1.

Please match the name of the experiment that demonstrated that DNA was the genetic
material with the description of that experiment.
1. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty experiment
2. Fred Griffith experiment
3. Hershey and Chase experiment
4. A virulent and nonvirulent form of the same bacteria are isolated. Injection of the virulent
bacteria into mice kills the mice, but injection of the nonvirulent form does not kill the mice.
Heat-killed virulent form does not kill mice. When heat-killed virulent bacteria are mixed with
living nonvirulent bacteria and injected into mice, the mice die AND virulent bacteria can be
isolated from the mouse carcass.
5. Bacteria with synchronized cell cycles are grown in media containing a heavy isotope of
nitrogen. Shortly after DNA replication has begun the cell media is removed and replaced
with media that does not contain this isotope. Just before the next round of DNA synthesis
begins a radiolabel that labels DNA is added to media. Shortly after DNA replication starts the
media is removed and replaces with media lacking this radiolabel. The DNA is harvested,
sheared into fragments, the fragments are fractioned by equilibrium density gradient
centrifugation and the MOST DENSE DNA is isolated. 50% of the radiolabel is found
associated with this DENSEST DNA.
6. Bacteriophage are grown in the presence of a DNA-labeling radiolabel AND in the presence
of a protein-labeling radiolabel. This bacteriophage is known to transfer its genetic material
into E. coli. Only the radiolabel that labels DNA is observed to enter the bacterial cell AND
only the DNA-labeling radiolabel is found in the bacteriophage offspring produced by the
infection.
7. Two forms of the same bacteria can be distinguished based on the morphology of the
colonies that they produce when grown on agar. S = smooth colonies, and R = rough
colonies. The S bacteria are heat killed and mixed with R bacteria in a test tube. When
plated, some of R bacteria now produce S-type colonies. DNA is shown to be the genetic
material by identifying treatments that will destroy the "transforming principle." Neither
protease, nor RNAse destroy the transforming principle, but DNase does destroy it.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)

2.

1 matches 4;
1 matches 4;
1 matches 5;
1 matches 5;
1 matches 6;
1 matches 6;
1 matches 7;
1 matches 7;

2 matches 6;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 4;
2 matches 5;
2 matches 4;
2 matches 4;

3 matches 5
3 matches 5
3 matches 4
3 matches 5
3 matches 6
3 matches 7
3 matches 5
3 matches 6 *

Which of the following describes bidirectional DNA replication?

A.
B.
C.

An instance during replication in one strand of DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction and the
other strand is replicated in the 3' to 5 direction.
One strand of a replication fork is being replicated by continuous synthesis and the other strand is
being replicated by discontinuous synthesis.
Two replication forks have left the origin and are traveling away from one other.*

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

3.

The figure shows a DNA strand which has a free 5' phosphate and a
free 3' hydroxy. What you can't see is that it is base-paired to a much
longer strand of DNA that extends for a 1000 nucleotides in each
direction. Which end of the molecule below would DNA polymerase III
or DNA polymerase I add nucleotides to?
A.
B.
C.

4.

The full chemical name of DNA is _________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.

5.

nucleotide; adducts
Okazaki; RNA*
restriction; errors
restriction; RNA

A word that refers to the opposite polarity of one strand with respect to the other strand
in double helical DNA.
A.
B.
C.

9.

one
two*
three
four

The discontinuous lagging strand of a replication fork consists of _________ fragments.

They contain _______ that must be removed before the small pieces of DNA can be l
igated together to form one strand of DNA.
A.
B.
C.
D.

8.

gyrase
helicase
primase*
RNA polymerase

In cells, an origin of replication generally produces _______ (how many?) replication

forks.
A.
B.
C.
D.

7.

deoxynucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid*
dideoxynucleic acid
dideoxyribonucleic acid

The protein, ________, is needed to lay down a segment of RNA complementary to the
DNA before replication can begin. Choose the best answer.
A.
B.
C.
D.

6.

As drawn, these DNA polymerases would add nucleotides to the bottom.*

As drawn, these DNA polymerases would add nucleotides to the top.
DNA polymerase would not add nucleotides to this molecule.

Antiparallel*
Complementary
Parallel

Each chromosome in your genome has ___________ origin(s) of replication.

A.
B.
C.
D.

a few
many*
one
two

10. Transformation in bacteria results from _________________

A.
B.

infection with a bacteriophage.

the uptake of DNA.*

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

11.

Plasmid
A.
B.
C.

A circular DNA molecule that is part of the prokaryotic genome.

A circular DNA molecule that replicates inside a cell but is not part of the organism's genome and is
dispensable under some conditions.*
The region of the bacterial chromosome where DNA replication begins.

12. Plasmids _________________

A.
B.
C.

are a type of virus that infects bacterial cells or simple eukaryotes. Infection can alter the phenotype of
the cell.
are naturally occurring molecules of DNA or artificially build molecules of DNA that can carry genes
that give their hosts new abilities.*
do not appear in nature but are DNA molecules built by molecular geneticists.

13. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. If provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I could
______________________. Choose the best answer.

A.
B.
C.

add nucleotides to the left end of the smaller molecule*

add nucleotides to the right end of the smaller molecule
degrade the larger molecule

14. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The 3'-most nucleotide of the shorter molecule has
a 3' hydroxyl but is missing its 2' hydroxy. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a
primer?

A.
B.

No
Yes*

15. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The shorter molecule does not have a free 3'
hydroxyl. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a primer?

A.
B.

No*
Yes

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

16. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The shorter molecule does not have a 5' phosphate
on its end. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a primer?

A.
B.

No
Yes*

17. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. IN THIS CASE, THE SHORTER MOLECULE IS A SINGLE STRANDED RNA
MOLECULE. The shorter molecule is base paired to the longer molecule. Could DNA
polymerase I use this molecule as a primer?

A.
B.

No
Yes*

18. The question is a bit different than the previous ones in this series. Please read this one
with fresh eyes. In this simple figure, the RIGHT end of the long line is the 3' end of a
single stranded DNA molecule. ALSO, IN THIS CASE THE SHORTER MOLECULE IS A
SINGLE STRANDED RNA MOLECULE. The shorter molecule is base paired to the longer
molecule. If provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I ______________________. Choose
the best answer.

A.
B.
C.

could add nucleotides to the left end of the smaller molecule*

could add nucleotides to the right end of the smaller molecule
could do nothing

19. In this simple figure, the right end of the long line is the 3' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The 5' end of the
smaller molecule is on the left. The molecules are not base paired however the smaller
molecule has a free 3' hydroxyl. The larger molecule does not have a free 3' hydroxyl. If
provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I would ______________________. Choose the
best answer.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

add nucleotides to the left end of the larger molecule

add nucleotides to the left end of the smaller molecule
add nucleotides to the right end of the larger molecule
add nucleotides to the right end of the smaller molecule
not perform DNA synthesis in this case*

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

20. Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III can perform proofreading.
A.
B.

TRUE *
FALSE

21. What is proofreading?

A.
B.
C.

Removal of an incorrectly incorporated nucleotide by DNA polymerase during DNA replication.*

Removal of an incorrectly incorporated nucleotide by the repair machinery after the DNA has been
replicated.
The search by the repair machinery for mutations in the genome which are then fixed using a
combination of endonucleases and exonucleases.

22. The process of proofreading uses ____________________.

A.
B.
C.
D.

3' to 5' endonuclease activity

3' to 5' exonuclease activity *
5' to 3' exonuclease activity
endonuclease activity followed by both 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and 5' to 3' exonuclease activity

23. During DNA synthesis the energy for forming a phosphodiester bond comes from
__________.
A.
B.
C.
D.

ATP

Both ATP and NADPH

NADPH

the 2' deoxynucleotide triphosphates used to form the new DNA strand*

24. Which polymerase(s) has/have 5' to 3' exonuclease activity?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Both DNA polymerase I and III have this activity.

DNA polymerase I*
DNA polymerase III
Neither DNA polymerase I or III have this activity.

25. The 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of the polymerase named is involved in ____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.

continuous DNA synthesis that occurs on the leading strand of synthesis

proofreading can occurs on both the leading and lagging strands of synthesis
the correction of nucleotide incorporation errors made during DNA synthesis
the removal of RNA from the lagging strand of synthesis *

26. During replication of bacterial DNA, which polymerase only synthesizes lagging strand
DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.

DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA

polymerase
polymerase
polymerase
polymerase

alpha
I*
II
III

27. Proofreading is a process that eliminates all errors from DNA replication.
A.
B.

True
False*

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

The figure at the top represents a double stranded DNA molecule that has a single missing
phosphodiester bond (a 'nick'). This is the starting substrate (starting material). Below this are 4
enzymatic products made from the starting substrate (Enzyme products 1-4). Enzyme product 5 is
identical to the starting substrate. The questions marked with ~1~ use this figure.

28. ~1~ Bacterial DNA ligase and NAD could have converted the starting material to
__________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme

product
product
product
product
product

1
2
3*
4
5

29. ~1~ An enzyme with 5' to 3' exonuclease activity could have converted the starting
material directly to ______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme

product
product
product
product
product

1
2*
3
4
5

30. ~1~ An enzyme with 3' to 5' exonuclease activity could have converted the starting
material directly to ______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme

product
product
product
product
product

1*
2
3
4
5

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

31. ~1~ DNA polymerase I + all four dNTPs (2'deoxy-nucleotides triphosphates) could
convert the starting material to _________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme

product
product
product
product
product

1
2
3
4*
5

32. ~1~ Enzyme product 5 would be the end result of mixing the starting material with
_______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

An enzyme with 3' to 5' exonuclease

An enzyme with 5' to 3' exonuclease
Bacterial DNA ligase and NAD
DNA polymerase I + all four dNTPs (2'deoxy-nucleotides triphosphates)
DNA polymerase III + all four dNTPs (2'deoxy-nucleotides triphosphates)*

33. The word polymerase refers to an enzyme that ______________.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

converts a trinucleotide into a mononucletide

on its own replicates the genome
synthesizes DNA
synthesizes DNA or RNA *
synthesizes RNA

34. An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase uses what type of molecule as a template?

A.
B.
C.

DNA
RNA *
RNA or DNA

35. The proofreading ability of DNA polymerases _______________

A.
B.
C.

allows the polymerase to correct nucleotide incorporation errors that it has just made *
allows the polymerase to repair mutations
allows the polymerase to seek out damaged nucleotides, remove them, and insert the
correct nucleotide

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

36. In the Meselson and Stahl experiment 14N and 15N labels were used as a way to
distinguish newly synthesized DNA from previously synthesized DNA.

Bacteria are grown in 15N media for many generations. Their cell cycles are synchronized and
sample 1 is taken. The bacteria are moved into 14N media (no 15N) and allowed to divide yet again
and sample 2 is taken. The bacteria are allowed to divide yet again and sample 3 is taken.

Tube A

Tube B

Tube C

Tube D Tube E

What did they observe? Sample 1, 2, and 3 looked like tube _____, ______, and ______ respectively.
A)
A, D, B
B)
A, D, C
C)
A, D, E
D) B, C, A
E)
B, C, C
F)
B, C, E
G) B, D, C*

37. What enzymatic activities/properties does E. coli DNA polymerase III have?
Choose the most complete correct answer.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)

3' to 5' exonuclease activity, 5' to 3' polymerase activity

3' to 5' exonuclease activity, proofreading ability
3' to 5' exonuclease activity, proofreading ability, 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and 5' to 3'
polymerase activity
3' to 5' exonuclease activity, proofreading ability, 5' to 3' polymerase activity *
primase activity, 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, 5' to 3' polymerase activity
primase activity, 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, proofreading ability, 5' to 3' polymerase
activity
proofreading activity, 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and 5' to 3' polymerase activity

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

Use the diagram to answer the next two questions.

Use the diagram to choose the properties of Enzyme A and Enzyme B from the list below.
5'

Enzyme A

5'

5'
5'
Enzyme B

5'
5'

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

3' to 5' endonuclease

3' to 5' exonuclease *
5' to 3' endonuclease
5' to 3' exonuclease
DNA polymerase III

F.
G.
H.
I.
J.

double stranded endonuclease

double stranded exonuclease
helicase
restriction endonuclease
single-stranded endonuclease *

38. Enzyme A is ____*J*______.

39. Enzyme B is ____*B*______.

Use this list of statements to answers the next question.

1. Each strand of a double helix of DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of a new
strand of DNA.

2. One strand of the DNA double helix is replicated in a continuous fashion (as one piece)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

and the other strand in a discontinuous fashion (in pieces).

The products of DNA replication are two double helixes. One strand of each double helix
is composed completely of "old" (parental molecule) DNA while the other strand of each
double helix is composed ONLY of newly synthesized DNA.
The products of DNA replication are two double helixes. One double helix is composed
ONLY of newly synthesized DNA while the other double helix is composed ONLY of "old"
(parental molecule) DNA.
This theory correctly describes how DNA is replicated in nature.
This theory correctly describes how some bacteria replicate their DNA.
DNA is not replicated by this manner in nature.

40. Different theories concerning how DNA was replicated were proposed. For the
SEMICONSERVATIVE THEORY of DNA replication which of the following statements are
true?
Choose all of the correct statements from the list.
A) 1 and 2
F) 2 and 5
B) 1, 2 and 5
G) 3 and 5
C) 1, 2, 3, and 5
H) 4 and 5
D) 1, 3, and 5 *
I)
4 and 6
E) 1, 3, and 7
J)
4 and 7
Could you answer this question for the [INCORRECT] Conservative and Dispersive models of
DNA replication?

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

41. You have purified a single strand of nucleic acid that is neither pure DNA nor pure RNA.
At its 5' end it is RNA and at its 3' end it is DNA. What is it?
A)
B)
C)
D)

It is the product of a restriction endonuclease.

It is from cells that were undergoing crossing over.
It is from cells that were undergoing DNA replication. *
It is DNA that was being degraded by an exonuclease.

42. You have purified a single strand of nucleic acid that is neither pure DNA nor pure RNA.
At its 5' end it is RNA and at its 3' end it is DNA. What is it?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

a primase
a primer
a recombinant DNA molecule
a Yankovic Fragment
an intermediate in crossing over
an Okazaki Fragment *

43. The proofreading ability of DNA polymerases involves the use of the
A) double-stranded endonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
B) 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase *
C) 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
D) single-stranded endonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
44. In order to begin DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases need all four dNTPs plus
________________ (Choose the single best answer.)
A) a primer that has a dideoxy nucleotide at its 3' end
B) a primer that has a free 2' hydroxy and that is base paired to a template
C) a primer that has a free 3' hydroxy and that is base paired to a template *
D) a primer that has a free 5' phosphate and that is base paired to a template
45. Could you draw a replication fork and all of the enzymes used in DNA replication and
describe where they act and what they do?
A. I don't wanna.
B. No
C. Yes (this is the correct answer)*
46. Make sure that you really understand semiconservative replication, semidiscontinuous
replication, bidirectional replication, the direction of synthesis (5' to 3').
A. I am not sure.
B. I don't understand what you are talking about.
C. I really, really understand this stuff (this is the correct answer)*

Chapter 6 Homework Part 2

10