Too much or too little exercise?

Too much
Immune Suppression
Damage to the joints and bones.
Too little.
Becoming overweight with associated problems of the heart disease and diabetes.
Data questions
Indian men have the highest prevalence of diabetes, approximately 2.5 times more than the
men in the general population. Pakistani women have the highest prevalence of diabetes.
Approximately 3 times more than the women in the general population. Irish Men and Black
African Women have the lowest prevalence of diabetes in their respective genders. These
differences could be due to diet, and an increased intake of carbohydrates in the diets of
people with high prevalence of diabetes. This could also be genetic, perhaps races with high
prevalence produce less insulin.
Correlation no data to indicate an increase in one factor increases an another.
What other reasons could be there for increased rate of respiratory track infection
-high amount of exercise
- infectious (if they use the same changing room/ share some chipotle)
- Running outdoors exposed
- They have travelled so that can cause an issue / your diet
Moderate exercise
- Increases number and activity of natural killer cells.
- These target cells which do not display self markers/antigens
- (These can be cells invaded by viruss bacteria and cancer cells)
- They attack the cell membrane by making pores in it (cant make conc gradients now)
- Make protein perforin
- Proteins can invade cell and cause apoptosis
- Give non-specific protection
Vigorous Exercise
- After exercise the number of these immune system cells fall
- Natural Killer
- Phagocytes
- B cells
- Helper T cells
The specific immune system is depressed
Debate about whether physical or psychological
Stress of training could release adrenaline and cortisol both known to suppress the immune
system

Macrophages
Joint Damage
-Knees
- Cartilage worn away
- Patellar tendonitis kneecap does not move easily over femur
-Bursitis fluid filled sacs around joints swell up with extra fluid. Inflammation and
tenderness.
-ligament damage
- tendon damage
Benefits Arthroscopy (Key hole surgery)
- Less bleeding
- Less scarring
- Less tissue damage- less pain
- Lower risk of infection
- Faster recovery rate
Cruciate ligament is in the knee its cross shape is behind the knee cap.
Tibia
Prosthetics
EG Dynamic response prosthetic foot
Changes shape with body weight but returns to its original shape when off the ground
Can replace the joint, allow the person to move without pain and potentially play sport again

Evaluate the use of performance enhancing drugs (6 marks).

These drugs could be seen as unfair as athletes do have a right to a fair completion but
at the same time can be seen as fair as they have a right to do as they please by their
own autonomy and a duty to fulfil for their sponsors.
From a biological perspective doping is ethical as you are using your own blood however
there are side effects that could result in the detriment of ones health, which can
objectively be seen as bad, however it could be seen as acceptable considering it could
be the result of ones own mistake.
Furthermore, there is money that is going into this whole industry that could be spent
better elsewhere in vital research that could save the lives of millions of people but at the
same time people have the right to do what they want with their money.