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Page 278

Resuh 4 of 4 in this book foc thermodynamics of absorption column - _PrevimmbletP, Dividing Eq. (18) by Eq. (17) one obtains:

F,

tg

(20)
xpx

On h basis of the equations developed and 5 8. 29 mass transfer

from the gas to the liquid phase will be discussed. The general
case is illustrated in Fig. 29a. In the direction of the molar flux 1 ,4,
of the solute. the concentration in the gas phase decreases from y to yp
and in the liquid phase from x p to x. In the interface there is a
concentration jump from ,p 10 sp. A concentration difference in a phase
proves that there is a mass transfer resistance in the phase. For the
general case described in Fig. 29a mass transfer resistance axurs in
both phases. The angle 7 between the limits 0,7,90 and Os tgys
OC designates the operating curve and EC the equilibrium curve.
Point P, with the coordinat. x and y is given by the operating
conditions of the absorber. The angle , given by Eq. (20, allows to draw
a straight line starting from point P, and crossing the equilibrium
curve at point P,. The coordinates of point P, are the concen trations
xp and y r, in the interface. Herewith the local driving concentration
differences in both phases. y y p and x p x. arc known quantities. They
arc used to calculate the local mass flux density either by means of Eq.
()7) or Eq. (18). There are two special cascs for absorptive mass
transfer. The first case is demonstrated in Fig. 29b. The
concentration diff erence in thc liquid phase

Pages 275 to 277 are not shown in this preview

278

Chapter 9: Design and Operation of Absorption Equipment

possible value. The mass transkr resistances of two phases may be added:

k+A.

11.1t.+Ri.

125)

Thc overall resistance should of course be a minimum.

Furthermore the resistances in both phases should be as far as possible
of equal magnitude. If the resistance to be excected mainly prevails in
the liquid phase, then one should try to make d, as small as possible
e.g. by atomizing the liquid. On thc other hand. thc gas should be
extremely finely dispersed when the gas phase resistance dominates.
Such simple considerations help in selecting the proper equipment
Sr absorption. There are however more criteria to be considered in the
selection of equipment.

5.4 Influence of Driving Concentration Difference

Eqs. (17) and (18) reveal that improvements in mass transfer can
also be achieved by increasing the concentration diff erence yy,,
or x. This means that the distance between the operating curve and
the equilibnum curve should be as great as the process permits.
Therefore, the largest allowable concentration difference in thc gas
swam at the exit of the absorber. given by y,y,, must be determined
(sec Fig. 27, In most practical cases, hovxvcr, the dunces are very
poor that a large value for y, acceptable. Especially in environmental
technology, a rather small value Sr y, and therefore also for y, is generally
obtained.
Over the height of the absorber a large concentration difference y y i,
will be obtained by a steep slope of the operating curve. According to
Eq. (9) this depends on the ratio of molar flues for both streams
1 , 4/$1,,. There are two limits to this ratio. The lower limit is given by
the slope m of the equilibrium curve. The ratio 9, of both slopes
defined by Eq. (13) should not be smaller than unity. The upper limit
of 14,/1 , 1 is given by the allowable energy consumption for
pumping the liquid circulating in the absorption plant. In general.
pumping costs should be as low as possible and consequently the ratio
co should not be much greater than unity. The same result will be
obtained after a critical examination of thc pressure drop in thc gas
stream.
The absorption processes in which the mass transfer resistance is
limited to onc phasc only deserve special mention. In this case the
concentration differcnce reaches is maximum value. given according
to Fig. 2 by)yy)_ Sr the gas phase and by (xp x)p, for the liquid
phase. Large concentration dilTerences depend in this case on the

Henry number which should be as small as possible. The problems

relating to the concentration differences ma, be summarized as