Week 1

Introduction to Listening and

Speaking
The oral-aural skills defined
Listening defined and The Listening
Process
The communication process
Listening and speaking in the L2
The affective factor

BY MISS SHAZNI BINTI BAHARI

LECTURER OF TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING (HET3033)

The Oral-Aural Skills

The oral-aural skills defined

Oral Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th
edition
/ rl /
1 [ usually before noun ] spoken rather than written
2 [ only before noun ] connected with the mouth oral
hygiene
3 ( phonetics ) ( of a speech sound ) produced without
the air in the nose vibrating compare nasal

Aural Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th

edition
/ rl /
connected with hearing and listening
Oxford University Press, 2010

Purposes of Listening

Goodwill is maintained/established
through the talk
Listener oriented or message
oriented?
Also known as conversation and
casual talk

For
entertainment

For maintaining
good social
relations

For obtaining
information
necessary for
day-to-day living

Purposes of
Listening

Jokes, stories, songs, plays,

TV, radio broadcasts, etc are
mainly for entertainment
For personal satisfaction

News broadcasts,
directions,
weather forecasts,
travel information

For academic
purposes

Lectures, seminars, talks

to extend knowledge and
skills
Central part of learning

The Listening Process

Hearing vs. Listening

Hearing

Listening

Physical ability

Skill

receiving sound waves through your ears

hearing and understanding what youve

heard

part of the five senses

a choice to hear and analyze what you

hear

using your ears only

using your bodys other senses

simply receiving sound vibrations

observing others behavior that can add

meaning to the message

Self-satisfaction

can build better relationships with others

I hear it

I get it

Hearing vs. Listening

Top-down processing

Determines the types or purpose of

listening (refer previous slide)

Happens when a listener can relate

what he is about to hear with
previous knowledge

The Listening Process

Bottom-up processing

Listening is an active process

Happens when what a listener hears

does not trigger anything in previous
knowledge (ss)
Bottom up block by block
(understanding all the linguistic data)
Listen for meaning
To make sense of what is heard
Listening is focused while grammar,
vocab and sounds only as aids

Actively constructs meaning while

listening
Identifies main points and supporting
details, distinguishes fact from
opinion, guesses meaning of
unfamiliar words, etc cognitive
aspects of listening
Agrees or disagrees, likes or dislikes
the speakers tone, may find topic
objectionable or absolutely boring, etc
affective or emotional dimension
Listeners attitudes, values and
interests affect what they interpret
and respond to talk

The Communication Process

Communication
Communication is the process of sending and
receiving information among people.

The most common ways to communicate

Thinking, speaking
and listening go on
almost the same
time
Ephemeral

Resources

Sound
Speech organs
(mouth, throat)
and ears in L&S

Paralinguistic features pause,

loudness,
stress, intonation, etc
Extralinguistic features
gestures, facial expressions, eye
contact, nods, body posture
Both are used to aid
communication

SPOKEN LANGUAGE

Many false
starts, fillers,
etc pauses found
e.g?

More meandering
and fewer
organizational
markers
e.g?

Almost
instantly
Usually simple
sentences and
vocabs

Words on a page
or screen
Hands to write
Eyes to read

Resources
Performance

Usually wellorganized
Why?

Writer composing
Reader reading
and re-reading
Permanent

WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Language

Editing
No visible
mistakes

Only words on the page

and punctuation marks

Sophisticated
Complex
structures and
vocabs

Delayed
feedback

THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS

SENDER

RECEIVER

SPEAKER

I
MESSAGE N
T
E
R
CHANNEL F
E
R
E
FEEDBACK
N
C
E

LISTENER

FACTORS OF THE SPEECH

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Sender

Message
Response/Feedback
Channel
Receiver/Listener

SENDER
Senders Attitude
It deals with the knowledge and input output filters
as self esteem, anxiety of the speaker.

Speakers purpose
It deals with the intention or what the speaker wants
to say.

MESSAGE
What is said by the speaker.
You need to determine the purpose of the
message
In order to transmit our feelings, business,
agreements and so on.

RESPONSE/FEEDBACK

Can be either verbal or non verbal or both

Allows the sender to correct or record
message.

CHANNEL

It is the way used to express or send the

message
Means of communication

RECEIVER
Receivers Attitude
It Deals with the knowledge and input output
filters as self steem, anxiety of the listener. The
behaviour of him/her.
Receivers purpose
It deals with the intention or what the listener wants
to listen to.
Examples: Listen to know about someone, to learn,
and so on.

Listening and Speaking in the L2

Listening and speaking in the L2 The Affective Factor

Lets discuss
Rural
Attitude

Listening

Urban

Attitude

Motivation

Exposure

Motivation

Exposure

Speaking

Attitude

Attitude

Motivation

Motivation

Exposure

Exposure