Interphase Momentum and

Heat Transfer
14. 5 Release

Multiphase Flow Modeling

in ANSYS CFX
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

4-1

Release 14.5

Overview
Interphase Momentum Transfer
Drag Force
Non Drag Forces
Lift Force
Wall Lubrication Force
Virtual Mass Force
Turbulent Dispersion Force

Interphase Heat Transfer

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Release 14.5

Interphase Momentum Transfer

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

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Release 14.5

Momentum Equation
Single Phase

( U ) ( U U ) p U [U ]T
t

( r U ) ( r U U ) r p r U [U ]T
Multiphase Phase
t

U U M

NP

NP

The Multiphase equation is weighted by volume fraction r and contains two

extra terms.
The term (U- U) represents momentum transfer induced by interphase
mass transfer .
The term M represents the total interfacial force acting on phase due to
phase . This may arise from several independent physical effects:
= + + + +
where D : Interface drag force, L : Lift force, WL : Wall lubrication force
VM : Virtual mass, TD : Turbulence dispersion force
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

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Release 14.5

Interphase Drag
Consider gas bubbles rising through a liquid such as you might see in a
bubble column or a glass of soda:

The bubbles rise through the liquid. This

difference in velocities causes interphase
drag or transfer of momentum between
the phases:

The bubbles are slowed by the liquid.

The liquid is accelerated by the bubbles

Expressions for the interphase drag are needed in order to solve the
momentum equations for the two phases.

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

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Release 14.5

Drag Force for Single Particle

Drag force exerted by a single particle of phase on the continuous phase
():

1
2

| |( )

where AP is the cross-sectional area of particle and is given by

2
AP =
4

Drag coefficient (CD) depends on particle Reynolds number (ReP) which is

defined based on the relative speed (U U) , the continuous phase
properties, and the particle diameter (dP) :

| |
=

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Release 14.5

Total Drag Force per Unit Volume

Volume of single particle
dP 3
VP =
6

Number of particles in unit volume

r
6r
nP =
=
VP
dP3

Total drag force per unit volume on the continuous phase ()

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

3
= =
| |( )
4

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Release 14.5

Interphase Drag Modeling ( )

The term represents the drag force per unit volume exerted by dispersed
phase () on continuous phase (). It is modelled as function of relative speed
(U U) as :

where constant c d is known as momentum transfer/exchange coefficient

Comparing with with :

c

3 CD
(U U ) =
r |U U |(U U )
4 dP
d

3 CD
=
r |U U |
4 dP

c d

CD
=
A |U U |
8

CD for particles, bubbles and

drops is found using correlations
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

4-8

(Particle Model)
A (interfacial area density ) is
related to volume fraction (r) and

particle diameter (dP): =

Release 14.5

Drag Models for Fluid Particles

(Solid Spherical Particle & Drops)

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Release 14.5

Spherical Particle Drag Regimes

CD

Stokes
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Transitional
4-10

Newton

Supercritical
Release 14.5

Spherical Particle Drag Regimes

Newton

Stokes

1 103 < ReP < 1 105

Mainly inertia forces
Independent of particle Reynolds
number
CD = 0.44

0 < ReP < 0.2

Viscous forces

CD =

24
ReP

Transitional

Supercritical

0.2 < ReP < 1

Viscous and inertia forces
103

CD =

24
ReP

ReP > 1 105

Transition from laminar to turbulent
boundary layer
Separation on particle surface
further downstream
Drag reduction

1 + 0.15 0.687

(Schiller Naumann)

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Release 14.5

Drag Correlations for Particles

CFX modifies the Schiller-Naumann drag law this to ensure the
correct limiting behavior in the inertial regime by taking:

24
CD = max
1 + 0.15 0.687 , 0.44
ReP
Modified Schiller-Naumann drag law covers Stoke, Transitional
and Newton drag regimes only

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Release 14.5

Drag Models for Fluid Particles

(Bubbles & Drops)

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Release 14.5

Bubble Regimes
Bubble shapes depend on size, surface tension, particle Reynolds number,
density difference,
Small bubbles spherical bubble shape
Large bubbles ellipsoidal & spherical cap bubble shape

Bubble size variation

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Ellipsoidal shape
4-14

Spherical Cap
Release 14.5

Bubble Regimes
Eotvos number:
ratio of buoyancy force to surface
tension force
2
=

Morton number:
function of physical properties of fluid
=

4
2 3

Reynolds number:
ratio of inertia force to viscous force
| |
=

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Clift, Grace, Weber: Bubbles, Drops and

Particles. Academic Press, 1978
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Drag Correlations for Bubbles

Regimes
Spherical
Regime

Ellipsoidal
Regime

Ishii Zuber
CD =

Grace

24
1 + 0.15 0.687
ReP

(Schiller-Naumann)

4
3 2

CD =

24
1 + 0.15 0.687
ReP

(Schiller-Naumann)

4
3 2

Drag coefficient is found by balance between buoyancy force and

drag force

=2

=
0.149 0.857

= (, )

Spherical
Cap
Regime
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

8
=
3

8
=
3

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Release 14.5

Automatic Regime Detection

CFX automatically takes into account the bubble regime change by
setting:
CD = max [CD (sphere), min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) ) ]

Smaller diameter bubbles:

Larger diameter bubbles

the viscous regime

the distorted bubble regime

CD (sphere) > min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) )

CD = min (CD (ellipse), CD (cap))

CD = CD (sphere)

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

min ( CD (ellipse), CD (cap) ) > CD (sphere)

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TERMINAL VELOCITY / cm/s

Grace Correlation for Bubbles

Source: Grace & Weber, 1982

EQUIVALENT DIAMETER / mm

correlation for spherical regime only

Grace correlation
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Release 14.5

Non-Drag Forces

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Release 14.5

Non-Drag Forces

( r U ) ( r U U ) r p r U [U ]T
t

U U M

NP

NP

The term M represents the total interfacial force acting on phase

due to phase . It is sum of drag and non drag forces :

= + + + +
=

+ + + +
Lift

Wall
Lubrication

Virtual
Mass

Turbulent
Dispersion

Such forces are fundamental to the physics of phase distribution in

multiphase flows. Implemented for Continuous-Dispersed Phase Pairs
Only.
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Release 14.5

Lift Force
Transverse to flow direction
Physical mechanism: acts on particles, droplets and bubbles in
shear flows
due to liquid velocity gradients
due to asymmetric wake
due to bubble shape changes

Significant for:
Large continuous-dispersed phase density ratios, e.g. bubbly
flows
Large shear e.g. flow in pipes, where pipe diameter is
comparable to bubble diameter

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Release 14.5

Formulation of Lift Force

FL C L rd c U d U c U c
d

Lift coefficient CL=0.5 for inviscid flow around a sphere (Drew, Lahey,
Auton et al.).

For viscous flow, CL varies from 0.01 to 0.15.

In general CL is correlated as a flow-regime dependent function of other
non-dimensional variables:

C L C L ( Re , Eo , Re P )
Vorticity Reynolds Number

Uc d2
Re =
c
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Eotvos number

Particle Reynolds Number

gd2
Eo =

| |
=

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Release 14.5

Lift force on small and large bubbles

large
ellipsoidal
bubble
CL

lift
force
small
spherical
bubble
lift
force

Lift coefficient for air-water system under atmospheric pressure and room
temperature (Tomiyama, Tamai, et al)

Small bubbles migrate towards the wall and large bubbles

migrate towards the core
Change of sign of CL due to change in bubble shape as
bubble size increases
fluid vel.
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

For small bubbles CL is function of ReP but for intermediate

and large bubbles CL is function of Eo
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Release 14.5

Lift Force Formulations

Tomiyama Model
Well validated model for bubbly flow.
Takes into account change of sign of lift force due to change in bubble shape as
bubble size increases.
min 0.288 tanh(0.121 Re P ), f ( Eod )
Eod 4

CL f ( Eod ) 0.00105Eod3 0.0159 Eod2 0.0204 Eod 0.474 4 Eod 10.0

0.27
Eod 10.0

0.3

modified Eod number:

Eod

g ( L G )d H2

horizontal bubble length scale:

d H d P (1 0.163 Eo0.757 )1/ 3

0.2

Lift Force Coeff. C_L [-]

Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.01 m/s)

Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.05 m/s)
C_L (Tomiyama), 0<Eo_d<10
C_L (Tomiyama), 10<Eo_d
C_L (Tomiyama, orig.), 10<Eo_D

0.1
0
0

10

-0.1
-0.2

for dB=3mm we can use

constant lift coefficient:
CL0.28

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

-0.3
Bubble diameter [mm]

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Release 14.5

Lift Force Formulations

Saffman Mei
Applicable to rigid spheres.
Generalises Saffmans anaytical model to extend
applicability to higher particle Reynolds numbers.

Legendre Magnaudet
Applicable to small spherical liquid droplets.
Takes account of induced circulation inside drops.

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Release 14.5

Wall Lubrication Force

Surface tension prevents bubbles from approaching solid
walls very closely

wall lubr.
force

Effect is modelled by a wall force, pushing bubbles

away from walls
Results in near wall area of low gas void fraction

FWL = CWL rd c Uc Ud
gas void fraction

nW

nW : unit normal pointing away from the wall

CWL : Wall Lubrication coefficient
Formulation :

Antal model : Good for fine mesh only

Tomiyama model : Restricted to pipe geometries.

Works well for pipes

Frank model : Removes dependency of Tomiyama

model on pipe diameter

fluid vel.
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Release 14.5

Lift Force + Wall Lubrication Force

For bubbly flow it important to use
both lift and wall lubrication force to
predict accurate flow field.

For vertical cocurrent upflow in a pipe,

bubbles tend to be pushed towards the
wall. In conjunction with the wall
lubrication force, gives a void fraction
peak close to but away from the wall.

For vertical cocurrent downflow in a

pipe, both lift and lubrication forces act
away from the wall leading to a large
flat void fraction profile in the centre
of the pipe (void coring).
Vertical Cocurrent
Upflow
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Vertical Cocurrent
Downflow
Release 14.5

Virtual Mass Force

Virtual Mass effect occurs when dispersed phase accelerates relative to

continuous phase
Due to viscous interaction, fluid particles have to accelerate
some of the surrounding fluid. The inertia of this mass
exerts a opposing force on the fluid particles

FVM rd c CVM
d

Maliska and Paladino etal.

D d U d DcU c

Dt
Dt

CVM=0.5 for inviscid flow around an isolated sphere.

In general, CVM depends on shape and particle concentration.

Potentially significant for:

Large continuous-dispersed phase density ratios, e.g. bubbly flows
Transient Flows can affect period of oscillating bubble plume.
Strongly Accelerating Flows e.g. bubbly flow through narrow constriction.
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Release 14.5

Turbulent Dispersion Force

Leads to dispersion of dispersed phase from high volume

turb.
dispersion
force
gas void fraction

fraction to low volume fraction due to turbulent

fluctuations
Equalizes dispersed phase volume fraction
Formulation :
Favre Averaged Drag Model (Burns, et al.)
Turbulent dispersion = action of turbulent eddies
via interphase drag
derivation via mass weighted (Favre) averaging of
the drag term:

FTD = CTD c d

tc rd rc

tc rd
rc

c d : momentum transfer coefficient for the interface drag force

tc and tc : turbulent viscosity and turbulent Schmidt number of
continuous phase

fluid vel.
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Release 14.5

Turbulent Dispersion Force

2. Lopez de Bertodano Model

FTD CTD c k c rc
d

kc : turbulent kinetic energy of continuous phase

CTD = 0.1 to 0.5 good for medium sized bubbles in ellipsoidal flow regime.
CTD up to 500 required for small bubbles.

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Release 14.5

Non-Drag Forces Validation

Bubbly flow in a vertical pipe

Forschungszentrum Dresden (FZD) MT-Loop test facility.

Wiremesh sensor with 24x24 electrodes.

Database to test CFD predictions.
Length, L = 4 m, Inner Diameter, D = 51.2 mm.
Air-Water at atmospheric pressure, and 30 C.
Measurements carried out for stationary flows of various superficial
velocity ratios.

10 different cross sections located between L/ D = 0.6 and 59.2 from gas

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

injection.
Select test cases in bubbly flow regime with a near-wall peak in gas volume
fraction.

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Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe NDF Validation

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Test

dp
[mm]

Ul,sup
[m/s]

Ug,sup
[m/s]

017

4.8

0.405

0.0040

019

4.8

1.017

0.0040

038

4.3

0.225

0.0096

039

4.5

0.405

0.0096

040

4.6

0.641

0.0096

041

4.5

1.017

0.0096

042

3.6

1.611

0.0096

074

4.5

1.017

0.0368

Release 14.5

Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe NDF Validation

SST turbulence model for continuous phase.
Sato model for particle induced turbulence.
Simple algebraic turbulence model for dispersed phase turbulence:

t t /

Grace model for drag force.

Tomiyama models for the lift and wall lubrication force.

FAD and Lopez de Berterdano (RPI Model) for the turbulence
dispersion force.

Virtual Mass Force neglected.

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Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe Validation Data

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Bubbly Flow in Vertical Pipe Validation Data

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Mixture Model
Mixture Model vs Particle Model
In Particle Model user need to provide particle diameter (dp) which is
used in calculation of
Interfacial Area Density
Interphase transfer term
Particle Model is used for
Gas-liquid bubbly flows
Droplet flows in gas or immiscible liquid
Fluid-particle flows
But for complex interfacial boundaries, gas-liquid flows with flow
regime transition, Mixture model is used:
Plug flow
Slug flow
Annular flow
Churn flow
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Mixture Model
Treats both phases symmetrically. It requires both phases to be
continuous.
Fluid properties are calculated as volume averaged mixtures
The term represents the drag force per unit volume exerted
by phase on phase .

= | |( )
= r + r

d (interfacial length scale) and CD (drag coefficient) are to be

provided by user
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Free Surface Model

Similar to Mixture Model
Difference in the calculation of the Interfacial Area Density

= | |( )
= r + r

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

= | |

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Interphase Heat Transfer

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Thermal Energy Equation

Single Phase

Multiphase Phase

( e ) ( U e ) ( T ) : U
t

(r e ) (r U e ) (r T ) r : U
t

e e Q

NP

NP

e , , T : internal energy, thermal conductivity and temperature of phase

The Multiphase equation is weighted by volume fraction r and contains two
extra terms.

The term (e- e) represents heat transfer induced by interphase mass

transfer
The term Q represents interphase heat transfer to phase across interfaces
with phase
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Interphase Heat Transfer

Q h A (T T )

Q is the heat transferred per unit time per unit volume, from to .
A is the interfacial area per unit volume
h is the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (also known as overall heat
transfer coefficient).

h depends on Nusselt Number (Nu)

Nu = h dp/c

where dp = particle diameter

c = thermal conductivity of the continuous phase

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Heat Transfer Rate Options

Specified overall heat transfer coefficient
Specified Nusselt number
Specified interphase heat transfer flux
Correlations for overall heat transfer coefficient

Two Resistance Model

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Correlations for Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient
Available for Continuous phase Dispersed phase only (Particle Model)
The Nusselt number depends upon the surrounding fluid Prandtl number
( Pr = cp / ) as well as the particle Reynolds number (ReP)

Ranz- Marshall (0 < ReP < 200, 0 < Pr < 250)

Nu 2 0.6 Re P Pr 0.3
0.5

Hughmark (0 < Pr < 250)

Nu 2 0.6 Re P Pr 0.33 , (0 Re P 776.06)
0.5

Nu 2 0.27 Re P

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

0.62

Pr 0.33 , ( Re P 776.06)

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The Two Resistance Model

Available for both the particle and mixture models:
for Continuous phase Dispersed phase
for Continuous phase Continuous phase

There are special situations where the use of an overall heat

transfer coefficient is not sufficient to model the interphase
heat transfer process.

A more general class of models considers separate heat

transfer processes either side of the phase interface.

This is achieved by using two heat transfer coefficients defined

on each side of the phase interface.
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The Two Resistance Model

The heat flux from the interface to phase and phase

q h (Ts T )

q h (Ts T )

Overall heat balance, q + q = 0, this condition determines interfacial

temperature (Ts)

Ts

h T h T
h h

The overall heat transfer coefficient (h

q - q h A (T T )

1
1
1

h h h

Fluid specific Nusselt Number

Nu = h d/
where d is the interfacial length scale for the mixture model (the
mean particle diameter for the Particle Model )
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Heat Transfer Coefficient Options

Continuous side ()
Zero resistance

T Ts

Specified heat transfer coefficient

Continuous

Specified Nusselt number

T , h

Correlations :
(available only for Particle Model)

Ranz-Marshall

Hughmark

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Heat Transfer Coefficient Options

Dispersed side ()
Zero resistance

T , h

T Ts

Continuous

Specified heat transfer coefficient

T
Specified Nusselt number

T , h
T , h

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Distributing Boundary Heat Transfer

At wall and fluid-solid
interface boundaries, the heat
transfer must be distributed
between the individual phases

The default behavior is for

the partitioning to be based
on the phasic volume
fraction
It is possible to over-ride
this default and directly set
the contact area fraction for
the individual phase

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Appendix

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Mixture Model
Gas-liquid flows with flow regime transition like plug flow, slug
flow, annular flow, churn flow
Treats both phases symmetrically. It requires both phases to
be continuous.
The term represents the drag force per unit volume
exerted by phase on phase .
= | |( )
= r + r

d (interfacial length scale) and CD (drag coefficient) are to be

provided by user
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Terminal Rise Velocity for Bubbles

Terminal
bubble
rise
velocity

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Lift Force - Saffman Formulation

Applicable to dilute concentrations of spherical particles
FL rd c C L
'

3
2 d
P

U c

U r U c

C L 6.46
'

Saffman (0<ReP<ReS<1) :
correction by Mei & Klausner (1994) for higher ReP :
6.46 f (Re P , Re S )
CL
1/ 2
6
.
46

0
.
0524

Re
)
P

'

f (Re P , Re S ) (1 0.3314

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1/ 2

)e

0.1Re P

for : Re P 40
for : 40 Re P 100
0.3314

1/ 2

Release 14.5

Lift Force - Tomiyama Formulation

min 0.288 tanh(0.121 Re P ), f ( Eod )

3
2
CL f ( Eod ) 0.00105 Eod 0.0159 Eod 0.0204 Eod 0.474
0.27

Eod 4
4 Eod 10.0
Eod 10.0

modified Eod number:

g ( L G ) d H

0.3

0.2

Eod

horizontal bubble length scale:

d H d P (1 0.163 Eo

0.757 1/ 3

for dB=3mm we can use

constant lift coefficient:
CL0.28
2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Lift Force Coeff. C_L [-]

Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.01 m/s)

Tomiyama C_L (u_slip=0.05 m/s)
C_L (Tomiyama), 0<Eo_d<10
C_L (Tomiyama), 10<Eo_d
C_L (Tomiyama, orig.), 10<Eo_D

0.1

dB=3mm
0
0

10

-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Bubble diameter [mm]

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Wall Lubrication Force

Tomiyama Modification
Like Tomiyama lift force, depends on Eotvos number, hence accounts for
dependence of wall lubrication force on bubble shape.
In conjunction with Tomiyama lift force, produces excellent results for bubble
flow in vertical pipes.
However, requires pipe diameter (D) as input parameter, hence geometry
dependent.

Frank Modification
Generalises Tomiyamas model to be geometry independent.
Model constants calibrated and validated for bubbly flow in vertical pipes
CWC = 10, CWD = 6.8, p = 1.7

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Virtual Mass Force Numerics

Virtual Mass Force
Proportional to difference in phasic accelerations.

Implementation in ANSYS CFX

Upwind linearisation of acceleration terms
May choose first order upwind, or upwind scheme compatible with chosen

advection discretisation (expert parameter)

Coupled implicit treatment of upwind acceleration terms.
Consistent account of VMF terms in Rhie-Chow interpolation.
Inclusion of VMF often improves convergence compared to no VMF
However, rarely alters converged results

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Virtual Mass Force Validation

Flow in the converging part of a converging diverging nozzle to evaluate the
effect of flow curvature.

Drag is set to zero, there is no buoyancy.

As the flow accelerates a transverse pressure gradient is set up by the
continuum, water, which accelerates the dilute disperse phase, air, towards
the axis.

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Virtual Mass Force Validation

z

VMF

Particle Tracking Model solution

(no Virtual Mass force)

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

Eulerian Fluid Model Solution with

Virtual Mass Force
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Virtual Mass Force Robustness

No VMF

2013 ANSYS, Inc.

VMF, High Res diff.

4-58

VMF, UDS diff.

Release 14.5

GGI Conjugate Heat Transfer

Conjugate heat transfer with GGI fluid-solid interfaces has been available since
the 12.0 release

Previously a feature matrix gap as 1:1 GGI connections were required for multiphase

flows with conjugate heat transfer to solids

Gives more flexibility in meshing as meshes in fluid and solid regions
are no longer required matched at interfaces
Conjugate Additional Variable transfer also supported

GGI numerics are often more robust and give better answers than 1:1 numerics
for CHT problems, and are often preferred

Automatic mesh connections now use GGI numerics at fluid-solid interfaces and
solid-solid domain interfaces (connecting separate domains)
e

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