ABSTRACT

India is worlds largest democracy. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in

elections forms the basis of Indian democracy.
In India all earlier elections a voter used to cast his vote by using ballot paper. This is a
long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors.
This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting
machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this condensed into a
simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine.
Cell phone based voting machine is capable of saving considerable printing stationery
and transport of large volumes of electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and
maintain. It completely rules out the chance of invalid votes. Its use results in reduction
of polling time, resulting in fewer problems in electoral preparations, law and order,
candidates' expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the
counting centre.
Our cell phone based voting machine consists of microcontroller ATMEL AT89S51, a
DTMF decoder CM8870C, a memory storage device EEPROM. DTMF is sent to the
microcontroller which is decoded by CM8870C and the password is fed with the
candidate number. The EEPROM is used to store the memory in case of power failure.
This project is based on assembly language programming. The software platform used in
this project are Keil uVision3 and SPIPGM37.

LIST OF TABLES TABLE

NO.
1.1

TOPIC

PAGE NO.

List of Components

1.2

Port 1 Configuration

1.3

Port 3 Configuration

4.1

Cost Analysis

35

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TOPIC

1.1

Pin Diagram of AT89S51

PAGE
NO.
5

1.2

Block Diagram of AT89S51

10

1.3

Pin Diagram of CM8870C

14

1.4

Pin Diagram of 24C16

16

1.5

Voltage Regulator 7805

17

1.6

Schematic Diagram of LCD

17

1.7

Power Supply

18

1.8

Bridge Rectifier

19

1.9

Basic Forms of Transformer

20

1.10

Diode

20

1.11

Symbol of Capacitor

22

1.12

22

1.13

Capacitor & Battery

Connection
LED & LED Symbol

3.1

Block Diagram

33

3.2

Circuit Diagram

34

23

CONTENTS
CONTENTS
No.
Certificate
(i)
Acknowledgement
(ii)
Abstract
(iii)
List of Tables
(iv)
List of Figures
(v)
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-23
Chapter 2
Literature Review
24-29
Chapter 3
PCB Designing
30-31
Working
32
Block Diagram
33
Circuit Diagram
34
Chapter 4 Cost Analysis 35
Problem Faced & Troubleshooting

Page

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
The aim of our project is to design & develop a mobile based voting machine.
In this project user can dial the specific number from any land line or mobile
phone to cast his vote. Once the user is connected to the voting machine he can
enter his password & choice of vote. If he has entered a valid choice &
password his vote will be caste with two short duration beeps. For invalid
password/choice long beep will be generated. User is allotted 15 seconds to
enter his password & choice. A reset button is provided for resetting the system.
A total key is provided to display the result.
We have also used non-volatile memory for storing all data. EEPROM will
preserve all information in case of power failure. In this project all information
is transmitted through DTMF tones. The major block & their functions are
described in details below.
DTMF DECODER
In DTMF decoder circuit we use IC 8870. IC 8870 converts the dual tones to
corresponding binary outputs.
DTMF SIGNALLING
AC register signaling is used in DTMF telephones, here tones rather than
make/break pulse are used for dialing, each dialed digit is uniquely represented
by a pair of sine waves tones. These tones (one from low group for row and
another from high group for column) are sent to the exchange when a digit is
dialed by pushing the key, these tone lies within the speech band of 300 to 3400
HZ, and are chosen so as to minimize the possibility of any valid frequency pair
existing in normal speech simultaneously. Actually, this minimisator is made
possible by forming pairs with one tone from the higher group and the other
from the lower of frequencies. A valid DTMF signal is the sum of two tones,
one from a lower group ( 697-940 Hz) and the other from a higher group
( 1209-1663 Hz). Each group contains four individual tones. This scheme

allows
unique

10
Equipment
Quantity
IC AT89S51 MC
1
IC MT8870DE
1
IC ATMEL AT24C16
1
Voltage Regulator 7805
1
2 line LCD display
1
Transformer
1
Crystal Oscillator
2
Switch
2
LED
2
Resistors(1K,10K,47 10
k,100K,330k,)
11
Capacitors(22pf,.1f,10 17
f,470f,1000f)
12
Diodes
5
13
Mobile Speaker Port
1
combinations. Ten of these code represent digits 1 through 9 and 0. . tones in
DTMF dialing are so chose that none of the tones is harmonic of are other tone.
Therefore is no change of distortion caused by harmonics. Each tone is sent as
along as the key remains pressed. The DTMF signal contains only one
component from each of the high and low group. This significantly simplifies
decoding because the composite DTMF signal may be separated with band pass
filters into single frequency components, each of which may be handled
individually.
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

COMPONENTS
LIST OF COMPONENTS USED

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1) MICRO-CONTROLLER AT89S51
FEATURES
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance:
1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

DESCRIPTION
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.
The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit

timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial

port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves
the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functionsuntil the next external interrupt or hardware reset.

PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF AT 89S51

PROCESSOR
A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way
specified by a sequence of instructions.
INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers,
when read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The
instructions are also called opcodes or machine codes. Different bit patterns
activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core. Every processor has
its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and functionality.
PROGRAM
The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of
instructions may be altered to suit the application.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very

difficult ,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language
called as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an
assembly language program. But it must be converted into machine language
for execution by processor.
ASSEMBLER
An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for
execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a
program written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors.
Software called compiler converts this high level language program down to
machine code. Ease of programming and portability.

PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the
code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1

pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2
pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2
uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.

Table 1.2 : Port 1 Configuration

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table:

Table 1.3: Port 3 Configuration

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used
to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out
feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse
input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted
at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped
during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be
disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.

PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be

internally latched on reset. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

ALU

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation
of data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor
decide the operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data
between registers and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND ,
NAND , OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc.
Some ALU supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally
transferred from two registers or from one register and memory location to ALU
data inputs. The result of the operation is the placed back into a given
destination register or memory location from ALU output.
REGISTERS
Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers
varies significantly between processor architectures.
WORKING REGISTERS
Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.
INDEX REGISTERS
Points to memory addresses.
STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from
various operations.
CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.

MEMORY
Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor
.
SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support circuitry.
DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.
OTP ROM
One time programmable, used for shipping in final products
.
EPROM
Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and
debugging.
EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.
FLASH
Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.
BUSES
A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses
allow for the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the
processor.
Processor buses are of three types:
Data bus
Address bus
Control bus

CONTROLLER LOGIC
Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub
units. It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor
.
I/O Peripherals
The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external
world
Parallel Ports.
Serial Ports.
ADC/DAC.

2) IC CM8870
FEATURES
Full DTMF receiver
Less than 35mW power consumption
Industrial temperature range
Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators
Adjustable acquisition and release times
18-pin DIP, 18-pin DIP EIAJ, 18-pin SOIC, 20-pin PLCC
DESCRIPTION
The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by
integrating both the band-split filter and digital decoder functions into a single
18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured
using state-of-the-art CMOS process technology for low power consumption
(35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched
capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and dial tone rejection.
The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the detection
and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This device contains
input protection against damage due to high static voltages or electric fields;
however, precautions should be taken to avoid application of voltages higher
than the maximum rating.

PIN DIAGRAM

Fig No.: Pin Diagram of CM8870C

PIN CONFIGURATION
IN+: Non-inverting
IN: Inverting
GS: Gain select
VREF: Reference Output Voltage (nominally VDD/2)
INH: Inhibits
OSC3: Digital buffered oscillator output
PD: Power down
OSC1: Clock input
OSC2: Clock output
VSS: Negative power supply
TOE: Three-state output enable (Input)
Q1: Three-state outputs
Q2, Q3, Q4: Tone pair received
StD: Delayed Steering output
ESt: Early steering output
St/Gt: Steering input/guard
VDD: Positive power supply
IC: Internal connection
3) ATMEL 24C16

FEATURES
Low-voltage and Standard-voltage Operation
2.7 (VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V)
1.8 (VCC = 1.8V to 5.5V)
Internally Organized 128 x 8 (1K), 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K), 1024 x 8
(8K) or 2048 x 8 (16K)
2-wire Serial Interface
Schmitt Trigger, Filtered Inputs for Noise Suppression
Bi-directional Data Transfer Protocol
100 kHz (1.8V, 2.5V, 2.7V) and 400 kHz (5V) Compatibility
8-byte Page (1K, 2K), 16-byte Page (4K, 8K, 16K) Write Modes
Partial Page Writes are Allowed
Self-timed Write Cycle (10 ms max)
High-reliability
Endurance: 1 Million Write Cycles
Data Retention: 100 Years
Automotive Grade and Extended Temperature Devices Available
8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP and 8-lead TSSOP Packages
DESCRIPTION
The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 provides 1024/2048/4096/8192/16384 bits of serial
electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
organized as 128/256/512/1024/2048 words of 8 bits each. The device is
optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where lowpower and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 is
available in space-saving 8-pin PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP and 8lead TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface.

PIN DIAGRAM

Fig No. Pin Diagram of AT 24C16

PIN CONFIGURATION
A0 - A2 : Address Inputs
SDA : Serial Data
SCL : Serial Clock Input
WP : Write Protect
NC : No Connect
GND : Ground

4) VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FEATURES
Output current in Excess of 1.0 A
No external component required
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short circuit current limiting
Output transistor safe-area compensation
Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction
temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.
DESCRIPTION
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current and
overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3
leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Figure No. 1.5: 7805 Voltage Regulator

5) LCD DISPLAY
This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with
something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on
newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. These LCD
Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all
the logic required to run them is on board.

Figure No. 1.8: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port.
The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel
Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by
incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable
for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up
resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we
hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no
bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's
internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished
processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known
delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy
here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a
bench power supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few
de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working
properly.
6) POWER SUPPLY

Figure No. 1.10: Power Supply

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge
as shown in figure

Figure No. 1.11: Bridge Rectifier

OPERATION

During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the
transformer secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This
makes Point1 of bridge positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2
become forward biased & D3 & D4 become reverse biased. As a result a current
starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D2 to the negative end
.During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1.
Diodes D1 & D2 now become reverse biased .Thus a current flow from point 2
to point1.
7) TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER
Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The
two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source
of making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is
used and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high
permeability of iron, the flux path for the flux is only in the iron and hence the
flux links both windings. Hence there is very little leakage flux. This term
leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link both the coils, i.e.,
when coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite core is
used. The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound
output, amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are
same.

Figure 2.12: Basic Forms of Transformer

8) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the
flow of the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward
bias.

Figure No. 1.13: Diode

When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias.
The Zener diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually
the identification of the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he
silver/black line. The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the
other terminal is the positive terminal (cathode).
APPLICATION
Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc
Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.
Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc
9) RESISTORS
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar
in many respects to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance
of the material .in some electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in
form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories , only two of which are
color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor .the third category is
the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous paint
finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek
letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require
resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously important to find out
something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is
measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small
for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm.
Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high
as 10 Mohm.

Figure No. 1.14: Symbol of Resistance

10) CAPACITORS
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely
different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have
read How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals.
Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and
absorb electrons at the other terminal.
BASIC
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals
connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air,
paper, plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the
plates from touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two
pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good
capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will work.
In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:

Figure No. 1.17: Symbol of Capacitor

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, heres what happens:
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery
accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery
loses electrons to the battery.

Figure No. 1.18: Capacitor & Battery Connection

TESTING

To test the capacitors, either analog meters or special digital meters with the
specified function are used. The non-electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using
the digital meter.

11) LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode
(LED) is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any
forward biased P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to
the junction, a recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires
that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another
state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source is called
electroluminescence.

Figure No. 1.19: LED & LED Symbol

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are
displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being
flown through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round
shell and also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.
12) CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining
element is a quartz crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz
crystal the crystal oscillator may be held to extreme accuracy of frequency
stability. Temperature compensation may be applied to crystal oscillators to
improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator. Crystal oscillators are usually,
fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the primary
considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and
accurate LC oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without
resorting to some sort of crystal control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators.
The frequency of older FT-243 crystals can be moved upward by crystal
grinding.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
PREHISTORY: 8048
In fact, it should have started with chapter -2, the invention of microprocessor.
Intel introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit
microprocessor, with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations
per second, and was meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit
processing in calculators, especially if the software is based on BCD
arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008 and it's grown-up brother the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel employee as Zilog
Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).
In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the
processing core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code
memory was a 1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallisation mask during
the chip processing) or EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data
memory was 64 bytes of RAM (including the 8-level stack and two pages of
eight general purpose registers). Besides general-purpose I/O (see below),
peripherals included a timer and an external interrupt (plus the necessary
interrupt system).
Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of
the 4-bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear remarkable
similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether
something of this is true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange
features. Using four of its general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or
more 8243-type chip - and the I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This
expansion has not only support in the hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but
also in the instruction set, having dedicated instructions for I/O operations
(including AND and OR(!)) via the expander.
The 8048 already had a lot of useful features known well to 8051-users:
external code memory support; external data memory support (inherently only
256 bytes addressed indirectly by R0 and R1 as there is no 16 bit pointer
register such as the DPTR in 8051 - the 8051 inherited this 8-bit external data
access); quasibidirectional I/O ports. Maximum clock is 11MHz, but an
instruction cycle takes 15 oscillator clocks. The "A" version (advanced)
introduced powerdown mode
There were multiple variations of the 8048 around, mostly with different
numbering, but generally denoted as the MCS-48 family. 8048 itself denoted a
mask-ROM part, 8748 an EPROM part - windowed (CERDIP - erasable) for
development, and unwindowed (PDIP) OTP. The romless part was a bit

surprisingly marked 8035 (probably most of the parts sold as romless were parts
with unusable ROM, due to error in the "programmed" firmware). There was a
low-cost version with reduced pin count and omitted some of the features as
8021, and versions with more ROM and RAM as 8049 (2kB ROM/128B RAM)
and 8050 (4kB ROM/256B RAM); with ROMless versions as 8039 and 8040;
and 8049 had also an EPROM version 8749 (the funny thing is, that 8749 came
in 1981, one year after 8051/8751). 8048's were second sourced by a number of
manufacturers, including NEC, Toshiba, and were cloned also behind the then
iron curtain in Czechoslovakia (Tesla MHB8048/8035) and USSR. Application
specific versions of 8048 were also built quite early, with adding of various
peripherals, such as 8-bit ADC in 8022 and a parallel-bus slave interface in
8041/8042.
The MCS-48 family was used in a quite wide range of applications. One of the
first applications of 8048 was in a gaming console (Magnavox Odyssey2), but
there were also more "serious" applications, for example in one of the first car
engine "computerized" control units. But the biggest hit came when IBM
decided to use 8048 in its original PC keyboard. Although in the AT keyboard
IBM used the (presumably cheaper) 6805, it used 8042 as a co-processor on the
mainboard, communicating with the keyboard. The 8042 is still present in
almost each and every PC even today, but don't search for a chip with "8042" on
it - it is integrated in the chipset. It may come as a surprise to somebody, but
thanks to this fact the 8048 with its derivatives is most probably the most
widespread microcontroller at all.
As in the 70s there were no pdf-s and no world-wide web, datasheets and other
documentation is hardly available over the internet. I believe Intel will give out
a copy if one really wants it (there is a "literature request" form at their
"museum" pages). However, there seems to be a couple of enthusiastic people,
one of the maintaining a wonderful document called Grokking the MCS-48
System at http://home.mnet-online.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf .
8051: THE CLASSICS
In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the 8051.
Intel made sure that the transition from the already successful model will be as
smooth as possible. Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to 8048. Almost
every feature and resource of 8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form.
4kB ROM and 128B RAM on chip. Pin compatibility was not maintained, but it
was not a real issue. Software compatibility is not binarywise but source-wise,
but that is also acceptable. The preliminary datasheet read: "Enhanced MCS-48
Architecture".
The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with
appropriate support in instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional
and unconditional jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a

256-byte page in 8048), four register banks instead of two, "unlimited" stack
(8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes), multiple and divide instructions. As for
peripherals, second timer was added and both were extended to 16 bits with
multiple modes (including 8-bit autoreload mode), and an UART (which was a
luxury that many lower-end
microcontrollers didn't have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock
frequency did not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle
is 12 clocks now.
Similarly to 8048, also the 8051 had variants, but there was no cut-down "lowcost" version (presumably because of the cost of ROM/RAM and the DIP40
package went low enough). The romless version was 8031 and the EPROM
version was 8751. The "extended" version - 8052 (with 8032 and 8752) came 3
years later and featured besides 8kB ROM and 256B RAM also an extra 16-bit
timer. An unusual chip was the 8052AH-BASIC, which according to Intel was
"software-onsilicon version of the 8052 microcontroller with a BASIC
interpreter on-chip in 8K ROM". The
whole family was eventually called MCS-51 and was manufactured in NMOS,
since 1986 in CMOS.
Intel provided all the needed initial tools and support with the 8051 - assembler,
application notes, example software, in-circuit emulator. Some of the appnotes
and software still can be found on Intel's webpages and are of excellent quality.
The basic datasheet set - dubbed in the community as "the bible" - is still THE
reference source of information on 8051 and its derivatives, even today.
So, Intel did its job, providing everything needed to make 8051 successful, and
the rest is history.
THE BIRDS ARE OUT OF THE NEST
Similar to 8048, also the 8051 has been licensed to various manufacturers
worldwide. Some of the early adopters include Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra)
and Siemens. Most of these companies don't exist any more, some have been
taken over, others have been renamed; but most of them still manufacture some
derivative of 8051.
The licensees started to make fully compatible models. Naturally, they took
over also the datasheets, for example the "bible" is better used in the Philips
version, which is a verbatim copy of the Intel version, except that it is a true
searchable pdf, while the Intel is a scanned copy of paper document,
unsearchable. More than that, the manufacturers took over the annoying practice
of Intel to include in datasheets only the specific differences to the "bible", very
confusing for the newbies (but there are opinions on this, some of the users
consider this arrangement
better than having huge datasheets containing all the common details). The
manufacturers published their own appnotes, which all together form a huge
knowledge base and code library, but... due to competition it is scattered across
the manufacturers' sites, an another confusing fact for the newbies.

Later, the manufacturers rolled out their own derivatives and variants with
varying marking - there is no real standard in it (although there are some
idiosyncrasies present in the marking of most manufacturers). All types of
modifications described in the following chapters were applied; but the
compatibility to the original 8051 was usually maintained. This, together with
the availability of second-, third-,...,35th-,...-source of 8051 is the true source of
its immortality.
EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED
Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be
embedded in various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks. Typically,
the resources of the ASIC are mapped as external data memory, as if the ASIC
would be connected to a conventional 8051 chip. This approach allows to use an
unmodified core, which speeds up the chip development and decreases the
chance for error; also the ASIC could be breadboard-prototyped in this form
easily.
As an example, Intel produced 80C51SL, a descendant of 8042. Philips has a
line of 8051-based teletext controllers. In a particular USB webcamera, the chip
interfacing the CCD and USB was controlled by an embedded 8051. There are
probably much more examples around, but most of them never get public. In
spite of this, the 8051 in this form is produced probably in much higher volumes
than as general-purpose microcontrollers.
EXTRAS
Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been
introduced by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased code
and data memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above, these chips
tend to implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed usually via extra
SFRs. This allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using
direct addressing (mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation
instructions, too.
One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which introduced the
programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052 otherwise). It was intended
for automotive applications (brake control). Soon, FB and FC continued, with
more and more code memory. 80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal
external" data memory. These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "subfamily", produced by Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.
FAT BOYS: 16-BIT EXTENSIONS
When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications started to
grow and soon required more power than the 8051 even with enhancements
could provide. There were 16-bit microcontrollers around (e.g. Intel had it's
80C196 line), but it seemed a good idea to provide a more natural migration
path by creating a 16-bit version of 8051.

Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C251. It went all the way to
achieve compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to switch
to native 16-bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with 8051. It was
not a big success, most probably for bad market timing (although it is second
sourced by Temic/Atmel).
Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family,
which seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy code has
to be maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and poses little
constraint on the chip design itself.
All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the 8051
and are less widespread.
FLASH FOR THE MASSES
In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory,
enabling fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-grade
chip in development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be
reprogrammed when upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs. It
brought down the 8051 to the masses - the small "garage" companies and
hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced also 89C2051 with decreased pin
count (and price).This was a smart move, the chip proved to be extremely
popular in many small applications.
Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most of
them able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-situ
programming (ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end versions also
able to reprogram themselves (in-application programming, IAP). MaskROM
and EPROM - windowed or OTP - seems to become extinct, at least in the
mainstream applications.

CHAPTER 3
P.C.B. DESIGNING & WORKING
1) P.C.B. DESIGNING
P.C.B. LAYOUT
The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board
respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most
important operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of
all layout of component side is to be made in accordance with available
components dimensions.
The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B.
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient
distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.
3. The most important points are that the components layout is making proper
compromise with copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of
conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting
the components; they are small in size and efficient in performance.

PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the
copper clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection
with the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the
point at which the connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between
the leg of the component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it
is allowed to dry.
DRILLING
After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at
desired points where we have to fix the components.
ETCHING
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is
known as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed circuit is
placed in the solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for

about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed
from the P.C.B.
After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in order to
get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of the
circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft
piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the
layout, now the P.C.B. is ready for use.
SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two
metal conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering
iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and
converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and
durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also
present oxidation.
SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES:
These are basically two soldering techniques.
Manual soldering with iron.
Mass soldering.

2) WORKING OF PROJECT
The working of this project is controlled by a microcontroller ATMEL AT89C51
and a DTMF decoder CM8870 is used for decoding key tones of cell phone and
EEPROM is used for memory storage. The project works in the following ways:
1. Switch on power supply.
2. Message wait will appear on LCD.
3. Type #22 followed with candidate number to enter the vote where 22 is the
password.
4. If vote is casted then vote casted successfully on the LCD & if not then
invalid vote try again will appear.
5. To check the number of vote press the button on the PCB and number of
votes of each candidate & total number of vote will appear on LCD.
6. A reset key is present to reset the microcontroller

3) BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure No. 3.1: Block Diagram

4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure No. 3.2: Circuit Diagram

PROBLEM FACED

 First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN

PROTOTYPE that, it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor &
LCD.
Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of
STEPPER MOTOR
We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD
During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder
the connection and did soldering again.
A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be
replaced.
LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the
new one.

TROUBLESHOOT
Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints.
Proper power supply should maintain.
Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate
Component change and check again circuit

CHAPTER 5

CONCULSION
FUTURE SCOPE

Number of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller.

It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost
instantly from the machine itself.
It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be
stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend
servers.
Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to
various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could
make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds

AREA OF APPLICATIONS

Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident
welfare association, panchayat level election and other society level elections.
It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders
meeting.
It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number
of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation.
It is used in various TV serials as for public opinion.

REFRENCES

 Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay.

Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
Tutorial on microcontroller:
www.8051projects.net/microcontroller_tutorials/
Tutorial on LCD:
www.8051projects.net/lcd-interfacing/
WEBSITES
www.atmel.com
www.seimens.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com
www.efyprojects.com
www.google.com
www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/presentation/EVM.ppt
www.rajasthan.net/election/guide/evm.htm
www.indian-elections.com/electoralsystem/electricvotingmachine.html

APPENDIX

CODING
SOFTWARE:#include<8051.h>
#include<intrpt.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<delay.h>
#include<e2prom16.h>
#include<lcd4bit.h>
#define DTMF_PORT P1
#define DTMF_READY P3_BITS.B2
#define TIMER0_INT ET0
#define DELAY1 (65536 - 50000)
#define RESET_KEY P2_BITS.B7
void interrupt dtmf_isr(void);
void interrupt timer0_isr(void);
void on_ack(void);
void off_ack(void);
const char msg_1[] = {"***WELCOME TO***"};
const char msg_2[] = {" MOBILE VOTING. "};
const char msg_3[] = {" TOTAL VOTE "};
const char msg_4[] = {"CANDIDATE-1 VOTE"};
const char msg_5[] = {"CANDIDATE-2 VOTE"};
const char msg_6[] = {"CANDIDATE-3 VOTE"};
const char msg_7[] = {"CANDIDATE-4 VOTE"};

const char msg_8[] = {"NEW VOTER ONLINE"};

const char msg_9[] = {"Please Wait....."};
const char msg_10[] = {" Invalid Vote "};
const char msg_11[] = {"Ask to Try Again"};
const char msg_12[] = {" VOTE CASTED "};
const char msg_13[] = {" SUCCESSFULLY "};
const char msg_14[] = {"SYSTEM RESET IN "};
const char msg_15[] = {"PROCESS PLS WAIT"};
unsigned char dtmf_data,dtmf_sts,page_add,data_add,data_status;
unsigned char VoteTotal,VoteC1,VoteC2,VoteC3,VoteC4;
unsigned char Data1,Data2,Data3,Data4,Data5,DataCounter;
unsigned int Timer;
void main()
{
P0 = 0xff;
P1 = 0xff;
P2 = 0xff;
P3 = 0xff;
VoteTotal = 0;
VoteC1 = 0;
VoteC2 = 0;
VoteC3 = 0;
VoteC4 = 0;
ACK_SIGNAL = OFF;
DTMF_READY = ON;
DTMF_PORT = 0xff;
DTMF_INT = 0;
ET0 = 0;
ET1 = 0;
TR0 = 0;
do
{
if(!RESET_KEY)
{
Timer = 50;
while((Timer > 0) && (!RESET_KEY));
if(Timer == 0)
{
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data(msg_14[]);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data(msg_15[]);
for(data_add = 0;data_add < 255;data_add++)

{
write_eprom(0x00,data_add,0x00);
}
}
}

if(!TOTAL_KEY)
{
VoteC1 = 0;
VoteC2 = 0;
VoteC3 = 0;
VoteC4 = 0;
VoteTotal = 0;
for(data_add = 0;data_add < 100;data_add++)
{
data_status = read_eprom(0x00,data_add);
if(data_status == 1)
{
VoteC1++;
VoteTotal++;
}
else
if(data_status == 2)
{
VoteC2++;
VoteTotal++;
}
else
if(data_status == 3)
{
VoteC3++;
VoteTotal++;
}

else
if(data_status == 4)
{
VoteC4++;
VoteTotal++;
}
}
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data("C1 = ");
wr_lcd_data(VoteC1);
wr_lcd_data(", C2 = ");
wr_lcd_data(VoteC2);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data("C3 = ");
wr_lcd_data(VoteC3);
wr_lcd_data(", C4 = ");
wr_lcd_data(VoteC4);
Timer = 100;
while(Timer);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data(msg_3[mi]);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data(VoteTotal);
Timer = 50;
while(Timer);
}
if(dtmf_sts == 1)
{
dtmf_sts = 0;
}
}
while((Timer > 0) && (dtmf_sts == 0));
if(Timer > 0)
{
if(dtmf_sts == 1)
{
dtmf_sts = 0;
Data4 = dtmf_data;
DataCounter++;
}
}
while((Timer > 0) && (dtmf_sts == 0));
if(Timer > 0)

{
if(dtmf_sts == 1)
{
dtmf_sts = 0;
Data5 = dtmf_data;
DataCounter++;

}
}
if(DataCounter == 5)
{
if((Data1 == 12) && (Data5 == 12))
{
if((Data4 > 0) && (Data4 < 5))
{
if(Data2 == 10)
{
Data2 - = 10;
}
data_add = Data2 * 10;
data_add += Data3;
if((data_add > 0) && (data_add < 100))
{
data_status = read_eprom(0x00,data_add);
if(data_status == 0)
{
write_eprom(0x00,data_add,Data4);
DataCounter = 0;
}
}
}

}
}
if((DataCounter > 0) && (DataCounter <= 5))
{
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data(msg_10[]);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data(msg_11[]);
DataCounter = 0;
BUZZER = BUZZER_ON;
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();
off_ack();

off_ack();
BUZZER = BUZZER_OFF;
}
else
{
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data(msg_12[]);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data(msg_13[]);
off_ack();
Timer = 50;
while(Timer);
}
}
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE1);
wr_lcd_data(msg_1[]);
wr_lcd_cmd(LINE2);
wr_lcd_data(msg_2[]);
}while(1);
}
void interrupt timer0_isr(void)
{
if(Timer > 0)
{
Timer--;

}
TL0 = DELAY1 & 0x0f;
TH0 = DELAY1/256;
}
void interrupt dtmf_isr(void)
{
dtmf_data = DTMF_PORT;
dtmf_data = dtmf_data & 0x0f;
}
void on_ack(void)
{
unsigned char i,j;
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
for(j=0;j<50;j++);
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<70;j++);
ACK_SIGNAL = ~ACK_SIGNAL;
}
ACK_SIGNAL = OFF;
}

void off_ack(void)
{
unsigned char i,j;
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
for(j=0;j<50;j++);
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<70;j++);
ACK_SIGNAL = ~ACK_SIGNAL;
}
ACK_SIGNAL = OFF;
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
for(j=0;j<50;j++);
for(i=0;i<255;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<70;j++);
ACK_SIGNAL = ~ACK_SIGNAL;
}
ACK_SIGNAL = OFF;
}