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CE 5112
Structural design and construction of
deep basements &
cut & cover structures
Lecture 1
Words of wisdom
8All
9What
10Is
Topics of Interest
11
Earth Pressure
Earth Pressure
12
'
As water cannot take shear, will be an effective
stress:
'
14
Expressed in
terms of
If
t
If
=
=
=
=
=
=
,
30
26.57
t, s
0.866 c
20
18.88 Where
0.940 c
Angle of shearing
resistance
Cohesion
intercept
'
t'
tan '
t ' c'
tan '
&
v = 1+ e (voids ratio)
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21
22
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Undrained strength
Fine-grained soils (cohesive clay) are relatively impermeable, and
so volume change will be gradual and related to the length of
time taken for porewater to dissipate - undrained to drained
state.
Short term strength of a clay will be controlled by the initial
effective stresses, giving what is called the undrained strength, cu
- apparent cohesion. (u=0)
cu is dependent on the water content. High water content gives
low undrained strength and low water content gives high
strength. If identical clay samples are tested without allowing
any change in water content, then no matter what confining
pressure is applied they will all fail at the same shear stress.
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SOIL PROPERTIES
SOIL PROPERTIES
26
ROCK PROPERTIES
27
28
SOIL PROPERTIES
EC7 characteristic value method is adopted in CIRIA Report
517 for the following reasons:
1. The industry is moving towards the adoption of the
Eurocode system, both in the UK and Europe.
2. It is broadly comparable with the CIRIA Report 104 type A
moderately conservative method. The Eurocode system
uses partial factors to achieve an overall margin of safety
similar to that given by the global safety factors of CIRIA
104.
3. BS8002 introduces a new set of approximations, e.g. that a
constant percentage of the representative strength is
mobilized throughout the soil mass in the service condition
of the wall, This may not be conservative in some
situations, but there are cases in which prop loads predicted
in this way are higher than those experienced in practice.
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=30
Ka = 0.333
Kp = 3
31
= Effective stress = c
= cu u
2)
3)
4)
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39
40
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44
stop
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46
49
Comparison of stiffness
measured by Hall's effect
transducer and conventional
LVDT
52
0.1%
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6%
0.2 0.25%
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55
56
57
Settlement/maximum depth of
excavation [%]
Nb
H
Cu
Zones defined by Peck (1969): (The data used by Peck to derive the three zones were taken from
strutted excavations supported by soldier pile or sheetpile walls)
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63
(a)
Extend walls to
strong stratum
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Berm geometry
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N c su
Factor of safety Fbase
D p
N c su p
& when Fbase 1, D Dc
Where:
su = undrained shear strength of the soil beneath the
excavation
Nc = the bearing capacity factor (as for footings) which
depends on the shape and depth of the excavation.
P = surcharge applied at the ground surface on the retained
side.
This approach does not account for the reinforcing effects
of wall penetration below the base of excavation.
71
5.7Cub B1
HB1 Cuh H
If T 0.7B, B1 = 0.7B
If T < 0.7B, B1 = T
Or modified (Nc = 5.7)
N c Cub B1 Cuh H
HB1 q
72
1 1
N c Cu 2Ca D
B L
H q
73
B
H
1
0.2
1
0.2
L
B for H 2.5
Nc 9
1.2
1.5
B
1
0.2
H
L
2.5
Nc 9
for
1.2
B
T
1 0.008
B
74
1000
100
Nq = 33
10
Nc = 10
N = 8
Nc
Nq
N
0.1
0
10
35o
26o
14o
20
30
40
50
75
(5.7Su q)
Dc
Su
2
B
For the condition of H > B (trench type excavations) (Skempton)
Dc
Nc su p
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D N bCu
Nc rectangular = (0.84 + 0.16 B/L) Nc square
Diagram for the determination of bearing pressure
coefficient, Nc (Skempton)
N q tan 2 45 e tan
2
N c N q 1 Cot
N 1.8 N q 1 tan
D p
2Ca d
N b Cu
B
D
2Ca d
N bCu
B
77
10
15
20
25
30
34
35
40
45
48
50
Nc
5.7
7.3
9.6
12.9
17.7
25.1
37.2
52.6
57.8
95.7
172.3
258.3
347.6
Nq
1.6
2.7
4.4
7.4
12.7
22.5
36.5
41.4
81.3
173.3
287.9
415.1
Ng
0.5
1.2
2.5
9.7
19.7
35
42.4
100.4
297.5
780.1
1153.2
N'c
5.7
6.7
9.7
11.8
14.8
19
23.7
25.2
34.9
51.2
66.8
81.3
N'q
1.4
1.9
2.7
3.9
5.6
8.3
11.7
12.6
20.5
35.1
50.5
65.6
N'g
0.2
0.5
0.9
1.7
3.2
5.7
10.1
18.8
37.7
60.4
87.1
78
N OR N c
M y 2
8 R Lw sub
79
N OR N c
M y 2
2 R Lw sub
9M y 2
32 R Lw sub
80
B/2 or thickness of soft clay beneath the base (T), whichever is the
smaller and B = width of excavation.
81
N h su
t d w
H
Where
H=
depth of excavation
width of excavation
t =
T=
T Bd 2 cu d
w hB
T dBL 2d cu (B L )
w hBL
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Heave Stake
Inclinometer /
extensometer in soil
Inclinometer
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