Lecture 04 - Facades and Roofs

Facades, roofs, roof terraces and roof flats
25-2-2015
Sren Peter Bjarlv

Associate Professor
Copenhagen
DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Statistics on ancient buildings in Copengahgen
Number of m2 new multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011)

Total m2 = 26.184.000 m2.
75 percent is built before 1950
Number of new flats in multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011)

Total number of flats = 250.463. 75 percent(188.610) is built before 1950.
Facades
The look
Facades
The construction
Attic
Ground floor
Basement
Masonry was dominating up to 1940-50
The column in the traditional multistory house in Denmark

Half-timbering
Facades
The energy
Number of dwellings and heat consumption
The total number of dwellings in Denmark is approx. 2.380.000. of

which approx. 40% or approx. 1 mill. is in multi-storey buildings.
The multi-storey buildings covers 27 % of the total dwelling area
and use 27 % of the total heat consumption.
The older dwellings have a higher energy consumption for heat than
the more resent ones but there is no significant difference in the heat
consumption of buildings built before 1930 and buildings built in the
period 1930-1950.
Area and heat consumption

Divided on type of building and the time it is built
Divided into area
Divided after heat consumption
Multistory building
after 1950 14%
Multistory buildings
after 1950 12 %
before1950 13%
before 1950 15%
Other buildings after

1950 44%
Other buildings after
1950 49%
Other buidings
before 1950 24%
Other buildings before

1950 29%
Roofs
Thermal bridges
Lack of airtightness
walls
Gable
windows
Installation
Interior methods for energy-reduction

When it comes to energy-renovation of a building possessing remarkable
aesthetical values, especially significant decorations on the front faade,
the first and easiest way to keep the buildings original look is an internal
insulation.
As you know by now, internal insulation is quite problematic regarding
building physics, and should be handled with great care.
Thus external insulation is a better solution because of:
the physics
It does not take space from the living area
The most known interior insulation methods is to built an interior wall of
battens and gypsum boards and apply mineral insulation.
It is always a good idea to use steel battens if condensation should occur, even if it is
not expected.
If condensation is expected then do not apply interior insulation.
Research project - Interior Insulation
2 research projects
Research project 1: Usability and
robustness of interior insulation with TI
and COWI
Research project 2: Interior

insulation with Xella
Timeframe: Spring 2014end 2016

Funding: 2 million kr. Grundejernes
Investeringsfond
Timeframe: Spring 2014spring 2016

Funding: 750.000 kr. Realdania
The project will test hydrophilic materials:
The project will be carried out in 2

phases:
1. Foam concrete, 2, Aerated lightweight

concrete, 3. Hard mineral wool, 4. IQ
Term 5. Calcium silicate.
The project include 3 elements:
1. Test of materials in a mock-up with
16 solid walls. 2. Test of materials in
climate chambers. 3. Test of
materials in a flat.
Phase 1 will include testing of Ytong

Multipor in a mock-up with 8 massive
masonry walls with variation of outer
surface, thickness of insulation, method
of applying insulation and interior wall
surface.
Phase 2 will include testing Ytong
Multipor in a flat.
Collaborators
45
DTU:
Reza Finken: rezafinken@gmail.com
Daniel Dysted: ddysted@gmail.com
Hasse Sandholdt: hsandholdt@gmail.com
Tommy Odgaard: toog@cowi.dk
Maria Harrestrup: marih@byg.dtu.dk
Carsten Rode: car@byg.dtu.dk
Svend Svendsen: ss@byg.dtu.dk
Sren Peter Bjarlv: spb@byg.dtu.dk
Dresden Technical University:
John Grunewald: john.grunewald.privat@gmx.de
Ulrich Ruisinger: Ulrich.Ruisinger@tu-dresden.de
Jianhua Zhao: Jianhua.Zhao@tu-dresden.de
Danish Technological Institute:
Anne Pedersen: anpe@teknologisk.dk
Carsten Johansen: cjo@teknologisk.dk
Thor Hansen: thhn@teknologisk.dk
Britt Haker Hegh: brh@teknologisk.dk
Susie Merete Frederiksen: smf@teknologisk.dk
COWI:
Michael Vesterlkke mv@cowi.dk
Svend Erik Mikkelsen: SEM@cowi.dk
Rnby.dk:
Leif Rnby: leif@ronby.dk
Kingspan:
Scott McMonagle:
scott.mcmonagle@kingspan.com
Bertram Zantinge:
bertram.zantinge@kingspan.com
Introflex:
Philip X.S. Mller: pxsm@introflex.dk
Xella:
Niels Jrgen Pallesen: NielsJorgen.Pallesen@xella.com
Jens Lauridsen:
Jens.Lauridsen@xella.com
E&P Service:
Sren Faebo Larsen: sfl@eogp.dk
Rasmus Karkov: rka@eogp.dk
Thomas Binderup:
thomas.binderup@eogp.dk
Bolind Consult:
Rune Berg Henriksen:
rbh@bolindconsult.dk
5th January 2015
Project idea and objective

The project idea is to use interior hydrophilic insulation on massive masonry walls
without the use of a vapour barrier.
The objective of the project is to find one or more sufficiently robust methods to
insulate the inside of the existing solid masonry walls
?
What is the potential? By Tommy Odgaard
Plot of all non-demolished multistory units in Denmark:

Specific numbers for 1850-1930
segment:
3 stories:
47559units
4 stories:
37636 units
5 stories:
115284 units
6< stories:
18719 units
Sum:
219198 units
1930-1950 segment
Sum, 3<:169516 units
47
The challenges
48
5th January 2015
Results of initial calculation in WUFI with driving rain

protection by Reza Finken
Model
Material
Insulation
thickness
RH
Mould
Index
RH
Mould
Index
[mm]
> 80%
[-]
[%]
[-]
Sd : water vapour permeability

Definition of models
Behind insulation
On the interior surface
A1 (Ref.)
Yes
52-100
4.2
D1
CS*
30
No
41-63
D2
CS*
50
No
40-62
D3
CS*
60
No
0.14
39-62
Mineral wool*
100
Yes
4.55
37-61
F2
IQ-Therm*
50
No
0.04
38-62
X1
AAC*
100 + C
Yes
3.30
37-61
X2
CS*
30 + C
Yes
41-63
X3
IQ-Therm*
50 + C
Yes
0.51
38-62
Impregnation: 1 mm *Sd = 0.1 m (Sd : water vapour permeability)
C = crack 1 cm deep
Visual analysis from WUFI film of cross section view of exterior

wall by Reza Finken
Model A1: Original wall without insulation
Min.
surface
temp.
Min.
surface
temp.
9.2o C
14.5o C
Model A2: Original wall + Impregn. (Sd = 0.1 m) without insulation

Min.
surface
temp.
18.7o C
Model F2: Impregn. (Sd = 0.1 m) + Original wall (historical) + IQ-Therm (50 mm)
Measuring equipment - placement
Red
Blue
Green
Purple
=
=
=
=
Digital sensor
Wooden dowel resistance
Gypsum resistance
Resistance
Measuring equipment used sensor systems

RH and temperature are monitored through a range of systems.
Digital sensor system:
Hygroscopic area:
IST HYT221 sensor:
240 measuring points
Rotronic Hygroclip:
4 measuring points (int-/exterior)
Analogue sensor systems:
Hygroscopic area:
Wooden dowel resistance measurement
48 measuring points
Resistance measurement in lath
6 measuring points
Over-hygroscopic area:
Gypsum block resistance measurement
24 measuring points
The experimental walls
1 x 2 meter walls under construction seen from inside
1 x 2 meter wall sunder construction seen from outside
Wall with lath and hole for beam and partition wall
The gaps between the walls are insulated
Test materials
IQ therm
Thermal conductivity: 0,031 W/m K

Thickness: 80mm
Source: Intro Flex ApS datablad
Multipor
Thermal conductivity: 0.042 W/m K

Thickness: 100mm
Source: http://stroba.ch/
Foam concrete
Thermal conductivity: ~0.050 W/m K

Thickness: 100mm
Source: DTU
Cold box hot box by Daniel og Hasse
Lag 3
Test set-up
3 refrigerators each with 3 test set-ups.
Refrigerator 1
Refrigerator 2
Refrigerator 3
IQ-Therm with vapour Foam concrete (100mm)

Test 1 Multipor with vapour
vapour open surface
open surface treatment
tight surface
1
treatment
Multipor with vapour
IQ-Therm with vapour Foam concrete (100mm)
open surface
vapour tight surface
Test 2
tight surface treatment
treatment
treatment
test 3
Reference wall
Foam concrete (50mm)

vapour open surface
treatment
Foam concrete (50mm)

vapour tight surface
treatment
Foam Concrete panels

Density: 120 kg/m3
Conductivity: 0.05 W/mK
Vacuum insulation
The use of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) is an innovative solution if the available
space is limited, typically at building renovations.
These panels use the insulating effects of vacuum to produce five-eight times
lower thermal conductivity than traditional insulation materials, so the same
insulation effectiveness can be reached using much thinner layers than in case of
the conventional ones.
A U-value of 0.08 W/m2K can be obtained for a 6 cm thick VIP slab, depending
on the materials.
The currently available VIP slabs have a size of 60x100 cm and 1-6 cm thickness.
A drawback of VIP is the special sensitivity to mechanical impacts, as the

laminated aluminium foil must not be damaged by drilling, cutting, nailing or the
like, since the interior pressure of the panel will rise and the special properties of
the panel will be lost.
Thus the panels have to be protected before, during and after the installation.
Normally prefabricated sandwich elements are applied where VIP is combined with
other insulation materials, such as EPS or fibreglass.
VIP consists of:

a rigid core from which the air has been evacuated
a gas-tight membrane to provide an effective barrier against all atmospheric gases
and moisture getting into the evacuated space, so that the vacuum can be maintained.
The membrane is a composite foil, e.g. a very thin metal film (usually aluminium)
reinforced by a plastic film on each sides.
Core materials like perlit
Mineral powder
Mineral fibre
Fibreglass or silica also prevent the membrane walls from collapsing at high pressure.
DTU SPACE - Building 328 - Glas facade with vacuum isolation
Exterior insulation and finish systems

The EIFS systems also known as Dry-it systems are very common
at building renovation projects because of:
their reasonable price
simple applicability
high insulation effectiveness
This system helps to get uniform temperature at any point of the
Building
It protects the building envelopes from climatic effects
It minimizes the thermal movements in the wall caused by the
temperature differences in summer and winter.
Brick masonry
Adhesive
Insulation board
Polymer based base coat
reinforcing mesh
Primer
Finish coat
Substrate plaster layer applied on the existing surface.

A layer of rock wool or in other countries, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
attached by an adhesive to the substrate layer. This insulation material
can also be used for decoration e.g. a new cornice.
A base coat applied on the insulation, consisting of a fiberglass
reinforcing mesh embedded in a polymer based adhesive. The mesh has
a texture with about 6 mm square openings.
A colored, textured finish coat applied on the base coat.
Metal cladding
Wooden cladding on wooden structure
The system consists of the following individual components:

Anchor elements attached to the wall structure and to the connecting
elements. Sizing might be required depending on the applied cladding
material.
Mineral fibre insulation attached to the wall by adhesives or mechanical
fixings.
Wind sheet applied on the insulation board.
Ventilated air gap between the insulation and the cladding, maintained by
the connecting and fixing elements.
Connecting and fixing elements, as spacers between the insulation and
cladding.
Cladding, that can be made of different layers: slate, ceramic, natural
stone, metal, glass and wooden materials.
Ventilated faade
The ventilated cladding systems are multi-layer structures where the
insulation and the cladding are separated by a ventilated air gap.
The natural ventilation reduces the amount of heat that buildings
absorb in hot weather conditions, and removes moisture which could
cause mould and fungus at the internal side.
Thus this system has better physical properties than EIFS systems.
These ventilated systems protect the primary structure against thermal
exposures, and the insulation against the direct, combined action of
rain, wind and solar radiation.
It also reflects a notable amount of external noise, and enables dry
installation of the covering elements, unlike the EISF systems.
The listed houses

Implementing external additional
insulation at a house like this would
mean a complete change of the faade,
since there is no possibility to preserve
the existing decorations as they are
today, using any cladding material.
Although the many different materials
permit free interpretation of faades,
making significant changes on the
discussed buildings faade would
generate public and professional
debates.
A building like this, considering its
location, historical and aesthetic issues,
would not tolerate an overall change of
the front faade.
What can we do?
Light double glazing faade?
Double glass facade on a save house
Summer
Winter
Integrated shading device

Louver-type facade
Roofs
Flat roof
Flat roof insulation Minimum 1:40 slope
Shed roof and low pitched roofs
Gable, Gambrel, hipped

and mansard roof
The 3 most common roof-types in ancient Danish multistory buildings
Pitched roof
Copenhagen roof
Mansard roof
(Gable roof)
(Mansard roof)
(Gambrel roof)
The critical details of the roof
Increased roof height
Which tiles should be fixed?
The rules for ventilation of the roof?
The roofing underlay hanging between the rafters
The roofing underlay hanging between the rafters
The valley is an important detail
Plywood, chipboard or wooden boards are fixed to the rafters
Zink plates are fixed to the wooden cladding
Battens are fixed to the wooden cladding on top of fillets which allow intruding water
to run off under the battens
2 solutions of the valley along the dormer
The outer valley

The lowered valley
Construction of a dormer
Construction of a dormer were intruding water from the roofing underlay is lifted up to the upper side of the roof tile
Construction were intruding water from the roofing underlay is led down in the valley at the side of the dormer
In the solution to the right the valley is lifted up to the upper side of the roof tile.
Roof battens rules on how many connections you must have
Rules on how the battens should be fixed to the rafters
Connection of roof and firewall
Connection of roof and firewall
Flashing between chimney and roof
Slate roof
This statistic from 2004 is based on data collected from 674 rebuilding's from 1997
to 2002 shows that the biggest problems we have with roofs is the roofing underlay
80
71
70
60
50
40
30
26
30
23
21
21
20
15
14
7
10
2
0
Undertag
Tagdkning
Inddkninger
Tagrum og
tagetage
Tagvrk
Isolering
Render og
nedlb
Dampsprre
Number of damages in percentage registered in the different parts of the roof
Afstandslister
Taglgter
DUKO - Danish roofing underlay classification organisation

VLG DET RETTE UNDERTAG/ Choose the right roofing underlay
DUKO er en uvildig klassifikation af undertagsmaterialer. P denne hjemmeside kan
bygherrer og professionelle inden for byggeriet finde information om undertagsmaterialer.
Vurder tagets anvendelsesklasse
Undertagsmaterialer er inddelt i fire anvendelsesklasser. Start med at
bestemme hvilken klasse der er ndvendig.
Vlg undertagsmateriale
Se oversigten med klassificerede undertagsmaterialer. Materialerne er
opdelt efter anvendelsesklasse.
Om undertage
Et drligt undertag kan medfre dyre byggeskader. Find mere information om undertage og
byggeskader p DUKO.dk
Om ordningen
Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut administrerer ordningen. Ls mere om ordningen og om
hvordan leverandrer kan f undertagsmaterialer
FIRE ANVENDELSESKLASSER
DUKO opdeler undertagsmaterialer i fire anvendelsesklasser. Hvilken klasse man skal vlge afhnger af det tag
som undertaget indgr i. P denne side kan man se hvordan man vlger den rigtige anvendelsesklasse.
Der er fem forhold som afgr hvilke krav man br stille til undertaget:
1) Tagdkning
2) Taghldning
3) Kompleksitet
4) Tilgngelighed
5) Klimapvirkning
For hvert af de fem forhold beregner man et antal points (et skaldt kravniveau). Det samlede antal points (det
samlede kravniveau) afgr anvendelsesklassen. De fire anvendelsesklasser er: Lav, Middellav, Middelhj og Hj.
Der stilles de strste krav til anvendelsesklasse Hj.
Samlet kravniveau
(points)
0-2
3-6
7-9
10-14
Anvendelsesklass
e
L
Lav
ML
Middellav
MH
Middelhj
H
Hj
Ved at udfylde de forskellige valgmuligheder nedenfor kan man automatisk f beregnet anvendelsesklassen.
Samtidig kan man se kravniveauet for hvert af de fem forhold.
DUKO - Danish secondary roof classification organisation

VLG DET RETTE UNDERTAG/ Choose the right secondary roof
DUKO er en uvildig klassifikation af undertagsmaterialer. P denne hjemmeside kan
bygherrer og professionelle inden for byggeriet finde information om undertagsmaterialer.
Vurder tagets anvendelsesklasse
Undertagsmaterialer er inddelt i fire anvendelsesklasser. Start med at
bestemme hvilken klasse der er ndvendig.
Vlg undertagsmateriale
Se oversigten med klassificerede undertagsmaterialer. Materialerne er
opdelt efter anvendelsesklasse.
Om undertage
Et drligt undertag kan medfre dyre byggeskader. Find mere information om undertage og
byggeskader p DUKO.dk
Om ordningen
Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut administrerer ordningen. Ls mere om ordningen og om
hvordan leverandrer kan f undertagsmaterialer
ANVENDELSESKLASSE MIDDELHJ (MH)

Konstrukt
ion
Materiale
Uventileret
Laminat af
spunbonded HDPE
polyethylen og
spundbonded
polypropylen,
armeringsnet
Ventileret
Bldgjort 1,0 mm
PVC m. kerne af
polyestertekstil
Uventileret
Laminat af
spunbonded HDPE
polyethylen og
spundbonded
polypropylen,
armeringsnet
Produktnavn
Producent
Slger
Info
Interstep
DuPont de
Nemours
S..r.l.
A/S
Scandinova
Tlf.
44 50 11 00
Klik
her
Protan
Undertag
Protan A/S
Kompromen
t Aps
Tlf.
96 52 07 10
Klik
her
Tyvek
Supro Grid
DuPont de
Nemours
S..r.l.
V. Burcharth
& Sn A/S
Tlf.
66 11 99 66
Klik
her
Roof flats and terraces
View from roof terrace, Peblinge Dossering, rebuilt 2009 (VecTech, 2011)
Roof flats and terraces in Birkegade (RDS Architects)
Roof flats and terraces in Birkegade (JDS Architects)
Project Soltag (sun roof)

Lecture 04 - Facades and Roofs

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Facades, roofs, roof terraces and roof flats

Sren Peter Bjarlv

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Statistics on ancient buildings in Copengahgen

Number of m2 new multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011)

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Number of new flats in multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011)

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Masonry was dominating up to 1940-50

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

The column in the traditional multistory house in Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Number of dwellings and heat consumption

The total number of dwellings in Denmark is approx. 2.380.000. of

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Area and heat consumption

Divided into area

Divided after heat consumption

Other buildings after

Other buildings before

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Interior methods for energy-reduction

Research project - Interior Insulation

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Research project 2: Interior

Timeframe: Spring 2014end 2016

Timeframe: Spring 2014spring 2016

The project will test hydrophilic materials:

The project will be carried out in 2

1. Foam concrete, 2, Aerated lightweight

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Phase 1 will include testing of Ytong