General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Introduction
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of
GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the
second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed
data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the GSM network. Originally there
was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks
are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where
GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with Release 97
and onwards. First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto
the 3GPP.

Mobile Phone and data standards

• PTT
0G • MTS
• IMTS
• AMTS
0.5G • PALM
• ARP
1G • NMT
• AMPS
• CDPD
2G • GSM
• D-AMPS
• cdmaOne
• PDC
• CSD
2.5G • GPRS
• HSCSD
• wiDEN
2.75G • CDMA2000 1xRTT
• EDGE
3G • W-CDMA
• CDMA2000 1xEV
3.5G • HSDPA
3.75 • HSUPA
4G

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 How does GPRS work?
GPRS is packet based, wherein GPRS data is handled as a series of "packets"
that can be routed over several paths through the network, rather than as a
continuous bit-stream over a dedicated dial-up connection. With GPRS, the
information is split into separate but related "packets" before being transmitted
and reassembled at the receiving end. The Internet itself is an example of a
packet data network, the most famous of many such network types.
In second-generation mobile networks, calls are handled using traditional circuit-
switching technology. A dedicated "circuit", or "timeslot", is allocated between two
points for the duration of a call. No other phone can use this circuit during the
call, regardless of whether any data is being transmitted or not.
The GPRS standard is delivered in a very elegant manner - with network
operators needing only to add a couple of new infrastructure nodes and making a
software upgrade to some existing GSM network elements.

Key User Features of GPRS

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice value added
service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile
telephone network. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short
Message Service. GPRS is NOT related to GPS (the Global Positioning System),
a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. GPRS has several
unique features which can be summarized as:

SPEED

Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 kilobits per second (kbps) are

achievable with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same time. This is about
three times as fast as the data transmission speeds possible over today's fixed
telecommunications networks and ten times as fast as current Circuit Switched
Data services on GSM networks. By allowing information to be transmitted more
quickly, immediately and efficiently across the mobile network, GPRS may well
be a relatively less costly mobile data service compared to SMS and Circuit
Switched Data.

IMMEDIACY
GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or
received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-up
modem connection is necessary. This is why GPRS users are sometimes

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referred to be as being "always connected". Immediacy is one of the advantages
of GPRS (and SMS) when compared to Circuit Switched Data. High immediacy
is a very important feature for time critical applications such as remote credit card
authorization where it would be unacceptable to keep the customer waiting for
even thirty extra seconds.

NEW APPLICATIONS, BETTER APPLICATIONS

GPRS facilitates several new applications that have not previously been
available over GSM networks due to the limitations in speed of Circuit Switched
Data (9.6 kbps) and message length of the Short Message Service (160
characters). GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you are used to on
your desktop from web browsing to chat over the mobile network. Other new
applications for GPRS, profiled later, include file transfer and home automation-
the ability to remotely access and control in-house appliances and machines.

GPRS System Architecture and Concepts

Figure shows the architecture of a GPRS network. The GPRS system brings
some new network elements to an existing GSM network. These elements are:

• Packet Control Unit (PCU)

• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): the MSC of the GPRS network
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): gateway to external networks
• Border Gateway (BG): a gateway to other PLMN
• Intra-PLMN backbone: an IP based network inter-connecting all the GPRS
elements
• Charging Gateway (CG)
• Legal Interception Gateway (LIG)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Firewalls: used wherever a connection to an external network is required.

Not all of the network elements are compulsory for every GPRS network.

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 MSC/ HLR EIR SMS-
VLR GMSC
Signalling and
Gr Gf Gd data
Gs Signalling
CG
SGSN
BSC
Ga Ga
GGSN External
Gb Gn Gi packet
network

Air (Um)
Gn
GGSN Inter-PLMN
Gp GPRS
Backbone

Packet Control Unit (PCU)

The PCU separates the circuit switched and packet switched traffic from the user
and sends them to the GSM and GPRS networks respectively. It also performs
most of the radio resource management functions of the GPRS network. The
PCU can be either located in the BTS, BSC, or some other point between the MS
and the MSC. There will be at least one PCU that serves a cell
in which GPRS services will be available. Frame Relay technology is being used
at present to interconnect the PCU to the GPRS core.

Channel Codec Unit (CCU)

The CCU is realised in the BTS to perform the Channel Coding (including the
coding scheme algorithms), power control and timing advance procedures.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

The SGSN is the most important element of the GPRS network. The SGSN of
the GPRS network is equivalent to the MSC of the GSM network. There must at
least one SGSN in a GPRS network. There is a coverage area associated with a
SGSN. As the network expands and the number of subscribers increases, there
may be more than one SGSN in a network.

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