Chapter 2

CHAPTER-2
FOSSIL FUEL STEAM

GENERATORS
(STEAM POWER PLANT)
EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim
STEAM Power Plant

Operation
Components of Steam Power Plant

1. Boilers: Convert water into the steam.(Fire Tube Boilers and
Water Tube Boilers)
2. Boiler Furnace: In which the coal is burnt to liberate the heat
energy.
3. Superheaters :Superheaters which remove the last traces of
moisture from the steam leaving the boiler.
4.Reheaters:Their function is to resuperheat the expanded steam
from the turbine. Steam will remain dry.
5.Condenser: It condenses the steam from the turbine.
The other components are evaporator, cooling towers etc.
Schematic Diagram of Steam Power Plant
3
BOILER
wout
TURBINE
qin
4
CONDENSER
win
qout
PUMP
Working of Steam Power Plant

Coal is burnt in the boiler, which converts
water into steam.
The Steam is expanded in the turbine
which produces mechanical energy.
The generator is coupled to the Turbine.
The expanded steam is condensed in the

condenser and fed into the boiler again.
Enthalpy and Entropy

Definition of enthalpy (h) :
Enthalpy, h, is a function that describes energy changes at constant
pressure.
Enthalpy, h may be defined as: h = U +pV
h is a state function since, U, p, and V are all state functions.
Definition of entropy (S) :
S = Q/T
S = Q /T
Rankine Cycle power plants

T
qin
wout
win
qout
EEE 413- Power Plant

Technology-Dr.Mahabooba
Ideal power plant cycle is

called the Rankine Cycle
1-2 reversible adiabatic compression in
the pump
2-3 constant pressure heat addition in the
boiler.
3-4 reversible adiabatic expansion through
turbine
4-1 constant pressure heat rejection in the
condenser
General comments about

analysis
Typical assumptions
Steady flow in all components

Steady state in all components
Usually ignore kinetic and potential
energy changes in all components
Pressure losses are considered

negligible in boiler and condenser
Start our analysis with the

pump
Q pump Wpump m(h 2 h1 ) PE KE
The pump is adiabatic(Qpump =0), with no kinetic or
potential energy changes. The work per unit mass is:
W pump
m
w pump h1 h 2 (p 2 p1 )
10
Boiler is the next component.
Q boiler Wboiler m(h 3 h 2 ) PE KE
Q
boiler
q boiler h 3 h 2
m
Turbine is the next component.
Wboiler 0
Q turbine Wturbine m(h 4 h 3 ) PE KE
W
turbine
w turbine h 3 h 4
m
Qturbine 0
11
Last component is the

Condenser
Q condenser Wcondenserr m(h 4 h1 ) PE KE

Condensers do no work and if there is no
KE and PE,
Q
cond
q cond h 4 h1
m
12
Efficiency
wnet w out w in wturbine wpump

qout
1
qin
qin
qboiler
qin
q in q boiler h 3 h 2
q out q cond h 4 h1
h 3 - h 4 - v(P2 - P1 )
h4 h1
(or ) 1
h3 - h 2
h3 h2
13
Additional Terms:
v1=volume of the substance(usually given)
h1 =enthalpy at stage 1
h2 =enthalpy at stage 2 = h1 +wpump
h3 =enthalpy at stage 3; h4 =enthalpy at stage 4
s1 =entropy at stage 1; s2 =entropy at stage 2; s3 =entropy at stage 3;

s4 =entropy at stage 4;
h4 =h1+x4hfg
x= dryness fracture=ratio of vapor mass to the total mass

hfg = enthalpy of the vaporization
14
Example Problem-1
A Rankine cycle has an exhaust pressure
from the turbine of 10 kPa. Determine the
the thermal efficiency of the cycle which
has turbine inlet pressure of 15 MPa and
600C.And also find the back work ratio.
Assumptions:
P2 = P3 = 15 MPa
T3 = 600C
P4 = P1 = 10 kPA
Kinetic and potential energy
changes are zero
15
Draw diagram of cycle

T
T3 = 600oC
3
P= 15 MPa
2
P = 10 kPa
16
Property data
h1=191.83 kJ/kg is a table look-up, as is
h3=3582.3 kJ/kg.
1 0.00101m3 / kg
Because s3= s4
x4=0.803 and hfg=2394 kJ/kg
17
Let start with pump work

Pump work:
w pump 1 (p2 p1 ) h1 h 2
3
m
w pump (0.00101)
(15000 - 10)kPa
kg
kJ
w pump 15.1
kg
18
More calculations...
Enthalpy at pump outlet:
h 2 h1 w pump
Plugging in some numbers:
kJ
h 2 (191.83 15.1)
kg
kJ
h 2 206.93
kg
19
Calculate heat input and

turbine work..
Boiler heat input:
kJ
q boiler h 3 h 2 (3582.3 206.93)
kg
kJ
q in q boiler 3375.4
kg
20
Turbine work
h 4 h1 x 4 h fg
kJ
(191.83 0.803( 2394)) 2114.9
kg
kJ
w turbine h 3 h 4 (3582.3 2114.9)
kg
kJ
w turbine 1467.4
kg
21
Weve got the exit quality, now we

need efficiency
Cycle efficiency:
w out
q in
Substituting for net work:
w turbine w pump
q in
kJ
(1467.4 15.1)
kg 0.430

kJ
3375.4
kg
22
BWR of the Rankine cycle

backwork ratio (bwr)
bwr
w pump
w turbine
h1 h 2
h3 h 4
0.01
EEE 413- Power Plant Technology-Dr.Mahabooba

Abdurrahim
23
Deviation of Actual Rankine Cycle from

Ideal Rankine Cycle
The main reason is the irreversibility's of various
components.
Fluid Friction causes pressure drop in the boiler, the
condenser and the piping between the various
components.
To compensate this problem the water must be pumped
with a high pressure.
Heat Loss from steam to the surroundings. To

compensate this problem more heat has to be added.
24
Actual Rankine Cycle

25
Example Problem2
Problem Statement:
An actual steam power plant operates as shown.
The boiler and condenser operate at constant pressure.
The turbine and pump
are adiabatic. Find wt, wp, and th.
T1 = 30 C
P1 = 0.01 MPa
T3 = 600 C
p = 0.80
P2 = 3.0 MPa
t = 0.90
v1=0.001004m3 /kg
h3=3682.3kJ/kg
h4,s=2379.7kJ/kg
h1=125.7kJ/kg
EEE 413- Power Plant Technology-Dr.Mahabooba

Abdurrahim
26
Solution(contd):
27
How to increase the efficiency of the

Rankine Cycle
1.Lowering the condenser

pressure.
2.Superheating the steam to higher
temperature
3.Increasing the boiler pressure
28
Example Problem-3
Consider a steam power plant operating in an
ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at
3MPa and 350C and is condensed in the
condenser at 10kPa.Determine the following:
(a) thermal efficiency of the power plant

(b)the thermal efficiency if the steam is
superheated to 600 C instead of 350C.
(c) the thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is
raised to 15MPa and the turbine is maintained at
the temperature 600 C.
29
Solution to Example No.3

30
IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

Increasing the boiler pressure increases the
thermal efficiency of the Rankine Cycle, but also
increase the moisture content of the steam to
unacceptable level.
How can we take advantage of the increased efficiencies at
higher boiler pressures without facing the problem of
excessive moisture at the final stages of the turbine?
1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures before
it enters the turbine.
2. Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat
it in between
31
IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE
32
Example No.4
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat
Rankine cycle. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at
15MPa and 600C and is condensed in the condenser at a
pressure of 10kPa.If the moisture content of the steam at
the exit of the low pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4
percent. Determine the following:
(a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of
the high pressure turbine.
33
Solution to Example No.4

34
COGENERATION
Many industries require energy input in the form of heat, called process
heat. Process heat in these industries is usually supplied by steam at 5 to
7 atm and 150 to 200C. Energy is usually transferred to the steam by
burning coal, oil, natural gas, or another fuel in a furnace.
Industries that use large amounts
of process heat also consume a
large amount of electric power.
It makes sense to use the alreadyexisting work potential to produce
power instead of letting it go to
waste.
The result is a plant that produces
electricity while meeting the
process-heat requirements of
certain industrial processes
(cogeneration plant)
A simple process-heating plant.
Cogeneration: The production of more than one useful form of energy
(such as process heat and electric power) from the same energy source.
35
Utilization
factor
The utilization factor of the

ideal steam-turbine
cogeneration plant is
100%.
Actual cogeneration plants
have utilization factors as
high as 80%.
An ideal cogeneration plant.
Some recent cogeneration

plants have even higher
utilization factors.
36
Pros of STEAM Power PLANT
A per coal,
Cheap
Cheaper per unit energy than oil or natural gas

Will continue to be an important global resource
Abundance
Coal is the worlds most abundant fossil fuel

Sufficient reserves for the next 250 years
Efficiency
Larger power plants are more efficient
38% of the chemical energy is converted to energy
Safe
safest fossil fuel to transport, store and use
37
Cons of Steam Power Plant

o Coal-Fired Power Plants are the largest contributor of
hazardous air pollutants.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

o Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
o Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
o Mercury
o
38
Effects on the environment
CO2 : carbon dioxide pollution, making energy use the single largest
source of greenhouse gases in the U.S. and the world
NOx :When nitrogen oxide (chemically) reacts with volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight ground-level ozone or

smog is formed.
Mercury :One of the most dangerous pollutants released into

the air through the exhaust system when coal is burned.
SO2 :Sulfur dioxide combined with nitrogen oxide react with

water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form acidic compounds,
which can mix with natural precipitation and fall to the earth as
acid rain.
39
Effects on the Human health

Sulfur dioxide can also combine with nitrogen oxide and
other particles to form particulate matter.
o trigger heart attacks and strokes
o lead to cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)
o respiratory irritation, and worsen asthma.
o premature death (Both short-term and long-term
exposure)
40
End of Chapter-2
41

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CHAPTER-2

FOSSIL FUEL STEAM

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

STEAM Power Plant

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Components of Steam Power Plant

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Schematic Diagram of Steam Power Plant

Working of Steam Power Plant

The expanded steam is condensed in the

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Enthalpy and Entropy

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Rankine Cycle power plants

EEE 413- Power Plant

Ideal power plant cycle is

General comments about

Steady flow in all components

Pressure losses are considered

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Start our analysis with the

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Boiler is the next component.

Q boiler Wboiler m(h 3 h 2 ) PE KE

Q turbine Wturbine m(h 4 h 3 ) PE KE

Last component is the

Q condenser Wcondenserr m(h 4 h1 ) PE KE

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

wnet w out w in wturbine wpump

s1 =entropy at stage 1; s2 =entropy at stage 2; s3 =entropy at stage 3;

x= dryness fracture=ratio of vapor mass to the total mass

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Draw diagram of cycle

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

x4=0.803 and hfg=2394 kJ/kg

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Let start with pump work

Calculate heat input and

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Weve got the exit quality, now we

Substituting for net work:

BWR of the Rankine cycle

EEE 413- Power Plant Technology-Dr.Mahabooba

Deviation of Actual Rankine Cycle from

Heat Loss from steam to the surroundings. To

Actual Rankine Cycle

EEE 413- Power Plant

EEE 413- Power Plant Technology-Dr.Mahabooba

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

How to increase the efficiency of the

1.Lowering the condenser

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

(a) thermal efficiency of the power plant

Solution to Example No.3

EEE 413- Power Plant

IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

EEE 413- Power Plant TechnologyDr.Mahabooba Abdurrahim

Solution to Example No.4

EEE 413- Power Plant

The utilization factor of the

An ideal cogeneration plant.

Some recent cogeneration