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1 Name
While he is often now referred to as Hernn or Hernando Corts (/krtz/; Spanish: [korte]), in his time,
he called himself Hernando or Fernando Corts (Spanish: [kortes]). The names Hernn, Hernando, and Fernando are all equally correct. The latter two were most
commonly used during his lifetime, but the former shortened form has become common in both the Spanish and
English languages in modern times, and is the name by
which many people know him today.[1]
2 Early life
3.1
Arrival
3.2
Cuba (15111518)
In 1511, Corts accompanied Diego Velzquez de Cullar, an aide of the Governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. Velzquez was appointed as governor. At the age of 26, Corts was made clerk to the treasurer with the responsibility of ensuring that the Crown
received the quinto, or customary one fth of the prots
from the expedition.
The Governor of Cuba, Diego Velzquez, was so impressed with Corts that he secured a high political position for him in the colony. He became secretary for Governor Velzquez. Corts was twice appointed municipal
magistrate (alcalde) of Santiago. In Cuba, Corts became
a man of substance with an encomienda to provide Indian
labor for his mines and cattle. This new position of power
also made him the new source of leadership, which opposing forces in the colony could then turn to. In 1514,
Corts led a group which demanded that more Indians be
assigned to the settlers.
As time went on, relations between Corts and Governor
Velzquez became strained.[7] This began once news of
Juan de Grijalva, establishing a colony on the mainland
where there was a bonanza of silver and gold, reached
Velzquez; it was decided to send him help. Corts
was appointed Captain-General of this new expedition
in October 1518, but was advised to move fast before
Velzquez changed his mind.[7]
With Cortss experience as an administrator, knowledge
gained from many failed expeditions, and his impeccable rhetoric he was able to gather six ships and 300 men,
within a month. Predictably, Velzquezs jealousy exploded and decided to place the leadership of the expedition in other hands. However, Corts quickly gathered
more men and ships in other Cuban ports.
Corts also found time to become romantically involved
with Catalina Xurez (or Jurez), the sister-in-law of
Governor Velzquez. Part of Velzquezs displeasure
seems to have been based on a belief that Corts was
triing with Catalinas aections. Corts was temporarily distracted by one of Catalinas sisters but nally married Catalina, reluctantly, under pressure from Governor
Velzquez. However, by doing so, he hoped to secure the
good will of both her family and that of Velzquez.[8]
It was not until he had been almost 15 years in the Indies,
that Corts began to look beyond his substantial status as
mayor of the capital of Cuba and as a man of aairs in
the thriving colony. He missed the rst two expeditions,
under the orders of Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba and
then Juan de Grijalva, sent by Diego Velzquez to Mexico
in 1518.
4.1
March on Tenochtitlan
3
repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Corts was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Veracruz, Corts
marched on Tenochtitlan in mid-August 1519, along with
600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 15 cannons, and hundreds of
indigenous carriers and warriors.[9]
4.1
March on Tenochtitlan
4.2
Destruction of Tenochtitlan
After a battle in Otumba, they managed to reach Tlaxcala, having lost 870 men.[9] With the assistance of their
allies, Cortss men nally prevailed with reinforcements
arriving from Cuba. Corts began a policy of attrition
towards Tenochtitlan, cutting o supplies and subduing
the Aztecs allied cities. The siege of Tenochtitln ended
with Spanish victory and the destruction of the city.[17]
In January 1521, Corts countered a conspiracy against
him, headed by Antonio de Villafana, who was hanged for
the oense.[9] Finally, with the capture of Cuauhtmoc,
the tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitln, on August 13, 1521,
the Aztec Empire disappeared, and Corts was able
to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city Mexico
City. From 1521 to 1524, Corts personally governed
Mexico.[9]
Appointment to governorship of
Mexico and internal dissensions
more to the picture than this. Cortss own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played
a part in his deteriorating position with the king:
Corts personally was not ungenerously rewarded, but he speedily complained of insufcient compensation to himself and his comrades. Thinking himself beyond reach of restraint, he disobeyed many of the orders of the
Crown, and, what was more imprudent, said so
in a letter to the emperor, dated October 15,
1524 (Ycazbalceta, Documentos para la Historia de Mxico, Mexico, 1858, I). In this letter Corts, besides recalling in a rather abrupt
manner that the conquest of Mexico was due to
him alone, deliberately acknowledges his disobedience in terms which could not fail to create a most unfavourable impression.[18]
King Charles appointed Corts as governor, captain general and chief justice of the newly conquered territory,
dubbed "New Spain of the Ocean Sea. But also, much to
the dismay of Corts, four royal ocials were appointed
at the same time to assist him in his governing in eect,
submitting him to close observation and administration.
Corts initiated the construction of Mexico City, destroying Aztec temples and buildings and then rebuilding on
the Aztec ruins what soon became the most important
European city in the Americas.[9]
Corts managed the founding of new cities and appointed
men to extend Spanish rule to all of New Spain, imposing the encomienda system in 1524.[9] He reserved
many encomiendas for himself and for his retinue, which
they considered just rewards for their accomplishment in
conquering central Mexico. However, later arrivals and
members of factions antipathetic to Corts complained
of the favoritism that excluded them.[19]
5
white eld, which are the arms of the empire.[21]:43 Below that is a golden lion on a red eld, in memory of the
fact that you, the said Hernando Corts, by your industry
and eort brought matters to the state described above
(i.e., the conquest).[21]:43 The specicity of the other two
quadrants is linked directly to Mexico, with one quadrant
showing three crowns representing the three Aztec emperors of the conquest era, Moctezuma, Cuitlahuac, and
Cuauhtemoc[21]:43 and the other showing the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.[21]:43 Encircling the central shield are
symbols of the seven city-states around the lake and their
lords that Corts defeated, with the lords to be shown as
prisoners bound with a chain which shall be closed with
a lock beneath the shield.[21]:4445
Cristbal de Olid leads Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in
the conquests of Jalisco, 1522.
In 1523, the Crown (possibly inuenced by Cortss enemy, Bishop Fonseca),[20] sent a military force under the
command of Francisco de Garay to conquer and settle
the northern part of Mexico, the region of Pnuco. This
was another setback for Corts who mentioned this in his
fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself
as the victim of a conspiracy by his archenemies Diego
Velzquez de Cullar, Diego Columbus and Bishop Fonseca as well as Francisco Garay. The inuence of Garay
was eectively stopped by this appeal to the King who
sent out a decree forbidding Garay to interfere in the politics of New Spain, causing him to give up without a ght.
Since the conversion to Christianity of indigenous peoples was an essential and integral part of the extension of
Spanish power, making formal provisions for that conversion once the military conquest was completed was an
important task for Corts. During the Age of Discovery,
the Catholic Church had seen early attempts at conversion in the Caribbean islands by Spanish friars, particularly mendicant orders. Corts made a request to the
Spanish monarch to send Franciscan and Dominican friars to Mexico to begin the daunting work of converting
vast populations indigenous to Christianity. In his fourth
letter to the king, Corts pleaded for friars rather than
diocesan or secular priests because those clerics were in
his view a serious danger to the Indians conversion.
If these people [Indians] were now to see
the aairs of the Church and the service of God
in the hands of canons or other dignitaries, and
saw them indulge in the vices and profanities
now common in Spain, knowing that such men
were the ministers of God, it would bring our
Faith into much harm that I believe any further
preaching would be of no avail.[28]
He wished the mendicants to be the main evangelists.
Mendicant friars did not usually have full priestly powers
to perform all the sacraments needed for conversion of
the Indians and growth of the neophytes in the Christian
faith, so Corts laid out a solution to this to the king.
Your Majesty should likewise beseech His
Holiness [the pope] to grant these powers to
the two principal persons in the religious orders
that are to come here, and that they should be
his delegates, one from the Order of St. Francis and the other from the Order of St. Dominic. They should bring the most extensive
powers Your Majesty is able to obtain, for, because these lands are so far from the Church of
Rome, and we, the Christians who now reside
here and shall do so in the future, are so far
from the proper remedies of our consciences
and, as we are human, so subject to sin, it is
essential that His Holiness should be generous with us and grant to these persons most
extensive powers, to be handed down to persons actually in residence here whether it be
given to the general of each order or to his
provincials.[29]
Geronimo de Mendieta claimed that Cortss most important deed was the way he met this rst group of Franciscans. The conqueror himself was said to have met the
friars as they approached the capital, kneeling at the feet
of the friars who had walked from the coast. This story
was used by Franciscans as a demonstration of Cortss
piety and humility was a powerful message to all, including the Indians, that Cortss earthly power was subordinate to the spiritual power of the friars. However, one of
the rst twelve Franciscans, Fray Toribio de Benavente
Motolinia does not mention it in his history.[30] Corts
and the Franciscans had a particularly strong alliance in
Mexico, with Franciscans seeing him as the new Moses
for conquering Mexico and opening it to Christian evangelization. In Motolinias 1555 response to Dominican
Bartolom de Las Casas, he praises Corts.
And as to those who murmur against the
Marqus del Valle [Corts], God rest him, and
who try to blacken and obscure his deeds, I believe that before God their deeds are not as acceptable as those of the Marqus. Although
as a human he was a sinner, he had faith and
works of a good Christian, and a great desire to employ his life and property in widening and augmenting the fair of Jesus Christ,
and dying for the conversion of these gentiles...
Who has loved and defended the Indians of this
new world like Corts?... Through this captain,
God opened the door for us to preach his holy
gospel and it was he who caused the Indians
to revere the holy sacraments and respect the
ministers of the church.[31]
In Fray Bernardino de Sahagn's 1585 revision of the
conquest narrative rst codied as Book XII of the
Florentine Codex, there are laudatory references to
Corts that do not appear in the earlier text from the
indigenous perspective. Whereas Book XII of the Florentine Codex concludes with an account of Spaniards
search for gold, in Sahagns 1585 revised account, he
ends with praise of Corts for requesting the Franciscans
be sent to Mexico to convert the Indians.[32]
9.1
brought him with him to Honduras. In a controversial move, Cuauhtmoc was executed during the journey.
Raging over Olids treason, Corts issued a decree to arrest Velzquez, whom he was sure was behind Olids treason. This, however, only served to further estrange the
Crown of Castile and the Council of Indies, both of which
were already beginning to feel anxious about Cortss rising power.[33]
Ponce de Len suspended Corts from his oce of governor of New Spain. The Licentiate then fell ill and died
shortly after his arrival, appointing Marcos de Aguilar
as alcalde mayor. The aged Aguilar also became sick
and appointed Alonso de Estrada governor, who was conrmed in his functions by a royal decree in August 1527.
Corts, suspected of poisoning them, refrained from taking over the government.
Estrada sent Diego de Figueroa to the south. De Figueroa
raided graveyards and extorted contributions, meeting his
end when the ship carrying these treasures sank. Albornoz persuaded Alonso de Estrada to release Salazar
and Chirinos. When Corts complained angrily after one
of his adherents hands was cut o, Estrada ordered him
exiled. Corts sailed for Spain in 1528 to appeal to King
Charles.
9.1 First return to Spain (1528) and Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca
Emperor Charles V with Hound (1532), a painting by the 16thcentury artist Jakob Seisenegger.
Hernn Corts Monroy, with his coat of arms on the upper left
corner. Painting reproduced in the book America, (R. Cronau
19th century).
10.3
died in Castilleja de la Cuesta, Seville province, on DeOn his return he was utterly neglected, and could scarcely cember 2, 1547, from a case of pleurisy at the age of 62.
obtain an audience. On one occasion he forced his way Like Columbus, he died a wealthy but embittered man.
through a crowd that surrounded the emperors carriage, He left his many mestizo and white children well cared
and mounted on the footstep. The emperor, astounded for in his will, along with every one of their mothers. He
at such audacity, demanded of him who he was. I am a requested in his will that his remains eventually be buried
man, replied Corts proudly, who has given you more in Mexico. Before he died he had the Pope remove the
provinces than your ancestors left you cities.[37][38]
natural status of three of his children (legitimizing them
in the eyes of the church), including Martin, the son he
had with Doa Marina (also known as La Malinche), said
10.2 Expedition against Algiers
to be his favourite.
After his death his body has been moved more than eight
Main article: Algiers expedition (1541)
The emperor nally permitted Corts to join him and his times for several reasons. On December 4, 1547 he was
buried in the mausoleum of the Duke of Medina in the
church of San Isidoro del Campo, Sevilla. Three years
later (1550) due to the space being required by the duke,
his body was moved to the altar of Santa Catarina in the
same church. In his testament, Corts asked for his body
to be buried in the monastery he had ordered to be built
in Coyoacan in Mxico, ten years after his death, but the
monastery was never built. So in 1566, his body was sent
to New Spain and buried in the church of San Francisco
de Texcoco, where his mother and one of his sisters were
buried.
In 1629, Don Pedro Corts fourth Marquez del Valle,
his last male descendant, died, so the viceroy decided to
move the bones of Corts along with those of his descendant to the Franciscan church in Mxico. This was delayed for nine years, while his body stayed in the main
room of the palace of the viceroy. Eventually it was
moved to the Sagrario of Franciscan church, where it
stayed for 87 years. In 1716, it was moved to another
place in the same church. In 1794, his bones were moved
to the "Hospital de Jesus" (founded by Corts), where a
statue by Tolsa and a mausoleum were made. There was
a public ceremony and all the churches in the city rang
their bells.
An engraving of a middle aged Corts by 19th-century artist
William Holl.
10.3
10
It was not until November 24, 1946 that they were honorable cavalier.
rediscovered,[40]:467 thanks to the discovery of a secret document by Lucas Alamn. His bones were put
in charge of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e 11.1 Representations in Mxico
Historia (INAH). The remains were authenticated by
INAH.[40]:468 They were then restored to the same place,
this time with a bronze inscription and his coat of
arms.[41] When the bones were rst rediscovered, the supporters of the Hispanic tradition in Mexico were excited,
but one supporter of an indigenist vision of Mexico proposed that the remains be publicly burned in front of
the statue of Cuauhtemoc, and the ashes ung into the
air.[40]:468 Following the discovery and authentication of
Cortss remains, there was a discovery of what were described as the bones of Cuauhtmoc occurred, resulting
in the so-called battle of the bones[40]:468 In 1981, when
a copy of the bust by Tolsa was put in the church, there
was a failed attempt to destroy his bones.
11
In Mxico there are few representations of Corts. However, many landmarks still bear his name, from the castle
in the city of Cuernavaca to some street names throughout the republic.
11
tal de Jess Nazareno [44] while the original is in Napoli,
Italy, in the Villa Pignatelli.
of vividness that moves the reader and creates a heightened sense of realism in his letters.
His rst letter is lost, and the one from the municipality
of Veracruz has to take its place. It was published for
the rst time in volume IV of Documentos para la Historia de Espaa, and subsequently reprinted. The rst
carta de relacin is available online at the University of
Wisconsin.[46]
There is another statue by Sebastin Aparicio, in Cuernavaca, was in a hotel El casino de la selva. Corts is
barely recognizable, so it sparked little interest. The hotel
was closed to make a commercial center, and the statue
was put out of public display by Costco the builder of the
commercial center.[43]
12
The Segunda Carta de Relacion, bearing the date of October 30, 1520, appeared in print at Seville in 1522. The
third letter, dated May 15, 1522, appeared at Seville in
1523. The fourth, October 20, 1524, was printed at
Toledo in 1525. The fth, on the Honduras expedition, is
contained in volume IV of the Documentos para la Historia de Espaa. The important letter mentioned in the text
has been published under the heading of Carta indita de
Corts by Ycazbalceta. A great number of minor documents, either by Corts or others, for or against him, are
dispersed through the voluminous collection above cited
and through the Coleccin de Documentos de Indias, as
well as in the Documentos para la Historia de Mxico of
Ycazbalceta. There are a number of reprints and translations of Cortss writings into various languages.[47][48]
12
16
REFERENCES
16 References
[1] For example, the English-language version of his letters is
called Hernn Corts: Letters from Mexico, etc.
He married twice: rstly in Cuba to Catalina Surez Marcaida, who died at Coyoacn in 1522 without issue, and
secondly in 1529 to doa Juana Ramrez de Arellano de
Ziga, daughter of don Carlos Ramrez de Arellano, 2nd
Count of Aguilar and wife the Countess doa Juana de
Ziga, and had:
don Martn Corts y Ramrez de Arellano, 2nd Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, born in Cuernavaca in
1532, married at Nalda on February 24, 1548 his
twice cousin once removed doa Ana Ramrez de
Arellano y Ramrez de Arellano and had issue, currently extinct in male line
14
Ancestors
15
See also
Ottoman-Habsburg wars
General:
History of Mexico
History of Mexico City
13
[39] Sandra Arlinghaus. Naval Battle of Preveza, 1538. Personal.umich.edu. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Newad-
17 Related reading
17.1 Primary sources
14
18
EXTERNAL LINKS
Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 0-19516077-0
Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando
Cortes
17.2
Secondary sources
Thomas, Hugh (1993). Conquest: Corts, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico ISBN 0-67151104-1
White, Jon Manchip. (1971) Corts and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire ISBN 0-7867-0271-0
18 External links
The letters by Corts, in which Corts describes the
events related to the conquest of Mexico
Genealogy of Hernn Corts
Origin of the Surname Corts
Biography of Hernn Corts
The change of Hernn Corts self-image by means
of the conquest
Hernando Cortes on the Web web directory with
thumbnail galleries
Conquistadors, with Michael Wood website for
2001 PBS documentary
Ibero-American Electronic Text Series presented
online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center.
Hernan Cortes The Conquistador of the Aztecs;
Informational Link Blog about the History of
Cortes, the Aztecs along with a variety of sources,
pictures and educational resources
Latin American studies center, material on Corts
Fernand Cortez opera by Gaspare Spontini, JeanPaul Penin
Cortes, Hernando Belinda H. Nanney
Hernan Cortes, marques del Valle de Oaxaca,
Encyclopdia Britannica
15
19
19.1
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19.2
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File:Cortez_&_La_Malinche.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/nativeamericans/lg25_1.html Bancroft Library Original artist:
unknown Tlaxcalan artists
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gif Original artist: Connormah, Hernan Cortes
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File:Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg Source:
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File:Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg
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Tkgd2007
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