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Reading
6-4 6-12
Problems
= constant = R
Knowing that v = V /m
PV
Tm
= constant = R
where R is a gas constant for a particular gas (as given in C&B Tables A-1 and A-2).
du = cv dT cv =
T
dh = cp dT cp =
h
T
P
(1)
dh = T ds + vdP T ds = 0 = dh vdP
cp dT vdP = 0
(2)
cp dv
cv v
(3)
cp
cv
T2
T1
v1
k1
v2
P2
(k1)/k
P1
The isentropic process is a special case of a more general process known as a polytropic process
where P v n = constant and n is any number.
Special Cases
n=1
n=0
n=k
n=
cp (kJ/kg K) % difference
1.0057
1.1417
1.688
13.5
67.8
the relative pressure and relative volume tables (C&B Table A-17), provide an accurate
way of including the temperature effects on specific heat for ideal gases during isentropic
processes
note: the specific heat ratio term given by k = cp /cv will also be influenced by temperature
Procedure:
given T1 , P1 and P2 for an isentropic process
determine Pr1 at T1 from Table A-17
calculate Pr2 , where
P2
P1
=
s=const
Pr2
Pr1
v2
v1
=
s=const
vr2
vr1
In Summary
For an ideal gas with constant cp and cv
P v = RT
u2 u1 = cv (T2 T1 )
h2 h1 = cp (T2 T1 )
There are 3 forms of a change in entropy as a function of T & v, T & P , and P & v.
s2 s1 = cv ln
= cp ln
= cp ln
T2
T1
T2
T1
v2
v1
+ R ln
R ln
+ cv ln
v2
v1
P2
P1
P2
P1
R = cp cv
A General Formulation
Steady State, Steady Flow in a Flow Channel of Arbitrary Cross-section with Work and Heat
Transfer
dE = E f inal E initial
= E x+dx E x
where
E = m(e
+ P v)
= m(u
(v )2
2
+ gz + P v)
dQ dE
= dW
(1)
5
where
dECV
dt
dQ m
0 = dW
d u + Pv +
(v )2
2
+ gz
(2)
rate of
rate of
rate of
entropy = entropy entropy
+
outf low
inf low
storage
dSCV
dt
where
dSCV
dt
= [ms]
x [ms]
x+dx
dQ
rate of
entropy
production
+ P S
TT ER
0 = mds
dQ
TT ER
+ P S
or
dQ = TT ER P S TT ER mds
(3)
m
TT ER P S TT ER mds
= dW
d u + Pv +
(v )2
2
+ gz
(4)
Special Cases
Reversible, SS-SF Process
Reversible implies P S = 0
frictionless process
heat transfer is allowed but must be across T 0
which means TT ER TCV = T
Equation 4 becomes
dW
m
= T ds +
du + d(P v)
=du
+d
(v )2
2
+ d(gz)
=T ds
Therefore
dW
m
= vdP + d
(v )2
+ d(gz)
(6)
W
m
out
out
vdP +
in
out
+
gz
2 in
in
(v )2
KE
(7)
P E
W
m
out
vdP
(8)
in
(5)
If we keep in mind
W
m
<<
liq
gas
For example: the work required to operate a pump is much less that that required to operate a
compressor.
Incompressible Substance
This is a special case of Eq. (8) where v = constant = vin vout.
From Equation (8)
W
m
= vin(Pout Pin)
(9)
The work term represents the minimum work required to pump a liquid from Pin to Pout with
negligible KE and P E.
=0
Incompressible Substance and dW
From Eq. (6)
vdP + d
(v )2
+ d(gz) = 0
(10)
Therefore
+d
(v )2
2
+ d(gz) = 0
8
(v )2
2
+ gz
=0
(11)
Integrating gives
P
(v )2
2
+ gz = constant
(12)
Equation (12) is Bernoullis equation for frictionless flow with constant density. The constant is
Bernoullis constant, which remains constant along a streamline for steady, frictionless, incompressible flow.
W
m
out
out
vdP =
in
in
(P v)in
dP
P
Therefore
W
m
= Pinvin ln
Pout
Pin
(13)
W
m
out
vdP =
in
1/k
out
(P v k )in
in
dP
W
m
k
k1
Pout (k1)/k
(P v)in
Pin
1 = cp (Tout Tin)
(14)
The right side of Eq. (14) is based on the fact that KE + P E = 0 and dh = du + dP v
and du = 0. Which leads to h = vdP .
Note: for the same inlet state and pressure ratio
W
m
<
rev.,isothermal
W
m
rev.,adiabatic
10