reaction
Theory
Application

to

section
on THYRATRON
Inc.,
New W.
York,
N. Y.,
volume
16-03.
R. Kind,
5, page
CIRCUITS,

sinusoidal with time, and the magneto^

motive forces are assumed to be sinusoidally distributed in space.

Vq

Figure 1. Diagrammatical representation of

single-phase induction motors

Sabbagh-Application of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric M7kotors

A1EE TRANSACTIONS

(SXm(Id+If ))q

(SXmIf)q

If
\ (-JXmVf) d

i,f
tf

rJl

(JXmld)f

If +Id

(ifR

(fX,

(-SIqX)d (JlfXf)f

qt

Id

dXd)dS\

(-J

\\
\

Xqq
V (-SXqqIq)d/

(JIfXff)f
vf=irRf+-dt,V

(6)

where
Vd, Vq and

vf=the terminal voltages of the

direct axis winding, the quadrature

axis windings and the field winding.
Rd, Rq and R,= the resistances of the three
circuits.
da/dt=the angular velocity of the rotor.

In the analysis giving these equations,

the so-called armature reaction is helping
the field, namely the armature current is
assumed to lead the generated voltage.
Hence, the direct axis current is leading
the quadrature axis current by 90 degrees.
Equations 4 and 5 are the equation of
generator circuits while equation 5 has an
applied voltage.
Equations 4 and 5 clearly show how the
voltages in the direct and quadrature
axis are produced. In each circuit there
are an induced transformer voltage, and
a generated speed voltage.

Equatiedvons4and5clearlyshowhw

The transformer voltage in the direct

axis circuit is given bv -d4P/dIt and that

in the quadrature axis by -di#/dt.
The generated voltage, caused by rotation is given, in the direct axis circuit,

by
Ndq,&

and is 180 degrees out of phase with

the quadrature axis flux linkages 1//q.
The generated voltage in the quadrature axis, due to motion, is given by

Figure 3 (above). Vector diagram of single-phase induction motors in

terms of leakage and magnetizing reactances

put 90 degrees behind the direct axis in

the direction of rotation.
The mechanical power given by the
expression

dLnm

pM=1
=2m

ini dEmdt
ntm

quadrature with each other. The direct

axis winding d is in space phase with the
stator. The quadrature axis winding
q is in phase quadrature with the stator.
As these.two windings are short circuited

Vd-V=

(7)

dt

drt=p
Pmy
das
2

dt

(13)

(14)

dt

Nq
Nd
synchronous watts (10)
r=Nq'diq-Ndqid
7.04
Nv
sdIsynchronous
speed L Nd

Nd
Nq qi
Nq
pound feet (11)

When the effective values of currents are

used in equation 1 1, 1, and 2 the average
torque T is

LNd

dt
dao

Whe nt l ale
andsubstituted
in
sub given in
and o2 are
(9) equations
daequations 13 and 14 we get

where
r =instantaneous torque
Pm = instantaneous power
After substitution equation 9 becomes

truTi
T [Nq

dot

O=-iRvqq

(8)
dLnm
x/ X dcm

O-idRd-t{ddt

yields the torque equation

1 x
=-/

Nd

Nq

0= -idRd- (Ldirc+Lddid)-LqQi,d

(15)

di
da
0 = -iqRq-Ld+(Ldir+Lddid)

(16)

dt

dir

did

=ifRf+Lyd +Ldrd

(17)

The steady-state equations now are obtamed from 15, 16, and 17, and are
(18)
0= -Id(Rd+jXdd)-jXmIf-SXqIQ

t1

0 = -q(Rq +jXqg) +SXmIf+SXddId

(19)

V=If(Rf+jXff)+jXmId

(20)

where

Xdd =jLdd

Xm =6wLfd

XQQ = Lqq

dax

a-c motors now will be undertaken.

Single-Phase Induction Motors=

Under running condition, this induction

dt

dt

X =the angular velocity of the applied volt-

bycan
the diagram
.w3 theagangular velocity of the rotor
~~~~oo
Nd~mtrcnbe
~in~Figure
~ represented
~ ~1.
shown
dt~~~~~~~~~
The solution of equations 18, 19, and 20
This is always
Voltage V is applied to the stator. The
Nd

and is in phase with 'frd.

true in motors if the quadrature axis is

1951, VOLUME 70

(SldXdd)q

synchronous watts (12)

The applications of these equations to

da
NQ dt

Nql,t'd dax

Figure 2 (left). Vector diagram of single-phase induction motors in

terms of self and mutual reactances

(SIdXdd)q

(-JIqXqq)q
(-JlqX qq)q

/ (-JIdXdd)d
(-JldXdd)d

IdRd

<(-JXmlq)q

IdRd
I
V

PX_f+I)
(SIdXsId)q

rotor is represented by two windings in

yields

Sabbagh-Applicattion of the 2-Reactionz Theory to Electric Motors

1749

[RdR2 XddXqq(l-S)+

j(RdXqq+RqXdd)]

V2

ing, the quadrature axis winding and the

field winding, and X. is the magnetizing

reactance of the field.

(21)

3gffl
O
n

Id =- [XMXaV(l S2) -jXjnRj

(22)

=-(SXmRd)
ID

(23)

D
V

If+Id

VIQQQQSt5OOOOOQ

) ts

f2

generated by the quadrature leakage flux

in the direct axis winding, and -jIdXd is
the transformer voltage induced in the
direct axis winding by the direct axis
leakage flux. Equation 28 refers to the
direct axis winding, equation 29 to the
quadrature axis, and equation 30 to the
field axis.
For aaThe vector diagram corresponding to

D=RdR&Rf-RdX<qXff Rq(XddXff-Xm2) +

RdRqXff+RdRfXqq I

The torque equation is given by

T=w[(LdfIf+LddId) * Iq-LqqIq Id]

00000

(24)

then

Vd

equations 28, 29, and 30 is given in Figure

3. Subscripts d, q, and f have been added
to denote the windings to which the voltage belongs.

T=XmIf

othen

(25)

V2

SX2d[d
d2(1
=F| SDI2Xmd[
dd(1-S2) ]

(26)

where

Vq-V

Figure 4. Diagrammatical representation of a

2-phase induction motor

Application to 2-Phase Motor:

Xm2)(1 - S2)+Rd2Xff+RdRfXdd 32

(27)

From equations 18, 19, and 20 a vector

diagram of the currents and voltages may

be drawn as shown in Figure 2. The
subscript put at the end of each bracket
encircling the voltage quantity is added
for convenience only to show to what
circuit the voltage belongs. Thus the
voltage (-jIdXdd)d, for example, is induced in the direct axis circuit d, while
(SIdXdd)q signifies that this speed voltage
is generated in the quadrature axis q.
The vector diagrams in this paper are
not drawn to scale. Equation 18 states
that the sum of the voltages induced,

equal to the ohmic voltage drop.

diagrammatically in Figure 4.

Equations 19 and 20 make similar statements for the quadrature and field circuits.
If the self reactances in equations 18,
19, and 20 are replaced by their equivalent
value of leakage and magnetizing reactances, the following equations are ob-

quadrature axis on the rotor. The flux

linkages of the q axis winding now become

(31)
The quadrature axis winding on the other
hand contributes flux linkages to the
stator winding f2, so that the flux linkages
of this winding are

IdRd -jIdXd -jXm(If+Id) - SX2Iq-

SXmIq (28)

4R2 =S(Id+If)Xm +SIdXd -jXI -jIqXm

(29)

1P2=Lfif2+iqMqf2

The flux linkages of thefi winding are

(30)

and those of the direct axis are given

by

(-JXmIl)d

1\WI2

(-JXqqIq)q
(JXmlq)2

VI

(-SXmI2)d

I\
Lq

(-JId Xdd )d

1750

Figure 5 (left). Vector diagram of a two-phase induction motor in

terms of self and mutual reactances

(JXmLd)l

(SXml)q

(32)

^6=LffiflLd.rid

where Xd, Xq, and Xf are respectively the

leakage reactance of the direct axis wind-

(-SXqqIq)d
V2

Winding

fi contributes flux which links with the

direct axis winding on the rotor. Winding f2 sets up flux which links with the

tained.

IIfXf
Vj(IdIf)Xm+IfRf+X

motor there are two

windingsf1 andf2 on the stator as shown

generated and applied in the direct axis is

[XddRdRf-Xdd(XddX1f-

(JI2X22)2

2-phase

In the

2Rf -RdXddXff-Rd(XddXsffjID 2 =fRd

Xm2)+RfXdd2(l -S2)12+

quantity

is the

Xmisthespeedvoltagegeneratedbythe
quadrature flux in the direct axis winding.
The term -SI,qXq is the speed voltage

where

RfXddXqq(l- S2) +j [XddRqRfXqq(XddXfy-Xm2)(1 -S2)+

The

magnetizing current. The

term -jXm (If+Id) is the transformer
voltage induced by the field flux in the
direct axis winding. The quantity -Sh-

Figure 6 (below). Equivalent circuit diagram of

motor

(SIdXdd)q

JXs

Rs

2-phase induction

XR

(JXmIq)2
(-JXmI2)q

__

__

!_

Sabbagh-AppVliccation of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

ALEE TRANSACTIONS

(-SXddIq) d

Figure 7(A) (left).

Diagrammatical representation of a 2induction

phase
motor as a capacitor

(-Amll)d

Xm1)I

UA

12\ R1}

motor

(-JXcIOI

11R7

(JXuI2)2

(-JXqq lq)q
Figure 7(B) (right).

I0000

motor as a

self and mutual reactances

{d =Lddid +Ldfnif
The differential equations of the motor
can now be written as
d_da (33)
Vd=-idRd_ dOtd
dt
dt

(3)

iR

vq

d4-q

d,(=l

vfl=i,Rf+ dt

(35)

d4'f2
Vf2 = if2Rf2 +d

(36)

2-phase motor with constant gap

Mqf2=LdPM=
ulI
Rp = Rf2 = Rf Rp

(37)
=

Rf2= Rf

(38)

(XIi)I

Sd1-

V =IlZil +jXmL

(47)

V=I1Z22+JXML

jXm34

IZda

(47)

When solved these equations yield

Rd +jXdd -jSXqq

I2

(50)

Id=V

jrRd-XrrXdd +Xm2 l-S

IdV ~~~~~SXqqXff
RfRdXffXd
d +XddRf-SS2)+
+j [XffRd+XM2(1
-SXQqRf I
(51)

-jId

under balanced condition of applied volt-

Vf2=-Vfi = -jV

T= wM [IL *Iq-I2 IdI synchronous watts

Substitution of equations 37 to 40 in
equations 23 to 26 gives the following
differential equations:
Vd

di, -

dia

=-idRd-Lddd dt
-Mddt

da

do

Lqqiq dt _-Mi,2dt
di2
diQ
v,q =-iqRq Lqqz -1 d
dao

(41)

dao (42)
(43)

Vf2 =i2Rf-ILffd +Mdt'

(44)

dl
di2

dt
diq

i1 and i2 are used for i,r1 and fi2.

1951, VOLUME 70

(56)
(57)

The value of I, is then found to be

jXm(RR+jsXR)

or

and representing equations 45 to 48

similar to the one given in Figure 2 for the

single-phase motor. Here the subscripts
modifying the voltage terms indicate the
circuit to which this voltage belongs,
If it is desired to find the value of the
currents in terms of the leakage reactances
the magnetizing reactance and the slip,

RR

Rs+X + R(
(59)
t)
Fromm(1S) o j(XR+X
From equation 59 the classical equivalent
circuit of a polyphase induction motor
on a per phase basis is obtained.
By substituting equations 55 to 57 in
equation 54 the torque equation in terms
of leakage and magnetizing reactance is
obtained as
2VX
m

RR

LRs--XSXR-XSXT
F RR
RR

____________Xs
L
[RfRd-XffXdd +Xm2(1-S2)SXqqXff ]2+ [XffRd+XddRf SXqqRf12

stands for the 2-phase motor and is

(58)

(+jXR jXm

(53)

V2[RdXm(l -S) +RdXm(1 -S)lXm

[RfRd-XffXdd+Xm2(1-S2) +
SXqqXff]2+[XfRd +XddRf- SXQqRf]2
2V2RdXm2(1-S)

(54)

di'+ ldid

0} =,R+

(52)

The vector diagram given in Figure 5

LddiddtMli1d

(55)

jXs+JXm
Z,f=Rs
=-s

(49)

I x=

(40)

Zdd =Zqq 'RR+jXR+JXm

SX,q,Xff +j [XffRd +XddRr-SXqqRf

(39)

XffI=Xff2=Xff

substitute in equations 45 to 48 the values

given below

(48)RR +jS(XR +XM)

I. =V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Rs
+jXs) [RR j(XR +Xm)sI +

RfRd-XffXdd+Xm2(1-S2)+

II=V

(SXddld)q

(JXddId) d

When converted to the steady-state

condition these equations become, with
the rotor short circuited
0 = -IdZdd -jXmIi - SXqqIq -SXmI2 (45)
(46)
0= -IqZqq -JXMI2SXddld SXMI

Vq =jQRq -A 'ddtdad=dt dt(34)

For the

capacitor

motor in terms of

JqX(SddId)

Iq
SXm 12)d

Vector diagram of a
2-phase induction

+XM

XRXM
12

Rs(XR +Xm)

(60)

This agrees with the value of torque obtamned from the equivalent circuit.

Two-Phase Motor as a Capacitor

Motor
The diagrammatic circuit of a 2-phase
motor used as a capacitor motor is shown
in Figure 7(A). The four differential
equations when translated to steady state
give the following:

Sabbagh-Application of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

1751

Vd =0 = -IdZdd -jXmI- SXddIq -SXmI2

(61)
IqZqq
*JXmI2SXddIdSXmI1
Vq (==-I)Z XMI2+SXddId+SXMII

V II [RI+j(Xn1 Xc)] +JXmId

-

Xm4+Rl2Xdd2+Rd2X112-Rd2R12

V=I2(R1+jX1j) +jXmIq

+2XcRdXddXll -XcXm2Rd-

RdXm2+S2RlXdd2+j{ 2R1RdXdd +

2S2XddXm2Ri+2S2RlXllXdd2S2XCXdd2R 1 (69)
The vector diagram obtained from equation 61 to 64 is given in Figure 7(B). The

Rd2X,1-Xdd2Xll - S2XddXm2+

(65)

a[RdXm +S2R,Xdd2RRd-

(70)

In terms of leakage reactances and magnetizing reactances equations 61 to 64

give

type. Let the winding with the condenser

be called the S winding and the other the

torque obtained from equations 65 to 69

is given by

S2Xdd2XC S2XddXm2+2RdXddRl+

T = Xm(11'Iq-I2 Id)

Rd2Xl1 -Xdd2Xll-

Rd2XC +Xdd2XC I] (66)

Id
Y=
[XmRlXdd

-XmR,Xdd-XmRdXll +
S2R,XddXm +SXmRdR1 +
j{ XmRdRi-XmXddXll - S2Xm +

IdRR -jIdXR -jXR(I +Id)-

0=

Xm3+S2XddXmXll +SXmRdXllSXmRdXc} 1 (67)

IqSXR-SXm(I2+Iq) (71)

0=-I2RR -f12X5 Xm(I2Iq)+

IdSXR+SXm(I1+Id)

V = IR8 +j1I(Xs -Xc) +jXm(Ii +Id)

a= - [SXmRdRi +S2XmXddRI-

12Rs +jI2Xs +jXm(Iq +I2)

(72)

(73)

XmRdXll +XmRdXc -XmR,Xdd +

V=

-S2XmXddXc -S2XM3+XmRdRlXmXddXll+XrnXddXc} 1 (68)

Equation 71 gives the voltage equations

in the direct axis. The quantity I1+Id is
the magnetizing current in the direct
axis; jXm(I1+Id) is the transformer voltage induced in the direct axis by the direct axis flux; I2+IQ is the magnetizing

j {-SXmXiiRd +Xm3+S2XmXddXll

(74)

JXCI|I
4I2
I + Id

Jxm(i +Id)

1Rs

JIiXi

S~Xm(Iq+2)
d/
JXsL't>
~~(-JXRId)d

J kXs)JXm(h+lq
2
JXm(k+lq)a

(-JXRIq)q

|2SXm(
iSXm(I2+ld)q
/L+IIf+ d)

12
~

Iq

The differential equations for this

motor are
Vd =-idRd- d

dt

da
dt

(75)

vy =-iq--d
dt

da
dt

(76)

d
vs =isRs+ -s

(77)

dt

diR +ddt1R

(78)

and

(79)

(80)

(81)

V
8

(left).R

Vector diagram of a
~~~~~~2-phase induction
motor as a capacitor
motor in terms of

leakage and magnetizing reactances

SXRId
Id

-JXm(Tq+12)q
1752

R winding.

-JXm(II+Id)d

V
k2Rs.l
Figure
J2

(JXsIa)q

The rotor is usually of the squirrel cage

Id

>r,

sistance.

'd =idLdd+iSMdS
lq =iqLqq +iRMqR
Ps =isLss +idMds

(-SXRIq)d
/ I,

A diagrammatical representation of the

capacitor motor is shown in Figure 9.
The motor consists of two windings
of turns
having
sumed different number
from each
otherbut as90

displaced
by
electrical degrees in space.
In series with one winding is an electrolytic condenser which also has a re-

RlXdd2-2RdXddXll+2RdXddXc+

j -SRdXm2+XddXm2+S2Xdd2X1I -

Id

Application to Capacitor Motor

2RdXddRl2 -2RdXddXl,2 +2Rd2R1X1I

12

-2RXX1lXdd2 -XCRd2RI+XCXdd2R

S2XddXm2XC-S2Xdd2XllXc+

1= - D [RRd2 -RlXdd2 -2RdXddXll +

XddXm2+S2Xdd2XlL+SRdXm2}I

j[2RdXlIXm2+2RlXddXm2+

S2R2XddX2+S2X1-2XddX2X+

When solved these equations give

is the speed voltage generated in the

I.)
direct axis by the quadrature axis flux;

and SIqXR is the speed voltage generated

in the direct axis by the quadrature axis
secondary leakage flux.
The vector diagrams are plotted from
these equations and are shown in Figure
8.

Xdd2X1l2+4RdR1XddXl2RdR,XddXc -Rd2XllXc+
X11Xdd XC -XddXmXc+S2Xm4-

(63)
()

current in the quadrature axis; SXm(I2+

where
D = 2Xm2RdRl +2Xm2XddXll-

q
Figure 9 (right). Diagrammatical representation of a capacitor motorI

Sabbagh-Appldication of the 2-Reaction Theoiy to Electric Motors

o
r

AIEE TRANSACTIONS

(-SXqqIq)cd
X (S is

Xds/)q

(JXdsId)s

JXRIR 4 IRRR

(JXRRIRR

F.JXqqIq)q

(-JXC 15)5 /

/
(|JXdIS Xa

/ R

Figure 10.

/~~(-XdI)
R(-SXqRIR)d

/R

mutual reactances

(82)

=
=--[RdRQRR

- SXmRUR+lnd

(-SXqIq)d

(JXqIqq /)Zf4IXd)Q "--JXOI(15+ I4

d q ld)s
qX JXms(Is+

(-JXdId)d--.

Iq

ad

XaQXRRRd

RqRXdRXqddq2+
S2XddXqqXRR +j { RqRdXRR +

- Mds

IqIRXR

// /

By substitution the differential equations

did

/JJRXR

become
Vd = - jdRd - Ldd

X; h1J
l

(SXddId)q

;/qqIq)(JXqRIq) SR/
RQXqRIRXdd)q
of self and
capacitor motor in terms
Vector diagram of a (-JXdId)

'PR =iRLRR +iqMqR

(-JXcls)

}(JXqRIq) R
(-JXqRIR)J
q

V JX mR(IR+ Iq)R

Jm(I+

qJXSR

di$ dS

RdRRXqq+RRRRXdd-XddXqqXRR-S2XddXqR2XddXQR
dtLqqK
+
2
d dt dt
(92)
dXqqXRR +SXd sXqRRM
d]
S2Xd

V
a capacitor
of magnetizing
diagramand
Figure in11.terms
dt (83) I=i[SRdRRXdsRSXddXqR(lS)
I Vector
MqRiRof leakage
motor
reactancesXD
VQ=utualgR
RSRXdRXdXqqRR+
daRdRX
IS
=
iR
(85)
-+MdSiRLRR did8
RidRdsLdds
--SXddX2RQSXddXqqR
Mqdt
dt
reactances
J{ -SIRdXRRXdS Xds2XqR(R1R2)- ac.Tefllwnusittossol
. dcx
.dac
XddXsXqRR( R-S2)+
XddXcXqR(1 -82)RdRsXQR } ] (93).
Lddid-g+Mdsis--- (84)
dt dl
of leakage and magnetizing react~~~~~~~~~~~~~terms

Vd

VR~~~
idR

di
=XRRR+LRR
+

(86)

diq

In the steady state these equations give

j dd-id
L-I(d

da

0 Rj IX S

MdS-iqS

IRSXQR

=IRsXqR+IR(RR+XRR)

XdS

S2XRQXds2 -XddRqRs -FXiaRodRs -

(90)

-2
a

XRXIRXR

-XRR9Sd

Xd =leakage reactance of the direct axis

D=- RdRsXqR2XddXssXqR2(1-S2) -

XddXcXqR2(l -S2)-RXdS2XqR2(1 +RdRRXqq(Xs-Xe)

32)tRoRkXdS

RRRsXddXqq(-qS2)-RRdRqRRRS+
RRRqXdd(Xs
-Xc) RdRSXqqXRR- -

is XQfRXdsRe+SXQRRRS+

RRXqqXdS2(l-S2)
The torque equation now becomes

- XqhXRRXdSoS2XdSXR2
T= XddId*Iq XdsIs -I S

XdSXqR2S2XQqXdSXBR +

RRRPXdSSXBR<XSS -

SRTeXdRXC ]a (91)

1951, VOLUME 70

(99)

where

with D given by

winding

Xdm = magnetizing reactance of the direct

axis winding
XmS = magnetizing reactance of the S winding

XddXqqXRR(Xss-Xc)(1 -S2)+
The resistance RS is the sum of the reRdRqXRR(Xs,s Xc)RqR sXddXRR +
sistance of the S winding and the resistXQqXRRXdS2(l S2)jXqRdXqR2
ance of the condenser.
XS=Xd+Xma
(XeSS-XC)-R-XddXqR2(ls-S2) The vector diagram for these equations
RRRdRsXqS +RRXddXqq(XssR-Xd )Xq-=Xd +XmR
is given in Figure 10 and except for scale
*~
~
--[-X)dsRdRSXqqXRR+
Id ~ ~~
~~~~Rqd(S
a
(19-S2)-RdRRRQ(Xss-Xe)for ~the ~2-phase
to that given
is similar
+
b=XQXhm
R,JRSRRXdd-RXRRXdS
induction motor used as capacitor motor.

=lXaaXer
When solved equations 87 to 90 give
RdXqRR(XddX
2(l
+
-RdRqRSXRR
RsXddXqqXRR(
1= Xq+XmR
-Xd)RqXddXRR(Xs S2)
the following results.
V

(97)

(98 )

XeaXms(99

(94)

(87)

V =IdiXdS+Is(Rs+(XS
X-Xc)) (89d )
v

Xd d = Xd Xd m

-RdRdXss XdX SXss RdRqXc -

dot84XddXqqXc}]

MIdXdd+SISXds-Iq(Rq+JXqq) IRJXQR (88)

+
RqXss
XddXqqRs +XdXd
XqqXssRd -XddRqXc -Xq2RdXc +
j{ SXqRXdsRd-Xds2Xqqdtddt tS2XddXqqXSS2XddXqqXC

(9S)
q

X,,RIR*Id (96)

Equations 87 to 90 may be written in

The quadrature

(100)

(11)
(102)

(103)
axis constants are

measured from the R winding and hence

the ratio of turns of the R winding and the
windingis assumed 1-to-1.
Where
X,= leakage reactance of the quadrature
winding

Sabbagh-Application of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

1753

ja <
)q
1

v
vi=1R1

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of a repulsion

Vd0=

motor

XnR=magnetizing reactance of the R

winding
reactance reactance
of the quadXzm =magnetizingXq.=magnetizing
rature winding

(104)

aN
NR

Substitution of these equations in

equations 87 to 90 gives
0=-

Nd da
-idRd d4d -dt Nq dt

Id

Xms

d4-R

Nq

dt

Nd

(108)
V=IRRR +IRjXR +(IR +Iq)jXmR
where XR and X, are the leakage reactance of the R and the S windings respectively.
From the foregoing equations the
vector diagram shown in Figure 11 is
drawn. The equations 105 to 108 and the
vector diagram are exactly similar to those
obtained by the cross-field theory.

Application to the Repulsion Motor

(118)

(1

(120)

SaIQXqq+SaIiXiq (121)
V=0 =IqRq -jIqXqq -jI1Xi4s
-~~~~~~~IdXdd --Sa IlXld (122>
a
The solution of these

equatikns for I,,

Id, and I, gives the following results:

V

Ii

[RdRq -XddXqq(l -S2)+

j(RdXqq+RqXdd)] (123)
d=-[Xdql-S2)
-ISaRqXlq
D
-

3N

S Id
~ )(107)

V=IsRs+Isj(Xs-Xc)+ IS+

a(dqLiqiiMiq)-g
diLq _MIdi,+
iqRq-Lq'd
Mdj
dt
lo

V = IlR +jI1X11 +Id jXld +IUjX12

Vd =0 -IdRd-jIdXdd-fllXld+

da

jRqXId]

(124>

jRdXlal

(125>

RdXl
V~ ~ ~[XXd(1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l S) -dXd

a)

IIIXC - (IR +Iq)jXMR ( 106)

vqO

da

When converted to steady state form

these equations yield

Ncos B

IqR2

(110)

Id +is Li Xms "IdRd -jIdXd-

IdSXd+iJs+

V==-idRd-Ldd--Mdld-dt
dt

a
TJI =ilRx
(109)(idLdd
Q1
+ilMld)f'dt (119)
+(109)

d
dV,j
J
pR
i
/dt

In setting up the differential equations

the ratio of the number of turns in the
direct and quadrature axis should be
taken into consideration. The flux linkages 4tq of the quadrature axis generate a
speed voltage in the direct axis of value
Nd/Nq/1ilda1/dt. Similarly the flux linkages 41d of the direct axis generate a speed

(IR+Iq)SXmR-IqSXq (105)

di,

the stator number of turns, and the other

in space phase with the quadrature axis
and has N sin ,B turns. The rotor rotates
as shown and hence causes the quadrature
axis to lead the direct axis in space.
Hence da/dt= w==1/ S . AThe basic differential equations are

IA=D aXXd(1S
sinB

whr

Figure 13. Diagrammatical representation of

a repulsion motor

D =RlRdRq-RlXdXqq( -S2) -

X11XjqRd - RqXllXdd +RdX2++

RqXld2+j{RlRdXqq+RlR,Xdd +

RdRqXll- XllXddXqq(l- S2)+

- S2) +Xld2Xqq(l -S2)Xlq2Xdd(l
S

voltage in the quadrature axis given by

Nq/Nd#dda/dt, where Nd is the number

of turns on direct axis and Nq is the
number of turns on quadrature axis.
Here also because of the direction of rotation
d

-t ws= -S&.

(112)

In its simplest form the repulsion motor The flux linkages are given by
.
may be represented by the diagram of
(113)
=Lll +Mdlid+M5siq
Figure 12.
(114)
The rotor is short circuited by brushes. fd =Lddid+Mdlil
The brush axis is set at an angle ,B with the
Li +Mji
stator axis. Some of the rotor conductors
bbrushesLLet
are locally short circuited by the
Nd/
which cover them. These conductors
constitute the quadrature axis and local a =N(16
Nt(16
current X~flows through them. The rest
of the rotor turns are in series and as such and substitute equations 113 to 116 in
are short circuited by the brushes, and eqations 109tol.Th flown
constitute the direct axis circuit.
111eThuflloin
equain tol
The stator could be divided into two
circuits, one in space phase with the vil+Ldi1+ did+
(117)
Mdt +M dif (17
direct axis and has N cos /3 turns, N being

-XldX,qRd+SaXlqX1dRq}

(126>

The torque equation is given by

(127)
T= W(kd-IQ*-lq NIdd)
Nd
Nq
=Xn Cos aIiXIq'-Xm sin aIlXId' (128)
where
Xm is the magnetizing reactance of the
stator winding

dtiR+Lj-

1754

t~

p
I

Figure 14. Schemnatic diagram of a series

Sabbagh-Application of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

I_-INq

(129)

Idl=Id Nd
N1

(130)

Equivalent circuit

Figure 16.

diagram of a series motor

R1

J Xd

Rd

J Xi

Jm

JXm

ANALYSIS IN TERMS oF LEAKAGE AND

MAGNETIZING REACTANCES

SXm
a

The values for self and mutual reactances are given by

Lll=L,+llfl

Id'=IN
(131)
Nd

Application to Series Motors

Id'= 1j(39

Nd

(132)

N1

Nq sin ,B
M,,=M,N1

(133)

~Iq'=NN1

Ldd =Ld +M1(N)

\N

(134)

(140)

N(

Rd'= Rd N-

2(Ne

Rq= Rq

(141)

low:

(142)

Vx=iiR1+d4 +i+Rd+ dt+Nd'qd-

(153)

(143)

N,
v,=0 =-iR,- 4q+ jNqd da

(154)

Nq~(135)
eh
Lqq=Lq+MIrVI)/

If equations 131 to 135 are substituted

in equations 117 to 119, the following results will be obtained for the steady-state
condition:

When equations 139 to 143 are substituted in equations 136 to 137, the following equations will be obtained:

Nd

V = Il [Rl+j(X +Xm) ] +IdNJXm Cos ( +

AN,

V = 1 [R1 +jX1 +jXm I +Id'jXm COS , +

I,,jXm sin (3 (144)

Cos (3-SXm sin (]XIm[jXm

Id' [Rd'+j(Xd'+Xm)I+

(136) .
I<iNXm sin (3Nq0

Nd
0 -I1N[jXm
cos (-SXm sin
N,

Id

0 = -I UXm

sin

v~1= R'q'-21-

N,

-IrN[jmsn0+S.cs0DV
= -17NI
jXm sin 3+SXm cos (3]
NdNqSXd+NSXm

2+(d','X

(147)

SRq'Xm sin

(138)

L\ N i/1~~N
where Xi, Xd, and X,, are leakage reactances of the stator winding, the direct axis
winding, and the quadrature axis winding.
Xm is the magnetizing reactance of the

stator. Let

53

33
C

gJd

In
@:]

Figure 15. Diagrammatical representation of

a series motor

1951, VOLUME 70

(155)

kd=Ldd$1

(156)

,i

(157)
Lq=Lq,iq+M,il
Substitution and transformation into

VI =IR1 +jX1iIi +jXq,Iq +IlRd +jXddIl +

I,, =[

(-jRq'Xm cos (3]

0 =-IqRq-jXq,Iq-jXqJXII+SI

SRd'Xm COS -jRd'Xm sin (

where

I=-[-Rq+jXeq]
D

(160)

N[sqx

(161)

-N
qR,+Rd+SXalNdd-

D= -

+,

XQq(Xnl+Xdd) +S2XddX,,q+XXq12l+

(150)

Rq(XI +Xdd)+Xq1SX
IN,
Nd

(Rd'+Rq')(X1+Xm)X +
Xm2 [Rd' sin2 (3+R,' cos2 (31+
~j [Ri(Rd ' +Rq')XRd'Rg'(xX +
~~Xm) 9X1+Xm)X2(1 -S2) +

(-Xdd
\Nd

NQ,

(162)

The torque equation is given by

~~~Xm2X(1 -S2) +SXm2(R,' Rct')

thlen becomes

\Nd

T= IDI2 t~~~~~~-S(Rd' cos2 (+R,' sin2 ()

=NXl,,

(Rd'+R,')X2(Rd-R,,)

jX ]

jdX\q RI+Rd+SXelN +
10)fX,,~R+dS ,,ly

xN=Xd+Xm=X+Xm
XXNX ~'X

The torque equation

XddIl

Solution for I, and Iq, gives

(148)

(149)

(158)

Nd

)sn(3where
sin -

[XmX(l- S2)
I(r'=D

Nd

SXe,-N,,NdI +SX,,11I
N1

I =

D = RlRd'Rq' -RiX2(1-S2)-

(145)

Id/= D[XmX(l -S2) Cos (3+

I,,[R,+jXq +jXm(n)]

4= Liiii+M liq

steady state give

(146)
The solution of these equations for the
currents gives

(N)]
Nq[+

dt

where

Rd+jXd +jXm (Nd) +N,

Nd

Ia'S(Xa' +Xm)

#+SXm Cos (3]'[R' +

Id'S(Xd'+X) j(X,,'+Xm)
1

(3I-

dt

dt

N )
X I'=NX,(N' )
tNj2and

In its simplest form the series motor

may be represented by the diagrams
shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.
The differential equations are as fol-

sn(co 3

(152)

Ng,)
I

= 1DI12 [,72+,,,I,,I

Sabbagh-Applicattion of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

N,

synchronous watts (164)

1755

To give the currents and torque in

terms of leakage and magnetizing reactances, rewrite the basic equations as

Id =II

d;,l-Vd
vi=i,R, +dt

4=v-

vq=O qRq
But

(166)
(

'dt
diq
N,t ddoe
d -,Nd
dt Nd dtI
N,

/jB

(183)

When this is multiplied by the armature

current the developed power results.

Xm\ 2

Conclusion

B= R,'(X1 +Xm) +a2RIKXd +2)+

('NQ\m
N

(170)

The basic equations derived from the

2-reaction theory are applied for the

X
aSXm(Xd+ 2)+

a2

(Rq+a2Rd)(Xd+ a2m)

(185)

The torque equation is given by

Ld (Nd2\
Lq \NqJ

0j=ij(Lj+Mj)+iqMQj
4'd = il(Ld +MW
t =iiq(L,+Ma+ Mqi,i

(172)
(173)
(174)
(173)

II/d=il(Ld+Md)

N2\a

N(

Rg)'= Rq

tNet

(186)

~~(176)
(176)

N1

(177)

-r
Vd= -II

Rd+jXdjS
a2

Vd

I
A +jB
11= .

Xm1
a

0 = Il(SaXd SXm

mJ \ a
Iq'[Rq'+ja2Xd+jXm] (180)
a

These equations give

RqP+j(a2Xd +Xm)
A +jB

Ix =V A+jB
(181 )

Discussion

volume 60,

Engineering (AIEE Transactions),

3. THEORY AND CALCULATION OF THE SQUIRREL

Transactions, volume 43, June 1924, pages 1048-

/ 1
+ ''

\, a2!

M
X
7
Iq'S aXdI t I +(179)
a/

section,

AjB(188)
R,R'+j(a2Xd+Xm)

(178)

1. Two-REACTION THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS

R. H. Park. AIEE Transactions,

MACHINES,

volume 48, July

1929, pages 716-30.
2. THE CRoss-FIELD THEORY OF THE CAPACITOR
MOTOR, A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd. Electrical
February 1941, pages 58-62.

CAGE REPULSION MOTOR, H. R. West.

Nd ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.x
R, +Rd +
+j X1 +Xd +XmX
a
The steady-state equations may be
\
found to be
Xm\2
2S2
V = Is [R, +jXj +jXlnI I'jXm

equations thus obtained are those of the

so-called cross field theory. No vector
diagram is necessary for the establishment of these equations.

References

(187)

N,

analysis of asynchronous motors. When

the self and mutual reactances are replaced by their equivalent values of
leakage and magnetizing reactances, the

Xm (Rq')2+(a2Xd
+Xm)2
V_ 2__References
a
A2+B

Equation 181 could be written

Ng.

=-t,(,175)

T=w|III 2ma
synchronous watts

Let

ass Xd+Y

Rq+ia2

157.

CONCEPTION

OP

AIEE

4.

PHYSICAL

5.

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS As APPLIED TO

SINGLE-PHASE

MOTOR OPERATION, R. Beach. Electrical Engineering, July 1924, pages 1048-55.

X2

INDUCTION MOTOR, F. W. Suhr.

SINGLcE-PHASE
Electrical Engineering (AIEE Transactions), volume

X \n
2
Xd+
(189)

If R,! is infinite, the equivalent circuit of

the motor becomes as shown in Figure
16.

component SXnla
SXm/a the only
only comcomThe component

ponent variable with speed represents

the developed power or power output,
since
xm
T=-|Vd,2
a

64, September 1945, pages 651-56.

6. ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINERY (book),
J. G. Tarboux. International Textbook Company,
Scranton, Pa., 1947.
7. ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES (book),
T. C. McFarland. D. Van Nostrand Company,

Inc., New York, N. Y., 1948.

8.

ALTERNATING

CURRENT

MACHINES

(book),

A. F. New
Puchstein,
T. C. Lloyd. John Wiley
York, N. Y., 1942, 655 pages.
~~~~~Sons,
9. PRINCIPLES

op

ALTERNATING

and

CURRENT

MACHINERY (book), R. R. Lawrence. McGraw-

Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N. Y.,

1937.
10. APPLICATION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
(book), W. V. Lyon. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1937.

tions in a per-unit system. Its use is becoming widespread in industry; it is hoped

~~~that the universities might employ it more
e =Ri+~p+-7kp5
(1) fully to better prepare their graduates.
where y is + 1 depending on whether, in
It seems to the writer that Dr. Sabbagh,
this case, the d or q axis is considered. Thus
in listing the advantages of the 2-reaction
Dr. Sabbagh's paper is chiefly interesting in method, has not stressed the primary reason
its application to vector diagrams. Kron for the simplicity of the equations, which is
gives equivalent circuits for these motors in
that the inductances do not vary with time.
references 1 and 2 of this discussion which
To illustrate this advantage, per-unit equawould be useful in developing the vector tions which are, more or less, phase equadiagrams, et cetera.
-tions of the single-phase and 2-phase motors
It is disappointing not to see the equaare given below. The writer objects some-

equation of all rotating machines as the ten-

sor equation

W. G. Heifron (General Electric Company,

Schenectady, N. Y.): Dr. Sabbagh's demonstration of the wide applicability of the
2-reaction theory is very interesting. The
fact that graduate students of Purdue University worked up the solutions is not only
to their credit but to Dr. Sabbagh's, for it
is a sign of his unulsual ability as ateacher to
inspire his students to greater efforts.
Gabriel Kron has written1 the general

1756

This result could be predicted from

or back electromotive force of the motor.

(Xl +Xm)+Rq'Xm-a2X
a

N,

(190)

physical reasoning.
IISXm/a is the speed generated voltage

(Xd+ a2 (I(1-2) (184)

(169)

y)

Power output=ST= a

A = R2(R1 Rd)- XXm -a2Xd X

(167)

and

SXm

J jXm

where

MI

Md

a=

A
A

Xm

(182)

But

MqNM
/Nd\2

aSXd+

(165)

dlk6d Nd dax
dt

Sabbagh-App?lication of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

AJEE TRANSACTIONS

lent circuits rotating with the rotor and

positioned with the centerlines of the two
dissimilar rotor circuits. Conversely, the
transformation used here is still applicable
if the stator is salient and the rotor smooth.
In such a case X1 and X2 would contain a
constant and a cos 2a term and a new reactance X12 which also is a sin 2a term
would be created by the saliency. Chapter
2 of reference 3 of this discussion has a treatment of a similar case which shows that the
magnitude of the variable part of X1 and X2
approximately equals the magnitude of X12.
If it is true that Xlf=X2X it follows that
X1l==X2 and the transformation to give {d
follows very simply. It is of interest to

/ OL t

/
do

lt

Figure 1. Single-phase induction motor

what to the use of the d and q notation for,
as used by Park,3 such a notation refers to
equivalent circuits that rotate with the
rotor, whereas Dr. Sabbagh's system has the
equivalent circuits fixed in space in a modified form of the a, ,B, 0 system popularized
by Clarke4 and most recently used by Concordia.5 In this matter, as well as whether
the q axis leads the d, or vice versa, it appears to be every man for himself and an ensuing confusion of the reader. A suggestion
that the notations mean what they mean in
the so-called "classical" papers is hereby
made by the writer.

= Xisi+Xlfif COS a

(2)

V12=X2i2+X2fif sin a
i'= Xfrif+XIfi cos a+XIfiI sin
2i i
4'f=fff +XiilCOS a+

(3)
(4)

Vf = R!if + P#,f

(5)

VI =0= -Ri1-p4k1
V2=0= -Ri2-P4/2

(6)
(7)

The general transformat=ons

Kd =K, cos a+K2 sin

-Rlid -cos aPVs - /'1p cos a +

4lp cos a-sin a42 - 42P sin a+

ed =

42p sin

ed =

a (12)

-Rjid-P[W1 cos a+42 sin al[i/i sin az-4/u cos aC pa (13)

(1)

ed = -Rsjd PId 'qP

(8)

KQ=KI sin a-K2 cos a

(9)

Investigating the application of equations

7 and 8 to equation 3 we see that if xlr=x2r
equation 3 becomes
10)

Such an equality is indicated in this case be-

cause of the nature of the rotor. But if the

motor were an unusual design (say a singlephase reluctance motor) so that XlfHX2f, this
type of transformation would not be applicable. As a matter of fact there is no transformnation which will eliminate trigonometric

coefficients where both the rotor and the

stator exhibit saliency.

If the motor we are

considering was salient in the rotor and

smooth in the stator the desirable transformation would be one that gives equiva-

1951, VOLUME 70

Again the applicability of the transform

depends upon the

two rotor circuits being

identical except for the phase relationships
(that is, R1 = R2, Xrlfl(m.) =Xr2f2(.), etc.).
With these satisfied, and a constant air gap,
the equations for the circuits of Figure 2 are

$6qI=X'r=ifl+Xr1fsirl

i/f2

cos

Xf2 + if2 + XrlIftrl

a+Xr2rlir2 sin

sin

52

f2

Figure 2. Two-phase induction motor

41' Xi5+Xr2f2if2
= Xqsiq+Xqf2if2
=

(25)

The other equations, of course, follow by

the same routine. Note, however, that it is
not necessary to restrict the equations by
the relationships given in equations 37, 38,
and 39 of the paper. Thus this same analysis may be easily extended to cover the "twophase induction motor used as a capacitor
motor" and "the capacitor motor."
REFERENCES
1. A SHORT COURSE IN TENSOR ANALYSIS, Gabriel
Kron. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N. Y., 1941.
2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS or ELECTRIC MACHINERY, Gabriel Kron. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
N. Y., 1951.
3. See reference 3 of the paper.

4. PROBLEMS SOLVED BY MODIFIED SYMMETRICAL

COMPONENTS, Edith Clarke. General Electric Review (Schenectady, N.

Y.),

volume 41, 1938, pages

488-95 and 545-49.

5.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, THEORY AND PERFORMANCE, Charles Concordia. John Wiley and

Sons, New York, N. Y., 1951.

a-

(16)

Xrlf2if2 sin a

(17)

Vl/4=Xirs+Xrlflifs cos a+

Vf,=RRf1if+pv,
Vf1

(15)

X,2f2i,2 cos

are+appreciated.

Xffif Xif(d

condition for this transformation to be useful, and not a particular case as Dr. Sabbagh insinuates. With this satisfied,

Two-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

For the coil locations shown in Figure 1
of this discussion the phase equations are

lf= *I/f=Xff+Xld

show the transform which gives ed.

ed - 0
Riicosa-R2i2sinacos aP4l, -sin aP412 (11)
We now find that R1 = R2 is a necessary

f1

sin
X2=Xi12+Xr2f8)1
COS a (18)
Xr2f2if2

Rf2if2+PQ4f2

(19)

E. M. Sabbagh: I would like to thank

Mr. Heffron for his interesting discussion
of the above paper. His kind words are a
source

a-

of encouragement and

are

greatly

With regard to the d and q notations, I

still feel that they are the correct ones to
use. In Park's paper the armature is sta-

~~~~~~~~~~tionary

and the field

iS rOtating. ThiS iS

(22
(22)

case
usually the On
machines.
the with
other large
hand if,synchronous
as is sometimes the case with small synchronous maarmaandq the
is the
chines,is the
ture
thefield
rotor,
thestator
d and
windings

Using essentially the same transform as

before

equivalent to the armature will be stationary

in space and rotating with respect to the

Vf2

Vi '0'-= Riri - I4ri

V2=0= -Rir2-pN/r2

kd = Xir1

(20)

(21)

a+Xir2 sin a+
Xrifiifs cosO a+Xr2rsifl sin2 a+
COS

cos a Xrifiif2 sin aX

i coa sin a
,6 = Xj Xrlf 1iJl
- Xddid+Xdflifl
Similarly, we obtain

rotor. The d winding is along the same axis

as the field winding and the q winding is in
quadrature with the d winding or along the

interpoles. This is exactly what has been

assumed in the paper. The saliency in this

rcase is on the stator and the equations developed are to cover this case. This
(24)
assumption is indeed fortunate as the armatures of asynchronous machines are the
rotors and the fields, the stators.
(23)

Sabbagh-Application of the 2-Reaction Theory to Electric Motors

1757