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rji-'-ty-
J''
OBSEEVATIONS
VITRUVII
DE
WITH
ARCIIITECTURA
SI'ECIAL
THIH
By
J.
L.
[Trititslaled
from
1), cuNDi'iT
TO
UEGABD
TXU:
T\\\y
WOliK
ami
Duiiish,
.sTi'.F.KT,
iV/ct-
Tin.
Shi'
TIME
AT
DECEM
WHICU
WlllTTEX
LL.D.
Uss!N(j. I'li.l).,
the
LIBRI
ancfiiUij Utxhed
iiANOVKi:
hy
the
sv(.:aiu-:.
Authvr]
W.
The
Council
desirable
this
jprint
to
the
of
while
Institute^
thinking
take
translation^
it
responsihiUty
no
for
of
the
co7ichjsion.s
arrived
at.
any
Edition
The
Vitruvius
of
lohich
basal
is
treatise
Ussin{j*s
Dr.
upon
is
that
of
Rose
and
{Leipsic
Mullcr-Strilhing
but
1867)
the
references
also
apply
edition.
Schneider*
to
Wlicn
nnmbers^e.fj.
the
"9(8)"
"
the
latter
to
that
of
Schneider.
by
noted
chapters
two
arc
former
refers
to
the
edition
of
Rose,
and
-^W
3s~.
"'
NOV
1902
17
OBSEEVATION'S
ON
VITRUVII
ARCEITECTURA
DE
WITH
SPECIAL
REGARD
TO
WORK
WAS
THIS
By
FR0FS8S0R
LATB
Translated
This
is called
work
of it
extract
by
M.
in
was
OF
from
LATIX
AXD
the Danisht
Faventinus,
TIME
AT
WHICH
WRITTEN.
ORBXK
manuscripts
the
Cetius
this opus
When
J. L.
THE
DECEM
LIBRI
the
and
IX
UKIVCaBITT
THK
COPEXHAOKK.
carefully revieed by
Vitruvii
author
first printed,towards
OF
de
end
Author
architectura
is called
the
the
Vitruvius
of the
libri
decern.
In
the
Polio.
fifteenth
century,
it created
An
author
who, according to his own
justlyso.
saying,
tecture,
archiof ancient
was
a
contemporary of Caesar and Augustus, provided us with a manual
valuable help to the understanding of the numerous
a
partly preserved and highly
them
admired
to copy
i^mains of antiquity,and a guide to those who
might want
; and
in its highest glory,and
this at a time when
Benaissance
architecture
when
was
all efforts
the revival'of antiquity. Learned
well as architects pounced upon
tended
towards
as
men
an
immense
him
and
sensation
made
use
and
of him
very
became
; he
teacher
in architecture
to
the. new
time.
And
his
We
do not
authoritylasted for centuries ; only in the present century it has begun to fade.
best monuments
him any longer,as a closer knowledge of the
want
of classical antiquity
has
we
presented
us
with
see
better
we
models
do not
and
believe
better
in him
teachers.
Now
we
implicitly
; as
our
venture
eyes
to criticise him
begin
to
open,
we
Instead of an
excellent
architect from
shortcoming greater than the other.
who
boasts of
period,we find a shallow-minded, ignorant man
gloriousRoman
he
discover
that
does not
is
the
he
he
not
we
even
man
;
may
knowledge which
possess
is
pretends to be. But before entering on a closer explanationof this statement, which
discover
the
meant
one
most
to be the
essence
of this
pamphlet,
I must
declare
that
I do
not
at all consider
the
work
It is imquestionably a work
which
be of great
question as useless or valueless.
may
there
is not the slightestdoubt
that
caution.
For
and with
if appliedcritically
use
we
have
before us an ancient author, though not from the time specially
designatedas clsbssical,
had sources
who
which
above all;a man
who
had seen
a
man
a
see, and
good deal we cannot
it would
these sources
what
have
be of great importance to know
Therefore
not.
we
were,
time he lived.
This quesis it an idle question to ask at what
he used them
and how
; nor
in
/-y.i-
OBSERVATIONS
tion
in
is of
his
importance
language
Romance
the
leads
Roman
fact
We
which
which
if it
been
had
he
happened
this
language,
to
of
view,
the
as
well
to
technical
as
friend, and
the
latter
former
is
was
encouraged
not
and
used
had
published during
least
several
was
respects
Schultz
of
the
so-called
Vitruvius
the
name
who,
as
Schultz's
their
work,
the
a
rule,
brevity
in
PlinianiSy
p. 57
offer the
were
of
so
to
that
Schultz
which
already
in the 9th
no
done
right.
with
that
In
in
him
to
the
same
and
he
became
by
the
fact that
quoting
De
some
really critical
year
needed.
auctorum
in
Vitruvius,
that
imder
pope
Therefore
was
But
thought
999
took
Osann
f.).
of
that
finished
friends, and
p. 617
he
Pliny
but
not
was
in
which
that
prove
genuineness
knowledge,
1856
in
his work,
occasionally, though
evidence
further
to
Schultz
from
ignorant humbug,
an
(1837)
this
to
information
from
century.
undertook
(printed in
intention,
agree
who
refuted
university of Bonn,
suspecting
was
cannot
we
only appeared
that
v.
only the
architectural
and
had
the
have
is
written
was
technical
of
vol.
philological
his views
his nearest
to
Mus.
not
which
in
of
had
critical eye
6, 1829
also
extracts
his ideas
denied
his
work
the
Bhein.
in fact
was
Hirt
the
with
no
detail, and
by archbishop Gerbert,
conclusive
thinks
He
view
hitherto
programme
and
flf.,
proofs
Harleianus,
by Vitruvius, without
best
"
opinion
an
devoid
were
they
"
him
and
Mela
However,
(comp.
far.
in
drawn
"
It
written
or
imparted
He
them
too
observations, which
mentions
Pliny
codex
Pliny.
written
was
Sylvester II,
of
of
adopt
went
has
when
Wetzlar,
May
drawn.
barbarous
without
conmiunicates
he
mistakes
more
Vitruvius
from
of
the
technical
and
in
state
been
He
of
from
of Vitruvius,
of
military
workman
as
Only
see.
Goethe
1836),
and
his views
to
no
to.
his
at
simple
statements
to
had
architectural
an
Frontinus
nonsense
explain
out
Pomponius
also that
of
lifetime.
to
iv.
vol.
being
period,
Augustus.
beginning
scandalised
penetrating mind,
letter
be
councillor
Schultz,
In
information
of
professional authority.
to
spun
his
inclined
but
MS.
fuU
competent
by Goethe,
L.
clearly that
proves
being
on
the
state
detect
been
had
we
some
alludes
or
of
since
ever
knowledge
the
he
time
the
to
from
with
man
Museum^
Vitruvius
at
founded
closely.
more
thing
one
the
had
sufl"cient
Bheinisches
Nake's
for
Vitruvius,
while
subject
the
and
Welcker
was
not
C. F.
and
his
by
defective
had
knowledge,
from
to
with
could
we
real
Augustus,
earlier
an
reports
that
statement
all kinds
for
he
the
easy
fixed
to
if
strange
facts
hterature
can
same
again
point
of
is less
belong
to
time
be
the
this
on
time
lower
This
write
not
live at the
It
the
spoken
of
the
to
the
to
later.
However,
quern
be
knowledge,
as
post
had
did
follows.
of
belonged
age
find
close
transition
author
an
centuries
did not
in the
its
We
the
at
see
Augustus
golden
dated
which
accoimted
opened.
was
writings
in Latin
history of architecture
might
four
the
own
book
readers
professionalman
examine
and
the
in
have
pretending
or
to
appear
of
to
what
author's
from
expert
study of languages.
surprised
it would
language,
the
time
author
author,
DECEM
dissolution, and
terminus
the
technical
was
the
they
from
seen
his
source
some
That
most
his
constructed
shortcoming
literaryeducation.
his
that
considerable
possess
Renaissance
for this
the
doubt
not
and
Caesar,
its
of
; nevertheless
in
be
literarylanguage.
only
that
either
to
three
authors
easily
himself
did
scholars
to
be
lived
wonder
cannot
under
appeared
of
the
even
he
betray him,
Earlier
architect
point
Romans
conventional
will
hope,
at
willingly betray
not
Now
time
certainty.
signs
classes
all
by
that
but
tongue,
which,
exact
does
those
not
the
the
conclusion
the
to
living
in
that
spoken
also
peculiaritiesalrecwiy
that
was
LIBRI
not
approaching
was
which
language
ARCHITECTURA
should
we
if such
Now
DE
archaeology, but
to
tongue
classes, and
uneducated
are
Latin
the
languages.
Augustus,
only
not
VITRUVn
peculiaritieswhich
antiquity,when
of
ON
the
oldest
philologists,
no
"
notice
in
H.
spite
of
of
Brunn
indicibus
parallel passages
by
his quotations
reader
(1856), Schultz's
posthumous
OBSERVATIONS
his
pnbliahed by
work,
romischen
des
did
author
decide
architect
not
nor
that
further,
down
libelli."
This
printed pamphlet
of 55
fata
sua
it in my
university
does
not
1872,
wrote
bear
to
in detail
out
it with
in
to
the
it
death
seems
his
take
to
necessary
(1890)
be
in
one
Philologus,
tried
he
to
dismisses
Teuflfel
it is alluded
and
1870,
Schwabe
published by
is not
pamphlet
It
3).
p.
indicated, in order
had
correct
closely
mentioned
Houses,
who
put
habent
"
small
was
named
after
the
all.
So
at
question again.
the
up
Schultz's
may
(I have
Pliny,
lAtteratur,
editions
form,
Brunn
the
was
he
But
to
real
what
he
Plinius,'* in which
which
romischen
following
three
fifth edition
in the
but
the
matter
der
of
des
Quelle
be
to
Boman
and
editor
authors
two
the
about
Oeschickte
in
manner
same
author*s
in
notice
short
the
als
was
Germany
Greek
the
by Detlefsen,
modest
in
enough
neither
of Theodosius.
too
the
Vitruvius
"
general opinion
in
Though
done
thinks
Schultz
that
to
has
pretended
forgotten
About
between
relation
rather
or
who
Geheimen
Lieutenant.
read
we
Zeitalter
das
Schultz,
L,
he
work,
Vitruvius
appeared
1876
his
Augustus
it is almost
known
essay
of
Great,
of
been
time
booklet
octavo
pages
have
the
the
that
prove
excellent
tolerably long
the
programme
to
seem
live at the
not
F,
C.
von
to
philosopher
closet
iiber
Untersuchungen
Pollio
the
DECEM
Schultz, Ingenieur
that
clearly
proves
Constantine
of
Otto
von
UBRI
title
the
Vitruvius
finishing touch
the
expert, but
did
he
time
the
to
technical
give
He
question.
the
to
ARCHITECTURA
under
Marcus
herausgegeben
live
not
DE
appeared
son,
Kriegsbaumeisters
Ober-BegierungS'Bathy
the
VITRUVII
ON
I.
time
The
and
educated,
literature
In
of
Augustus
the
art
by Vitruvius, and
cannot
learn
doubting
agree
with
this
surprising phenomenon
lines
opinion
some
reader's
pardon
like
("
philosopher
uti
non
work
the
to
his
his
that
such
the
We
rhetorician,
disertus
rhetor
nee
do
quotes
know
even
by
him
an
After
about
greatest wealth
the
man
which
could
having
matters
that
treasures
see
art
not
received
of
be
boasts
of
in
his
feelingno
high
says
who
enters
to
that
but
in
acquire more
should
of
not
an
this
asks
the
write
architect
*'). Nevertheless
same
learned
knowledge
he
has
half
which
the
conversations
his
parents
of literature
by parents
this way
artis
according
"
authors
of Greek
than
the
rationibus
it is this
education
he
like
("4), "thanks
VI
he
does
summis
work
that
support
he
that
upon
without
and
thoughts
practicalman
In
scribere
sum
art, and
of
was
grammarian,
nisus
careful
and
he
scholar.
grammaticus
acquired
such
learning
he feels it unnecessary
consists
large number
name
struck
thought
was
only natural
was
physical reflections,and
who
man
"
not
or
nee
haec
that
and
of grammar,
enjoys writing
with
rules
the
Architectura
feel
first book
the
De
attributing the
of
it
Then
like
write
to
writings.
culminating points
books
period, we
thought
fact.
class, it
lower
unable
from
have
as
highly
was
their
to
language, style,nor
circumstance
the
uneducated
humanities.
of the
the
to
by philosophical and
time
our
having taught
he
against
it
ten
that
at
public
beauty
of the
one
the
Neither
would
stated
be
highest rank,
the
up
saying
of
sin
architectus
ut
and
quoted
philosophus
is taken
own
scholars
with
sed
belonging
equals
written
really so.
nobody
at
hands
our
be
to
explained by
be
been
any
of
summus
exercitatus
his
have
for
and
himself
not
standing
into
this is
whether
might
of
language
they pretend
had
literaryeducation
the
speak
ourselves
take
we
statement,
without
feel
of
peculiar stamp
The
literature.
of Roman
age
gift of giving
when
that
from
that
the
Now,
refrain
to
seem
to
golden
constantly
we
civilisation.
of ancient
had
authors
in
as
the
was
and
teachers,
filled his
possesses,
for
and
mind
declaring
want.**
education
he
does
not
want
to
be
considered
an
OBSEBVATIONS
ARCHITECTURA
DE
UBRI
DECEM
ignorantartisan,and
only
if he
himself
to defend
attempt
an
him
be.
would
It is said
will receive
receive from
difference
Vitruvius
by
the
Varro
of real
man
was
not
to write
care
Augustus, but
of
AtheruBumol
critic in the
January this
(1898)
year
"
that
skilled reader
no
does
time
the
VITRUVn
ON
styleand
he
as
fails,
as
such
attempts generally do
time
an
he wrote
like
will
he talked.
as
learned
if not
he
immense
of
man
undertaken
by
often
the
the
than
2, VI
Ill, 1, 3, V prsef.
10
commensus
I, 3, 2, 1, 7 extr..
mensura
finds
author
extr.
prsef.
sometimes
And
"c.
"c.
IX, 9 (8),6-7,
2, VII prsef.1,
Strikingpluralsare conscriptionesV prsef.
let 3, IX, 7 (6),3, soZZ^r^i^ VII prsef.
I, 1, 17, II, 1,8, scienticB 1,1,17, III prssf.
ericditiones
that the
own
abstract
these
it sufficient to add
ad
fuerit fundamentorum
solidum
retain
nouns
depressio;
"
I, 5,
of
"
much
so
est instead
only
in I, 3, 2
factiimest, as
erit moenium
cum
*'
cum
conlocandorum
explicatio."
words
of the
One
to the Latin
Pliny
language,comp. Ht5^.
appreciatedhis
so
far
as
to
times.
hundred
doubt
no
tendencies
frequentlyoccurringin
about
index, it is found
exclude
Nat,
from
of the
that
XXXIV,
Latin
own
classical authors.
65
: non
style, but
foreign word,
every
Vitruvius
At the time
fact that
in
such
was
is symmetria ;
of
Pliny this
hahet
he
the
not
of
NohFs
is still a
stranger
symmetria,
nomen
his purifying
generallyadopted in the
not
was
different connection
fwtitia in the
Latinum
does
if it
according to
word
carry
case
with
and
different
symmetria.
"
signification
III
praef.1, VI
III prsef.extr., and anteponere
put forth
put forth at first II prsef.5 ;
si prope urbem
essent, dignum esset, ut ex his
dignum est for operce pretium est II, 7, 4 :
officinis omnia
similar things are quoted from Vopiscus,Lactantius,
perficerentur
opera
;
4, ponere
praef.
Thus
"
"
sense
"
renown
*'
"
"
"
and
Augustinus ;
necessUate
necessario
X, 2,
1.
few instances
videtur is meant
to
**
"
"
"
ON
OBSERVATIONS
in Bose's edition II
found
Vitruvius
only
3, is
prsBf.
memcrare
uses
DE
VITRUVn
; or
correction of
mistaken
LIBRI
ARCHITECTUBA
ratio
"
DECEM
"
in the
;
manuscripts)
that
verb
the
ire
whereas
we
Ovid
and
"
"
"
"
"
"
devertar."
With
quo
6.
magisex meliore vinoparaMtur VII, 10, 4, potvus dignioresVI praef.
Comp. nimium
dulcior.
Lactemt. Instit. I, 21, 10 : maxime
Commodian,
Similarly
Apolog. 5 : plus levior. SulpiciusSeverus, Chron. II, 46, 5 : plus iusto inflatior.About
the use of the preposition
cib in the comparison,
see
immediately below.
in such a way
The superlative
is repeatedly
that the differt
o
ence
placedparallel a positive
penituBVIU,
7, 14.
is effaced
insuaves
si sit optim^aseu
emd
where
romanische
it may
Comparation,
the adverbs
Among
"
II, 8, 19
sunt
from
one
differently
there
occur
vitiosa,VIII, 1, 7
are
where
cases
in classical authors ;
even
may
emother
be
"
mentioned
II, 1, 1
the
in
is done
see
in the
homimmi
eo
gravissinuedurcequeet
by such a juxtaposition,
Wolfflin,Lateinische und
qu^
here.)
case
aiiter^not
"
harm
no
of
sense
congressu
**
otherwise,"but
"
aliter
profundebantur
"
^*
habent
iuata=^8ecur^um
"
"
"
*'
**
"
9, 14
suci vehement!
ab
'*
amaritate
"
ab
carie aut
tinea
non
nocetur."
ab,
^'
compared
such
as
"
no
doubt
'prcby super
or
"
"
supra,
ultra.
metopae quae
placed instead of the dative or parallelwith it,as in IV, 3, 2 :
sunt proximsead septenfiunt,"VII, 13, 2 : hse regiones
proximaBad angularestriglyphos
trionem
158, 2 : "ad finem vitse proximus"),VI, 9,
by Euodius in AugustineJS[p.
(equally
is
ad
"
"
"
(6),2
''
conmioda
Salinas ad
erit ministratio."
non
Equally in
temperandum praebeturaquae
"r*
erit
X,
longe,"but
(4), 2:
multitude."
soon
after
''ita hortis ad
X,1S^14:
''ut
"
ad olearios fructus
irrigandumvel
ad
solvendmn
ad
3
non
\
I
6
ON
OBSERVATIONS
"
VITRUVn
ARCHITECTURA
DE
LIBRI
DECEM
in lieu of the
the whole,**Praun
observes on
"On
generallyapplied"solvendo."
the
ad
the
extended
with
its
has
or
gerund
preposition
gerundive
sphere at the
the
the
the
and
in
the
with
ablative."
of
other
constructions,
dative,
genitive,
expense
de instead of the simpleablative in I praBf.
2 :
wise
Likeparentituo de eo fueram notus/*
circini usum,
in I, 1, 4 :
facilius fledificiorum expediunturdescripe
e
quo maxime
of measure,
tiones.*' About ex in expressions
below.
see
With regard to conjunctions,
Drager,Histor. Syntax II p. 153, has alreadypointedout
that aut and sive are used quiteindiscriminately
by Vitruvius. A critic in the Athenceum,
the misuse
I had
of aut and sive is no great matter."
Jan. 1, 1898, says :
not expected
esset
p. 65,
the
"
"
"
"
"
skilled reader.'*
Latin
Most
scholars
would
have
the
contrary
view.
Equallyimclassical is the
The
.
word
.
does
7ieve
as
neve,
I, 1, 7
not
:
**
of the
use
occur
sit cupidusneque
ne
it is also
patum.** As for negations,
He
the sentence.
tendum,**
"
Vitruvius
non
says
of
consisting
sentences
always puts
in mimeribus
to be observed
ne
that he
possunt esse
This is done
esse,*'"c.
example
striking
in vetustate
likes to
animimi
place them
"
other
enim
non
of
ne
occu-
in
foremost
prsBt^rmit-
putavinon
**
in
occasionally
is II, 8, 8
alternatives.
two
neqtce instead
habeat
capiendis
putaviprsBtermittenduminstead of
frequently.A
esB
He
"
non
puto dubium
non
very
caemento,
"
in
negatives
in Vitruvius.
in
authors, but
qusB sunt
molli
ruinosse.*'
non
is gradually
num
conjunction
replaced
does not exist
from the language. In Vitruvius num
disappears
entirely
find (the single)
The
at all,neither do we
nonne.
only particle
by which he
an, ne, nor
cf.
introduces a dependent interrogative
clause is si,e.g. II, 8, 19 :
si est firma probatur,**
find utrum
II praef3, VI preef6, VII prsBf5, VII extr. al. Only in double clauses we
dubitantes utrum
morbo an pabulivitio Isesa essent.'* But si occurs
an, as I, 4, 9 :
equally,
statim nemo
de ipsa autem
II, 8, 19 :
testa, si sit optima seu vitiosa,
potest
comp.
iudicare.*' VII, 5, 4 :
fieri potest necne.**
Si in
animadverterunt
si quid eorum
neque
this sense
alreadyoccurs in Plautus ; so we do not wonder that it is found in Vitruvius, but
wonder that it is the only interrogative
he knows, as it is the only one which
we
conjunction
has migratedinto the Eomance
to an influence
languages. Whether this si is due originally
from the Greek language,
authors
I daxe not decide.
ancient
Boman
not unThe
most
f
or
which
their
borrowed
words
ideas
to
to
frequently
name
fromjjrreek express
or
objects
The
constructions.
did
lacked
but
borrow
forms
own
not
words,
or
language
age of
they
Cicero and Augustus tried to remove
the Greek words and to keep the language pure, but
that where
these attempts did not entirely
succeed, and in the silver age we find repeatedly
It is
by
and
an,
well-known
later
on
"
"
''
"
it became
their
Greek
liked to show
words, the authors
necessary. -to use
Greek flexions,
in the nominative
instead of us, u in the
as
os
the
retaining
In the
course
of time such
hellenisms
increased,and
the
of them
great number
knowledge
in
"c.
genitive,
which
occur
in Vitruvius also
"
is,as
**
pentadorois II, 3, 3.
**
characteristic hellenism
thari, V,
as
1, 3
"
is the
use
inferiorum
superiora
alia
of the
the comparative
longiussitaha ab
in Apuleius,
in
as
to
genitivecorresponding
fiericontractiora,"I, 5, 4
"
ut
ne
Met, III, 11
suadeo
**
"
*'
....
in
'*
de
Tertullian,
ON
OBSEBVATIONS
40
Apol.
Pastor
''
maiora
Archiv
this
that
says
him
for
I have
well, but
He
below.
for
etiam
quo
videtur
striking
of
attraction
of
Athenseus
and
(Itala), as
retained,
in
the
knew
I should
Plautus
my
comp.
AtheruBum
Ennius."
and
I
instead
sacris
from
pretty
II, 1, 4
will
Latin
of
not
am
mentioned
his
but
sources,
mention
3, 11
his
pondere
**
eequo
demonstrative
the
maxime
deorum
in
gymnasia,"
relicto
be
will
we
IX,
as
sunt
non
spatio
"
omission
Greek."
item, comp.
quorum
civitatibus
quibus
relative
of
the
which
influences
these
striking
the
from
largely
knowledge
Among
sedibus
"
in
the
thought
Irenseus
regular construction
been
reviewer
{/cat)in comparisons,
etiam
Equally
I, 7, 1
his
Greek.
(ovBev ^aaov)
"Herculi
and
esse"
chapters
drawn
have
by
superfluous
relative, as
the
before
the
Flautus
translated
"
the
than
more
corona."
fuerat
Vitruvius
influenced
the
above-mentioned
of
Bible
the
genitive has
by
it.
that
minus
non
Further
17, "c.
of
has
here
Vulgate
likely to
more
seems
style is appreciably
preference
said
been
translation
avoided
not
DECEM
translations
Latin
the
Latin
The
genitive is
found
translated
has
he
that
to
never
often
It has
sure
Greek
LIBRI
occasionally the
flf. The
"p. 117
YIl,
Lex.
slipshod
obliged
been
have
/.
"
but
so,
in
oldest
facient."
horum
mostly
and
hsec/'
quam
Vfolf"m^
maiora
"
the
ARCHITECTURA
"
terrain
in
frequently
very
6, 27
I Maccab.
et Africes
Asiae
maiorem
"
Hermes
DE
VITRUVn
and
tutela
civitas
still
the
arborum
quanto
pronoun
more
longitudines
patiuntur."
In
syntax of Vitruvius,
the
expressing
**
maior
latitudine
which
"
also
appears
Plin.
II,
unius
But
attract
and
Varro
as
attention
is his
with
accusative,
our
equally employs
he
the
the
genitive,a
Pliny,
of this
denum,
Vitruvius
et
altse
septuagenum,
pedum
Thus
7.
instead
his
latas
''areas
H.
N.
of
way
^^
as
construction
XXXVI,
92
longas pedum
III, 4 (5), 1
(5), 3, IV,
latum
rationibus, uti, si
4, 2
erunt
parte
also
longa
the
uses
in
sunt
qusB
"c.
facito."
sit columnfle
ablative, comp.
(columnarum)
crassitudines
"
"
quinquagenum
uti lataet
"
IV,
pede,"
octava
quinquagenum
centenum
genitivus qtccUitatisVitruvius
sesquipede,
longum
"
extenuentur
but
authors,
quinum
pedum
XXXVI,
crassitudinis
II, 3,
latsB
140,
(6), 4 "c.
more
16:
10,
XVni,
"
ancient
that
regular construction
imse
(pyramides)
Columel.
in
things
the
uses.
XX
pedes
quam
of the
one
often
He
measures.
fronte,
hse
flant
parte."
similar
"
**
Arretio," IV,
"
of
(8),4
ibi, V, 8
arboribus
excisis
I, 2, 1, it
*'
VII,
(If
considered
be
comici
the
as
Even
ablative
This
names
the
in
Hispania
appears,
with
the
peragunt,"
the
II, 9,
genitive,II, 8,
Cicero's
against
in
put
are
"^gypto
genitive
of
scena
is foimd
testimony
harmonises
in
actores
same
the
instead
Zacyntho."
"
tragici et
coUocatis."
well
Country
Asia," VI, 1,
frequently.
in the
of towns
"eo
"Achaia
II, 6, 5
Sunio," VIII, 3,
(7), 2:
determinations.
local
the
Gallia,"
et
Names
eoque
as
may
in
found
Ponto
"
et AfricsB."
Cretse
instead
is
preposition, as
13, 2
VII,
Ponto,"
13
wavering
without
ablative
the
use
X, ^
ad
Ep.
of
eo
12:
Brutum
genuineness
of
those
epistles.)
is constructed
Noceri
mentia
de
dogm^ate Platonis
Est
causa
occurring
of the
gerund
p. 57
Italian
and
II,
It
rare
is,as
Spanish.
in
larix ab
the
carie
aut
of
Madvig,
poets, comp.
is very
ff.
"
tinea
non
**
neque
nocetur."
ab
ignis
vehe-
Similarly Apuleius
17.
cognoscere,
in the
Praun,
personally
II, 9, 14
nocentur."
we
in
Lat.
Gr.
cognoscendi, is
" 419.
Vitruvius, whereas
know,
the ablative
form
^
the
It has
ablative
which
construction
been
is
passes
noticed
and
now
that
the
then
genitive
the
Bomance
languages
//^
"^
As
prose
good
longer
comp.
Studia
in Studemund's
In
result.
real
according
Plautus
find
we
indiscriminately in
the
It is the
of every-day
negligence
dependent
in II, 6, 4
17
"
but
infemas
lectum
est, qua
generibus
tradita
proprietatibus
firma
et
sunt
et
fact which
Finally
esse,
as
will not
1, 1, 16
shall*
to
word
These
to
In
and
the
Romance
of
speaking
more
in
forgotten by
cultivated
speaking
the
last
to
language.
existed,
even
does
It has
of
oratio
an
it is
and
singulis
quibusque
rationibus
haec
nobis
"quae
obliqua
for
praef.9
words.
We
where
in other
also appear
imclassical
Quorum
**
the
indicative,
the
certainly
VII
as
the
infinitive
the
notas."
to
IV,
is very
verb
have
to
ei
utrum
often
noticed
already
Similarly
sentence.
habere
governing
point
the
to
We
the
at
which
differed
To
sure,
be
and
of
belong
find
auxiliaries,
the
which
they
3, 2
belong,
qui metopas
"
its
before
put
object,
the
in
proved
ages,
yet
a
that
it
spite
was
popular tongue
The
in
less
or
and
of
not
this
so
similar
difference,
with
the
to
that
the
or
we
perly
pro-
would
the
that
find
is
words
(slang
it remains
Romans,
way
it
old
some
Vitruvius
which
of
source
former
the
arbitrary formations
like
vulgar
somewhat
appears
; in
to
been
literary
between
latter by
writer
the
the
real
the
language
the
of
besides
was
latter
the
in
mind,
of
language,
it). However,
been
classes.
has
phenomenon
difference
and
language
influence
the
it,and
in all nations
negligent
this
existed
there
from
Latin
the
that
it to
ages
lower
somewhat
to
attribute
much
very
of the
that
indicated
remotest
we
of
decadence
have
classical
not
in the
of
more
De
(7), 7:
substituted
But
the
before
superior culture
society,and by some
more
not
usS
make
the
even
former
notions
in
philologists. They
people and
the
some
some
"
"quibus
8
intel-
eo
indicative
comparatsB
irregularities
may
4.
position of
tongues.
languages.
by
and
clause,
foremost
others
many
popular tongue
refined
enriched
relative
the
sum,
Romance
of educated
quotes
II, 9, 17
8:
est, qusB
ex
sentence.
discipUnas penitus
whole
or
features
its transition
clauses
subjunctive
similar
as
preferably placed
are
"
poena/'
negation
the
in relative
Obs.
indefinite
brieflymention
put
(8),
has
dicam."
369
"
11
in
pulvis,'*II, 9,
deterior
the
him
Vitruvius
(16), 10
esse
17.
v.
indicative
the
clearly where
videantur
moods
it suited
where
Praun
sentence,
same
both
see
abies
22
any
which
Amphitruo
ibi nascitur
dicitur
cogitabant."
most
the
even
putting
etiam
limits
without
Nevertheless
supemas
rerum
consider,
to
constitit
facere."
sequales volunt
language
in
Gr,
an
possint
ut
stop
in
velle, "c.
**
side
natura
and
Lat,
digna
we
and
posse,
whether
non
appears
indicative
the
used,
subjunctive
inclination
the
find
Madvig,
merenti
accident,
be
to
we
comp.
the
employ
ita
penetrare
sint inventa,
frequently
we
authors,
Becker
sentences
author
prsBstat usus,** X,
rules
modmn
ad
quem
quibus
subjunctive ought
is
quid
in
all
Plautus,
E.
distinct
such
we
by
and
draw
Plautus'
doubt.
or
in urbe
diutumitatem
of
the
indulge
would
.,
by
used
Terence
Plautus, but
several
on
followed
subjunctive, holds
especially by
in
subjunctive;
esse
That
quid
disregard of
placed side by
are
quibus
procreantur
potenmt
....
subjimctive
the
in
been
has
ita qusB
The
p. 72.
on
passages
the
flf.,
to
117
comment
reflection
adversarii
ratione
the
writer
prose
in aedificiis ad
egregios
rule
by
made,
I p.
also
my
desideratio
Insequitur animadversio,
DECEM
general
indicative
the
comp.
really expresses
Eelinquetur
"
and
which
talk
classical
no
which
clause
the
been
Latinos
have
to
sentence,
same
have
indicative
the
opinion ought
Becker's
to
subjimctive
the
that
Attempts
3.
priscos Scriptores
ad
application of
the
between
known
LIBRI
Obs.
356
"
Gr.
Lat
ARCHITECTURA
dependent interrogativeclause
language
the
when
Madvig,
DE
sufl"cientlywell
fact
writers, to express
classical
no
it is
moods,
to
VITRUVn
ON
OBSERVATIOICS
be
same
there
towards
OBSERVATIONS
the
close
himself
that
"
of
show,
of the
empire.
as
have
we
"
in the
only
possibly have
been
boasts
of
his
man.
It
has
language
written
DE
time
the
at
as
LIBRI
witness
culture, and
of
been
overlooked
style is
far
very
notice
that,
there
is much
subjects treated,
DECEM
it has
his
that
equally escaped
in the
but
ARCHITECTURA
Vitruvius
quoting
In
seen
plain imeducated
not
VITRUVII
ON
as
we
he
that
from
being
going
are
which
could
to
not
Augustus.
II
If the
language is striking,the style is
quoted specimens, highly afiPected. The author
unsuccessful.
out
Cum
This
divina
taque virtute
tua
is shown
et
mens
scriptaet magnis
tui
animi
rei
publicaeque
te
per
cogitationibusexpllcata edere,
offensionem.
ea
auctoritates,
tibi ederem,
ideo
concilium
autem
idem
Aurelio
ad
et
refectionem
tormentorum
et
gentes
omnes
ampUssimis
timore
tantis
occupationibus, de architectiura
apto tempore interpellanssubirem
non
ne
de
vita
Cn.
Cornelio
fui
prsesto
notus
omnium
commimi
eius
et
dedioavisset
eum
memoria
ad
et
virtutis
curam
in
permanens
accepi
; quae
scorpionum
primo
cum
beneficio
eo
ergo
tuam
favorem.
contulit
te
et
Cum
servasti.
in
parentis
ballistarum
eis commoda
cum
Gum
studiosus.
imperium
et
apparationem
commendationem
sororis
per
fueram
eo
in eius
meum
Minidio
tribuisti, recognitionem
de
tuo
inmortalitatis
studium
P.
et
liberatus
senatus
et
invic*
terrarum
gloriarentur
de
etiam
parenti
sedibus
in
transtuUsset,
potestatem
non
primum
cselestium
M.
Itaque cum
reliquorumque
mihi
quod
cives
solum
non
turns
habere, sed
provinciisesset
egregias haberet
te
above-
the
imitation
his
potiretur orbis
imperio
metuens
attenderem
vero
constitutione
solum
non
Cum
from
see
victoriaque tua
tuum
spectarent numen
populusque Bomanus
audebam,
cogitationibusconsiliisquegubernaretur, non
we
classics,but
dedication
subactffi
tuis
the
imperator Caesar,
stratis, triumpho
is,as
It
so.
imitates
in the
once
numen,
hostibus
cunctis
at
less
no
essem
obligatus,ut
**
When
Csesar,
and
when
and
relieved
of such
about
and
from
time
state,
welfare
but
also
of
that
state, but
have
excellent
ought
with
this
his
not
my
"
virtue
gods, he
forbear
to
quality
has
by
models
book
"
of
thee
not
of
thee
sublime
thee
(valour) ;
but
transferred
had
as,
to
soon
as
For
thy
taken
by
an
an
the
public
be
thought
as
possible
father
need
salary
of
the
that
thou
in
counsel
of
the
of
im-
have
in
want
work
hadst
of
memory
be
mayst
those
presented
The
possible.
to
all the
rules
translation
Of
course,
the
be
is
a
bad
of
still
be
definite
ancient
had
building
public
as
well
left to
with
rules,
consulting
of the
and
which
live, I
because
erected, for
made
to
harmonising
down
without
know
to
are
obliga-
an
as
an
thy
on
they might
state
put
them,
able
that
in
have
observing
in
as
posterity
deeds.
others,
me
owing
wast
care
that
machines,
under
thee,
and
take
to
and
long
as
for
built
private buildings, so
of ballistas
grantedst
this benefit,
of
wishedst
thou
as
fear
Cn.
the
as
and
shooting
So, being
this
thou
that
much,
as
be
There
Minidius
well
as
to
his
to
thee.
to
M.
other
thou
of
account
clinging
construction
which
write
to
noticed
the
in
on
not
began
well
knew
inteirest
thee
to
thy great
dwellings
the
the
received
its favour
repairing
sister^s recommendation.
might
empire
in
tion
the
and
work
of
of
arrangement
scorpions,
surrendered
in
mine
Aurelius,
M.
helped
Cornelius,
acknowledgment
of the
constitution
the
been
has
of
transferred
haa
memory
dominion
ardour
great
at
care
his
this
power,
and
midst
displeasure,
take
only
things.
I
been
interrupting
public buildings,
and
my
with
not
of
also
these
mine,
with
incurring thy
didst
sublime
the
executed
presenting
about
of
fear
up
and
in
forward
had
looked
people
by thy
venture,
convenient
added
the
ruled
not
all and
of the
Roman
were
come
and
buildings,so
to
to
thou
by
defeated
peoples
the
did
which
for
thought,
observing that
con:m[ion
business,
grave
been
all
and
fear,
counsel,
inconvenient
But
had
thy
victory,
architecture,
efiforts of
enemies
whole
the
over
and
mortality,
genius, Emperor
and
dominion
to
senate,
all
haberem
non
mind
its
valour, and
thy triumph
thoughts
divine
thy
invincible
humbly
vitse
extending
was
world,
thy
exitum
so
others,
buildings as
in
this book
art."
to
be
affected
as
correct
Latin
cannot
C
as
10
OBSERVATIONS
The
with
is the
model
author's
following
the
ON
lines
VITRUVn
letter
well-known
Gum
sustineas
tot
Italas
Bes
et
armis
Si
he
true,
interest
his
he
building, he
this
about
emperor
wishes
to
French
Even
We
that
might
scarcely imagine
can
anything
but
death
being
has
no
Vepoque
his
it of
does
own
to
a
of
fond
he
wants
importance.
own
this
excuses
arrogance
but
write
his
book
accord,
and
in
year
27
B.c-
by
him,
to
an
him
sister, given
his
of
d'Auguste)
Vitruvius
asked
taken
favour
is
is
read
his
information
the
get
ideas
It
we
and
Augustus
that
may
modest
Caesar
his
of
aware
details.
transferred
has
he
writer
little later
of
out
that
little into
knowTi
has
idea
the
anything
and
coarse
more
at
go
he
emperor
romaine
he
us
recommendation
and
the
have
let
that
Caesar's
author
science
spiritof Augustus,
hear
the
on
possible that
address
the
upon
the
it became
written
was
of
surname
and
permanent,
inferior
an
several
is
Ccesar
Imperator
Octavianus
indicated
book
La
Augustus
that
moment
which
see
We
and
but
divine
after
work
Horace,
gratitude,
the
peceem,
Caesar."
tempora,
latter
the
acknowledgment
benefits.
conferred
that
this
distinctlyas
as
his
tua
author
the
having,
(Terquem,
by suggesting
of received
of
that
show
We
subject.
author
declares
and
written
has
begins
ornes,
are
contemporary
virtue,"
"
This
Augustus.
pension,
of
own
in
which
Augustus,
to
commoda
dedications
two
We
publiea
morer
lines
the
by speaking
commences
his
about
imitating
of
think
could
than
Vitruvius.
of
Horace
DECEM
negotia solus,
tanta
in
sermone
these
tasteful
and
those
than
taste
longo
between
difference
refined
from
tuteris, morihus
Legibus emendes,
What
LIBRI
**
more
ARCHITECTURA
DE
rank.
But
years
later.
Augustus
at
In
startling.
;
any
of
The
the
adopted
was
could
rate
writers
it
literature
history of
the
from
that
suppose
the
Quirinus
of
temple
the
mentions
author
senate
and
replaced by Imperatory
be
not
the
(III, 2
Rome
which
that
served
time.
That
Horace,
Yet
inferior
an
omission
knows
Fanum
This
title
the
Adriatic,
building
the
centre
So
there
the
In
be
translated
into
very
his
Horace,
has
thou
extended,"
which
the
the
be
model,
imperfect
he
in this
says
place
uses
is
the
; instead
:
haa
*'
When
family
name,
without
badly expressed.
tense,
present
of
saying
thou
scarcely
any
**
wast
sense.
to
As
tending,**
ex-
'
While
Of
Adorn
ShaU
That
the
you
the
steals
so
public
one
his
the
Jupiter.
patron
by
tedious
moment
so
with
weal
of
weight
prove
our
(Old English
great
defend.
arms
amend,
laws
with
letter
helping
in
important
and
serious
and
morals
with
not
of
service
sustain
affairs,
in
Mela.
V, X.
done
alone
you
Rome's
While
has
he
that
he
occupied
which
addresses
always
that
built
Pomponius
temple
the
Books
himself
not
still he
has
he
Augustiy
and
but
This
elsewhere
basilica
ades
Forum
upon
Augustus.
it, like
calls
he
as
the
him
him.
quite suitable,
shows
he
describes
he
the
about
conferred
is
calling
as
Augustus,
name
about
paraphrase,
first sentence
his
1,
for
prefaces
says
English
a
honour
Horace
of
letter
written
been
have
to
Therefore
13.
year
the
in
theatre
stone
one
and
B.C.,
title of
Fanestris,
the
14
surprising
temple
the
in
avoided
more
knew
he
in the
the
basilica, viewing
comp.
refined
by
V, chapter
constructed
seems
have
Julia
with
that
; it would
Vitruvius
hast
and
good
the
Vitruvius
dedication
The
translation.
doubt
no
alteration
complete
Where
be
can
much
Colonia
or
long side of
the
of
not
book
was
by
him
could
In
connected
was
mentioned
calls
only
he
written
dedication
author's
so
well.
been
knows
and
B.C.,
of Balbus
have
is not
16
year
theatre
friend,
is
side
quite
the
on
the
Vitruvius
his
on
for
intimate
like
the
must
Augustus
his
in
the
book
the
model
as
same
whereas
(3),2),
they conclude
built
was
crime
Csesar^s
time
trofMlation,)
'
'
ON
OBSERVATIONS
machines
to construct
tell
not
what
us
it
seems
art will be
that
he
he
with
entrusted
the
pretends
salaryfor
he
this work
was
officer who
such
post
had
his
did
ever,
How-
book.
and
his time
served
he
; that
does he
but why
hydraulicengineer?
an
this
know
not
have
Cassar's time
relates from
things he
to
been,
an
engineer in
it becomes
Caesar's
clear
service.
What
has
YIII, 4, 25
Julius,
C.
in his wars,
Caesar
of Masinissa,
son
and
conversations
learned
non-conmiissioned
been
received
11
DECEM
LIBRI
have
may
have
what
not
was
certain
he
clearlybelow.
looking closelyat
tells in book
he
Frontinus
from
unlikelythat
should
that he
siege,and
ARCHITECTURA
seen
in
And
that
very
pensioned
was
said
been
It has
of
learn
we
DE
VITRUVU
mentioned
which
in Suetonius, Jul,
would
the
not
burn
of
name
of the
those
were
castle
the
hitherto
fore,
that, there-
larch-tree,larix, and
unknown
Larignum
castellum
was
Larchtree
castle.
It strikes
us
as
and
the whole
Alpine fortress bears a quiteLatin name,
tale about
this incombustible
cannot
tree id so evidentlya cock-and-bull
story, that we
But
the author
possiblyimagine it to have been written by an engineer in Caesar's army.
he relates at the close of his
betrays himself even
more
unmistakably by the story which
than
he says, had
The
work
about the siegeof Massilia.
(X, 22, 11 flf.)
besiegers,
dug more
counter-worked
thirtymines, and were
by the besieged,who deepened the moat in front of
peculiarthat
very
wall and
the
those
who
of Massilia
barbaric
small
down
upon
the
history
in the
arranged water-basins
advanced
through
does not
allow
us
the
to
mines,
in order
town
to
thus
the
year
49
and
other
of no
knew
friendlyrelations to Bome
than
enemies
the Gauls, by whom
no
siege is reported to have taken place,and to whom
attribute such a methodical
cannot
we
proceeding. But now we possess in the second book
of Caesar's Bellum
Civile his own
descriptionof the siege. It givesa detailed report about
the walls that were
which
and besiegingmachines
towards
conducted
built, the towers
were
the walls ; it tells us that the inhabitants
set fire to these machines, that they were
replaced
that the town
had to surrender, for the besiegedcitizens did not gain the
by others, finally
is
There
about mines ; the whole tale about them
is not a singleword
victory in the end.
and
here we
fortunate enough to seize the impostor in the very act.
a fiction,
are
The
always
only edifice
basilica which
that
was
in Eavenna
used
of the
stood
he says
all
in the
of
which
he
has
most
our
author
built in Fanimi
public and
speaks
on
the
private buildingsare
more
in
Adriatic.
based
on
we
add
and
piles,
to this
that
he says, was
for this purpose,
a tree which,
only known in the towns
Po and on
natural to conclude
that this
the Adriatic Sea, it seems
his remark
the
on
was
larch-tree
the
mouths
his
home-
12
ON
OBSERVATIONS
To
country.
mentions
not
time
when
Bome
architecture,
when
Strabo
when
remain
being
him
that
Augustus
Indeed,
time
of
some
inaugurated
only
in
the
only
year
the
in modern
to
"c.
the
had
"c., not
time.
it
the
of
marble,"
should
slightestindication
where
he
of
speaks
of
having
wishes
he
reason
"
give
to
Not
word
trifles
columns,
the
Doric
if he
wanted
this
was
construct
to
instead
style
of
alluded
says
of
restoration,
and
19,
the
which
Doric,
the
here,
little
was
572)
p.
justly
not
it
which
temple
may
which
to
inaugurated by
older
we
of
to belong
seem
in
Quirinus, which
of
Topographiey
whereas
columns,
the
all
temple
the
Bom.
that
mentions
he
they
temple
be
ill-treated
and
the
by
it may
witness
What
to, and
Campus
on
though
as
and
new
for
Severus,
in Vitruvius.
Ultor
Mars
cos.feoit,bears
arguments.
of
number
temple
made
LIV,
only
of
be
spite of Becker's
same
Corinthian
the
use
(in
the
and
size
same
and
Cassius
of
14,
year
of Marcellus
temple
still admire,
III
those
to
seem
the
by Septimius
this
with
Dio
but
well
quite
replaced might
Augustus,
16
year
as
and
all
compared
exception might
as
we
"
Agrippa
M,
about
the
the
Theatre
Hadrian
by
The
with
Augusti
finished,
Pantheon
inscription:
book.
in
finished
not
were
his
Forum
of the
the
restored
was,
mere
An
76
in
Augustus
custom,
lived
works
of
town
which
who
splendid
into
find
not
Augustus
were
speak
to
which
of
the
do
written
later, and
number
large
unchanged.
probably
had
world's
only
he
colour
architect
an
most
bricks
of
the
we
of
have
to
years
preserved
buildings are
Vitruvius
of what
is
older
an
And
edifices
supposed
four
but
remains
times,
ensemble
Boman
that
the
above-quoted preface
for which
building much,
is
and
magnificent
or
B.C.
last
shadow
indeed
Borne
used
has
in the
except
built
is
three
2
Jupiter Tonans,
Martius,
the
Vitruvius
when
was
of
has
marvels.
little about
very
Aventine
town
of
DECEM
advice.
useful
the
by
by them,
the
"
description
these
knows
Mount
by constructing
transforming
was
enthusiastic
his
LIBRI
astonishing
distinguishing itself
quite unimpressed
noticed
he
the
on
it is most
But
Augustus
influenced
ARCHITECTURA
for
citizen
private
was
wrote
DE
Eoman,
no
was
a
sufficientlydurable.
was
his
he
sure,
incidentallythat
at
be
VITRUVII
it
have
ask
as
why
his
was
appreciated
his
at
time.
Let
us
speaks
which
see
of
small,
erit
"exemplar
after
which
*'
insula
Tiberina
est
special attention
is
Vitruvius
when
after
the
in
in
of
name
anything
the
Cass.
all.
Finally
Vitruvius
Cereris
the
496
and
in
31,
in
sister, Dio
Begillus B.C.
B.C.
campaign
it
was
rebuilt
in
Dio,
or
another
in
oldest
had
vowed
Tacitus,
after
of
et
Ann,
having
Statoris
Virtutis
sine
XLIX,
III, 2
Herculis
Bome
dictator
it
we
Dio
read
destroyed
not
temple
of
much
by
of
fire.
matter
that
huius
exemplar
in
L, 10
to
us
the
this
;
but
time
the
be
**
that
the
suppose
it
not
uti
of
of
it
a.d.
fire
that
as,
it
gave
temple
battle
us
and
do
we
inaugurated
Whether
must
we
at
aedis
portions Ootavia,
temples
informs
adds
et
Here
Capitolii.** The
Tiberius
then
name
Mucins
island,
the
magnificently
Tuscan
antis
diately
Imme-
on
**
facta.'*
bore
called
was
Postumius
Cass.
194
Mucio
it
item
that
in
Colliuam."
(codd. Hermodi)
rebuilt
(3), 5, speaks
the
II, 49,
been
the
Pompeiani,
build
to
; it
work
III, 1 (2), 2, he
cedis
Faunus
year
longer
no
About
43.
of
and
the
postico a
33, Octavian
year
example
Hennodori
Metelli
his
book
5 he
"
lovis
written
have
to
in
In
portam
Jupiter
of
inaugurated
Portions
that
his
of
one
fact
supposed
maximum
Circum
was
at
the
et
proxime
est
In
an
as
temple
Fauni."
et
Honoris
Fortune
quae
was
Metelli
portion
to
Dalmatian
the
53,
lovis
sBde
tribus
prostylos the
Livy XXXIV,
to
of
temple
ex
as
(codd. admariana)
Mariana
old
Fortunas
tres
mentions
he
quemadmodum
call
no
ad
according
in
est
doubt
by Vitruvius.
mentioned
buildings are
Eoman
the
know
ad
est
Ceres
lake
burnt
was
17
when
mentioned
Augustus
had
restored
probable
the
timber-
inflammable
of
but
61
IV,
which
pillars
agrees
for
meant
that
reconstructed
was
which
were
proceed in
not
well
with
the
Olympieum
does
the
not
the
Tuscan
way
with
the
on
13
DECEM
it
31,
B.C.
maintained
have
did
it
fire
the
should
They
that
says
expensive material,
more
used
after
he
roof.
and
work
Halic.
Dionysius
have
reconstruction
the
LIBRI
ARCHITECTURA
DE
immediately
temple
in
that
VITRUVn
ON
OBSERVATIONS
the
its
Athens,
before,
as
is said
Sulla
that
in
very
Capitolium
plan
same
report
appear
style with
to
accordingly
Corinthian.
Other
he
said
was
the
temples
and
means
he
the
all
building
which
Vitruvius
instituit
fuissent
in
Varro's
their
the
old
Vitruvius
be
the
the
wise
How
burnt
include
another
Caesar
secular
Aquiliana (V, 1, 5)
have
28
a.d.
from
them
An
which
had
here
and
was
time
of
Home.
Augustus
known
which
for
been
No
quite
Greek
republican
have
names
is
it from
splendid buildings
vanishing
was
changed
found
the
but
Capella.
taken
at
and
questioned
architecture,
from
lived
who
the
among
which
but
examples
author
be
Martianus
it himself,
eleganter
here, Fuficius
systematism
his
minus
about
by
de
incubuisse
nemo
non
also
may
treated
The
chose
Rome
this ?
his rebus
de
disciplinis unum
mentioned
superseded
examples
the
temple-
was
nimirum
novem
authors
originated
29.
or
de
which
of
was
he
borrowed
of
book
what
Now,
Fuficius
"
but
development
scripturaeadhuc
knew
book
that
his
not
could
and
brick, the
only
he
man
radius
tells
of
architect, only
read
be able
burnt
material
matters
in
us
great
geography
who
measures
of the
had
deal
and
writing
and
unbumt
used
in
and
nobody
mentioned
column
Of
the
time
of
history,
a
as
colonnade
building were
the
not
Or
by
arches
his
and
vaults
former
let the
determined,
we
find
an
of
in
have
forgotten
to
not
improve
the
names
of the
war,
historical
of measure,
one
place be
in
looked
over-
mention
to
It does
unit
instance
self
him-
of critical
forgotten
he
unreliable
as
now
profession have
he
could
architecture
fancied
attention
the
has
How
well
and
escape
about
in
interest
an
matters,
manual
bricks
his
took
these
about
natural
actually built
of
who
man
about
others, will
teach
the construction
as
something
to
real architect
important
real
had
to
between
all the
the
no
who
could
that
by which
and
was
man
winds, curiosities
How
99,
the
by Vitruvius.
not
may
14
Varro
of
till it
used
chosen
difference
such
case
of
latest
Vitruvius
monuments
branches,
readers.
the
are
mentions
honour
memory,
own
of the
last
the
easily
of
age
have
would
nor
kindred
to
these
he
The
lulia
of
long-forgotten names.
old
That
and
he
prsef
in id genus
vero
his
system
examples.
Terentius
magni
and
was
we
by everybody,
much,
cives
centuries
Though
undoubtedly
cared
in
basilica
from
the
these
by
disciplinis^ one
understand
died
with
him
item
whether
which
book
Varro
admired
the
novem
would
at
built
Circus
the
on
which
which
increase
to
All
Eomanum.
the
drawn
not
are
amphus
first
nothing
taste.
predecessors,
What
Pompey.
temple
the
Castor
ones
latest
Forum
the
served
Aricia.
near
The
had
of
temple
Diana
republic.
predecessors, VII
duo
throughout
it is this
doubt
his
Of
De
read
of
Caesar, and
illustrated
be
antiqui
et
know
work,
certainly
the
that
lulii,on
supplied
volumen,
scripta comparare.'*
Varro*8
of
to
edere
videtur,
we
theatre
examples
Septimius
P.
Septimius,
Divi
mentions
architectura,
cum
of
Forum
has
meant
was
himself
primus
of the
iEdes
these
which
book
same
resonance
Salus, Flora,
vessels
copper
know.
not
Undoubtedly
from
time
the
death,
of is the
speaks
do
we
their
the
they
where
of
those
as
gave
Corinth,
Capitol, and
the
to
Mummius
in
theatre
by
the
on
on
his
after
immediately
building
belong
of Venus
temple
the
are
Vejovis
of
that
temples
older
the
from
by Vitruvius,
to which
of Luna
singers'voices
the
of
power
mentioned
occasionally
are
taken
have
to
Flaminius,
too
equestris,that
Fortuna
Fontus,
anecdotes.
the
the
modulusy
diameter,
III, 2 (3), 7
of
in
the
14
latter
in
giving
aqueduct
(6), 1
read
we
critical
tasteful
the
basilica
of art
his
own
78
XXXVI,!
height
latest
must
"
to
have
a
Cetios
that
see
put something
and
intervals
at
angle of
of the
editors
unjustifiablefrom
his mistake
horizontal, it
by
Vitruvius,
our
monumental
his ten
received
drawn
and
these
rules
of
sixty or
inchnation
the
from
from
not
are
of
"
the
Augustan
3
and
source,
"
expo-
with
well
so
derived
as
(IV, 3,
harmonise
same
the
down
put
his teachers
tell ; it
cannot
we
buildings
books
Pliny
it
here
seems
some
by quoting
unknown,
of
Eoman
and
even
the
time
The
been.
genuine,
unknown
these
passages.
earth
is due
as
possible that
as
says
wishes
used,
his
at
quite improbable
the
Faventin.
c.
semis
Christian
submittator,
decurrat.
After
centenos
ut
him
Si
vel
animata
Palladius
say
the
Let
pedes
aqua
IX,
pigro
non
11
Si
per
look
us
of
the
Greek
here
should
about
planum
sensim
In
have
and
there
have
veniet,
reclinatur
possit habere
inter
it ;
when
he
lived,
vel
sexagenos
in
the
know,
we
it is
and
allusions
Metrodorus,
of
rhetorician
structura
currendi.
as
in
found
been
know
not
in
Timseus,
contained
have
the
closelyinto
more
mentioned
were
that
water-courses
Herodotus,
to
painters
Theophrastus,
authors
Aristides, the
did
the
to
said
if it
as
and
assertion
little
airs
quite
are
feel
sculptors
remarkable
knowledge
author
longior planities
sexagenos
himself
gives
us
he
course
mechanician
of whom
makes
list of
the
prove
may
matters
we
Either
era
such
shall
what
and
that
Hegesias
Of
He
several
once
similar
to
to
and
of
tect
archi-
no
accessible
been
scarcely have
practitioner,as he is
can
meeting
that
of
restoration.
uncultivated
celebrated.
most
he
(3), 27
Posidonius
Timasus,
it is
of
fuerit, pede
have
to
an
his
to
discipleof Epicurus,
century
he
the
turbing
dis-
comers
that
Greek
scarcely great.
was
pretends
in
sure
are
the
Thermse
later
sources.
the
translated
he
he
quite
Greek
excellent
how
to
to
there
order
prevent
the
in the
only
belongs
to
at
the
ments
monu-
them.
from
less
order
metope
it is
but
know,
VIII,
In
do not
Vitruvius
in
"
found
been
roof of which
literature
he
half
later
Corinthian
the
IV, 3
"
placing
the
we
in
the
with
agrees
other
of
rules
the
has
and
Pompeii
that
"
where
or
hitherto
below
seen
Augustus,
1, 2
acknowledged
suspicion increases
were
Doric,
worked
did
IV,
"
Psestum,
in
Among
more.
recomimends
whom
clever
colonnades
says
also
of Greek
they
experience, partly
own
Aristides
and
Metrodorus.
Hegesias, Herodotus,
this
matter
foimd
Theophrastus
concerning
;
may
is
it ; but
be
in which
of book
partly
Posidonius,
nothing
if
this
artists
will
or
Varro,
Vitruvius
of authors
of
1
he
have
knowledge
way
and
preface
in the
age
number
which
in
in
would
it
his
but
a
but
temple
that
Greek;
AthensBUS
in the
where
found
were
said
been
has
It
be
to
as
lowest
Pliny, determines
like
instancy, Vitruvius,
the
arrangement
small
Augustan
of the
for
he
trigljrphs,
of the
in the
Diocletian
impetu
gives in
are
times
only Ionic
not
tasteless
six
to
less,
ur
be
may
Whether
stmctura
the
he had
"
When,
proportion
division
colonnade,
knew
those
as
please
the
is
actually built
he
likely they
column
the
which
entablature
to
is
interesting enough
1^ ft.^ in length
which
of Varro.
in Athens
find
we
not
the
already discovered
resemble
not
rules
most
think
Doric
of the
others
have
it is
as
not,
that
to
market-gate
the
but
of
VIII,
in Vitruvius
-^g ? For
correction
and
such
blunder
the
committed
of
natural
most
That
duct
was
does
experience, but
quemadmodum
nimus
in Fanum
and
architectural
the
Also
age.
from
had
if the
of about
gentle slope
work
Whether
no
saying
**
have
ft. instead
DECEM
nothing.
says
is
of it
architect
of 100
sicilico."
"
LIBBI
pedes semipede/'
centenos
57,
ARCHITECTURA
hydraulic
epitomist of Vitruvius,
place
DE
length
without
goes
in the
feet have
hundred
he
view
the
different
in
minus
ne
real
ft. to
slope of ^
Pliny XXXI,
of
point
Faventinus,
quite
"
it after
corrected
could
How
3.
IV, 3,
an
VITKUVII
ON
OBSERVATIONS
the
or
he
has
pedes
centenos
sesquipedem,
second
at
vim
ON
VITRUVn
he
is found
OBSERVATIONS
himself.
forgotten
these
authors
authorities
the
said
have
the
be
in later
quotations
perspective.
Ionic
the
about
and
Ictinus
it is
{Phocaus,
the
is said
mistake
de
Of
these
as
Silanion
Silemion
and
Others
belong
have
from
memoirs
commentariis
too,
would
have
utilia
Diades
and
nearest
at
in
which
'
The
same
that
will be
as
Charias
those
X, 19
used
of
rotunda
the
Athens
in
PirsBUs
after
theories
of
in Priene
the
; Philo
Delphi
about
about
Hermogenes
the
which
discovered
remains
In
he
14
"
put down
rules
of
of
Doric,
Ionic
are
continues
(comp.
proportion, such
Euphranor.
Sarnacus,
a
entirely unknown.
history
the
in Samos
of Juno
painter, Euphranor
are
the
Tecs
Mausoleum.
have
who
Phocion
temple of Dionysus in
of
temple
Asclepius in Tralles,
Silanion, Melampus,
in the
painter
That
well
as
Euphranor
author
does
he
all his
write
verdict
ie
he
not
proved
their
parading
pronounced
lived
where
he
Athenaeus,
relates
that
at
the
great
of literature
should
Ueber
had
names
take
griechUche
This
never
Athenaeus.
of the
good
that
quotation
of
Byzantium
the
Thessalian
is
translated
literally
writings of Polyidos,
seen
He
this
siege
by
Alexander.
under
from
the
himself
time
own
about
constructed
ex
").
author's
truth
their
(" quorum
Vitruvius
whom
the
real
Vitruvius
names
to
The
been
work
one
coegi corpus
unum
close
so
had
served
below.
by Urlichs,
in
him.
which
with
Ctesibius, Nymphodorus,
it in
gathered
whereas
names,
Charias
and
use
oollecta
mentioning
and
history
of
be
probably
machines
quotes
Archjrtas,Archimedes,
would
(18), 3,
disciplesDiades
and
of
of Minerva
temple
castle
in
IV, p. 389).
Diades,
as
quite unknown
betrayed himself
hand,
his works,
monopteral
recently
animadvert!,
not
Athenaeus,
from
Agatharchus,
on
others
names
his rebus
esse
Macedonia
of
seen
callingthe temple
authors
the
machines,
mentioned
Polyidos, whose
to
ancient
the
built
the
HelUnique,
I considered
what
distinctlyfrom
have
may
Doric
Ionic
the
about
about
In
Diphilos, Democles,
find several
we
will appear
Philip
elsewhere
the
the Ionic
Pytheus
the
Samos
in
he
and
about
and
and
celebrated
about
drawn
plagiarised,is
might
read
written
quse
commentary
it
never
that
states
development
in
about
sculptors,Leonidas
are
the
to
Juno
Minerva
Magnesia
most
architect
an
Byzantium,
I have
Here,
PoUis
not
continues
He
Philo
in
less famous
many
of
arsenal
Mausoleum.
the
even
of
the
about
from
of the
are
and
flf.he
11
a
proportion of
sculptor, but
know.
Phocensis) Theodoras
be
Correspondence
there
Furthermore
Nexaris,
"
left
detailed
Pytheus
temple
Satyrus
the
temple
Ephesus
known
about
proportions
builders
Bulletin
VII,
had
he
greater
Chionides,
of Eucrates
only
cites
philosophers
Eucrates,
as
name
Alexis
and
; the
other
Vitruvius
that
sure
had
given
Doric
Doric
to
meant
not
are
the
and
commits
Gerard,
he
in
himself
built
of ihese
Several
has
the
the
Corinthian
the
have
to
Phocian,
as
Diana
about
probably
book
to
-^schylus,
book
about
Argelius about
he
of
quite
Aristophanes
had
correct
Ionic
he
published
temple
be
luck
that
such
mean
considered
adds
of the
none
not
highly
as
book
does
one
Carpion
is
preface
for
He
authors
there
may
of
Anaxagoras
continues
; Theodoras
we
owes
he
little to
but
soul.
own
dramatic
Greek
his
In
decorations
Silenus
Afterwards,
Doricorum)
authors.
and
He
but
preface of
man
his
on
the
that
quoted
are
15
DECEM
objected
they
In
wise
Now
Chionides;
or
Democritus
which
Crates
theatrical
painted
who
emcient
all Alexis.''
to
Crates
of
depends
also
here
the
UBRI
will be
It
But
writers.
that
ARCHITECTURA
out.
us.
famous
most
success
above
and
to
Epicurus
and
*'
same,
corrected
either
line
the
of
part of his
Aristophanes,
perhaps
with
words
essential
way,
unknown
others
along
following
and
Any
but
DE
only
uses
the
source
not
to
refer.
Kunstachri/tsteller (1887)
p.
17.
16
OBSERVATIONS
The
architects
He
book
has
he
what
has
time.
the
seen
says,
all artists
The
perfonn
orchestra
to
It has
well
as
The
thymelici.
astonished
height
this
the
seeing
TheateVy
the
it seemed
in
Epidaurus,
limit
the
proscenii.
but
railing in
not
order
to
sit
Ampliorem
apud
eos
it
was
The
depth
wall
of
plus pedum
possint
habent
omnium
et
eo
comici
eius
tra
V, uti qui in orches-
agentium
Grseci
latitudine
quod
in orchestra
actores
"
eos,'*
in
scena
have
in
scenam
meant
quod
perhaps
pera-
as
reliqui
gimt,
abyss
Greece
separatim
nominantur.
minus
debet
pedum
V,
scene
esse
(7),1
preciditque
cuius
extremam
circinationem
in qua
It would
orchestram
per
et
latus
constituitur
frons
ab
non
XII.
proximutn
est
circinationis,
curvaturse
thymelici
logei altitudo
plus
et
it is
foundation
the
Eius
quadrati
be
with
But
scenici
non
on
not
able,
only unsuit-
suas
eo
proscenii,
finitio
but
has
front.
to
ex
Jinitio
furnished
in
curvaturam
designatur
designatur
X,
the
it.
not
be
high-
hindmost
columns,
seem
itaque
theatre
feet
the
be
about
to
until
the
one,
artifices
autem
who
griechische
Vitruvius
ornament
actiones,
prsestant
from
"
correct
eleven
which
rises
an
are
absolutely
of
of these
would
the
We
honour
being
was
it had
and
latter
the
Das
to
the
in
ft.'
12
would
foremost
the
stage,
into
scenici
higher.
exactly
in front
that
art
of
excavation
this
size which
logeon, because
while
Dorpfeld,
the
be
to
supposed
'
the
right. Anybody
with
at
acted
and
gestus.
et
pulpitum,
[codd.
not
in
their
places of
their
colonnade
falling down
is
; et
to
but
It
the
"
be
statement
consider
we
from
designata
orchestram
minoreque
**] tragioi
loca
seats
said
confirmed
this
form
Grsecorum,
quam
operam,
front
stage-building which
the
colonnade
dant
to
supposed
of
Eome
orchestra.
exceed
to
feet
twelve
by Vitruvius,^
to
author
spectators
names
not
understand.
orchestra
thought
not
ft. and
pulpitum
not
this
now
cutting
in
the
display
the
by
do
was
described
actors
pulpitum
Rcena
sedibus
ne
fiierit
sunt
sederint, spectare
recessiorem
the
prevent
artifices in
pulpiti altitudo
'^
the
by
above-mentioned
senatorum
antem
the
impossible, especially if
latius factum
Ita
omnes
behind
were
the
it
in
It is called
is ten
monumentally
out
length of twenty-two,
simply
The
so.
quod
by
metres
borne
scencdy
them.
covered
we
credited
construction
/rows
is determined
indicated,
three
the
performers
which
roof
the
may
nobody
be
10
Eoman
as
the
artists
other
the
find
allow
deep.
each
to
actors,**
case
appeared
to
the
stage,
The
the
to
which
according
of
is
from
former
which
by
because
Greek,
go
Greek
the
Thus,*'
"
seats
other
exactly
sitting in
the
less
the
than
of
were
of
Therefore
356.
p.
Though,
who
movements
and
back
less
the
the
is formed
their
to
in
that
own
may
be
orchestra,
reason
order
to
not
out
the
his
to
(chap. 6, 2).
(7), 2
distinguished
are
the
there, while
perform
logeon ought
the
"
stage is further
corresponds
than
this
quite recently
in
of this
height,
whether
doubts
they
spectators
all
the
have
His
describes
he
descriptions
off ^,
of the
Greek.
previous
two
in
is
it is different
was
orchestra,
that
ft., in
actors
chap.
says,
actors
logeum
higher
at
and
comic
reason
Greek
the
feet
prevent
the
as
for which
orchestra,
So
larger orchestra
tragic
he
than
senators
of the
the
cutting
by
the
exceed
not
movements
theatre
Greek
the
whereas
stage,
part of
Eoman
is broader
theatre
must
stage
all the
see
About
is five
the
of
height
the
on
the
It
; here
points
said,
have
we
the
then
theatre
the
he
as
selves.
them-
theatre.
monuments
that
so
were
Eoman,
from
drawn
not
writers
doubt,
Greek
which
difference
hindmost
in
orchestra,
Eoman
same,
no
Greek
and
few
the
of
the
the
to
seen,
the
are
the
up
not
fundamental
the
with
regard
had
he
only
first the
well
pretty
certainly
are
time,
own
description
theatres,
With
eyes.
As
his
the
agrees
which
takes
stage of the
the
"
of
treats
own
other.
circle of the
of the
from
perhaps
his
to
DECEM
LIBRI
architecture
whom
closer
principal features
stage, which
the
theatre
oflf^
the
each
parallel with
his
structure
the
However,
he
theatre
Eoman
with
is about
question
**
7, that
ARCHITECTURA
Greek
of
was
thing, appears
one
V, chap. 6 and
description of
about
which
source
DE
mentions,
he
whom
used
This, for
Varro.
Vitruvius
given by
accounts
ancient
the
VITRUVU
OX
ea
ea
regione
regione
parallelos
scense.
ad
linea
ON
OBSERVATIONS
of the
of
the
for certain
from
Theater,
in front
colonnade
the
in this
this
had
There
of
in
when
on,
Isis had
of
seaport
penetrated
to
countries,
and
the
did
not
prevent
surely
XLVII,
temple
Martins
to
up
(Dio
Cass.
relax.
In
sent
was
Augustus
coordinate
for these
Venus,
"
gymnasiums
theatra
for
said,
ot
amphitheatres,
of the
town
empire.
;
but
never
know
we
found
He
Augustus
that
his
"
and
the
gives the
built
temple
was
understand
empire
time
rule
to Mars
that
others
were
out
Serapis
made
bum
in
exiled
other
the
circus
Pater,
in the
sunt
gymnasiums
Rome
was
Mars
splendid
is
remains
their
of
his
to
all towns,
in the
Mars
where
situated
are
and
not
that
the
are
amphi-
one,
supposed
of which
and
place.
there
only
at
and
same
cities
be
Tib.
work
in Roman
case
troops
Italy (Suet.
in
the
foreign
costmnes
body
neque
to
21
ings
surround-
this
towns
the
before
year
gymnasia
it is
indeed
night
Hercules,
possessed
Vitruvius
Campus
the
dedicates
absurdities
non
the
In
from
who
this
where
the
on
disposition of
to
of
year
Serapis (Dio
remove
taking place
as
are
temple of
the
to
enlisted
Apollo, Liber
In
the
come
Roman
interdicts
its nearest
and
author
an
Augustus
Ultor,
far
the
told
not
are
ordered
were
were
about
the
to
was
civitatibus
Taurus.
we
worship
B.C., the
and
Vespasian spent
Jews
near
of
in 43
ut
and
missing
never
in
("
era
our
These
Isis
probably
Rome
harbour
It is true, the
to
of
gods
highest place,
the
centurj' of
nay,
time
different
resistance
class;
time
There
anything
hear
second
there
attempt
that
quibus
in the
temple
city of
Isis
the
temple
in
to stand
which
further
call
to
live at the
the
particular exception.
of
and
of
Minerva,
mentions
at
the
opinion
we
not
in
Isis and
Isis
of
and
"
he
of
Roman
did
serious
and
some
imagine
by Statilius
stone
in
for
of
we
is to have
we
considerable, built of
were
"
he
amphitheatres
Elsewhere
").
gods
that
used
his
particularlywas
town,
serious
return,
Jupiter, Juno
the
are
it is
Hercules,"
no
with
them
even
worship
the
he
formed
per-
Plautus,
height
foreign worship.
lowest
in the
worshippers
can
actors
of
enough
the
of the
different.
of
the
was
6), and
19
to
Now,
mention
crtn
this
adorers
never
II, 85).
Ann,
Tac.
Sardinia
to
and
Serapis,near
and
met
here
the
to
worship
LIV,
a.d.
the
sense
temples
in the
this
erection
Campense
divine
thousand
four
also
built
the
to
but
The
Italy.
from
altogether
it had
being
Iseum
Rome
did not
implements
which
the
was
into
were
it was
forbidden
certainly outside
7jt stadia
government
cult
it
entry
meant
the
in
close
author
of Isis and
those
Augustus
concession
was
prohibited Egyptian
Augustus
and
it
Isis
to
doubt
no
Hkely
very
triumphal
his
36,
15),
of
times
granted
was
situated, but
was
time
several
temples
only
which
which
the
quite natural
places, but
many
griechische
but
unjustifiable,
the
spread everywhere,
was
the
at
had
senate
official assent
dissolution,
Cass.
but
be
would
of Isis
worship
the
with
town
Das
time
natural
thing
the
which
Minerva
and
This
the
stated
same
towards
places in
the
Jupiter,Juno
of
market
which
still
has
wider
on
was
logeum,
fact that
the
testify to
given for
Isidi' et
later
in the
in
know
we
theatres.
Greek
are
Those
"
Mercury
it
is
tion
reconstruc-
colonnade
from
sources,
the
word
lived
who
place
Thus
mean
the
latest
beginning
taken
already
misunderstanding
author
an
which
passages
I, 7, 1 rules
situated
to be
that
it with
such
course
ancient
the
other
In
Of
Vitruvius.
feet, taking it to
changing
especiallyin
seen
are
Augustus.
but
it.
occur,
it up
took
by
the
afterwards
back
Eomans
the
(comp. Dorpfeld,
from
which
from
corresponding
it
to
twelve
to
of this
elsewhere
the
then
with
never
were
ten
given
(a-Krjvq), was
the
sense
where
and
it could
and
be
to
name
synonymous
that
this
Varro
wall
front
in
space
is
name
the
17
DECEM
This
{irpoa-xi^viov).
proscenium
where
proscenium,
back
it is used
sense
proscenium
word
the
In
play.
misunderstood
by
of
this
LIBRI
it is known
as
is
Oropos,
near
which
the
whole
the
designated
and
But
102).
p.
it,and
calls
right name
theatre
inscriptionin
its
preserved
small
the
Its
ARCHITECTURA
DE
Pollux
scs
Athens.
in
theatre
VITRUVII
as
very
theatres
amphi-
later time
outside
still to
the
be
outside
erected
I, 2, 5 rules
Li
in
but
reality the
god, but
Mars
Minerva,
find
Qucdst.
there
because
time
the
at
crevisse
ardores
did not
et abundavisse
is waste
burning
is
of
heard
any
read
we
or
if
and
as
several
attempts
water
found
had
places
examination
{mniores),
but
it waef
flf.)
give
the
but
us
test
he
where
also
of the
someness
bore
from
what
those
that
IV,
were
liver.
has
been
have
favourable
built
5, 1 Vitruvius
particular circumstances
name
the
were
of
in order
speaks
the
close
to defend
of
the
put obstacles
that
by
the
Would
be
castra
way,
of
stativa
he
of the
the
the
has
building
the
he
be
in
of
fortified
water.
found,
latter
case
whole-
the
different
something
means
thinks
the
about
(I,
meaning
real
the
though
which
Lucan
not
is to
question
To
much
so
of
quality of
town
were
were
ancients
the
omission
does
livers
places."
by
idea of the
the
after
which
showed
who
the
And
no
chosen,
than
republic ;
orientation
for
place
to
act
an
used
the
damaged
the
other
to
If
been
food
the
he
finding out
of
means
boundaries
in the
custom
moment
importance
of the
moved
is
Vitruvius
has
camp
they
neglected
suitable
greater
is evident
at
it is
him
and
victims
decisive
act
food.
not
that
and
water
Augustus.
most
where
spot for
It
water.
this
of
bad
had
of
sacrificed
they
to
or
and
where
places
Uvers
time,
they discovered
the
the
the
first
the
sound
if
men,
religion have
at
To
only
to
of the
time
the
old
army
applies not
strategicalconsiderations
dangerous
intestines
descriptionof this
of the
examination
this
be
there
in
grazed
illness
to
were
but
the
the
detailed
livers
that
practised at
demoralised
have
due
was
the
also
of
diseased
and
this
that
fortresses
of the
preservation
for the
And
been
He
once
may
examined
They
resolution, thinking
the
their
greenish
sure
which
cattle
constructed.
whether
made
must
the
610
tain
moun-
formerly
consumed."
there
that
").
people
top of the
has
spot
flammam
Augustus
the
"
and
antiquitus
agros
of
been
has
matter
sacrificed
them
or
in these
might
this
that
Vesuvius
circa
some
it.
Mount
memorantur
that
(V, 4, 8)
says
of
ignored
time
the
At
conclusion
the
be
to
know
not
they
Vitruvius
zeal
evomuisse
author
an
have
not
("
says,
quoniam
everywhere,
many
If
under
Seneca
sint, sed
so
four,
himself
he
what
are
all round
concluded
combustible
the
ancestors
were
camps
they
Our
**
they could
others,
by
be
only draws
; he
eruption
permanent
animals,
it may
increased
the
cated
dedi-
with
which
tot
more.
could
of
been
fire.
I, 4, 9
In
so
Strabo
manner.
that
extinguished, as
now
subterraneous
towns
ashy,
and
but
in that
of Vesuvius
speak
of
he
79.
a.d.
there
bank
himself
of
comparing
heard
et inde
monte
several
because
fields
the
Corinthian.
quia ubique
heat
the
seems
that
mentioned
have
to
contenting
for
taught
are
on
deity,
particular
recently
temple
it
not
while
never
the
over
great eruption
the
and
twenty-four,
times
forth
Vesuvio
sub
of
heard
has
he
Evidently
in former
vomited
was
Libera
of the
We
the
478), is also
p.
non
not
has
established
had
that
fire
great that
so
winds,
He
round
winds,
esse,
but
reality
it is worth
anywhere.
Augustus
of
the
in
winds,
the
ventos
twelve
counts
II, 6, 2 it is stated
In
became
not
He
more
no
are
and
different
statement
duodecim
Placet
"
should
and
of each
temple
character
belonged.
temples,
though
twenty-four
this
With
17
V,
plures sunt."
nusquam
note
mentions
he
Ceres
Liber
Ceres
for the
the
by
it
Topographic,
Rom,
names.
iiat.
temple
of
temple
of
chosen
which
to
Doric
have
of Vesta,
Becker's
(comp.
to be
Corinthian,
is
the
temple
dictated
period
to
know,
the
orders
never
was
the
were
we
as
called
twelve,
of
Hercules
6 Vitruvius
I,
eight, or
must
taste
Hercules
to
In
artistic
Ultor,
generally
Tiber,
the
DECEM
Maximus.
building
style of
Also
well-known
the
to
as
UBRI
city of Rome.
the
Circus
the
ARCHITECTURA
DE
ancient
the
laid down
are
and
of Mars
temple
but
the
by
of
but
town,
city near
in the
situated
was
the
VITRUVH
middle
in the
Forum
his
on
seen
be
of
ON
OBSERVATIONS
18
like
town
empire.
temples
temple
of
and
deities, saying
the
statue
of
"
the
If
no
god
which
look
may
tho3e
of
the
followed
direction.
This
is
Christian
oldest
the
century
system
their entry
had
temples.
lived
will
author
Lucretio
cum
Cicerone,
writer
speaks
if he
httle
was
admired.
was
the
scholastic
lived
that
before
to
the
later
time
the
fourth
churches
the
heathen
century.
the
author
writings
of
rhetorica
Latina.'*
of
age
as
an
nascentes
vero
him
quoted
cum
The
Augustus
natural
sopher,
philo-
antiquarian knowledge
that
in
meet
we
rhetoric
grammar,
the
that
lingua
at
and
that
fourth
the
arte
but
with
the
memoriam
de
have
of the
the
prove
nostram
historical
that
applies to
to
another
know
during
through
authors,
school
of the
We
that
disputare, de
the
learning
divisions
three
common
required,so
sermonem
would
linguistic,but
in
had
necessitated
Vitruvius
post
these
nobody
and
poet,
is the
It
from
taken
examples
as
of
Romans
but
supposed
Plures
conferent
contemporary
it the
was
says
natura
rerum
Varrone
were
de
coram
cum
known
in Varro
nor
velut
he
entry
the
they
at
the
their
environs
was
have
been
**
had
Greece
beginning
Vitruvius.
which
has
3, 17
IX,
acquaintance.
personal
posterorum
as
In
heroes
temples,
cannot
which
more
republic.
Greek
he
that
in
the
taught by
it is this rule
seems
that
which
gods
soil and
the
know
the
the
at
looking
We
In
opposite direction
And
passage
videbuntur
multi
Lucretius
that
his
make
we
it
is
hke
the
and
of those
stand
to
may
deceased
south.
the
what
of
side.
why
the
unless
oriented
changed
one
of
temples
contrary
western
reason
close
but
the
of
the
sacrifice
to
up
go
seem
astonishing
19
DECEM
who
those
statues
those
only
towards
were
mention
the
at
the
was
the
on
Another
We
just
is
turned
in Greece,
as
churches
and
that
so
divine
the
This
east,
system,
oriented
were
the
temples
Etruscan
the
Greeks
the
rising sun,
faced
gods
west,
and
sacrifice.'*
and
Etruscan
west.
the
towards
turn
the
towards
offer prayer
who
temples
the
in it shall
stands
altar
LIBRI
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVU
ON
OBSERVATIONS
these
dialectic.
and
Ill
All
these
indicia
written
not
was
opinion pretend
and
that
used
the
The
relation
So
between
ff.
architecture.
closely,to
more
have
called
invite
the
these
reader
Frontinus
speaks
authorities,
the
which
those
of
water
and
the
*"
Many
they
of
the
used
one
ha4
new
by
or
who
used
in
either
by
introduced
was
under
plumbers
the
in
the
to
name
fivefold, whereas
who
bom
after
talking personally
it from
oar
with
the
time
Lucretius
wiU
Vitruvius,
city
of
who
those
structure
feel
about
put
nature,
about
with
the
Latin
the
to
times,
he
from
the
Cioero
were
about
tongue.
p.
24
and
they
Later
to
this
the
down
to
formed
rhetoric,
that
f., that
says,
that
and
14
further
on,
some
measure
quinaria,
fact
invention
which
matter
on
according
was
his
conclusion
"
others,
name
in
will
the
XXI
hydraulic
this
that
book,
Agrippa,
the
tubes
of
with
(inche8,=TV ft.).
Its
Agrippa explained
to
ancient
according
Rome.
reader
first
in
blunders
do
examine
to
led
his
In
aqueducts.
by digiti (fingers,=-j^ft.),or by
attributed
be
of
read
Schultz
blunders.
has
is in
It
have
Philologie,
grave
the
these
which
passage
Vitruvius.
common
de
all to
at
wish
of
question
the
by
Bevtce
such
who
of
Frontinus
detail
in
remind
in
work
case.
in
uncia
plumbers
will
those
prominent
use
exclusively
increased
refer
the
most
the
anything
Still I will
specially the
measure
the
to
had
and
Pliny
is not
commits
have
the
champions
is treated
authors.
measures
derived
were
of
one
made
either
continues,
became
as
have
measured
sufficient
be
consider
to
must
he
to
really
cannot
that
the
Tannery,
Paul
Vitruvius
that
agree
he
competent
attention
Frontinus
were
recently by
it would
So
Vitruvius
and
and
that
this
that
show
to
Frontinus
both
They
superficialcalculations
obliged
are
pamphlet,
118
p.
are
we
reader
the
convinced
have
may
Augustan
age ; nevertheless,
because
all deceptive tokens,
the
they
book.
above-mentioned
(1897),
think
during
name
quantity
Vitruvius
of
with
curved
Varro
20
ON
OBSERVATIONS
septenaria \ "c.y
Agrippa,
up
alii
ut
vicenaria,
to
Vitruvium
latitudinem
in
circumacta
habens
in
rotundum
ab
^,
prioribus
quod
quinque
plana
....
digitorum
Sed
efficiat.
fistulas modulum
hunc
putant
exclusis
faciunt, dicunt
lammina
the
means
quidam
ut
of
length
senaria
urbis
usum
auctorem
plumbea
the
to
\ digiti, as
inductus,
architectum,
quod
eo
it due
viz.
modulus
Agrippam
Qui
venit,
thinks
quadr antes,
("Postea
^.
plimibariisper
himself
quinque
DECEM
LIBRI
ARCHITECTURA
Frontinus
measured
tube, which
of the
diameter
fingers broad.
five
plates,
leaden
DE
VITRXA^II
....
maxime
probabile
sequentibus
crescente,
VII,
septenaria, quae
the
same
explanation
the
latter
as
it is said
if
that
authority
digitorum
the
the
plate
L,
This,
Vitruvius
been
had
separately should
of
him,
before
of
puts
course
As
is
to
the
style
latter
give
compendium
drawn
from
this
'
"
not
of which,
ought
proposes
the
is
recently fomid
vahie
we
is
Neither
not
"
mosaic-like
by the way,
td
adopt
according
to
this
is very
the
ceeded,
ex-
Krohn,
first edition
the
in
Such
quinaria.
the
scripts
manu-
proceeding
of
the
name
work
The
indistinct.
Vitruvius,
of
that
notes
quoted
mentioned
manuscript
the
instead
which
the
but,"
drawn
the
Anyhow
"
from
above-
sources
'*
passage,
of
"
he
uti
magnitudinum
pressing himself,
is
agreeing
his
round.
only
says
magnitudinem
ita nomina,"
the
to
he
facts
has
in
value
own
all
with
the
supposed
brevity, contains
those
"
says,
(Praef. 17),
intelligibleand
K.
he
all his
determined
has
between
loquacious,
and
then, he
Now
no
taken
under-
has
Pliny,
the
been
has
difference
great
Now
books.
of
is broad
Pliny, in
that
Pliny
in
doubtful.
is
former
Vitruvius.
of
there
general
possess
we
name
his
edition
his
by
which
the
of
36
In
There
allows
thinks
of
author
ours.
credit
(1872).
passage
thus
in
the
the
an
but
of Vitruvius,
of
Pliny.
in
he
correction
document
of
found
In
MS.,
gained
Dethlefsen
written
passage
has
compound
all.
Schlettstadter
measures.
is
Mr.
mistake
on
similar
calculation
the
20,
possibly be
as
unfrequently
not
not
are
at
or
vicenaria,
reviewed
has
architect
an
numbers
the
and
source,'* and
case
the
larger
by supposing
to
Pliny
where
authors
calculation
his
continued
has
of
text
other
two
had
has
19, 1897,
it cannot
Philologus
of Vitruvius.
another
calling himself
who
Vitruvius
which
facts
important
June
Vitruvius
same
in
become
to
as
flec-
digitorum
if the
but
basing
that
the
to
contrary, knows
to
sources
is the
identity
of
so
quinquagenaria.
fuerit
the
that
who
" 29,
applied
knows
and
the
on
Dethlefsen,
diction
concise
so
his
this
this
prove
be
each
way,
quinquagenaria
author,
an
Pliny,
among
it, and
and
as
liim.
whether
about
save
V, and
to
(6), 4,
rotundationem
in
Frontinus
of
possibly
same
Vitruvius
him
mentions
question
doubt
of
before
lay
be
it is formed,
possible criticism.*
to any
mention
not
which
changed
end
an
matter
does
be
and
Frontinus,
must
to
it
independence,
Philologische Wochenschrift,
is to
; L
He
from
the
he
we
his
show
to
learn
curvatur,
VIII,
lamna
quae
has
mentioning
quam
called
antequam
namque
it is Vitruvius
No,
calculation
of
the
is
habet,
Pliny
PUny
could
it in
from
order
what
way
in Berliner
who
in
and,
different
how
quinquagenaria?
suspecting
without
of
passages
originalone,
deviated
have
instead
quinaria
the
vocabitur
lamna,
the
ante
Vitruvius
our
tube
the
fistulas
diametro
plate of which
the
breadth,
concipiunt
ea
with
analogous
of
digitos habuerint,
quot
nomina
perficieturex
is
indeed,
text
ita
in
digiti
lamnanmi
autem
fistula
cum
50
measures
In
58).
breadth
the
latitudo,
lamnae
quinaria** (XXXI,
in
yet without
Vitruvius,
to
adiectione
vicenariam.'*)
ad
in
ratio
quae
singulos
per
quadrantes
usque
attributes
after
VI
incremento
quadrantum,
diametro
durat
appellatur, cuius
eius
is named
tube
that
magnitudinum
tantur,
denaria
"
quinque
senaria, quae
simili
Frontinus
dimidioque
est,
latitudine
(" E
which
in
ut
deinceps
et
diametro
vicenariam
ad
usque
quadrantum
singulorum
et
moduHs
quoque
dictam
quinariam
est
However,
nomina''
ita
which
author's
has
he
that
way
is
quite
of
ex-
ON
OBSERVATIONS
his material
drawn
Dethlefsen
from
succeeding parts.
which
Dethlefsen
owns
and
Krohn,
even
question.
all that
Besides,
he
does
Caesar.
But
the
by
igni non
aliis
oven
is
chalk
of
two
the
same
words
words,
of
196
diximus
qua
that
the
ramis,
than
Ima
and
is not
Pliny's manuscripts
in
eiecto
writing, but
deteriores
196
"
bold
The
way
lower
the
after
its bark
described
upper
part of
above,
part is knotty
in
eductis
meant
Pliny's
in
torulo
usual, is
as
Vitruvius
of
that
the
which
word
he
umorem
been
esse
arbore
ad
long-winded
Pliny's
word
formed
ea
nodos
per
dicitur
more
That
have
Ex
**
enodis
eadem
mistaken
has
vocatur,
unlikely,and
most
editors
the
as
is
aera
ex
Hsbc
est.
sappinus
duritiam
incomprehensible.
hypothesis
The
arboribus
ipsisautem
Vitruvius
ahies
has
been
having
II, 9, 17
knots
no
kept
in
and
then
it is called
and
also
harder
; it is
water
in
sappinus,
; its
name
is
part which
knots,
is nearest
because
it draws
to the
its moistmre
imme-
robustiores
apricis ac
writes
part the
and
from
diately
short
is
not
decoratur
perfectly justified
from
Vitruvius'
the
strong
named
'
ground
;.
knots
by
heat
makes
If cut
and
twenty
aquiloniaepartes,
diutumae
ideo
Bomae
; the
its roots.
it put
hewn
at
part is called
other, lower
But
forth
a
in
et
infemas
Insequitur animadversio,
"
branches.
of its hard
fustema*
without
Vitruvius,
is
ita
proximitate
nodationis
propter
opacisque, spissioresex
umidis
ex
supemati praBfertur."
stripped of
an
between
even
Vitruvius, II, 9,
caloris
for decorticatur
non-existing
Et
"
abies
The
in
torulo,
totum
the
he
ex
stones
fuit, enodis
decoratur) atque
recipiens ex
radices
abridgment
an
meant
detoratur,
Pliny continues,
be
alio
coquendam
understanding
terra
this compare
vocatur.*'^
Dethlefsen's
probable by
more
pars
quae
(MS.
quadrifluviis^"c.,
should
by
quadrifluviisdisparatur eiecto
sappinea
et
45
nee
difference
has
Nay,
latter, not
not
and
abridged Vitruvius,
distinct
'*)?
his
flammam
**
like
has
is
does
calcem
wood,
place
a
est
the
perdolata
et
excisa
addition
his
description
clear
rendered
pedes
cum
comparatur
and
XX
36.
is consumed
nor
ad
other
makes
saxum
With
per
35,
facit
read
we
fomace
in this
superior, vehementia
est
vero
quae
circiter
autem
opera
Pliny,
alte
preecisa
intestina
in
efl"citur
liquida
proxima
est
pars
terrse
of the
and
discovered
was
charcoal
II, 9, 14
by
it
carbonem
nee
in
he
Abietis
**
fustema."
duriorque
nor
kindled
it be
he
blance,
resem-
out
qualitiesin "" 43
forms
saxum
likelythat
says
16,
him.
which
Theophrastus
11, that
p.
Vitruvius
decorticatur
fluviata
things
Theophrastus
its
ardet
nee
is it Pliny who
more
and
wood,
on
burns
"
Pliny
book
"
In
chalk-burning
meant
same
nodosa
fustema.
he
169
much
superior pars
et
it not
Is
guessed
In
XXXVI,
(comp.
thing
above
though elsewhere
:
lapis non
saxum,
Books
by
describes
Now,
being burnt).
abide
in
this is
that
the
of
is still less
there
are
and
extract
no
books
three
Here
their
and
burn
unless
bum
will
and
account
stones).
potest
se
( It cannot
uratur"
where
than
as
views, confesses
we
(itneither
lapides
quam
the
33.
preceding
it contains
given
has
not
'*
ipsa per
recipitnee
hgnis
it could
that
of fire otherwise
power
his
the
by
all, but
at
above.
trees
the
one,
and
his
heard
had
too
the
it in
includes
ignis vi consumitur
modo
of
is
31
is said
aqueducts
there
the
know
not
He
following
remarks
Pliny speaks
XVT
Pliny, however,
but
the
the
principal authority.
know.
shares
in
only
not
Books
otherwise
concerns
his Book
In
Vitruvius
with
Pliny
that
day
such
as
piece, and
one
parts described
the
appear
connection
of
all
as
who
in
Therefore
clear
in the
also
but
himself,
fact
;
as
used
has
Pliny
that
means
this
to
no
it is
not
21
DECEM
and
works,
do
elsewhere
mosaic
Vitruvius, it is
in
found
not
are
is
Here
LIBRI
different
of
from
exactly in their
found
ABCHITECTURA
DE
great number
introduced
clauses
as
VITRUVU
quid
ita
in its upper
knots
many
height
fustema,
part of the
of
about
because
stem
is
sappinus,
But
those
of
the
trees
that
grow
towards
the
22
OBSERVATIONS
in
qusB
and
that
"infemas*'
known
in
and
ntilitates, sed
nascitur, quo
Iseduntur.
Arboris
in
facta.
sunt
to
Pliny
has
ceteri
ex
convenit
"
ebeno
Vitruvius
conscientious,
more
firma
ulmus
and
order
north
which
those
and
The
cedars
appreciated.
cedar
oil neither
this
shares
size in
'
to
fir
oa
quality
and
cedar
them
yield resin,
oil, and
which
the
which
it is
For
longer.
is
which
worm-eaten
with
the
; but
the
secretes
oil which
spread
books
worms,
cypress
and
and
other
from
aesculus
flexiles
leaves
adds
incorrect.
;
scripsere,
is
who
Pliny,
but
said
it
nothing prevents
umoris
quoque
impatiens
stantesque
tamen
tree
resemble
as
Those
Africa, and
large
qualities
and
the
is called
things
rotten-
'
the
It is
statue
what
wood
of
was
times,
and
The
aseultM
in
that
goddess,
it
made
was
one
cemts
cannot
of
it is not
ot
Most
who
Mucianus,
be
of
well
as
as
in
of
its
in
Crete,
many
bility.
dura-
of cedar.
ceiling was
its
of the
was
here,
particularly
grow
leaves.
temple
goddess)
because
used
is
the
est
in
parts of Syria.
some
granted
it to
which
cedar,
trees
ebony.
declares
of
the
(of
statue
temples,
famous
the
with
is
ceiling
the
other
the
Ephesus
in
quod
cypress
In
straight.
run
circumdifferent
^Esculus,
"
cerasus
ac
usual, in
as
of this
its wood
in
veins
Diana
YacosBans.
same
whereas
preserves
from
of the
the
The
juniper
to
hand
he
Mucianus
and
is evident
The
:
in
are
The
in
eo
ness.
over
It grows
the country
have
spread
rots.
cedar.
jimiper
cedar
is
viso
whereas
ebony,
II, 9, 9 ff.,but,
those
supemas.
Syria
can
including
"
more
reason
the
to
and
nor
the
have
this
preferred
wood
Spain, especially in
The
countries
else
is also
but
Syria
cedar-oil
that
the
subject
buildings. What
wood,
of
nonnullis
et
pandantur,
good
so
be
Vitruvius
in Vitruvius
not
cedar-
to
aetema
facile
generally
are
Crete, Africa
The
gets
recommend
cedar
last
from
most
places
of
Ea
propter
in Crete,
grows
says
ex
said
AfricaB
simulacro
de
fanis
with
do
non
directa.
together, supposing
tree
marcescunt
alnus
same
others, and
sunny
infemas
abiea
the
the
shady
from
come
wood
massive
Home
than
and
damp
celeriter
lentae, sed
with
carie
et
vena
everything
with
et
cedreum
of Vitruvius,
source
cerrus
The
was
summarise
not
palustribus
image
especially by adding
out,
spun
in
in
fideliores."
stronger
are
growing
et
cos.,
to
than
trabibus
III
tineis
nobihbus
former
the
nothing
books
generally
is the
Pliny
fraxinus
et
siccatae
cisura
the
was
does
Fagus
"
in terram
adacta
contra
218
Pliny "
Phny
that
supposing
from
us
that
it
that
it has
cedrinis
it preserves
corresponds
esse
Mucianus
says
states
That
vine-wood.
was
Ephesus,
eius
tradunt,
esse
vitigineum."
in
tectum
that
nee
virtutes
libri,
et
the
maximeque
oleimi, quod
Cretae
of
tineam
nee
habent
further, if Pliny
that
with
do
to
more
not
Further
cedro
juniper
the
says
And
states
ex
maxima
and
Pliny
Spain.
is correct, but
had
man
of
rhenian
Tyr-
was
trees
Hispania,
ibi et in ceteris
et
cedar
the
foliatura, materies
arbores
eae
the
Vitruvius
worms,
of Diana
temple
the
about
autem
north
statement
the
that
betrays
in the
it
Vitruvius.
easdem
etiam
uti
unctsB,
lacunaria
in
iuniperus
cupressese
places, while
same
against
latter
The
books.
the
latter
timber
preserve
it
in
grow
Africa, the
sunt
muddles
the
Apennines,
new;
materies
haec
vasta
et
in
peruncta
pinu resina,
et
similis
Nascuntur
Vitruvius
every
*'
the
between
found
not
oleo
cedro;
cedrus
cum
est
taking
when
inferum
something
was
diutumi-
terms
era,
beyond
difference
are
cedri
quae
Dianae, etiam
and
eius
is
which
cupresso
reliquae res
this
our
mare
from
came
there
Item
"
ex
autem
SyriaBregionibus.'*
them
whole
virtus
:
"
these
in "urbe."
examples
13
"
Sea,
sedificiis ad
of
of
century
Adriatic
Vitruvius
To
explanation
first
what
Eome,
the
on
some
eadem
has,
simulacrum
aede
aeternitatem
in
quemadmodum
dicitur,
Ephesi
side.
that
Iimipero
Vitruvius
Vacceeis.***
this
the
the
meant
only
gives
in
DECEM
egregios in
elaborate
an
Creta,
sentit.
cariem
from
LIBRI
infemas
est, qusB
meant
"supemas"
" 197,
countries,
Cedrus
"
came
ARCHITECTURA
quite superfluous
home-country,
observes,
PUny
different
DE
deterior
superum
that
what
in his
abies
was
"mare
and
Sea,
VITRUVn
subsequently gives
which
page,
knew
Eoman
"
dicitur
supemas
whole
up
urbe
praestat usus,"
tatem
ON
the
had
last
known
As
for
authorities
been
visitors
to
say
temple,
of vine- wood.
and
resist
the
water.
beech
The
decay rapidly.
alder,
on
it
three
consul
the
to
certain
the
The
con"
ON
OBSERVATIONS
recipienspenitus
potestatisvitiatur.
but
miss
we
setemitatem
which
knew
he
pondera
id considerare
eius
fundamentis
After
which
'
palos."
last
ibi
the
"Ulmus
quite
Eoman
the
pandant
simul
there
Thus
fiunt
be
can
fraxinus
et
vero
Vitruvius
is much
successful
way.
Pliny
ducendi
solo, sed
Nearly
sive
on
goes
sunt
autem
tium
which
autumn
^dificiis
and
ever,
The
we
bear
they
quality,
all round
'
is strong,
of
absorbs
all
the
operation
the
elm
In
marshy
almost
under
and
the
to
additions,
charged.
pliable ;
this
before
deep
This
because
piles of
may
aU
that
kind
the
alder
foundation
the
be
ehn
when
used
and
seen
and
beneath
bears
when
its
buildings
put in
pores,
is
and
damaged
Turkey
oak
is
frequently
of
they
being
in
felled
humidity
^
because
Pliny
ash
tough,
are
they
have
they
been
and
out,
from
cut
be
to
and
of
hard,
under
age,
but
their
if before
or
all
make
to
as
sunt.
because
not
are
so
in
bricks
continues
bend
soon
dry
are
as
utiliores
autem
moisture
they
same
lengthy argumentation
buildings they
if
come
air
by
and
The
sandy
moisture
and
the
be
become
or
clay
chalky
^
enormous
particularly
is
substructures.
bricks
formed
are
red,
or
in
best
time
they
ought
They
order
or
must
pebbles,
if
sandy,
to
be
make
to
apt
them
in
but
be
not
it must
it must
be
spring,for
at
crack.
to
made
in
spring
dry uninterruptedly,
to
in
are
midsummer
.
Ravenna,
there
which
whitish
and
It is the
made
weights.
in
'
for
it
of
gravelly,
powerful.
the
used
buildings;
private buildings
their
the
solsti-
per
the
also makes
Maxime
"
and
But
the
done.
not
superabundant
midsummer
places
public
The
enim
way.
Ducendi
"
harder.
it
The
their
weight.
marrow.
but
likewise
very
cuts
it is
albida
terra
ex
in his usual
Vitruvius
that
rule
de
usual, follows
as
Vitruvius
of
speak
to
certe."
enim
Non
this is about
see,
most
is about
siccescant, qui
We
not
as
Vitruvius
are
of
through
useftil in
wherefore
power.
ash
if dried
improves
its moisture
elements,
imperishable
in the
calculoso
reasons
^
our
minus
sunt
fiunt.**
tenore
as
question
Then,
the
his
among
name,
dicam.
autem
adding
uno
accoxmt
on
is very
wet
marshy
which
liquid through
of the
ut
decay quickly.
pilework
'
oak
expelled,
are
'
wood
Italian
faciendi
"
is this difference
with
liquore,
sabulo, masculo
ducendi.**
sunt
:
The
oporteat,
eos
imbecilli.**
business
own
probant.**
into
weights
penetrating
The
beech
down
by letting off
it is mixed
fire
his
aU
their
and
felled
are
out.
be
eis
always
multoque
vel etiam
solstitio rimosi
nam
autumnale,
There
left
must
inest
this
not
8.
harenoso
duci
soluto
scarcely felicitous
some
appreciated
are
II, 3 and
sabulone,**
vere,
by
Pliny, though
rubrica
terra
continues
masculo
et
et celeriter
Vitruvius
used
know
we
neque
ex
de
has
says,
have
rammed
can
aut
facti efficiuntur
nisi bimos
non
cherry-tree
still
with
which
"
trary, when
it
rimosi
parantur
sub
sunt
rigorem
proiecto qui
agro,
whom
Vitruvius
sabuloso
He
optime
tempus
vemum
per
etiam
aut
Finguntur
"
Pliny, only
in
"
rubrica
de
he
as
from
sabulone
neque
superfluous explanation.
cretosa
Pliny
luto
calculoso
neque
rather
with
ex
albicante
et
in
aut
author
taken
lateribus, qua
De
"
Pliny,
the
have
to
sunt
non
cretoso
Vitruvius
so
harenoso
a
Lateres
"
if
that
corresponds
170-73
Pliny XXXV,
bricks.
likely
more
factas
habent
non
"est
etc.'*
it is not
book,
umoris
pondere
aridsB
sunt
doubt
no
ab
et
duriores,
sixteenth
the
for
sources
vetustate
autem
emoriuntur,
stantes
lentae
fabricantur
cum
as
privata
et
operibus
in
ad
same
empire
publica
et
opera
continues
He
palustribus
immortalis
capital of
onmia
in
...
this is
see,
technical
pense,
willingly dis-
permanet
We
umore
imiidae
something
doubt
no
autem,
the
quod
Alnus
fixa
"c.^
the
Kavenna,
experts
**
**
uses
EavennsB,
which
crebre
structurae
he
that
habent
generis
in
cum
ea,
igni operatione
et
aere
marcescunt,"
Further:
palationibus
his homestead,
from
maxime
autem
immania
utilitates,sed
firma."
"cerasus
only difference
the
sedificiorum
sustinet
et
Pliny, with
in
Pliny's
fundamenta
locis infra
celeriter
fagus
23
DECEM
LIBRI
eiecto
liquorem
about
is added
similar
et
ARCHITECTURA
sadificiis magnas
foramina
per
Cerrus
in
habet
principiis temperata,
omnibus
coUocatur,
DE
VITRUVn
get
for
cracks
and
in autumn
those
and
that
are
become
chippy.
^
have
two
They
years
are
old.
not
suitable
for
buildings before
being
24
OBSERVATIONS
si
probatus,
unbiassed
Plin.
17L:
XXXV,
vocabant
ideo
et
nominantur
Graeci
few
own
Pliny
and
on
goes
the
the
it
find
sesquipedem,
doron
palmum
palmis prouti
autem
eos
sunt,
in
publicis
utimtur
quod
grsBce
Lydium
ubi
ideo
is
correspondence
"
in
et
quod
enim
in
geritur ").
Maxilua
pumicosa,
terra
ulteriore
Calle
et
subigi
cum
civitas
Maxilua
in
abqua.
We
pumicosa.'*
see,
quite superfluous
and
lengthy
Of
of half -size
course.
ducuntur
qua
adds
only
only with
bricks
civitatibus
parte
una
same,
semper
that
autem
tetradorois
et
de
est
the
"
says
Hispania
ducti
terra
quite
second
every
sunt
he
Hispania
autem
Vitruvius
formed
sunt
cum
videtur
which
ulteriore
Est
"
in
not,
in aqua
is
doron
pentadoron,
privata
struuntur,
datio'' and
munerum
they
this
see
palmonmi
quae
cum
quae
duobus
dicitur
appellatur, id
pentadorois,
We
found
lateres
complete
("
doron
versus
quoquo
opera
ceteris
pede;
tetradoron
graece
semilateria,
has
Asia
Vitruvius,
est
Pliny
merguntur
non
posse
quod
ponuntur."
were
in
datio
publica
latum
alterum
pentadoron,
in Vitruvius
they
Pitane,
Calle, in Asia
Natare
et
of
not
we
an
can
antiqui
tria, unum
sesquipede,
lateribus
which
Pitanae
"
ita
his
passage
where
potest, utilissima.**
item
IV
genera
munenmi
simt
quae
semilateres
fiunt
et
cum
altera
added
has
also used,
were
Must
unum
quod
palmum
circumlocutions
awkward
his
palmum,
autem
ordines,
he
enim
longum
utuntur,
Ex
dicitur,
Fiunt
struuntur.
lateribus
ergo
utimur, longum
quo
laterum
autem
nostri
manus
per
tetradoron
IV
Minore
Fiunt
"
quo
appellant
geritur
semper
est
sedificia struuntur.
GrsBcorum
his
II, 3,
id
appellatur,
quod
darentur
And
compendium
Pliny
out
Graeci
as
Vitruvius
drawn
Lydium,
Pliny
this?
ita
fuerit
Vitruvius
autem
and
pentadoron
manu
latitudo.
et
est
tria
tertium
quia
mimera,
eadem
in Grsecia.*'
dora
of
Uticenses
**
magistratus
believe
anybody
description of
laterum
Genera
**
tetradoron,
alterum
pedem,
latum
explanation
arbitrio
account
transcribed
latter has
elaborate
cum
Can
clear
unreasonable
and
the
that
and
DECEM
LIBRI
an
ductus,
structuris.**
short
the
erroneous,
probable
more
further, after
And
parietum
consider
reader
lengthy, partly
much
in
utuntur
tum
ARCHITECTURA
DE
quinquennium
ante
et
VITRUVII
ducti."
fuerint
biennium
ante
ON
explanation.
their
they
perpendicular,
Vitruvius
fiant."
lum
that
presupposed
the
on
they
sint
perpendiculum
aestimantur."
semper
'
The
people
till
building
they
approved
been
-^
There
which
is tetradoron,
the
ancient
four
Utica
dry
the
the
called
named
breadths
it is given
according
of
hand;
deducitur,
sed
corresponds
with
bricks
the
use
old
five years
of
and
for
have
; the
The
breadth
the
their
they
hand
so
size, whether
are
as
second
fact
of the
called
they
the
bricks
Lydian
broad
kind
is that
hand
(the
and
bricks
four
as
or
they
are
five
are
In
In
when
*
in
in the
of
it
But
the
if
smaller
size
Asia
in
and
quite dry,
be
do
part
not
in
private
of
towns
of
sink
clay
Pliny.
Spain
Maxilua
bricks
in water.
which
are
They
is very
useful
kneaded.
valuing
brick
perpendicular, they
building them.
is used
esse
in
ones.
the
in
has
dummodo
passage
size
distant
more
house
vero,
public
is
calculation
facti, tanti
the
pumice-stone-like
can
in
of
only
it
stone,
the
year
olim
fuerint
larger
Pitane
which,
consist
If
the
the
latericiis
De
"
Greece
Calle
made
stones
if
perpendicu-
rough
basing
each
beginning
the
buildings,
gift doron,
the
"
in
for
quanti
long.
^
bricks,
1 ft. broad
and
with
to
see,
pentadoron.
third
Greeks
not
we
in
adds
magistrates.
long,
ft.
fingers) doron,
because
do
and
kinds
three
1^
use,
we
of
by
of
are
This,
years,
of
made
and
^V is deducted
he
statement
aeterni, si ad
enim
houses
valuing
eighty
than
expenses,
nihil
stantes,
are
this
in
that
us
longer
building
the
with
connection
In
last
hard
no
imperishable
are
"
sunt
had
Greeks
these
adds
parietes praetulere ;
II, 8, 8 tells
in
cannot
representing
sum
existed.
ad
latericios
"
if the
172, that
XXXV,
are
in
by Pliny
related
is further
It
at
are
buildings nothing
valued
at
the
is deducted.
sum
spent
in
OBSERVATIONS
Pliny continues
ad
Ideo
"
fecere, Halicamassi
latericiis
inclusum
Bomam
opus
se
per
Areti
murus
nullis
et
primum
in
aede
ad
quae
semper
in
et
domus,
comitium
quam
onmia
The
haberet
the
Pliny
case
if it
as
be
charitable
readers
in
temples
find
must
were
his
that
where
Mevania,
probably
mentions
Pentelicon
That
own.
subject in
We
he
Then
crassior
rationes
And
for
wall
this
of
and
royal palace
Crcesus,
has
existence.
paintings
walls,
were
plates
In
found
of
this
palace
the
stucco
Ceteri
in
Tralles
; in
the
into
wooden
palace
Varro
fact
that
and
which
of
brick
though
it Could
at.
of Mevania
is
off, provided
frames
talia
In
1^
storey, and
must
not
are
such
Rome
is
Also
the
it
hope
aedificia, quia
est
Id
"
eius
carried
the
work
be
moved
ne
munis
com-
quid
genus
rei
et
causae
quam
in order
Rome,
to
the
edileship
itself
even
the
of
walls
the
be
to
more
of
to
Murena
wonderful,
was
was
Italy,
Arretium
of brick.
houses
ft. broad
because
with
us
crassitudines
during
in
let
and
Comitium
wondered
'
admirable
the
and
gerusia,
which
coating
cut
rounded
sur-
parietes,ne
autem
with
maiores
do
to
sint
of
by
long amusing
information
quaeque
has
is stated
by
fiunt
he
Tralles
inventions
whatever
non
patiuntur
non
adorn
temples
were
of Mausolus,
stucco
were
as
in Athens
the
Sardes
where
well
as
however,
transformed
Lacedeemon,
on
Eomae
"
his
oporteat, exponam,
communi.
of stone
; likewise
been
the
got
we
out
Athens
in
be
two
leaves
about
is followed
of
Greece
Halicamassus
nothing
doubt
no
in
well
latter
erroneously,
has
palace
quite
of
ledge
know-
the
He
passage
the
may
has
author
mar-
speaks
common.
the
Vitruvius
says
publicae
Leges
; ia Patree
which,
architraves
of Attains
which
who
non
[viz.of brick]:
thus
Hymettus
in Halicamassus
still in
fieri
urbe
loco
of Hercules,
and
Pliny,
public buildings
built
by pillars and
the
in
reason
were
the
whence
know
to
in
in
palace
which
Pliny
Pliny
negHgence
that
which
gencsia
While
In
In
constitui
"EU}ingMount
Jupiter
passage
Artemisia,
and
praetermittam.
sesquipedales
'
corresponding
not
of
Croesi
their
other.
whereas
gross
says
for the
ligneis
adlataB.
uaam
contignationem tolerat, cautumque
plus quam
II, 8, 16 :
intergerivorum ratio patitur.** Vitruvius
Eomano
non
royal palaces
used
returns
fiat,nee
populo
was
do
he
priest,both
the
marble
The
of
town.
and
in
sunt
drawn
the
word
men,
one,
factam,
Proconnesio
have
the
worshipped
are
Hymettus,
as
Halicamassus
hand.
is reliable.
ita
well
as
into
knowing
not
47).
about
digression
Heracles
and
Proconnesian
(XXXV,
Phny
Zeus
old
Patris
columnar,
coUegio gerusiam
cum
must
copied
ancients.
of
them
combines
authors
for
council
item
et
etc."
explains
home
the
means
official residence
the
become
institution,
Vitruvius
Patrae,
fuerunt
domus
non-
licet videre,
Lacedaemone
otio, seniorum
have
must
Vitruvius
original.
it
them
of
Itaque
"
Attalicis
Item
MurenaB
structos,
both
either
that
one
or
regibus
inclusae
et
f.
; cum
latericius
structas
lateribus
so
the
know
place
no
his
is
source,
domum
aetatis
latere
quoque
Varro
epistylia sint
Trallibus
requiescendum
ad
et
Pentelensem,
et
aede
gerit sacerdotium.
intersectis
Murena
latere
munmi,
parietes habet
omata,
same
qui
montem
lapidea in
circa
quidem
Italia
II, 8, 9,
regias e
aedilitatis Varronis
omatum
civibus
correspondence
from
ei
Halicamasso
Item
dedicaverunt.
more
ad
Sardiani
Hymettum
picturae excisae
etiam
etiam
civitatis
factum
datur
In
Vitruvius
above
the
cellas, cum
egregie
quibusdam' parietibus
formis
ad
qui spectat
latericias
vetustum
habitandum
with
privatas domos
et
Croesi, quam
exomandum
mirabantur.
magis
qui
columnas
Lacedsemone
excellentiam*
comitium
ad
lapideas
Sardibus
durat.
nunc
propter
tamen
Compare
opera
murum
.et Herculis
in Italia Arretio
est.**
publica
et
Athenis
lovis
in aedilitate
esset, tralatum
Mevaniae
et
civitatibus
quae
item
Attali,
etiam
Athenis
murum
Herculis, quamvis
et
regiam
tectorium
opus
deportavere
minim
Trallibus
Mausoli,
excisum
parietibus
lovis
sedes
25
DECEM
sic struxere,
regias domos
et
opera
Patris
Hymettum
spectat,
domum
epistylio circumdarent,
gerusiam
of
publica
et
LIBRI
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVII
montem
et
the
ON
it is
be thicker, which
are
not
cannot
a
rule
built, because
bear
that
rule also
than
more
to
one
wall
common
applies
wall
partition
walls.
B
26
craasitudine
eadem
the
almost
had,
in
as
in
laborem
in
puntur
no
contra
nee
Herewith
PaUenses,
[sc.lapicidinae],
ninaB, Soractinas
plura
etiam
et
iis
ex
si
perferunt
We
sed
dissipantur."
conciseness,
his
in
locis et rubentes,
colore
facta.
Non
habent
ex
licet
covered
caii
steam.
stand
and
aura,
this
as
word
does
neque
dissihunt
Pliny
than
Amiternince,
he
that
has
not
by Pliny.
used
testas
oneribus
tacta
more
any
was
ab
et
probable
se"n
Nigri
"
silices
not
He
the
mean
sea-
in
optimi, quibusdam
circa
lapicidinis,
lidem
nocent.
iis
ex
in monumentis
fiunt, in
formae
with
saw.
yet they
roof;
resist
other
are
is
sea-
influences,
of
the
Albanae,
quibus
aera
but
at
are
all events
rime
and
The
if
factas
circa
sunt
virtutes.
sic
Ferenti
municipium
egregie
et
aeris
minora
formis
fiatura
his
ex
sigillafloresque
recentia
apparent
lapicidinis in
In
and
MSS.
they
the
stones
comparatis
The
*'
these
ure
used
of
seat
xxxi.
PhUologtiSt
lava-stones
in the
damaged
stones
also
in
reddish,
quarries
Volsinii, and
the
was
prefect.
The
p. 415.
congesta."
black
als6
are
even
Tarquinian stone-quarries
never
corrected
Anician
not
to
Thus
have
'
to
when
exposed
Statonia
'
which
easy
absurdities.
several
about
they burst,
Tiburtine
crack
are
Bolsena,
stone
infinitas
...
circa
sunt
quae
amplas
his
habent
autem
Tarquiniensium,
maxime
utilitates."
stones.
stones
durable,
fog.
de
in finibus
oflBcinae
quarum
Haec
sint vetusta,
cum
country
white
These
in rain, frost
the
lapicidinaecomplures
statuas
there
but
Albanian
the
there
also
Venetia
cut
by
in
diffluunt
Pallenses,
who
ignee quidem
ne
monumentis,
lake
in
found
are
Fidenatian
they
can
Pliny,
the
near
soft stoneB
with, and
work
nor
situated
and
be
to
of
it
author
habent
in locis
si sunt
abeo
sunt
(BubrcB,
make
same
stones, siUx
maximas
fundendum
aes
too, resembles
be
Umbria
"t
give
alia
albus,
banc
sunt,
item
aerarii
fabri
etiam
minus
iis ad
This,
has
which
the
instead
vero
habent
et
lapicidinis.Namque
acanthos
eleganter scalptos. Quae
the
etiam
Sunt
sufferunt
not
urbem
in Venetia
et
salsugine exesa
simulque
tuta
esse
additions
quemadmodum
facta
Rome,
circa
Tiburtinae, Amiter-
mollia
omnia
sunt
rum-
dissi-
vapore
sunt
sihceae.
quae
prolixitydoes
praefecturaStatonensi.
iudicare
maxime
Other
uti
Piceno
et
ab
incorrupti permanent
Sunt
"
item
Volsiniensem,
autem
from
et
quoque
Anicianae,
dicuntur
cannot
his
Statonensi, quibus
in
II, 7, 3
Vitruvius
et
rehqua
tractabiles
pruinisque
fortes
be
Fidenati
funduntur.**
lacum
Hi
gelu
faciliter tractantur.
genere
Piceno),
hard
the
to
nonnusquam
et
secatur.
the
is to
else
Eomam
et
about
talk
to
circa
molles, uti
durae, uti
haec omnia,
possunt
in
but
cestui
ad
Umbria
maritimam
occasional
vero
vetustatem
scalpticontra
qu89
is
sea.
on
passes
Volsiniensem
lacum
Id
of the
Pliny
" 168
writing
in
breakers
the
In
igni non
Pliny,
serra
aliae
Sunt
in
Sed
eodem
quae
few
from
mistake
air but
ses-
this
see
nothing
mollitia
Tiburtini
in opere
oram
et
his information
commits
We
Vitruvius
except
ruber
Campania
in
drawn
ab
that
see
et
vero
etatempestatibus iniurias,
et
in
where
aspergine
nonnuUae
niger tofus,
secundum
Tiburtina
aestus.
;
"
begins
he
166
exempta
autem
Item
et dissolvuntur.
11, 7, 1-2
secatur.
sunt
cum
laborem,
tectis, sustiuent
lignum
saxa
"
used
Alia
"
robusti
generibus,
et
In
be
to
dumtaxat
Fidenates,
ruber
uti
dentata
serra
Vitr.
his
sunt
quae
Campania
in
utilitatem, quod
friantur
contignationem.*'
lapis dentata
albus
tecto
maris
corresponds
RubrsB
ut
comes
auram
has
this passage
tolerant, sub
qui
triplinthiifuerint,
diplinthii ant
stones.
which
Venetia
et
quoque
quoque
testas,
which
After
Hunt.**
genera
DECEM
LIBRI
sustinere
unam
Umbria
In
opere
nisi
vero,
of natural
Pliny speaks
is
Carthage.
Albano.
et
plus
possunt
non
XXXVI
which
soft tufa
latericii
ARCfilTECTORA
DE
same.
Book
In
collocantur
crassitudine
quipedali
TITRUVII
ON
OBSERVATIONS
near
places
Tarquinii,
about
and
stand
the
white,
the lake
round
sculptures
moulds
; sometimes
also
fire. In
well
make
best
the
are
some
country
by
keep
to
in
Statonia;
on
test
of in bronze-
in
as
near
they
are
monuments
of time;
they
foundries.
OBSERVATIONS
That
large
What
''
should
statue
evidently speaks
of
domitimi
quae
addition
the
sed
etiam
much
in
Pliny "
Vitruvius
What,
that
II, 8, 5
the
"
does
the
says
layers
structa
of
vocant
He
strengthened
his
binders
by
description is
same
Eeticulata
"
Vitruvius
writes
utuntur,
rimas
(chap. 8, 1)
faciendas
Incerta
ideo
his
In
melior.
'
the
If doubts
ex
they
in
out
are
years
exposed
to
damaged
the
exposed
^
to
The
regularly
'
or
must
ordinariis
^
the
atmospheric
These
used
are
; those
the
that
influence
Greeks
they
of
same
the
renounce
hard
mistake,
of
hard
the
of
parts
or
they
"
*'
ex
the
silicibus
of
two
kinds,
isodomum
and
omnes
sed
stop
ad
coagmenta.
speciosam,
consider
to
observe
et
if he
that
this
mentioning
sed
the
ward
awk-
had
been
**
uncertain
"
former.
the
Cato
lapide
Censorius
tectoriis
thick
; ad
improbat
former,
in
which
albo
ex
damnatur
utrumque
all
the
ex
pseud-
; the
latter, in which
they
courses
are
are
of
the
front
unequal
thickness.
^
The
only
the
stones
is apt
which
called
the
it will
they
emplecton,
while
is
used
is
sides
remaining
happen
may
frequently
so
connected;
other
of
by
building:
all, and
Reticulated
easily crack,
more
they
as
which
kinds
two
now
uncertain.
each
where
in the
parts
to
fit.
used
in
crack.
are
and
have
work,
to
There
placed
is
placed just
are
Reticulated
work,
but
kind
third
regularly built,
are
between
"].
are
not
only
the
of
build
[ordina/ria in
stones
non
avoided
equally
be
walls.
stones
square
comp.
stone
brick
as
imbricata
fistuloso
been
safely
can
seque
will
nunc
quo
as
est."
reticulatum,
est
The
opportuna
cubilia
will
we
Rome,
way
in
isodomum
:
air.
walls
in the
ordinary
be
subterranean
unimpaired
construct
lava
cut
be
to
same
concludes
Pliny
habet
of
way
which
after
ex
building
for
having
changes,
of the
have
the
corrupt.
even
rimis
venustius
We
have
vario
durability
used
not
for the
are
possibly
following
meantime
the
himself,
not
the
in the
but
summer,
parts
difficult.
dissoluta
inter
structuram."
utiUor, quae
to
as
is tested
sedentia
Calcem
"
says
tantummodo
nearly
haec, reticulatum,
his
Ex
absolutely preferred by
structuras
after, in
the
When
of lava
text
quality
stones
edifices
duro
walls, with
walls
says
struimt,
sunt
partes
omnes
aha
could
is
entertained
are
stones, their
till two
PHny
174
"
Quae
in
expresses
latter
diriguntm:.**
emplecton
such
some
becomes
Romae
genera
dicitur.
quod
praestant
building, which
of
frequentissime
qua
super
Vitruvius
in which
crassitudine
insequalicrassitudine
cimi
Vitruvius
comparison
incertum
aha
reticulata
quam
way
isodomum,
unum
aequa
like brick
them
that
quite clear, in
not
Structurarum
"
paratum,
caementa
vero
firmiorem
structiura,
antiquum, quod
et
ordinario."
coriorum
et
parietes."
confused.
rather
the
follows
his
coria
est
adds
side.
each
so
squa,re-stone buildings
to
ordines
building
He
latericios
Ex
Tertium
**
to
that
probable
lapide duro
seu
omnia
structurse,
on
goes
from
Pliny is
following passage
that
to Vitruvius,
apphes even
so
In
exactly
struuntur.
viz. in
genus
conlocant."
alternately
silice
is
inaequales
et
fecerunt,"
isodomon
fortuitu
politis; reliqua
" 7, but
ita
Cum
''
coria, pseudisodomon.'*
sunt
frontibus
thing
same
equal thickness,
impares
cum
"
also
observanda
sunt
v^ry
velut
de
dicitur, cum
Isodomum
appellatur.
seem
struunt
sequato
generibus
duobus
Hoec
"
structa, pseudisodomum
Pliny
silice
aut
stones, but
square
but
same,
material.
a
quadrato, ponunt
?
It
excepting quadratum
in
pseudisodomum
fuerint
duro
not
the
tecto
utilius
aptentur
quadratis lapidibus
it does
inferior
such
to
170
"
inserere
has
(chap. 7, 5)
only
not
in
ea
However,
with
lapide
alteram
solum
discesserint
mean
ilPliny
in
continues
He
structurse
Vitruvius
applied
be
to
Nee
"
taken
cum
he
ought
structuris."
Grseci
"
of
unheard
biennium
ante
nee
fuerint, subterraneas
Isesa
eo
ex
test
been
have
and
Vitruvius.
in
eximere
eum
cbbIo conmiittere."
stones
caementiciis
171
then,
this
smaller
should
care
SBstate
Quae
vel
est
that
irregularlyshaped
dubio
lapide
mentioned
is not
169
"
tempestatibus.
restiterint,tutum
with
all
in
has
in
est
27
DECEM
sculpture only.
ornamental
Pliny
Bemedium
LIBRI
is incredible
lava
of
made
been
have
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVU
ON
do
firmness
because
the
work
the
stones
irregular pieces
not
produce
than
the
fine
network.
reticulated
old
is the
are
which
kind,
finest,
loosely
fit in
building,but
26
OBSEBVATIOXS
Vitr.
silice.'* ^
Et
coquatur.
tectoriis."
erit
ex
quae
is
(" 175)
as
brief
is very
the
about
speaks
he
here
summary
in
that
pit-sand (harena
and
river
Po.
Pliny
a
well
teaches
stamped
mixed
chalk
is found
passage
not
are
with
which
wells
''
nti
Vitruvius
of which
(VUI,
in
his
with
writes
is
This
'
while
Pliny
diameter
What
does
178
("
says
J of their
is
Corinthian
capital, which
equals
The
In
constructed
be
to
was
height, and
1
this
been
the
equal
sides
we
for
^V^
Vitruvius
the
must
'
Old
hard
The
for
stone
^
Cato
;
1,
it
stone
stucco.
It is most
had
7,
be
is
useful
to
calls
their
made
of
two
"
ein
be
knowledge
of
coloured
white
stone,
divisions,
so
that
in
the
vicious
parts
water
passes
'
more
If these
be
with
mosaic
from
possible
to
if
as
or
"
of
der
write
there
from
the
book.
same
pure
may
be
to
proceeded
who
of
complains
drawn
were
in
have
impressed
is
words;
same
those
the
porous
the
using
invented
must
and
is
if it
As
whose
criticise
first
supposed
at
pillar
may
Detlefsen
conclusion
reality
from
is
paragraph
the
columns,
We
he
the
time
diameter
of
top
were
of
first
the
for
here
than
This
occasionally
breadth
Wirrwarr,"
Uebereinstimmung."
similarity of
the
Attic
sure,
The
colunm.
the
slender
more
fix their
to
The
their
of
tbe
were
capitals
more
bottom
height
them
of
capitals).
to
wahres
nowhere
1, 1. 7, 2. 1, 7.
building,the
not
"
Pliny's short
without
of silex, it is
make
11.
if
it
but,
was
by sifting?
whose
the
so-called
spiraeand
;
in
diameter
angular
he
what
changed
one-third
the
are
pura
efficient,
usum
Those
agreed
was
transeat
aquae
be
columns
their
incomplete
all, and
at
made
preferable for
If made
he
found
of chalk
when
better
(p. 146)
1,
it
half
that
statement
wortlichen
drawn
disapproves
is
the
and
2.
the
what
cisterns,
about
understand
giving
be
opiM
forget
tripliciafacta fuerint,
aut
diameter
the
of
of
to
proximam
which
bottoms
name
seems
pure
-similar
Ionic, if f, Tuscan.
them
Ephesus
at
to
from
to
Finally, there
short
things
same
and
base
are
are
columns
capitals, and
the
composition."
8.
the
of
the
suaviorem
not
and
remark
in
pillars,thus
none
theilweise
very
school,
limestone
6.
necessarily
not
same
1,
und
sachlichen
about
are
mosaic-like
author's
the
when
there
repetitions where
the
in
with
of
and
it too
of
Diana
bottom.
instance,
find
may
prejudiced
very
height
than
of
of
it
he
did
with
of
speak of cisterns,
correct
^, they
differing
one-third
only
height
provided
the
four
paragraph
Ephesus
the
thinner
capitals have
is
pound.
columns.
of
if it is
one
way,
et
things
kinds
;
only
diameter
temple
bases, and
on
their
Doric
Ionic,
capital
oldest
the
the
lowest
proportions required
temple.
i of
the
Ionic
four
are
called
are
hke
are
appearance.
There
**
what
and
ea,
than
dupUcia
himself
author
parts
walls
not:
Apennines
be covered
colum
si
the
to
giving
per
Ea
"
has
two
not
usual
salubriorem
The
by
mean
height
columns
ancient
f.) :
atque
(Vni,7,15)
between
is the
following
the
considant
possint,multo
he
his
in
Pliny
Yitravius
and
It
cement,
detail
ought
does
he
only
into
4).
more
sand
pure
more
condemns
(book H,
which
cisterns
of
of
much
country
well-sinking.
of
Pliny makes
thoughtlessly
the
weigh
proceeding
quite incomprehensible.
about.
talking
this
priore vitia
percolationibus transmutari
etc/'
in
above-mentioned
the
and
in
but
mixed
observation
parts
to
[6],14-15)
goes
be
bottoms
five
ought
work,
described
ut
esse,
and
walls
the
he
to
fistuloeo, in
ex
limestone.
chalk,
one
found
is not
consisting of
Vitruvius
having
geminas
aqua,"
none
talking about,
been
has
stones
covers
After
Utilius
cement
in
he
signinum
he
of
mentioned
even
how
"" 173)
us
coat
has
quae
silice
ant
saxo
autem
Pliny absolutely
white
as
albo
de
has
the
chalk
the
; stiU he
fossicia)
well
as
about
which
with
elsewhere
as
namely,
the
bds remarks
sand
nti
while
that
do
it will
thinks
BECEM
UBRI
adhibenda
difference
curious
the
AfiCHlTECTURA
doriore,
et
silex, Vitruvius
If Vitruvius
where
spisso
DE
diligentia est
calce
De
"
notice
we
of
chalk
burning
II, 5,
Here
TITRUVil
ON
are
changed
palatable
in the
remain
through
made
into
upper
into
sieve
two
or
the
three,
by sifting,they produce
water.
while
space
lower
so
that
healthier
the
one.
they
and
ON
OBSERVATIONS
This
book,
as
Architectura.
borrowed
of
information
he
includes
the
and
should
know,
had
Vitruvius
the
Servius,
id ostium
found
former
remark
to
of
And
and
when
we
the
at
close
the
quotes
it
as
parison
comowes
16, 33,
know.
we
in
if Servius
and
our
books
architecture
of
had
We
particular,
quoted
not
as
had
he
he
we
to
have
Vitruvius
but
this
close
the
been
as
genuineness
Orpheus,
architecture.'
been
have
would
century, viz.
fifth
this
of
with
representative of
the
whom
to
author
the
together
circumstance
of
any
immaterial.
quite
authority proving
an
possess,
at
is
are
find
not
author
genuine
grammarian,
as
this
it is not
ancient
more
mentions
knew,
hved
as
the
older
an
He
book
the
work
read
named
author
an
seen
the
been
mistake.
statement,
suppose
had
from
also
Clearly
Frontinus.
himself
great
and
secondhand
others, not
our
by Servius
do
we
it
is not
books
yet these
Vitruvius
in. our
whole,
In
by
enter
we
this passage
and
Vitruvius,
of
name
the
arcemur
adeundo."
as
Now
entering (obstare).
the
on
far
so
aliquo
ab
aditum
in
his
In
era.
our
ab
Cum
**
latter
the
of
century
lines
ingredimur,
cum
aditus,
from
bearing
fourth
of the
following
and
prevents
single gap
Servius
is
ostium
possess
quoted
this
objection against
time
we
if Sidonius
even
far
so
Apollinaris has
Vitruvius,
^sculapius
43, he
called
quotation
Sidonius
If
of
Vitruvius
the
from
treat
not
architect,
the
may
Whether
his
lived
VI,
without
kind
the
had
or
Vitruvius
author
did
source
Pliny
writing
in
has
above,
history
What
source.
used
he
De
he
mentioned
as
natural
important
work
notes
principal
the
was
:
of
matter
sources
his work
that
the
different
be
in
us
they appeal.
name,
among
it
is concerned
most
the
[Vitruvius] ab ostando,
books
ten
transmitted
think
his
dicit
door
in the
to
In
be
be
must
grammarian,
ingressu,
(adire), the
he
Mneid,
the
on
words,
work.
to
Varro's
the
architectonica.'*
de
comment
other
but
mentioned
not
his
be
to
interest, and
Vitruvius
to
29
DECEM
supposed
secondary
while
architecture
as
seems
mentions
he
inclined
feel
even
Pliny
be
must
of
only
was
far
as
subjects in
that
not
unimportant,
only
whom
do
we
subject
and
course
shown
if Frontinus
"
few
other
many
Vitruvius
35,
Pliny
are
of
"
has
to
it
from
this
LIBRI
ARCHITECTURE
explained above,
have
we
To
DE
VITRUVU
no
the
after
written.
IV
in
If
treating
origin
of
of
we
are
machines
which
of
researches
probabilitywith
his work,
of
part
previous
the
high degree
Vitruvius, III,
of
there
p.
to the
fortunate
with
war,
in
X.
be
book
attention
called
the
to
in
Haase,
llspl^iri'xavn^Ttov,and
and
'Encyclopedia of Ersch
Gruber, p. 429,
chapters
13-15
AthenflBUs
;
der
as
to
DiELS,
he
the
Sidonius
abnnit
baoulum,
the
result
cum
that
essay
Archimede
about
the
IV.
the
to
that
could
"
Si
pleotmm,
radium,
fora
cum
cum
second
Vitruvius
not
have
ezigit, tenere
iBsculapio
Euphrate
philosopher
Straton
from
third
or
was
drawn
be
century
a
of
Athenaeus,
horoscopimn,
perpendiculum."
otuxi
Ferdice
of
but
in
Byzantium
all the
that
As
long
this
to
as
ment
state-
Sitzungsberichte
style
and
Christian
the
contemporary
from
in
on
and
Vitruvius
made
his
the
comment
Athenaeus.
that
judging
his
imhesitatingly
from
especiallythose
part about
from
Philon
at
architectonic
the
between
objection could
no
natural
about
borrowed
are
more,
author,
in
arrived
have
considerable
11, declares
note
Vitruvius
Orpheo
deal
good
Alexandrian
general belief
ApoUinaris
eum
an
only belong
can
shared
and
in his
Akademie,
author
'
non
but
Berliner
this
(19-21),
considered
was
to
drawn
mechanics,
about
resemblance
article
his
has
already,
striking
the
he
find
we
Schneider
ATHEN-ffiUS
the
which
said
be
only
can
chapters
Here
mistake.
no
we
from
source
more
can
361,
Vitruvius
about
regard
Augustus,
that
oircinom,
language,
now,
era;
both
com
he
came
of
them
Vitruvio
30
0BSEBVATI05S
used
had
the
same
been
unable
of
comparison
fashion,
WeU
Agesistratus
lived.
belong
to
the
of
close
book
no
further
He
seems
if
Vitruvius
waste
not
Homer
with
^Tites
ness
who
happened
to
Isocrates,
who
Such
be
the
the
on
effective,it is
the
he
has
to
necessity
of
OF
against
each
which
Empire
Roman
says
take
and
'
that
care
but
occur
that
quails
quamquam
him
quidem
eiu8
simulaverit
sit
armed
it is
fides, quippe
affirmat
ex
disturbed
So
the
restat,
nisi
qui ipsom
Agesistrato noverat
^se'^ad apparationem
but
se
only
by invasions
question
ut
In
"Nede
et
inspexisse
ballistarum
et
foisse
nisi
only
keep
without
even
scorpionum
nescivit
He
to
Grseco
ought
Agesistratus.
auctore
to
have
means
He
bears
in
mind
submit
third
the
and
the
in the
ad
Empire
unfortunately
the
tormentomm
put
stood
the
which
belliois
the
B.C.,
after Christ
regarding
de
to
language
be
ticularly
par-
of
peace
up
to
century
Carthage
century
the
destroy
is
reliqaommqae
prsesto,*
of
if defence
insurrections,
and
tionem
moneare,
auctores,
wants
is decided
third
the
end
any
and
to conquer
It is the
Syracuse.
by
from
rhetorical
but
Bome
when
powers,
The
not
of
language
realm.
conquests,
quidqoam
quos
no
the
will
who
those
not
conquered
single
people
and
what
learned
the
not
says,
attack.
of
means
rival
were
one
is
teach
to
Great
of Macedonia
has
of
man
loquacity.
avoid
Philip
he
Christ.
he
must,
against violators
against
This
after
centuries
It
the
to
outcome
an
Gxphcit-
their
care
advised
he
enough
order
enemy's
Marcellus
only
not
in
defence
take
who
with
practical
Alexander
will
And
book
time.*
the
with
briefly what
evidence.
book
being
he
state
third
and
wishes
the
will make
frequently.
too
Thieljudges
Vitravio
he
this
when
will
is clearly
know
acknowledges
he
second
only
accompanying
and
letter in which
the
still greater
Macedonia
and
other,
finish
Empibe.
THE
when
the
written
he
necessary
LAWS
EXCELLENT
in
authors
must
author
fill his
but
Greeks
the
diately
immewe
never.
an
of
measure
But
that
time
and
beginner,
reproached
machines,
concluded
with
age
contrary,
like the
introduction
an
same
that
supposed
cities
been
know,
the
the
on
have
appears
Therefore
words
many
know
'
must
most
considering
This
replaced, but
king.'
waste
elements
we
be
can
draw
times,
uncertain.
without
lived.
he
he
at
his
can
later
Delphic precept
the
behove
not
he
say,
first
not
with
else
not
must
besieging
did
had
the
concise
flourished
which
reveals
book
be
about
Agesistratus."
useful
Indian,
the
wrote
peace
sophistry
being
philosophers
to
means
yield,till the
to
of
does
which
in
age
begins
we
in
Heron
is
lived
dedicates
course
viz.
"
he
who
have
he
Bomans
Heron
eyes
when
to
could
of
his
mentions
He
as
whom
But
of
date
in
mechanician,
to
many
that
reader
circumlocutions
dark
mention
not
the
everything
night long
by
renewed
course
live ?
he
the
Athenffius
Syracuse.
borne
does
the
author
and
far
unprejudiced
to
as
all
Calanus,
of
even
with
The
impressing
in
that
in
Marcellus
the
was
Athenaeus
doubt
Money
*'
the
as
useful
author
the
So
in
sleep
requires brevity.
Pyrrhus,
because
observed
be
age,
which
himself
purpose
but,
be
may
To
'
the
excursions,
be
and
the
of
him,
Alexandrian
So
B.C.
oonvinoe
did
when
well-known
th"t
unnecessary
equally
are
conqueror
name,
that
time.
mere
introduction.
our
sa}^
weU-known
this
cannot
the
our
with
and
we
century
before
Athenaeus
we
"
second
or
century
the
may
on
from
to
third
thinks
Hultsch
looking
in
the
from
earlier, it
lived
Etesibius,
will
translated
he
However,
doubt
no
thought
suggesting
1895"
source.
I have
out
spun
this
oat
in
common
and
partly
Ath"N"US,
alludes
dbcex
Leipag
authors
and
and
predecessor,
been
conclusions
this
was
both
him,
negligently
who
this
be
to
in
before
in
degree
suggestion,
nearest
third
have
this
but
the
to
the
could
and
then,
his
as
of
libri
philologist, followed
younger
passages
Athenaeus
literally,
now
now
additions.'
and
truth
corresponding
had
Doctor's
by Athenaeus,
quoted
the
prove
the
indeed
Vitruvius
usual
to
for
disputation
authority
Agesistratus, the
has
his
akchitectuka
de
Thiel,
M.
source.
in
detail
in
more
^^TBU^^I
OS
wi^^Mtiig
verbum
AthennuB
fere
language.
refeedocere
expresso.**
instead
of
is Diels
Nor
comment
on
the
first to express
the
biography
plausible suggestion
whom
Byzantium
the
by
destroyed
work
this
entrusted
rebuilt
man
author
of this author's
begins by
epilogue
machinationibus
Athenjbus,
9.
victores
civitates
et
the
he
assures
ED.
Wescheb.
mihi
defenssB
which
been
have
translation
Marcellus
charged.
was
which
been
had
muniendisque
certain
he
very
from
used
by
in footnotes.
esse
that
reader
to
which
the
Athenseus
towns
this book
English
de
the
urbibus
Athenseus
an
which
sentence
9,
p.
all
he
Though
is to
wants
Vitruvius
[so,AgesistTBitOB]
elpeOfjrai
Kptoy fiiy ttfatricev
Kap^ti^oyitity
ev
vwo
irptttritrroy
Xktpilioy
T9\(0f"ic/f.
(iavo^iywy
ahrdv
speaking only
enable
the
towns
to
Ka^tkiiv.
Tvpi6c
TiQ
"OOiy
rijy
ahrov
an
e(
eXKvy
C"
fjy iicoiovyTO
vXay
(vywy
Tkty
raic
itrroy
Pephrasmenos
Tiipa^
p. 10.
It fUT
k^
ovK
cTXatcv
ayTtffKaaTwy
ay^p"y
irpowdovfuyoy
with
the
roy
et
Gaditanorum
he
adds
oXV
ktroirifti
ri
Ceras
his
vementibus
subiectis
that
de
rotis
arrectariis
suspendit arietem
ad
plagis
remark
Chalchedonius
trans-
ita redu-
et
(ac ratione).
compegit
et in
alterum
eo
suspendit
superfluous
him
basim
praque
vvoTpu-^oy
ex
inventione
ea
murum.
the
autem
primum
wXiiOovf:
vwo
to
nomine
Tyrius,
impellendo
only
attributed
act
statute
cendo
Koi
Kpioy
male
ordine
ex
dissipaverunt.
uti trutinam
deiecit
Kapxri^orto^vw6rpo\oy
wXayioy
trxti^^yiiridriKB
voifitra^
inductus
versum
original ;
the
to
lapidum
summos
ratione,
ac
sustimurum
gradatim
faber
quidam
Pephrasmenos
Ta^iun,^
irlimty
enough
Postea
(eii'Oi' rot;
to
corresponds
6
ahroy
2.
ferramenta,
summum
ita
et
non
manibus
idque
communitionem
totam
'Atropuc
wXayioy.
roy
^laKfifiiywy ^ta
is faithful
translator
name
Kai
rc7)(OC
to
deiciebant
ordines
vpoc
or^^ac
trvitTe
ffvrifiaiyeyavra
fiijX^yilfjiaTOi:
The
ravra
fieia
demolitionem
tignum
id
cepissent,
Posteaquam
capiteque eius
continenter
pulsantes
yerofityoy
ad
posuerunt.
ante
nentes
itpriftrac
irapavXrjtTiwii
i^aXaylty
iLyritriratrTOv
iy^oy
Twy
10
to
ad
sumpsenmt
ijy nc^pci^^icvocy
oio/ia
Va^iiptrwy TroXir,
Twy
aXXov
yavwriyvQ
T^ TToAiopWf,
ovyilufy
troX^fy
castra
conati.
sunt
habuerunt
\upwy
p^^iutc ifrt
Kai
Carthaginienses
castellum
autem
demoliri
(13).
oppugnationes
oppugnandas
Cum
Apfieroy
19
X,
esse.
Gades
ilaxpoc
(ic
i^oyTa^
ad
memoratur
Trp/iicaraXri/i-
Xafiovraq Zia
rei^oc
to
eic
Tovoy
ly
ovUey
riyac
Primum
Taleipa
irepi
ri
yap
KoQaiptaiy ZoKoy
iIq rrly
lytreUiy
Ty
KaOaipovyrtiH'
Kai
raTfi\vi ytayiiTKnvQ
the
chapters by
Kestat
"
the
having
office with
reproductions, adding
with
(" instaurandis
important
the
identical
written
have
may
in his
forth
put
themselves.
defend
p.
he
was
of
31
DECEM
previously Casaubonus,
years
task
the
LIBRI
Pollio
fortified
introductory
an
duces
et
besieging machines,
of
with
and
for the
Athenaeus
by
300
about
Trebellius
Athenseus
present parallels of
now
and
Vitruvius
quoted
Gallienus
Scythians
young
Yitruvius,
opinion
mechanician
the
We
this
ARCHITECTURA
DE
Gallienusby
of
that
While
praefecit").
VITRUVII
ON
OBSERVATIONS
iugis
et
su-
varas
coriisque bubulis
qui in
essent,
pulsandum
materia
fecit
machi-
ea
col-
essent
murum
locati.
"
were
of
a
He
[Agesistratus]asserts
the
first to
Oadeira.
smaU
walls,
arms,
had
They
fortress,and
some
demolition,
invent
yonng
took
battered
Tyrian
this, and
in the
they
having
and,
considerable
named
the
Carthagimans
ram,
in the
siege
by taking possession of
began
beam,
shipbuilder
that
battering
while
men,
a
the
were
no
pulling
other
swinging
part of the
it with
wall
of Gadeira
of
their
with
it.
noticed
Pephrasmenos
subsequent siege
its
down
implements
he
planted
in the
mast
after
the
the
striking
backward
how
to
wall
and
and
Geras
timber
forward.
crosswise.
in the
the
frame
of
this
was
The
he
set
cross-beam
besieged
stratagem,
new
it another
on
balance,
the
knowing
not
a
about
oscillate
breach
was
rampart.
Carthaginian
on
It
having hung
lever
by making
cqimteract
made
soon
ground,
fieishion of the
wheels,
not
and
after
him
placed
suspended
by
constructed
the
ropes
ram
a
on
so
as
it
to
S2
OBSERVATIONS
Vitruvins
and
in his
instead
of
oscillation, a
the
^"
Trjpac
rai'
tvptay ^ca
iiri
Ka\
Kpior
^iXiirirov
iwoXiopKti Bviayrlovg
re
Vitruvius
some
people used
the
to
the
used
oZy
ahroQ
Xtyofitvov
TO
Ttlv
Tt)y
yovy
ram
machinationis,
Bre
facilioribus
explicavit.
doctrinam
Diades
Charias,
^i/o'ck
rat
Kai
de
omits
He
instead
retain
classic
Latin.
ro"'
r^
he
the
nam
Toi'
f.\oyTa
TO
in
backward
covered
by
ad
of
used
the
Dionysius,
of
of
great
when
of
this
of
a
thus
tyrant
Amyntas,
against
rampart
its
machine,
slowness.
by
modified.
laid
on
This
during
progress
siege
to
oi
of
reign
Philip
be
might
Non
cuius
with
taken
the
In
(p. 25).
capital
the
to
text
letters
figure we
is
see
in
gap
the
the
small
and
Vitruvius
has
not
speaks of
the
Byzantium.
altam
autem
imee
turris
imo
Fieri
semipedalia.
summo
distinguished
most
Polyeidus
of
in
this
whose
Thessaly,
accompanied
Charias
and
in
arrectaria
were
latitudinem
summam
ciples
dis-
Alexander
on
expedition.
"
Diades
himself
the
who
is mentioned
science
his
in
oportere fieri
LX,
cubitorum
contracturam
those
Among
ait
minimam
autem
dodrantalia,
on
rollers,
branch
the
of
that
it the
Later
advancing
ram
Sicily, and
he
gave
partis quintam,
rov
structure,
the
subrotato,
previously.
XVII,
TpiirdXaitrTa,
whole
ariete
however,
Athenseus
Diades
constructed
made
the
appellant.
in
minus
ne
men.
machine
the
wheeled
was
because
Tortoise
but
demolitorem,
corvum
gruem
towers
ram
Turrim
vXcltoq
8c iTKeXwv
Tu/y
etiam
subsequently
mentioned
irXdrovg
rov
KCLTiafiey
^X^**'
forward,
inventor
engineers
fxepog
to
machitransitus
amiss.
were
hi
hk
(rvvayitiyrfv
*
frd^q
roof,
the
Geras,
engineering
son
cf,
been
solebat,
piano pede
Athenseus
as
of the
where
passages,
ciroumferre
se
etiam
asoendentem
et
of
scriptasreliquit.
way
That
instead
quas
utebatur
and
ovt(os
Dionysius.
out
ostendit
nulli
non
that
ambulatorias,
murum
movable
same
^li
(f^rjtrf'y
cXnxt^rov,
roy
irefjnrToy
and
great number
and
cum
scriptis suis
exercitu
posset,
these
drawing
have
must
nothing
v\I/oq ini\iMty f,
to
TO.
nvpyov
of
qui
passage
Thettalos
terebram
qua
quern
mistake.
subsequent
if
as
nvpyoy
T^r^xtiQ
swing
on
is
course
by
give
to
evidently
goes
to
ai'w
of
the'
which
ovy
fxey
meant
was
from
seen
and
yeviadai
it
that
in the
somewhat
is followed
airrov
So
large tower,
this
easily imagine,
can
borer, which
the
clearly
noticed
we
word
Karaa-KsvT].
represents
other
el
receperunt
quo
leaves
form
turres
praeterea
'
he
Diades
dissolutas
koi
icpi^
viroTpox^
and
Attic
the
Itaque
ahrov,^
KaraaKevrfy
explains hn^aOpa
Athenaeus
name
et
unimportant
not
invenisse
irvpyovg
KopaKn
the
wheels,
of
to
as
r^ /ui})(avcic^
ey
t^prirovg
tc
Tpvvavoy
adds, what
pieces,and
oppugnaret,
pluribus generibus
militavenmt.
Alexandre
rationes
Vitruvius
3yzantium
filius
minus
eif
id
Phillipus
cum
Thettalos
esse
the
postea
Polyidos
ot
ccepit.
gradibus positis ad
primia
ti)v
4.
is
habuerat,
appellare
arietariam
tunc
genus
rollers
on
particular
so
rovg
eirij3ddpay'
i^paTo
ypdipu
text
quod
Amyntse
original.
exclusively in
iTvyypdfifiari
ivpriKeyai
Kut
the
the
is
he
form
ftcv
than
move
hand,
Aca^ryc
Kpiov
conatus
by
*A\e"ai'^p^,Aiahqg
is shorter
other
Thessalus,
of
tardos
works
rriy
GcVraXoc, o^
His
Carthaginian,
which
below.
as
autem
of
one
XapiaQ,^
Here
p.
3.
EvrifiipEiht
^/Xcttttoc.
fxadriral trviHTTparevoyTo
Ka\
11.
Kara
/3a^t\c*av,
On
Ideo
instead
speaks of
testudinem
?"
vara
rvparrila
*AfivyTOv
rov
'EW^o^ii'
vdtra
he
by Diades,
he
ravra
i\pii"VTo.
^iKtXtwrov
rov
introduced
KvXif^ptay tepotaQovfiEvov
ovroic
Chalcedonian
fipa^vrrfrn
rriv
(Xaflfv ijTotaifTtj^i|xavo7ro((a
^lovvffiov
(Ceras)
DECEM
LIBRI
by hand-power,
was
Mitcl
irpoirriyopevaer.
tiveq
moved
which
AROHITECTURA
DE
Geras
machine
invention
trpwroQ
evoifitrav
VITRUVII
negligence makes
simple
later
\e\un'rir
ON
in his
the
was
so-called
bridge,''
gives
He
"
work
inventor
of the
borer,*' the
also
used
descriptionof
it.
engineering
on
the
"
movable
**
rcwen
ram
on
says
towers
and
wheels
the
:
at
that
and
he
of
""lytny
least
he
OBSEBVATIONS
"yvdty
ON
iirraiBaKrvXa,
^c
*Kyirtro
TtiXiKovTOc BeKcurrtyoQTrtptwripovovarii
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVII
LIBBI
ait
autem
decern,
et:a"rrri^
83
DECEM
oportere
turrim
earn
singulispartibus
in
tabulatorum
fenestratis.
ea
Xwpac
translation
The
7
is literal
foot
fingers ^
calculation
in
the
required
8 ;
is
there
only
make
fingers
in
deviation
his
following paragraph
Vitruvius
measures.
foot, and
makes
The
fingers.
measures
palms
palm,
the
^ foot
correct
ell
palms
an
altam
cubitorum
or
cubitus.
^"
'O
p. 12.
fiiyitTTOf:
avTwv
ir^)(""cp"f"
ci
hi
TO
truyaywyijy
Koi
ovtoq
also
Here
the
post ought
Be
()
2e
trKeXutt^
follows
TfiXucouToc
trriyriQ
kvk\^
Ka.\
to
vypo^
TfivTt
hi Kal
waXattrrdy
kwl
t\ovTaQ
ttij^wf
hi
^he
alnoy
hi
Tj|c
aTiywy
has
He
and
be
should
has
equal
and
these
to
toy
by
The
wide
The
bottom
the
middle
part
'
^cyaXf|c.
(cat
at
/*"
the
tower
contraction
the
be
width
top.
10
stories,each
He
at
of
palms
the
original.
the
thick
builds
them
top
of these
is 120
towers
of
section
the
at
posts
is square
where
its
the
is
cubits
second
the
story
of
being
high
top is also
foot
one
and
decreases
sides
measure
tower
with
of
which
these
has
proportions
a
balcony
ab
YII.
the
to
the
only
are
small
the
at
and
the
regularly
about
As
is the
one
of
18^
has
three
twenty
cubits
16
cubits
broad
besides
the
fiK"m
to
the
tortoise
whether
cubits
same
7^
is to
be
which
height
ceilingto
palms
stories.
each
to
remaining
high.
are
These
As
to
be
towers
ox-hides.
it be
the
high, the
given
the
in
help
cubits
proportions
the
carrying
and
eadem
facilitate
to
and
the
untanned
with
cubits
cubits
regard
for the
same
is 80
be
is made
be
is to
fifth, after
to
with
order
height
same
tower,
covered
were
one
it in
first story
5, and
up
stories
for
The
tortoise
the
round
running
observed
; its contraction
cubita
prsBter
altitudo
fastigiiautem
summum
that
says
of fire.
case
base.
at
tower
of
the
He
broad
cubits
be 60
must
ad
strato
ra-
inter-
autem
altitudinem
XXX,
fastigium XVI,
eadem
comparatio
vyj/ociiiro
misunderstood
The
cubitorum
vallum
iifttrrafjiiyric
vffTtpoy
iXdfifiavep,
\oyop
perficiebatur. Habuerat
tione
vyj/oc
of columns.
row
top"
hi
to
arietariaB
Testudinis
afterwards;
each
tutae.
rifv eK^o^Orjaip
els
"
ff^epovtrrjQft
Kpiov
fingers.
stories,
omni
trrj^uty
*?"*
7rftx*"C
should
thickness
; their
towards
essent
ab
ut
*Ofjioiwg
whole
airrfic to
fifth of
one
with
largest
cubits
fifUi.
plaga
crudis,
coriis
tabu-
temum
v"/oc
avro
i^ri o^vTaToy
smallest
tower
dimensions
Burrounded
28^
the
fingers
17
cubitorum
autem
latorum
tabu-
singula
ft hiaipetrtc
Twy
the
aeTuaet^t
in width.
17
posts of the
base
hi
r^c
that
Bays
height
the
faciebat
turris
haberent
cum
ciroumitionem
tegebat
vp^rrj
Teaffapwy
/nfJKOt irfi^uc
KaTatrrpbtfAaTot
translator
The
hi
to
'fftX^'C
"7C,
'
left out
Xwp'C
in
lata
irXarovc
to
ht"tn-rifjLa
pnyiani iXa/jtflaye
tov
tov
that
iXafifiayey* ifi'vpaovv
\eXkiyrii:tijq
irftx^'CX,
The
XX,
H^v
uq
ie
to
nvpyov
Xoyoy
pedalia
Apyalc (ivpffaiq,^
avrac
translator
p. 13.
observation
the
out
magnitudinem
Hano
fc, ft hi hevripa
"i^VX^^C
iXarToyoc
Tov
tov
trrryuty
leaves
only
eica^nic
vif/ociyiyovro,
to
He
kyivtro
vvpyoQ
XafiflayovtrQyfal hi iwiXpiir
oi
huo
contrac-
imo, in
in
fr^o.\rj
original,
the
ifurvpiapufv, 'H
?toc
tTTiyrii\iria
w:vTij
item
XXIIIS,
bottom.
the
avry
itXcltoq
iKfioiidriffiv
Twy
Kai
to.
wepilpdfAovc e\ov"r"iQ
UKoaaaTtyoQ
turam
cubitorum
"vw,^
ra
at
square
latam
c" laKTvKovQ
uq
TiTpaytava^
translator
be
to
vfi^eii
turrim
vero
CXX,
nryc, ti)p
vifiwroy IXa^ftavev
to
tnf%'ay6ptva iwl
irtkv
TO
Maiorem
5.
/i^icoc flx^
to
"T\"
fJiipoc,rwv
Ayw
TO
e"c
wipyot
vXdroQ
large
cubits
40
gable,
of
or
the
apex.
its structure
ram,
small.
The
long,
which
gable
is
in
with
largest
a
placed
height
on
question
it
is
84
ON
OBSERVATIONS
rations, in the
might
original says
The
Also
small.'*
or
in the
indicated, but
are
As
manner.
same
refer.
following
'YirtpefiaWe he
ARCHITECTURA
DE
what
tortoise
passages
we
is left out
6
rffv fiitrtivtrriyrii'
is made
iir*
ruty
irriyrfgirvpyioy rpltmyoy,
iriOei
5*
'E^^e
eyKVKXoQ,
ireplEpofioc
(TTtyaq
hoKwyy
ahrf
Ik
icaravaXrac,
^"
""C
v^aroc irapadeariyCTrocecro.
he
ev
i:pioh6')(riy
avT^, kif J
kqi
Koi
ce
irpoi^ovfieyoQ6
ov
Iriipyei rrfy
niTKrtrutrrtoy
hi*
Kpiog
ofioiufQroTc irwpyoic.*
ravrrfy
ductionibus
The
while
Vitruvius
has
is
sentence
he
To
hides
\e\wvrjv
KararrdXTaiQ
ofioivQ eiceiroic
hvn,
iv
hi
Kepaiay,
rov
errl
Kai
rov
iy
TiOfitri
tya
The
make
the
follows
roof
three
tower,
tortoise
stories
the
propelled
is covered
^
The
so
borer
as
rov
id
high,
to
the
by pillu^,
cylinder
has
hides
on
the
is
well
a
which
and
as
tortoise
has
in
The
the
water.
form
plat-
{kriowhich
ram-
the
holder,
towers.
like
that
is
and
are
the
the
on
in order
is
cylinder
below.
of
launch
to
the
bottom
to
eius
the
with
Supra
and
At
beam
which
the
The
skin
so
arches
as
end
to
two
placed
applied
by
protect
pulleys
above
the
beam,
of
means
above
the
with
numerous
of the
movement
repelled
in
seen
provided
is
are
on
Onilits base
one
opposite
of which
and
canal
or
constructed.
the
corium
involuta.
erat
likewise
autem
erigebantur
arous
the
canali
vehemen-
et
groove
to
ferrate
ipso
motus.
machina
similar
underneath.
covered
movebatur
oapite
celeriores
facilitate
propelled
aut
dextra
autem
in
autem
quite similarly
groove
cana-
oonstituebatm*
canali
eo
build
cylinder.
groove,
rollers
in medio
oatapultis
quo
inibi erat,
ea
catapults,
transverse
which
be
not
it is
in
eo
efficiebant
does
applied
serve
last
should
orthostatis
in
crebri
canalem
euthotonic
tain
con-
of
ram-holder
placed,
its effect.
as
of
two
allow
to
is erected
provision
it is raised
stands
floor
upper
one
it and
cover
still he
ram,
they
one,
the
testudinem
in
Sub
tignum, quod
ad
#/
uti
troclesB
tori
tiores
beyond
that
long
so
of
expliouit scriptisrationes.
oubiti, in
inerat
quod
tignum.
rait
avrtjy
etc
In
suoula, in oapite
sinistra
ac
Karut
a(fy
onbits
two
are
middle
the
On
and
with
least
at
is surrounded
which
on
Ik
kvkX^
ram-holder
lower
fieri
transversa
inclusi
originaltolerably;
the
bottom
the
In
is
ram
it.
all round.
doche)
too,
down
come
catapults,
The
ey
the
quemadmodum
lem,
avrfj
lya
is
instead
in the
others.
has
L, altitudine
rov
mag-
autem
turris.
tower
collooatum
ballistis
KvXiyhpovCf
effioiebat
water
machinam
habentem
"XXov
he
terebra
Ipsam
ovittKoy
rov
(TKevdirfrai
its rafters
floor, and
round
walking
De
crudum,
gable protrades
middle
7.
etnaOey.^
translator
the
he
says
in
tomo,
rudentiuin
Tegebatur
in the
that
in
{is).
ram
ovroic
Keifiiyov, Svptrovrai
Kepaia
'E(c
KaratrTputfiarog
ri)i'iTvpiyya,
dxl/iai
The
irXayioi'
avTt)r
1^KpioKovtl, e^e\ico/bC"i'0(;
oi'iaKov
the
rpo^tXeac ififidXXet
aKpov
p. 15.
Kai
irvKyovi:
to
ihdvroyoiQ
toiq
water
Athenseus
[exet]
r^ (Tvpiyyift
and
ma-
in qua
icpioioKtj,
aries
the
to
ad
arietaria
ea
perfectus
stories and
upper
story
in
quemadmodum
stories
four
gives
two
KprjTrihoQ
r^c
eiri
ey
t^ovirnv,
dvo
the
rriy KaratFicev^y
vatray
rj
this
avn)y
Ttjy
ftey
Kai
wupairXriffiay
fiipovcavTfJQ
refers
Tidrftri he
exovnay,
in
uppermost
one
Vitruvius
rpvirayoy
yiyofjLfyp
the
He
sentences.
catapults
misunderstanding.
he
T^ Kpiff Kafjiftdyti
trvpiyya
two
in
remarkable
ofwiuf^
out
originalhas
the
catapults
with
covered
left
has
translator
three, and
statue-
multitude
dicitur
efifectus.
crudis
et
tabu-
ignisimmitteretvur.
reductionibus
et
duo,
quattuor
summo
constitutus
operis
coriis
vis
autem
torus
zoedium
cubita
magna
si qua
insuper
nos
large
length
catapultsB,inferioribus
et
Greece
collocabatur
quo
and
supra
tabulate
aquaB
china, quae
et
minus
turrioula
qua
Constituebatur
rhy
'E/Bvpcowf
^pcmi'.
in
extinguendum,
T^ )("\wi'i}opdotrrdraiKVKXtfvipitpofioyixovar^.
p. 14. "lararai
altum
scorpiones
congerebatur
narw
le avry
words
it be
height
non
extoUebatur
bantur
"yia
''"?"'.
'Ey/ rovro
The
in
autem
supra
these
whether
correct.
latorum,
rijc
fiitrfjQ
which
to
way
fastigium
tectum
tI
Tag
same
numbers
Exibat
aeroc
orrwc
previously
in the
the
are
DECEM
great neghgence.
find
nor
UBRI
is found
Nothing
The
**
breadth
the
VITRUVn
the
the
the
groove
beam
firm
foundation
omits
the
bat
posts, and
on
Hereafter
evidently is
^i
Toy
taken
t^rmi elvai
ov
another
from
xdpaga
has
AthensBus
adds
he
of
measures
DECEM
and
length
height
which
passage
has
Vitruviue
place.
is
KaratrKtvfii}
"liov
connection
no
in
right
8.
De
nihil
corace
habere
But
invented
who
it is AthensBus
Zt
Tjyi'
"
is not
machine
this
who
rp6irov lii
oy
iy upi\^ ZtiKitntivohhtv
/rpt""iirify
ovl*
rvv
vTtp
vpoaayoniyuty
fjttyaXu^
h*
ToiriaafAtyov
iypdxpafiey
That
AthensBus
criticises
this
passage
but
it must
also
convince
not
merely
drawn
his
Now
AthenaBus
AthenaBUS.
of
feet
He
of
Qu8B
Tovro
TO
'AOrjymoQ
yoQ
c"c
"rvy\(u"itiQ
lifji
\GiaaC
TOToy
c^c^p/acrovro
Vitruvius
has
Hiiyyvrai
mihi
Ab
while
'
to
his
for
it
the
avrj)
Zt
last
elc
Kal
book
to
no
explanation
used
on
they
have
ships.
been
| of
Nunc
et
exponam.
that
but
with
simply
Vitruvius
borrowed
translated
Vitruvius
also
feathers,
AthensBus
Testudo,
his
qu8B
(14). paratur,
qua
does
he
and
he
calculations
of the
ad
speaks
quently
fre-
are
manuscript.
congestionem
etiam
leave
not
henceforth
copyist
the
to
but
that
But
cubit.
faults
20
fossarum
ad
accessus
murum
koi
rac
irpoc
do
part.
Basis
rtTpdywyoy
ZaKrvXaj
not
ci,
ra
xXarri
it worth
consider
We
the
in
All
formaUy
he
points
and
has
are
of
beginning
the
be
to
was
it ; neither
engines
these
it
manner
about
of the
in
promised
what
more
(epihathra),
Bridge
has
he
composed
left
pompously
out,
con-
given
to
be
though
announced.
'
useful
Philo,
in
XXV
oontineantur
the
says
it is wanted.
observation.
that
either
this
and
for
It is also
raising the
useful
in
structure
for the
Tartoiie,
ab
engines.
Athenian,
ditches,
versus
et transversaria
autem
preparing approaches
advancing
fillingup
the
other
inx^po,
quoque
now
afterwards
Flyifig
Hsbc
quattuor.
Grsdce
qu"
habens
quadrata
singula pedum
latera
xepuriiyfiara Zvo^
Kal
compingatur,
dicitur,
hi
iB'"\u
'trfi')^ify
3e":a
Baven,
having
show
says
scripta
"X\oy
nya
gff')^apioy
tKoorriy
"\oyTa
the
thongh
"tmoted,
any
the
ear
yidentur,
difference
only
the
yiyofxi-
trrahitap
rwf
machinis
prseceptoribus accepi
per
animadverti
comparationibus, exposui.
himself
does
course,
these
oonstmot.
Touching
Diades,
left out
fiiy ira^ri
TO,
^tXwv
de
dicitur,
quas
source.
fiti^atrffidrkfy
rai^ptay, Kal
hmrrjyfinra riffaupa
Kal
as
sint
has
yiyerai.^
'"')*'irXtvpay
*X***'
foot
rac
re
rwy
xpritri^oy
of
with
he
that
same
attribute
i^ijtn
npoQ
KapiKtaatiQ
rHy
so,
should
wptjtrayutyrjy
rac
and
counting
we
KaroffKivaofia
fcapohovQ Kal
rac
cubits,
fact
the
hitherto,
as
dyai
j(piiffifioy
rriy
of the
from
one
explicavisse.
eum
Diade
ab
sunt
pluming
subject.
bad
scripsit,tantum
posse
earum
understand
can
likes
the
be
vehementer
esse
quemadmodum
we
he
habere
rationes
quibus
Diades
it to
maohinationibus,
aditus
neque
way
nullam
iinfiddpa Grsdce
qusa
marinis
pollicitum
that
proves
Diades,
him
unless
this
reader
information
leaves
incorrect,
p. 16.
only
the
follows
instead
in
Diades
not
quod
machinam
making
accessu,
de
utilia
translates
description.
Kal
Hfieic
and
putavit scribendum,
declared
koi
fjiri)^ayfifiaTwv,^
StWkty
riv
'
its
navim
")^e\wyriQ ^taiTTpiho^
irpiJToy
KaratrKiv^Vj cTra
aXXo
XoyovQ,
tovq
De
rcwv
eXriKimQ
himself
et
text
follows
virtutem.
omits
ytviffSai
iwayy
a"l"6hpa
Kairoi
He
own.
the
Then
earn
says,** thus
have
to
therefore
^ta
htBiiXutrai
epywv
wapiiratf
ravTo
Ukely
he
"
hiiaaf^iiyifnyj
BaXarray
k'ara
^"r/,
it, and
of
disapproves
iiriPd"pny
say,**but
^ly/tti, I
translates, not
he
of his
with
it.
omitting
animadverteret
Vitruvius
85
LIBRI
tceifi^vov.
otro)?
sentence
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVII
ON
OBSERVATIONS
purpose
is
of
porticos, for
ground
wherever
establishingposts
of
86
TpurdXaiara,
AiuirriyfjtaeKatrror
waXaiffTfiy
iri|)(C(C KQt
iifxa^ixo^aQ
tKatrrri
AloveQ
irktxrvy
TOVfAirpotrdiv
lit
OfxaXoy
rUfV
irpoq
Kai
airoKktiaai
TO
fjira
foramina,
Tovg
eanim
^t
yiyoyrai
Tpo\ovt
ad
rptir"/x"ic,
Xtiriai
Td\ot xohaioif Ze^ifiiyoiffihripdtQ
le
quo
uti
expediant,
dextrum
rpa\oi
at
angulos
babeant
cardines
traiecti
versationeB
ante
sinistrom
sea
et
et
ad
et
post
oUiqae
sive
latas
arbusculad
fuerit, ad id per
opus
axes
arbosculffi
ferreis; eaaque
vectes
pede
rotamm
versantnr
temperatae,
wapaTiBiyai
Ol
fiEtna^.
tovq
ita sint
qn"
qoibus
lamnis
conclusi
'foi
in
dicuntor,
(rovrcVrtv
troulv
rrnroy
iroXc/i^uc
to
arbusculsB,
eorum
Distent
oirciter
se
intervallis
aingiilifl
GrsBce
iftaiowoliQ
in
S, supponantnrque
et
rpoyjuv
inter
transyersaria
autem
raic
FS, latis S.
orassis
duobus
alteris
trtCfipaig^ha,
cfp iKffirdtrayTa
fifi\ayrifiaTa)
Tira
TO
ol
rrraflatc
irapoiowouly wpodyoyrat
Zin
iy
rAv
ritrvaptitv
ffTpfi^vrai
aKoK\tMfi"yoi
otav
p. 17.
ol^
^y
ywi'ia^Ci
X^P^
Ivo
axt\"Tia
Aa/i/3arc( ^"
iva,
DECEM
UBRI
ARCHITECTURA
DE
VITRUVU
ON
OBSERVATIONS
progredi possit.
versatas
\l/v')(pfiXdTaii.^
bearings {hamaxipodes
the
About
constructed
able
is borrowed
This
from
Vitruvius
arbuscula)
or
swing
to
and
machine
the
following (Athen.
the
description of
the
left out
has
be
to
as
so
the
wheels
at
the
adds
of
that
the
ought
they
X,
ward.
back-
21,
He
7).
numbers
The
paragraph.
be
to
and
forward
moved
Wescher=Vitr.
p. 26
end
be
to
are
confused.
ci. iiri
'Eiiri(evyyvTai
tKaTtpag
uipoq
uiy
frtjxeii
avTQy
translator
and
the
"""
iwl
Of
3c
trvtrTuTai
ktCpiywVf
irtvKit'My
p.
18.
tKTTvpd
nat
l^rtTtti li
I
It ill pUced
beamSf
which
on
crosswise
palms
three
beams
of the
iHich
four
(hama!ifipode$)t
revolve
the
to
they
purpose
be
worked,
of
are
broad.
comer
be
must
which
the
in iron
a
fight
upon
or
to
the
palm.
of
bands,
a
thick
between
level
that
wheels
if, for
plane
has
place engines
be
may
of
wheels
of cold-beaten
'
On
the
pieces
of wood
cubits
cubits
are
in
equal
one
pinum
after
taken
been
out
they
the
ex
non,
hsec
wheels,
have
the
The
previously.
diameter
of
in rims
enclosed
and
broad
foot
tegantur-
alnum
aut
removing
iron.
framework
fundamental
which
the
across
applied
are
Supra
potest habere
maxime
number
in
are
Villi.
prininis, si
qusa
prseter
have
four
cubits,
conclusi,
alium
contineantur
maxime
done
which
are
three
In
bearings
the
so
this
on,
in
pedes
iixis
circa
virtutem,
conlocentur
tignum,
quadratum
Ipsi autem
coniungantur.
materia
cetera
intercar-
supeme
alius
sesqui-
se
conlocetur
tabulis
que
palmi-
inter
trabes
Supra
excitati
capreoli
quo
axles
placed
are
and
axles
altitudine
laterariis
frtirXty-
applied
fortress,
3.
yap
fingers
intervals
are
transverse
ones
cubits
in
capreolos
side of which
ten
trabibus.
pedum
versus
habentes
capreoli cardinibus
irX"/v
ravTa
four
has
it
spaces
approaching
to
back,
erigantur
cardines
quoquo
concludantur
Ei
dinatis
KaraXa/i*
each
frame,
two
enclosed
either
the
at
not
compactionem
crassitudine
'
tvK\airra.
The
be
inside
",vXa
itJTi
banc
pedis.
miyai
^ifiKivolg,
/icv
longitudinal
pieces
must
front, but
pedales, intervalla
tZ/xc'C
Toaayi^iafia ytppotg
two
these
; all
transversa
Kai
square
dw*
icai
ai
KXfjdpiywy
"rai
cubits;
fourteen
measure*
and
in
out
Vim,
wXevtiitfAatri
Kat
ivTovd
ova
tan
It.
e"epec^o"'-
^parroirat
Kai
"fwOty
on
duo
senos,
compactiles prseter
postes
iiriiiivyyvrat donoq.
ffavicitfiaffifidXnTTa
HKXtaty
'
aXX^Xoi/c
etc
dtTripiffi
fiiifruty
ft
itritrrvXioy
avtrrarufy
ciaXufifidyoiTat,
wdfrai
jut
to
Insuper
to
iraraicXciec
'
v\1/ovq woiovyTeg
tov
rw"'
lata
et
crassa
only said
are
itrxapiif^kwi
r"p
KVkX^ xdyTaq
dt'dfrrafty
ce
beams
The
ffviTTdTaiiffrayrai
^fjy
^^ ^^^
'**''
tigna
Xo^/3ai'C(
iKnffTa
trf^yyv Ira
iKaaroQ
lirdyta
proiecta duo
basim
proieota pedes
partem
circa
quorum
vwepi'^^ovTa
lfrTairii\nqlidXdirovTtq
KioyiQ
nvrov
Air' AXX^Xwv
ulrrov
tHq VKipo\aQ
insuper
autem
utramque
incorrect.
imrriytviTai
Ti
in
Tf t(r\apiip,'^
nvTo.
to.
are
irXiyBioy
r"c
?"
Ta)(i;
is careless.
measures
avTovq
'
irXariy
Kai
The
\vTf
Conlocentur
2.
tKaTtpoy
TOV
oTriffuf
li
hvo
IvXn
laW'
Zio "vXa
aXXa
iripiiriiyi'VTai
avTwy
IK
vifX^igh* nipl
fifiKOVQ
Tov
ttrydpioy
to
v7rtpi\oyTa
wXiupd^
two
front
stand
ends
protruding
and
in thickness
which
beams
other
four
to
at
those
the
back.
of the
fixed
are
beyond
out
the
of
frame
these
jut
out
These
frame.
two
four
pieces
eight
beams
VITEUVII
ON
OBSEBVATIONS
ARCfllTECTUEA
DE
IIBRI
enim
hi
'Ewi
fivptraig
icaraXa/i/Jai'OFTac
'
rewrote
Ti/Xaic
pipafiuiyaig ofioiutQrate
fiaXurra fiiy
tiirrat
""c
OoXoffffc^paffor 3
3e
Tovra
cXcia
rhq
ab
circa
his
is faithful
translation
for the
boarding,
which
Italian
oak.
of the
that
'AXXiy
iffTi
TIC
nhrac
ttfTvXititv
ew
point
trXvjy
Titv
iiraXEiy
evt
Kat
Ik
2c
X^friy,
TEl\og
^e
ii^thptveiy.Avrjy
aXXa
')^iXtifyri
'
ifi^Xiiroyritig
Tt\yiTiji
fiiTaoKiva^uyry
Ttiv
irpoffaytayCiV,^
Ttmovg
with
^"
To
Tolg
wapawXfiaiittg
xpotreXOovaa
Kai
iiri
relxog
to
irpog
wapHtnriTFT^diro
words
"XXa
fiey
^i.
frontes
kv
virnpvTToyTig
uhri^
avrtf
testudines
ita
naturam
habent
i(f"eBp"vHv.
fodiendum
vero
fiunt
earum
uti,
in
non
mittantur,
com-
dicuntur
uti supra
anguli trigoniorum,
eas
ad
opvkTpiSig GrsBce
"
omnia
cetera
iKpiifiera
ra
ianv
autem
parantur
epydiwyrai,*
oyTig
machinse
em
loci
temperare.
Kat
Quae
ahr^
atrapTiap
Tei\ovi
rov
atrtpaXutgoi
fiiXri^aXX'
the
irpoffayutyiiv^orrwg
p. 20.
to.
of
Tt)y
i^Koiofiriraiy
trpirrtpov
nocere.
rows
omission
the
opvKTpi^og
\"Xu"rtjgyiyog
Ttjg
fuerit,
ad
si
ignis
ut
machinsB
ei
si opus
autem,
rotis esse,
fuerit
opus
capillo subacta
induoatur,
possit
non
VIII
fixis continentur.
argilla cum
tlitTTi
fitiyayriiiuTa
qusB
6K'raTpo\og //
yivoiT' ay
TotavTa
crassitudinem
earn
ex
fiiXovg yit-Ofityoi
firmiter
coriis
et
ad
Possunt
yap
vpnffuyovffi
testudinis, quod
quemadmodum
vero
iifif^pag oi
avTrjy
wood
Italian, prefers
genus
habet
Insuper
omnino
'
iyTog
wore
supeme
wvp
to
et
ov
fiinoy
"xprfffifiri
Tag
tig
iiifiaivovTii,
TO
trpog
"X^*^'
avrri
tig
koI
"XXa
oTpaTiwTai
p. 19.
iany
wtrre
Ita
ballistarum
circa
tabulis
Kat
aliud
et
omnia
scripta sunt,
habet
tuv
aceto
tota.
prefers palm-
Vitruvius, the
autem
supra
trnyiZiay
plagsa
Athenaeus
(15).reliqua
trtXfjLarwytrnriffty
twv
irrfXfTeTpt\utfiii'"^
ira;(oc
Kni
Est
dupli-
incendiorum.
origin ;
21
coriis
paleis in
aut
tegatur machina
reicientur
measures.
ovk
koX
Kwrtav
KaTtiXrjwTat
itrxvpaiQ TTipiPiflXrirai^
f"C
an
cvyKvirfa^
tov{:
BkfpuKioy icai
iroyXtir.
fiif
the
Eastern
aWa
ra
'^(^EXwprjy
fiev
KvcX^ kiraw
yippi^y,
KOI
except
to
kuI KaraKXeitreic
irewoyfifiifri
e\ovaaf
i\"ij oXXa
whole,
to
seems
\vaTpiQ
wapairXrjiriufC
ravrp
rac
the
on
alga
orates
textae, maxi-
percrudis
fartis
consutis
impetus
The
virgis creberrime
maceratis
\iQo-
twv
e^iirvptafiougJ
rove
Trpoc
cibus
"
recipiunt
conlooentur
tabulata
recentibus
meque
fiefipeyfjiiya
rt
Circum
tenuibus
ex
ffarrerai
iraXou/ACi'OF
J""
ofci
Ayvpa
"^^iiaifia
irpoQ
ei^i
"ca(
faciliter
fragilia et
sunt
ignem.
37
DECEM
"
scriptum est,
quemadmodum
tela
muro
planis
cum
frontibus
labentes,
intus
sunt
tueantur.
^
cubits
On
other,
each
they
secured
is
pakn-wood
preferred, or
the
most
the
alder, which
roof
The
tight
and
fresh
as
hides,
preferably
with
in
fire.
the
for want
of it, other
the
except
These
damages
too
by wicker-mats,
like
marshy
and
which
plants,
seaweeds
arrangements
of
ballista
above
and
and
of
for
fragile.
stepping
fine,
straw
as
able
as
(Hthoboles)
as
the
'
one,
but
the
the
nature
The
save
that
it has
This
ground
it is
moved
is
applied
boards
is
wall
so
supplied
such
are
to
only
soldiers
to
as
within
being
introduce
may
which
is usefiil
the
wicker-work.
soUd
tortoise
Tortoise
all
with
though
can
in
rafters, but
and
tortoise
enemy
engineer
no
structed
con-
covered
very
lying
for
and
architraves
it towards
of the
Miners'
This
also
projectiles.
but
of
fire.
above,
of boards
mixed
it draw
observe
to
wheels,
ful
use-
mud
into
the
pillars and
made
Tortoise
8a^er$*
as
that
consists
with
sapping,
of his
stuffed
the
parapet
it fix)m
protect
plan
except
covering
fir and
or
are
The
plastered
another
same
way,
round
which
as
and
similar
thorax
attached
are
mattresses
lean
wood
cedar, the
combustible
possible,above
sewn
for
timbers,
exists
the
on
eight
ridge-pole
inferior
outside
vinegar.
against
against
too
are
is covered
untanned
mashed
kinds,
resistent
top by
the
at
top.
to
as
so
There
from
becoming
height
erected
are
distance
all at the
them
placed
are
total
and
frame
cubit's
one
joins
the
joined
are
by supports
its
into
at
rafters
architrave
this
against
cubits
high,
architrave
An
other.
each
itself and
base
the
On
pillars,seven
be
reach
with
eight
alterations
require.
is very
Uke
the
preceding
straight forward^
so
that
88
OBSERVATIONS
form
6pvys9, a
is used
the
opvKrpiBes
of
Instead
in
this
^"
p. 21. T^c
'Hyi'iTopoirod
viro
\"\wi'fic yit'irai
^"
irri^^Qvfifl,irXaroc
ktrynpiov frjyvvfAeva
Koi
ei:aaToy
?vo
"k
^Xufy
iraXatffrac,
iy
yiyovTai
aw-^
tpyoy.
(TvfiTray
he,
Ze irXaroc
to
^^
p. 22. irXaroc
biuis
to
bus
it
iy
XIII.
singula pedum
XXXYI,
TTOtTiy,^
3.
Basis
altitudo
altemis
VI
pedum
subacudibus
contra
se
S-f-
triplici
; ita fabrioata
lamnisque ferreis ex
alligata. Eaa in arbusoulis,
coagmentata
se
frigidoduotis
sive
orassitudine
sesquipedalL
III
pedum
materia
inter
ex
in altitudini-
rotas
autemearum
crassitudo
supra
conlocata
quattuor
compaota,
Fuerat
ufiali-
exponere.
Arrectaria, qusa
erant
habuerat
de
fecit,
longitude pedum
tignis fuerant
eius
alienum
facta
sit
palmipedali, latitudine
'
'
latitude
ot
^v/i/JaXXovratjcara
hetrfitvoyTUi
toIxoc a/x^aXXa" Kai
":ai
put
way
Byzantius
baseos
eius
compactionem
^^X^iQ
ccc
enim
LX,
'
aydyirat
\pv')(pTi\aTaiQtrrpi^oyTai It
XtTTitn
the
esse
Hegetor
rationibus
quibus
Fuerat
Tpo^^i
2"y
IC
explain
videtur
etiam
mihi
Non
iirt
ra
"^"X''^
^^X**^ /^
he xaxoc
TO
^^
editors have
the
to
attempt
testudine, "^uam
avPTiQirai
iri/xvaia.
om-iti,
To
2.
(fvyrffipiyoy
to
fifiicoQ
i\^6vTUifyir^x**^ '^^t
pey
"
origines ;
"
all successful.
Zi ffKcKff
Ta
have
eff\af}inv
riffffapa rt
DECEM
LIBRI
translators'
rivprifAiyrjg
Bu^avriov
k*??.
Tov
The
at
fiiy ftiffcoctov
to
Vitruvius
of
sense.
is not
by anguli trigoniorum
ARCHITECTURA
DE
manuscripts
known
not
VITRUVn
ON
dicimtur
amaxopodes
habuerant
ver-
sationes.
is faithful
translator
The
cannot
notice
the
explain
the
on
whole,
of Athenseus
except
about
the
of the
wheels
tries
too, Vitruvius
Here,
measures.
composition
the
if
correctly
not,
or
to
we
say.
hi
Kiovet
iiri
ai
vriyyvyj
^rXdroc
k'airiyxttC
fiiv
iviffTvXia
avTuy
^,
irrac
riy
iv
Kai
fjy
Kopw^ai
hvo
yiyoyTai
vdy
OTToic
iir*
i)iSeXotrratrla
iIq
Xotwoy
"^X^^
XII
Item
fixa
in
lateraria
oontabulatio
cir-
Habuerat
contabulationem
ubi
trabeculas,
altitudine
inferiora.
contegebat
mediam
autem
S-f-
crass"
habuerant
quibus insuper
cumdata
4.
pactionem
com-
supra
tiones.
eos
supra
totam
I-r-i
pede
coniungebat
transverso,
hi Ka\
continebant
locatum
"yairavofiiyriy,
S-f-, orassitudinis
IS-^
se
capreoli extollebantur
earn
pedum
"*t"y.*
avr^c
circumclussa
supra
"rKtirdiiirai
irapa-
trrvXi^y
rwf
inter
quffi
erecti
erant
postes
[, latitudinis
latsa
if'ri\eiQ
Kai
irXtvpai KeKXifxiyat,
ytutrTpitn\iXwvaiQ,
ra"f
XVII
distantes
trabes
ffvyKtrTTTiivirijyyvyTai,
Kai
fuerat,
iirtirTvXidfv
rwr
xXayia,
ifiirrfyyvirui
Tutv
fiifftjyfrriyrfy ciri
FZ,
iraXat-
"^ovTa
basim
pedes
planitiem,
transtrorum
supra
supra
nir*
AXXoc
HaipovTiq
vi^O"
aarthovTai
ipyoy
vXrjtriwc
hoKOC
avTCfy
^"
'ErJ
to
Item
y,
iirtiivyyvrraiiv*
icat
irXaroc
y,
avyicviCTai
ai
vauai
Kai
TO
hi
hi
air"x""
f,
kvkX^
waxoc
iriiyyvyTai
raXaiffrac
'
7raXni(TTag
Kiuty
htahi'
io'yjctpiov
tov
e^oyTiQ
scorpiones
supra
oatapultse
et
conlocabantur.
the
corrected
I have
of
measures
Vitruvius,
because
the
faults
seemed
belong
to
the
to
copjdst.
leaving
fit
it may
from
thrown
the
tightly
above
to
within
miners
to
to
get
it,
composed
in
breadth
work
The
invented
tortoise
cubits
of 42
fundament
length,
whole
two
pieces
five
cubits
are
four
in number,
broad.
and
joined together,
and
on
their
28
one
cubit
eight wheels,
thickness
has
Byzantium
cubits
and
thick,
moves
and
of
long,
of wood
palms
machine
being 4^
it
by Hegetor
24
The
each
sists
con-
cubits
broad.
their
2 cubits.
in
The
height
They
are
cubits
The
the
distance
broad
in
move
three
there
between
three
rafters
top of them
and
is fitted
to
bound
after
the
by oold-forged
pillars
them
thick.
rising eight
are
broad,
the
palms
alternately
bearings.
palms
is attached
and
inserted
placed
thickness,
fundament
high,
architrave
the
the
They
On
beams
of
and
tyres.
safety.
^
thus
and
between,
wall
the
to
missiles
the
allowing
not
in
close
drawn
when
On
round,
the
in
ridge-pole, into
rafters.
Thus
palms.
seven
all
cubits
fijigers thick.
ten
four
architraves
height.
which
slope
are
An
palms
are
To
the
driven
is formed
on
OBSEBVATIONS
^c
"Itrravrai
p. 23.
ON
Kara
"\otTa
ird\o^
iv
fiifcoc
to
TpiaKoyra
Koi
Kt^aXoy
hdmiyfia,
^ta
"XXo
fuaov
tov
avnfjiiifnv
jcai
c^' iKoripav
e" 2"y
/iiepovc
6irXa
TO,
'"irr3e
e"4pn|rai
iy
AoTt
iOTayai
irayiirroQ icai
ayi\oyTa
to,
wipiKt^Xov
tov
BtapaKioy
tov
"vXov
tov
bus
tum
eyayTiuy
Tt*y
airo"rreXXo^cra
to.
Toy
irpoQ
make
part
which
the
}i
watchmen
Kpwv
^i
pc,
ci:
3e
xiyTt
airrov
TO
av/jLiray
*'Ex" ^e
rpuraXaitrrtaioy,
The
next
it.
piece
Bi/pcrovracc"
"x"
hXvau^
cic
and
It has
which
Behind
the
placed
cnbit
is fixed
(between
either
it:
the
from
ram.
which
is constructed,
is
middle
roof
be
I cannot
few
additions
habuerat
like
tower,
longitudinem
in imo
palmipedali,
contractu
ita uti
rostrum
habere.
Vitruvius,
in
or
duro
ferro
sclent
in
capite
S-r- Is autem
crudis
ooriis
Ex
quibus
prefer
aries
totus
to
ferro
ex
capita fuerunt
druplices catensa, et ipsaecoriis
invo-
erat
funibus
autem
pendebat,
factae
eorum
Toy
qua-
Orudis
erant.
involutaa.
Erigebatur
in the
they
the
are
resting
of the
centre
the
On
tortoise
long,
one
top of them
serves
The
total
five
palms
foot
and
beak
similar
'
by
; at
The
the
which
revolving
ropes
which
ram-holder
protect
those
the
up
end.
missiles
as
to
to
firom
ram,
These
be
hind-end
its head
the
battering
stretched
of
the
length of the
the
its breadth
side
of the
to
at
cordage, then
fitted
are
suspended
which
the crossbeam
either
headpiece
to
in
altitudinem
circiter
murum
hurled
pedes C,
towards
the
ram.
pillars
on
watch
are
machina
autem
disiciendum
thickness
headpiece and
are
8aj9per$*
standards)
the
the
thirty cubits
on
ad
who
with
provided
as
placed.
palms broad.
the
On
eius
de
longsB
lutus.
ir^x'^^ kfihofxri-
straotnre
perpendicular beam,
and
fitted up
habuerat
Insuper
Twy
tnlrjpali:
Tirpn-
Iwi
way
can
Between
it
be
pedali,
in Athenaeus
wtpifiiftvptnarTaiai
same
ram-holder
three
and
windlasses,
up
also
headpiece, and
crossbeam.
thorax
h\v"ri"n
joint standards,
two
thick
is laid
hold
aries
urareXix^py fivpaatq
trapaavpei
the
battery
the
here
a
pedis, orassitudine
latitudine
irilripovy
trrofAa
Koi
KpioZ6\TiQ
avi^oyTa
ap\aQ
in the
covered
Tortoise,
wXdyitL
TO,
tuto
renuntiare
pil opaffOai,^
to
irpoc
boards
6.
vXciroc
vxpov^^Kni
KaStiipil he aird kl3hofJLtjKoyTaxii\ovi
p. 26.
are
^i
atroreTafiifa
ircirXcy/icVaf,Ka\
irXaTc
on
TCLQ
milites
et
oirXd,
Ik Tiiq
twv
Kpior^
made
latitudine
CrV,
orassitudine
trvyfikTat
naves
kvkXi^^ orar
li
Ta
oyioKwy
each
^i
being suflScientlyclear
not
follows
Then
apyaTiQ.
p. 25.
Ka\
conlooa-
similitudine
duo
that
so
has
autem
pedum
xpoiiiiKii,^
ififioXf
OfAOioy
omit
Aries
fi,irXaroc
"Kpoy
caput
conarentur.
me,
is to
breastwork
fifJKO^ ^X^'^
wo^Qy
to
the
last sentence
funes
Supra
in number.
two
ycverai
eig
the
to
he
fuerunt
arietem,
periculo
adversarii
res
incomprehensible
In
that
namely,
be
WTipniQ frd')(o^
fuy
is
original.
to
are
TaXaioTuy'
Vitruvius
the
quite unimportant
are
that
T"v
of
text
with
comparison
any
and
of the
scapos
quibus
turriculad
prospioere possent
stantes
icpioy
con-
anconi-
et
materia
ea
duo,
arietem.
uti sine
omatum,
quas
middle
The
In
axiculi
pluteum
erat
inter
cheloniis
oontinebant
qui
eorum,
vrcu
IvratrOai
1
"K
inclusa.
facti
alligatiretinebant
5.
Kpioy,
cpco^oxiTC^^y
r^c
aa^aXitrraTa
avrp
c^ovrevoiTac
rove
tov
firmiter
tomo
ex
et
insuper
materies
traiecta
altero
et
cardinato
soapos
altemis
erat
capitdbus
tigno
religato. Quo
et transversaria
oyioicoi TSTopyevfiiyoi^
iftfiaXXoyrai
ffKtXQy
TAy
opOioi',vai
ooniunota
duos
ferreis
locata
":ai
^vXoy
II,
oompacta
sesquipedali,
cardinato
inter
lamnis
duo
orassitudine
pedum
mediano
aKcXuf
tuv
arrectaria
et
transYersario
repi'
89
DECEM
XXXV
latdtudine
rptxa-
wtpiKt^Xov
re
ir^y^vrai
^lair^y/iaroc
Tov
irXaVoc
cir* nvrHv
'E^op/io^rrac^c
Erigebantor
^i
ro
^flx^iQf
^i
to
LIBRI
pedum
x^^^'^'^^
fiiv^ rifc
airriifi' inf)(yaioyf
XaiVTidioy,
AKCHITECTURA
DE
r^c
orcffw
ipBia
"rv/i/3e/3Ai|^cVa
VITKUVn
with
the
have
chains
invisible.
to
beak
is
ram
is two
the
of
The
windlasses
fourfold
are
It
has
to
one
iron
an
ship.
hides.
raw
The
its breadth
contracts
palms.
is covered
ram
and
thickness
three
cubits.
120
feet
on
iron
also
all
the
which,
being
ram-holder,
chains
covered
first with
over
ropes
at
with
the
hold
upper
hides
so
2e
olaiU(irai
k'oi'ra*
arhpUr
vwo
DE
latere
dextra
homines
eam
talentimi
that
120
pounds.
the
continuous
has
talent
Here
his
at
more
chap.
22
catapults, tortoises
arranged according
and
towers
27
Bi 7r\dT09
Vitruvius,
XiOov.^
TpunakdvTov
est
animi
pertinaciam Poliorcetes
immissi
ballista
correspondence
the
see
on
they
ships, as
appeared
the
height,
they
Vitruvius
mentions
this
machinas
hostes
When
ante
murum.
fuerat, sub
Vitruvius
story
does
the
with
not
reports
It
by
worked
sides
the
on
100
to
its
men,
the
extent
was
is constructed
impelled
as
Helepolis
which
Epimachus,
Athenian
Rhodes
called
understood
towards
follows
its walls
it is 90
cubits
We
Chio
the
naves
flames.
sambucarum
in
mare
aggerationem,
supra
of
wall
ships.
in the
naves
supra
the
on
died
This
walls
lapides progesserunt
retrorsus
nee
down
crew
cum
the
than
upsetting
whole
harenam
voluissent,
AthensDus.
Rhodii
the
quae
recipere potuerunt,
se
this
sed
tale
to
show
of 70
cubits,
cubits.
It is
altogether
the
that
of
broad
blows
of stones
'
Even
and
up
40
as
the
Ck"m-
untrustworthy
in the
hit
by
nor
ought
shaped
Chios.
in
as
The
the
when
walls
the
ground
and
retire ;
and
could
tower,
enemies
Ghians
with
have
and
some
can
resist
hsTing
placed
at
ni^t
earth,
approached,
enemy
they
to
talents.
vessels, the
outside
fire-arrows
like
three
weighing
their
Now,
wall
it is
so
sea
stones.
the
on
the
stuck
by Demetrius,
mechanician
cubits
to
the
siege
high
be
to
proves
of
us
Demetrius.
helepolis of
the
Massilia.
of
by
description reminds
His
against
Plutarch
and
constructed
during
without
the
minus
Non
aambukea
machine
The
lapidis
CCCIiX."
pondo
jump
not
lowered
terram
talents.
4000
lati-
pati plagam
great skill,dangerous.
dared
be
accedere
siege
height
weight amounting
**
milia
helepolim
CXXV,
pedum
considerably higher
machine,
accedere
of
the
of 70
the
qui propter
Epima-
comparavit
fuerat
posset
with
men
not
the
Chii
story in order
from
walls
pull down
can
drag
and
Diodorus
the
relates
Athenseus
of
history of
afore-mentioned
the
defence
with
conflagratae.*'*
have
to
the
"9
murum
sunt
seem
about
above
told
incendio
confixse
made
used, the
to
ut
fuerat
managed
been
fire
cum
ad
nee
of
famous
not
could
noctu
die
postero
sederunt
aqua
ibi malleolis
pared
illi
be
in
down,
comparavissent,
Ita
his
value.
if not
had
machine
lower
confirmavit,
no
will
he
besiegers put
subsequently
the
siege
comparando
autem
altitudo
machina
of
bellum
Is
cuius
crudis
and
to
were
the
and
be
must
connection
Demetrius,
rex
Bhodum
adduxit.
autem
They
Chios.
of
the
To
fiiv irifro9
Xafifidva
irvpyost^^' inrofiJvt$Si wXffytiv if
Interea
**
summo,
are
by sajringthat
when
that
so
such
ipsa
generally known,
are
siege
the
at
town,
from
continues
AthensBus
coriis
additions
the
(16), 4
secum
laboreque
CCCLX
pondo
works
Sfrri ToidBg,
axvH^'^''
appellatus,contra
ciliciis et
Eam
LX.
pedum
tudo
industria
immanibus
sumptibus
r^
22
chap.
architectum
nobilem
Atheniensem
chum
they
rendering
diflferent
the
;
in
him
to
story from
in inmiediate
this machine
yiverai Bi
'
fi
mjx^i'f
defence
succeeded
defenders
Tsixeciv avr"v,
7ro\iopK"p TTpoa-iiyayeroh
'PoBiov9
TT^^eis Q'to
of
quotes
subsequent
Vitruvius
about
enough
means
he
his
l^p AfffUfrpiOf
^ETri/jLaxovrov*A0rjvaiovyevo/jJvffi\iTro\i^j
Si inrb
*H
the
said
about
fit
quod
According
Henceforth
end.
an
with
pounds.
360
has
instance
an
when
at
he
write
not
As
mentions
AthensBus
Helepolis ineffective.
above-quoted lines, p.
6
will
he
Poliorketes,
by Demetrius
Rhodes
is
thinks
he
Ouber-
pondus
milimn,
well
agrees
of
one
of Athenaeus
(16)
circumstances.
to
is
C.
habentem
pondo.
which
pounds,
talents
translation
In
ease.
480,000
three
weighing
stone
by
talents
4000
renders
procurrendo
pedes
G
qnattnor
CCCCLXXX
Vitruvius
sinisira
et
minus
non
prflBstringebai
nabant
statement
DECBIC
LIBRI
item
to
t\ovaa
p,
ARCHITECTURA
TirpaKitry^iKiu,^
fldpo^ riiXarra
avfiTay
VITRUVn
ON
OBSERVATIONS
40
neither
remained
advance
on
the
filled
sand
the
and
iihips
towards
spot*
were
burned.
^
OBSERVATIONS
of
knowledge
"
to
had
he
when
the
move
deceive
they
as
you,
of which
drawing
this occasion
always be
cannot
LIBRI
41
DECEM
to Callistratus,
writes
who
temple in Ephesus. He had constructed
much
admired, but which
proved
happened
"
to the
transport stones
the
On
stones.
ARCHITECTURA
DE
thing,"he continues,
to
triangularmachine,
unable
similar
optics.
mechanics,
about
VITRUVII
ON
was
he makes
the
remark
small
that
in full size,while, on
constructed
models
the
times
some-
other
hand,
objectscannot be represented in small models, but must be executed at once in the proper
Ou 7^^ avvelSiv 6tl ivui iiri t"v fitKp"pirapaisLyfJbdrtav
size :
rfjv"f"avTa"Tiav
Trotovaiv
ov
yct^p
Si iir ivUov fiiKpdTrapaBeiyfiara
ttoXiv
Svvavrat yBvitrOai,
yivovrai eh av^atv rh, rouLvra
ov
some
"
'
aXKa
This
ivspyovvra ev6if9 tcaraa-KSvO'^ovTai.^
TcL
it up in ch. 22
takes
that he
(16), 5
alia,qusB
exemplaribus non
exemplaria non
possunt habere,
sunt
videntur
magnis
sed
much
onmia
eisdem
simiUter
magna
facta
autem
to the
crescere
taste
rationibus
habent
constituuntur, uonnulla
se
per
is so
remark
enim
"Non
of Vitruvius
agi possunt,
effectus,alia
sunt, qusB in
vero
sed
autem
plaribus
exem-
coeperunt dilabuntur."
Vitruvius's
with
of
method
working
have
may
but
Pliny's,
more
"
"
"
machines
after
constructed
them
in
remarkable
the
4n)fjLl
(comp. above, p. 35) ; in his introductory remark
attack,his purpose is only to teach people to defend a
substitution
that
of
fortress
^i/crtinstead
of
describingengines
though
of
; etc. etc.
V.
Now,
as
we
to
testify
that
have
seen
we
sails under
has
under
and
served
that of Kome*s
the book.
hiswork
the
on
built
He
cannot
temple
which
out
in
did
Caesax.
emperor
have
for
emperor,
Caesar could
'
the
to
have
not
false
title of
modeb,
there
are
but
there
cannot
others
be of
cannot
his work
to
our
earUer
an
Augustus
statements
own
era,
and
it is evident
date, and
that
tells
that
us
are
the
siegeof
things
be carried
which
be
out
Massilia
man
which
represented in small
at once
bestowed
senate
tells
he
altogether impossiblethat
of
given a description
that
but his
century of
all the
It is
Augustus.
dedicates
nnderstand
he
strikes
the
third
the
understand
we
once
by
language of Athenaeus
of
of Vitruvius
name
flagwhen
Now
at
middle
the
age, and
golden
dedication
The
address
not
the
only
not
the
under
possess
this author
he
that
the
above
in their due
that
us
who
is
he
had
this honour
himself
served
has
under
to
quitecontradictory
modeb,
but
must
be
worked
size,
cannot
42
detailed
the
attack
quite incredible
be
should
set
been
has
with
if he
admired
illustrations
he
did
we
was
"
to
reappearing
Greece,
are
lucrative
from
Dictys
of
the
the
Crete
Trojan
fables
Greeks.
The
Cicero's
with
to
later
famous
the
his
date
one
exposed
Phrygian
calls
author
the
of
himself
ten
the
the
in
books
as
"
we
books
some
teach
ever,
others.. How-
published
his
classical
the
own
name,
period
Boman
its
avidity,and
with
these
to her
Caius
De
Be
publication
pages.
The
Cornelius
Nepos
about
architecture
are
them
of
dedicates
calls
himself
goes
his work
Vitruvius
Augustus.
J' R
SPOTTlbWOODK
ANP
IN
TED
CO.,
LONDON
BT
XEW-8JRKET
to be
6QUARS
forgeries.
under
to
in
at
the
a
to
as
the
for
tives
invecbooklet
of
Apicius,
quite analogous
name
case
the
omitting
Cicero, Sallust's
to
History
alleged
lived
second
not
were
suspicious,and
very
by quoting
the
to
were
Sallust
The
have
In
genuine,
oflfas
they said,
Bomans
believes
conclude
translator
and
pretended
times.
speeches
others.
many
Gracchus
ancient
and
passed
was
faithfully,as
Coquinaria,
We
of Nero.
and
who
epistlesfrom
reply,everybody
cooking,
time
forged letters
The
it.
in
as
the Athenians
Phrygian,
son
the
inexilium,
well
as
Phalaris,
from
the
embellished
had
art of
of the
Philip to
history of this'War,
the
latter's
recent
Demosthenes,
and
from
ditto
Cornelia
iret
and
on
man
read
under
upon
from
work
upon
in
frauds
Dares
Homer
from
gastronomist
letter
successor
which
letters
seized
be
Plato
several
related
war,
against Cicero,
death
speech antequam
much
of
counterfeit
and
name.
such
of
enough
Themistocles,
from
successful
ingly,
accord-
to
called
when
had
who
reign
the
which,
The
of Vitruvius.
amateur
an
republic.
before
Architectura,
De
and
The
business.
the
in Varro's
written
was
not
that
known
were
the
of
did
period, and
that
time
the
which
work
himself
be
would
lost
from
It is incomprehensible
Augustus
that
at
attention
more.
of
works
the
buildings
confessedly
well-known
been
instances
to them.
another
older
an
having
shortly after
attributed
his book
constructed
principal source
the
would
at
among
know,
we
as
time
on
considered
therefore
that
borrow
after
prove
There
referring
architect, but
and
matters,
preferred
all
no
expecting
not
time
real
point
the
them
to
is modelled
existed, as
optis
one
architecture
place
which
to
only emphasise
architecture
of
choose
not
of
justifiedin considering
these
might
an
about
marvels
his book
that
Such
are
seen
about
he
instead
will
we
town,
it
Borne,
have
to
the
us
surrender.
in
and
circumstances
ail the
repeat
obliged
tell
to
forbidden
was
of Isis in each
temple
will not
wrote
the
by everybody,
have
could
he
been
Isis
of
DECEM
that
had
town
worship
the
LIBRI
himself, and
the
that
knew
when
chapter
who
CsBsar
by
event
we
to
Augustus.
have
second
Bomaji
only explanation is
of
But
AECHITECTURA
DE
world
time
single word
wanted
the
a
this
necessity to
in
drawn
at
purpose.
that
allude
that
considered
VITRUVn
all the
while
repulsed,
was
is
It
of
ON
OBSERVATIONS
Dares
the
Sallustius, exactly
the
of
and
Troy
by
dedicates
as
his work
to