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LIDAR = Light Detec0on and Ranging

h5p://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/27/amazon-rainforest-mapbiodiversity-detail

The underlying challenge of ecology, like most of science, is to ascribe process to
pa5ern. Our brains, as a result of 60,000+ years of evolu0on are very nely tuned to
perceive pa5erns. We are nowhere near as well developed in the facul0es necessary
to interpret causal rela0onships driving perceived pa5erns.

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If we accept his statement as true, then the corollary is that complete ecological
understanding cannot be gained by simply observing. The depth of complexity is too
great to be exposed by correla0on and inference alone.

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The key focus of each deni0on is rela0onships and interac0ons

A bird is not the focus, it is the bird in rela0on to other aspects of its bio0c / abio0c
world

Contrast ecologist who focuses on dynamic, context dependant interac0on to
taxonomist interested in the organism, independent of its context.

Assemblage of all the 2-way interac0ons = ecosystem .. SYSTEM

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How do diving whales select feeding areas (behavioral)?

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What physiological and morphological adapta0ons allow cac0 to persist in hot, dry
(I.e. stressful) environments?

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For instance, odd and even year pink salmon are dierent popula0ons
(reproduc0vely isolated)

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When we say interac0ons what do we mean? Each interac0on has a posi0ve,

nega0ve or null impact on each player. By deni0on, compe00on is a nega0ve for
both par0es.

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Parasi0sm is also a form of symbiosis

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The best known autotrophs are those that harness the power of the sun through
photosynthesis (plants). They use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water
into oxygen and glucose (sugar).
Another type of autotroph uses chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is
performed by several types of bacteria.

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Balance of Nature implies a concept of providen0al ecology nature is designed,

even engineered, to benet and preserve each species.
The number of species remains constant under this world view
Most religions teach devia0ons from balance are the result of divine interven0on
to punish wrong-doers further underscoring the idea that balance is the natural,
default state.this is simply put, wrong.

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Pests have always been a problem because they violate our feeling of harmony or
balance.

The concept of balance of nature has been with us since ancient 0mes .. and
incorrectly remains popular.

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What cons0tutes balance is a moving target too. We have long since abandoned
trying to be part of the balance. As a result, pest species may be in an ecological
equilibrium but not a cultural one.

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invasive species

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Through the history of humankind authorita0ve knowledge was derived from.

outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings
not transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for
the for the ordinary person the connec0on between pa5ern and process (or cause
and eect)

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Through the history of humankind authorita0ve knowledge was derived from.

outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings
not transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for
the for the ordinary person the connec0on between pa5ern and process (or cause
and eect)

39

Through the history of humankind authorita0ve knowledge was derived from.

outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings
not transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for
the for the ordinary person the connec0on between pa5ern and process (or cause
and eect)

40

Through the history of humankind authorita0ve knowledge was derived from.

outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings
not transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for
the for the ordinary person the connec0on between pa5ern and process (or cause
and eect)

41

Through the history of humankind authorita0ve knowledge was derived from.

outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings
not transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for
the for the ordinary person the connec0on between pa5ern and process (or cause
and eect)

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For most of our collec0ve existence as a species, decisions were made in the absence
of evidence so how did we get from ancient Asian, Mesopotamian, Egyp0an, Greek
and Roman ideas to our present day understanding?

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Sciencethe modern day holder of truth

Authorita0ve knowledge derived from.
outside normal channels (not via poli0cal, economic or social agency)
absolute sources and conveys absolute truths
within ins0tu0ons with veiled, even mys0cal quality so inner workings not
transparent requiring knowledgeable intermediaries to translate for the for the
ordinary person

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Father of molecular genetics the most reductionist of all biological

disciplines.

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Lewontin, over the course of his career becomes a dyed in the wool Marxist
largely in response to the limitations of his science to affect the broader world,
which he sees as anything but objective.

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Scientists are made not born, and no scientist is ultimately objective we are
all a product of social as well as natural environment.
Einstein rejects the mantra of science being, by definition, objective.
See http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p07c.htm for more background

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Science has largely become a commodity which consumes time and money
in its production. Both are very real currencies. Therefore science evolves to
gain greater access to these resources.
Therefore those in positions to control these two inputs (currencies) are also in
positions to control sciences agenda.

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Evolu0on = change over 0me

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This is not to say that the accumula0on of knowledge is punctuated knowledge

accumulates linearly, but is accepted / acted upon in spurts.

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Enterprises like this consume tremendous resources (0me and money).

To remain viable they must remain in the good graces of ins0tu0ons providing the
resources
Therefore there is a vested interest in maintaining stable, predictable rela0onships,
both internally
(hiring from within the paradigm) and externally (controlling the messaging of the
science).

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Scientists are made not born, and no scientist is ultimately objective we are
all a product of social as well as natural environment

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Crea0onism is replaced by Lamarkism (acquired characteris0cs)

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Lamarkism is replaced by Darwinism (decent with modica0on)

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Heliocentrism vs geocentrism

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The very idea of punctuated equilibrium represented a threat to the exis0ng

paradigm of gradual accumula0on of diversity strongly held at the 0me by the
paleobiology community.

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Community succession on the landscape: Long periods of apparent stability

punctuated by brief periods of rapid change.

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A more direct and visceral interpreta0on of Kuhns paradigm shim and in a more
social context
The accumula0on of resistance may be linear, but progress is punctuated.
Ignore = resist
Ridicule = resist
Fight = resist
Win = acceptance

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The more resilient the system, the greater the pressure required to push it to a new
state.

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How does this accumula0on of knowledge happen?: The hypothe0co-deduc0ve

model aka science

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2. A pa5ern being discon0nui0es (dierences) in the distribu0on of phenomenon

3. We see greater infec0on in and around salmon farms that outside the zone of
inuence.
No = no dierence ; NA = increased lice
Experimental design = Broughton Archipelago

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Note: we rst ask is there a rela0onship (pa5ern) in any direc0on..simple but

unequivocal to begin

Answerable in the sense that the ques0on must be challengeable with empirical
evidence. Is there a God is not such a ques0on.

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two tailed because the way he ques0on is posed, it keeps open the possibility that
farms decrease lice on lice on wild sh

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