Diploma in IT

Computer Networks
Unit 3e - Inter Networks

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Objectives

To be able to demonstrate an appreciation

of the significance of network and inter-
network protocols
 IPv4
 IPv6
 TCP
 UDP

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Principles of Inter Networking

Network integration

Why?
 LAN is limited
 Ownership of WAN
 End-to-end communications

Network of networks

Formed using inter networking devices

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Principles of Inter Networking...

Difference in network technologies

 Type of service offered
 Type of media used
 Topology used
 Data rate used
 Protocols used
 Addressing scheme used
 Support of multicast and broadcast addressing

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Principles of Inter Networking...

 Maximum frame or packet size (payload)

 Quality of service mechanisms
 Error control mechanisms
 Flow control mechanisms
 Congestion control mechanisms
 Etc...

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Connection-Oriented

PDUs translated from one network to other

 Forwarded over virtual circuits

Internetwork device concatenates virtual
channels
 Protocol mechanisms do not matter
 Reliable connections are being joined

PDUs can be exchanged fairly easily

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Connectionless

Device translates PDU and address for the

other network

Supports many different functions in
encoded in the protocol headers
 Some functions may not be supported in other
network

Protocols would need to be similar

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Tunnelling

Source and destination of same type

Intervening network(s) provides
compatible service

Technique
 PDUs encapsulated in source network within
PDUs of intervening networks
 PDUs de-capsulated at other end

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Tunnelling cont...

CL networks tunnelling through CO

network
 Mappingdestination addresses used on the
CO network

CO networks tunnelling through CL
network
 Connection takes place at the transport layer

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Performance Issues

Layer 2 and 3 switches perform better

than routers and bridges
 Former usually hardware-based and latter
software-based

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Data Link Bridging and Switching

Similar networks separately managed

Dissimilar networks

Heavy traffic on single LAN

Distance of cable for LAN beyond spec

Possible LAN Segmentation

Remote networks connected via point to
point link or WAN

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Data Link Bridging and Switching

Switching has higher performance

Use of VLAN as a separately switched
broadcast domain

Types of bridges:
 TransparentBridges
 Source Route Bridges
 Remote Bridge

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Network layer routing and switching

Internetworking can also happen on

network layer
 When different protocols used at Data Link
layer

Best to inter network using routers than
bridges when LAN technologies differ

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Network layer routing and switching

Pre-requisites
 Routable protocol must be used

Hierarchical address to identify destination network

Remainder of address to identify host

 Routing information in each router

 Routing protocol

Automatically distribute routing info to each router

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Network layer routing and switching

Router functions
 Read network layer destination address
 Extract network part of address
 Determine where to forward datagram
 Forward to destination directly or via another
router

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Network layer routing and switching

Routing protocols implement algorithms

Routing algorithms ISO hierarchy
 End System (ES)
 IntermediateSystem (IS)
 Autonomous System (AS)
 Area (or Domain)

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Network layer routing and switching

To calculate shortest path, necessary to

defined a metric where cost of path can be
measured

Some algorithms using single metric

Other use composite metric calculated
from a formula using number of metrics:
 Hop count, bandwidth, delay, distance
 Load, circuit costs, reliability

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Network layer routing and switching

Classification of routing algorithms

 Unicast or multicast routing
 Static vs. dynamic routing
 Single path vs. multi-path routing
 Flat vs. hierarchical routing
 Source vs. hop-by-hop routing
 Interior vs. exterior routing

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Transport Layer Gatewaying

Can internetwork on transport layer

 Transport gateway

Translate between two different CO
protocols

Sometimes called Transport Layer Relay

Connections joined up so data forwarded
from one transport conn. to another

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Application layer relaying and

gatewaying

More common than transport gateways

Mail server is good example
 SMTP messages received by server
 De-capsulate messages to read mail header
and decide to store for user or forward to
other mail server

Forwarded using SMTP and acts as relay

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Routing protocols

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP)

Intermediate System to Intermediate
System (IS-IS)

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Routing protocols

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Administrative Distances

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