Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Outline
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html
Biomass
Soil Moisture
0.009%
Rivers and
Lakes
Oceans
97.31%
Water Cycle
Memory
Water Cycle
http://geofreekz.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/hydrologic_cycle.gif
Evapotranspiration
Water in the atmosphere
Condensation
Precipitation
Water storage in ice and
snow
Surface runoff
Streamflow
Freshwater storage
Infiltration
Groundwater storage
Groundwater discharge
Springs
Evapotranspiration
Surface
storage (Lake)
Infiltration
Water storage
Groundwater
Runoff
Precipitation
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Percolation
Surface
runnoff
Riverflow Q
G
Groundwater discharge G
Evapotranspiration
Temperature: Higher temperature higher transpiration
Relative humidity: higher relative humidity lower transpiration
Wind and air movement: Increased air movement higher
transpiration.
Soil-moisture availability: no moisture less transpiration
Type of plant:
Infiltration
Light rain
No runoff
Infiltration raises water
table
Increase discharge
Stream
Water table
Wat
er
table
Stream
Groundwater
From Infiltration
Slow movement
http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7173
Water Storage
Deep groundwater
46% fresh water
54% saline
Aquifer
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/salt.html#fig2
http://earthy-moony.blogspot.com/2011/02/aquifers-andaquitards.html
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3056/
Precipitation
Intensity
High intensity runoff
Low intensity infiltration
Duration
Soil saturation
Precipitation
Stratified
Convective
Runoff
Surface runoff is precipitation runoff over the landscape.
Affected by many factors:
Meteorological factors Physical factors
Type of rain
Rain intensity
Rain amount
Rain duration
Rain distribution
Previous precipitation
Human factors
Land use
Urbanization
Vegetation
Soil type
Drainage area
Impervious surfaces
Reservoirs
Basin shape
Topography
Ponds, lakes
Runoff
http://geobytesgcse.blogspot.com
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
Runoff
Precipitation P
Actual AET
Evapotranspiration
Surface
storage (Lake)
Infiltration
Percolation
Surface
runnoff
Riverflow Q
G
Groundwater discharge G
http://whatcom.wsu.edu
Dams
Irrigation
Urbanization
Water deviation
Etc. etc. etc
Electricity production
Flood control
Irrigation
Etc, etc, etc
Increases evaporation
Increases infiltration
Lake Nasser
1960
http://www.sciencephoto.com
1889
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
1950
1947
1944
1941
1938
1935
1932
1929
1926
1923
1920
1917
1914
1911
1908
1905
1902
1899
1896
1893
1890
1887
1884
1881
1878
1875
1872
1869
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irsprayhigh.html
http://acarainstitute.wordpress.com
Wikipedia
http://www.oeconline.org/our-work/rivers/stormwater/stormwater%20report/impacts
http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?
lang=En&n=72FDC156-1
http://shipbright.wordpress.com
Syr Darya
Amu Darya
What happened?
102 km2
Skarsvatn 86 km2
Bulken 1094 km2
http://www.planbleu.org
Mediterranean Basin
http://en.tourduvalat.org
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
http://www.rshu.ru
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
Changes in P = Q + G + AET S G
Climate Variability
El Nio Southern Oscillation
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns
North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO)
East Atlantic (EA)
East Atlantic/Western
Russia
Scandinavia (SCAND)
Polar/Eurasia
West Pacific (WP)
Euphrates River
NAO +
2500
NAO -
[m3/s]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
J
F M A M J
A S
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/scand_tmap.shtml
Scand: Po River
Po River
ENSO: EN
DJF
JJA
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
ENSO: LN
DJF
JJA
Lund University / LTH / Department of Water Resources Engineering
Upper Paraguay
river basin
0.6
SAM
0.4
0.2
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.2
PDO
Interaction
PDO
2.5
-0.4
2
-0.6
1.5
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.5
-1
NO
NO
-1.5
1.5
-2
-2.5
NAO
0.5
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
NO+PDO
NO+PDO
-0.5
3
-1
PDO+NAO
-1.5
1
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
-1
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Nino3.4
2000
Nino3.4
2.5
-2
2
-3
1.5
NINO 3.4
PDO
0.5
0.5
0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-0.5
-1
Ladario
500
-1.5
450
Ladario
400
Ladrio
-2
350
300
250
1900
1910
200
150
100
50
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Conclusions
Atmosphere and hydrology are part of the same water cycle and
should be considered as such.
Humans cause enormous impacts in the surface part of this cycle
that consequently impacts atmospheric part of it and this impact
is not really well known
The natural atmospheric oscillations strongly impacts the
hydrology
It is very important to understand and consider the water cycle as
a whole.
Thanks