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Documente Profesional
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Submitted by
M.PRIYA
210211105026
M.RAJESWARI
210211105029
K.VENNINSULA
210211105040
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
APRIL 2015
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report MULTI POWER GENERATION FROM
TRACTION SYSTEM WITH ENERGY CONSERVATION is the bonafide
work of M.PRIYA (210211105026), M.RAJESWARI (210211105029),
K.VENNINSULA (210211105040) who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
SIGNATURE
MR.D.RAMASUBRAMANIAN M.E
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Engineering, Apollo Engineering College,
Mevaloorkuppam,
Chennai-105
SIGNATURE
MRS.M.INDIRAPRIYADARSHINI M.E
SUPERVISOR
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Apollo Engineering College,
Mevaloorkuppam,
Chennai-105
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our gratitude to our parents who have been the major
contributors of inspiration and encouragements to us throughout our career. We
sincerely thank our Honorable Chairman, Vice Chairman and Management
for extending invaluable facilities and infrastructure, which helped us to
complete the project on time.
It is our pleasure to express our gratitude to our Principal
Mr. Prof. Dr. A. BASKAR M.E, MBA, Ph.D. and also thank our Vice
Principal Mr. Prof. K.VELUCHAMY MSC, MPhil of Apollo Engineering
College for their sustained interest and encouragement offered throughout the
duration of this project.
We express our thanks to Mr. D.RAMASUBRAMANIAN M.E our
internal project coordinator Mrs. J.HEMAMALINI M.E and project guide
MISS. M.INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI M.E of Apollo Engineering College for
guiding us in all the aspects of our project.
We would also like to thank all our staff and student friends of Apollo
Engineering College for providing the impetus to work and suggest
improvement in all the modules of our project.
ABSTRACT
Our project is Multi Power Generation Methods from Railway
Traction System with Energy Conservation. The main aim of our project is
to generate power using different sources from train. The different sources are
solar energy, wind energy, energy from train vibration and energy from train
wheels rotation. A solar panel is fixed at the train to get the solar energy. A wind
model is fixed at the train to obtain the wind energy. While the train moves,
high level energy will be obtained from the wind model. Like the wind model, a
generator will be coupled with the train wheels to get power while in rotation.
While the train is in motion high level vibration will be occurred. Using this
vibration the energy can be taken out using piezo electric transducers. All these
obtained energy will be stored in a battery with an inverter and can be used for
appliances in the train.
Another application is implemented in this project describing about
energy conservation system. In most of the trains all the appliances will be in
ON status even absence of the passengers. This ends will waste of power. To
overcome this situation human sensor is used to monitor the motion of the
passengers inside each and every compartment. When the passengers entered
into the compartment the appliances will be switched ON and will be switched
OFF once they leaves out.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLE
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
iii
NO.
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
1
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2
3
2.1
2.2
for Microelectronics"
R.J.M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van
Hoof, R.Mertens, 2009, Micropower energy
2.4
harvesting
Wei Qi, Jinfeng Liu, Xianzhong Chen, and
Panagiotis D. Christofides,2011,Supervisory
5
5
6
7
3.3.1.1
3.3.1.2
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4
3.3.2.5
3.3.3
3.3.3.1
3.3.3.2
3.3.3.3
3.3.3.4
3.3.3.5
3.3.4
3.3.4.1
3.3.4.2
3.3.5
3.3.5.1
3.3.5.2
3.3.5.3
3.3.5.4
3.3.5.5
3.3.5.6
3.3.5.7
3.3.5.8
3.3.6
3.3.6.1
3.3.6.2
3.3.6.3
3.3.6.4
3.3.6.5
3.3.6.6
3.3.6.7
3.3.6.8
3.3.7
3.3.7.1
3.3.7.2
3.3.7.3
3.3.7.4
3.3.7.5
3.3.7.6
3.3.8
Piezoelectric materials
Piezo electric based vibration energy
Wheel rotation
Operation principle
Speed reduction
Torque multiplication
Motor varieties
Application
Wind energy
Introduction
Wind energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Technology
Solar energy
Solar panel
Special features
Microcontroller unit (AT89S52)
Introduction
Features
Description
Block diagram
Pin diagram
Circuit diagram
Pin description
Application
Regulated power supply
Circuit diagram
Power supply unit
Step down transformer
Rectifier unit
Input filter
Regulator unit
Output filter
Application
Human motion sensor
PIR sensor
General description
Operation
Pin description
Sensitivity
Features
Relay
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
13
13
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
20
21
22
22
28
29
29
3.3.8.1
3.3.8.2
3.3.9
3.3.10
Introduction
Kinds of relay
Inverter
Battery
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
35
36
4.
38
39
39
CONCLUSION
4.1
Future scope
4.2
Reference
4.3
Output
5.
40
41
43
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1.
23
2.
24
3.
33
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
1.
Train
2.
3.
Circuit diagram
4.
5.
Train wheel
6.
7.
Wind turbine
11
8.
12
9.
Solar panel
16
10.
17
11.
19
12.
20
13.
21
14.
22
15.
29
16.
7805 Regulator
30
17.
33
18.
34
19.
Relay
35
20.
35
21.
Inverter
36
22.
37
23.
Storage battery
38
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The Embedded Technology is now in its prime and the wealth of
knowledge available is mind-blowing. Embedded technology plays a major role
in integrating the various functions associated with it. This needs to tie up the
various sources of the Department in a closed loop system. This proposal
greatly reduces the manpower, saves time and operates efficiently without
human interference. This project puts forth the first step in achieving the desired
target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems are developed to
have in built intelligence.
Ours being a developing country the power consumption is increasing on
large scale to meet the growing demands. Power generation is widely based on
the non-renewable sources, and these sources being depleting some means have
to be found for power saving.
The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses.
From the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives.
From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced by less
labor-intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) diesel
locomotive and electric locomotives, while at about the same time selfpropelled multiple unit vehicles of either power system became much more
common in passenger service.
Even though a large amount of energy is from the solar panels, it is not
sufficient
for
the
total
usage
in
the
train.
FIGURE 1 : Train
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the proposed system, following types of renewable sources are used. They
are solar, wind, energy from wheel rotation and energy from train vibration.
Since four energy sources are used, a large amount of energy can be obtained
while combining everything. This can be stored in a battery. This stored
energy is converted from DC to AC using an inverter and supplied to all the
appliances in the trains.
The appliances will be switched ON throughout the day in the trains even the
absence of the people. Due to this large amount of energy is wasted.
To avoid this, human motion sensor is fixed in each and every coach. This
activates the appliances in ON status only if the passengers inside the train.
Else the appliances will be switched OFF automatically.
2.3 R.J.M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van Hoof, R.Mertens, 2009,
Micropower energy harvesting
More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and
electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power
output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification
and DCDC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from
these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results
and their power management circuits
2.4 Wei Qi, Jinfeng Liu, Xianzhong Chen, and Panagiotis D. Christofides, y
2011 Supervisory Predictive Control of Standalone Wind/Solar Energy
Generation Systems
This work focuses on the development of a supervisory model predictive
control method for the optimal management and operation of hybrid standalone
wind-solar energy generation systems. We design the supervisory control
system via model predictive control which computes the power references for
the wind and solar subsystems at each sampling time while minimizing a
suitable cost function. The power references are sent to two local controllers
which drive the two subsystems to the requested power references. We discuss
how to incorporate practical considerations, for example, how to extend the life
time of the equipment by reducing the peak values of inrush or surge currents,
into the formulation of the model predictive control optimization problem. We
present several simulation case studies that demonstrate the applicability and
effectiveness of the proposed supervisory predictive control architecture.
larger gear. There may be several sets of these reduction gear sets in a reduction
gear box.
water. In the same way, the large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are
created because the land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun than
the land near the North and South Poles. Humans use this wind flow for many
purposes: sailing boats, pumping water, grinding mills and also generating
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the moving wind into
electricity.
to determine access to the transmission lines or nearest control centre where the
power generated from the turbines can be conditioned, refined, stored or
transmitted. It is also necessary to survey the impact of putting up wind turbines
on the community and wildlife in the locality. If sufficient wind resources are
found, the developer will secure land leases from property owners, obtain the
necessary permits and financing; purchase and install wind turbines. The
completed facility is often sold to an independent operator called an
independent power producer (IPP) who generates electricity to sell to the local
utility, although some utilities own and operate wind farms directly. Wind mills
can be set up ranging scales of:
On-shore grid connected Wind Turbine systems
3.3.3.3 ADVANTAGES
Wind turbine is suitable to install in remote rural area, water pumping and
grinding mills
3.3.3.4 DISADVANTAGE
The total cost can be cheaper than solar system but more expensive than
hydro.
Electricity production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air
temperature. Hence various monitoring systems are needed and may cost
expensive.
High percentage of the hardware cost (for large WT) is mostly spent on
the tower designed to support the turbine
3.3.3.5 TECHNOLOGY
The range of wind speeds that are usable by a particular wind turbine for
electricity generation is called productive wind speed. The power available from
wind is proportional to cube of the wind's speed. So as the speed of the wind
falls, the amount of energy that can be got from it falls very rapidly. On the
other hand, as the wind speed rises, so the amount of energy in it rises very
rapidly; very high wind speeds can overload a turbine. Productive wind speeds
will range between 4 m/sec to 35 m/sec. The minimum prescribed speed for
optimal performance of large scale wind farms is about 6 m/s. Wind power
potential is mostly assessed assuming 1% of land availability for wind farms
required @12 ha/MW in sites having wind power density exceeding 200
W/sq.m. at 50 m hub-height.
The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor.
The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At
100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster
and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a
single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid
(shown here) for more widespread electricity distribution. Furthermore projects
are going on exploring in Research Design and Development to achieve
following goals:
Enable large-scale use: Load flow control and adaptive power quality
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind
into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity,
the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical
energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water,
the device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium,
today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or
auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines
are becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric power.
Insulation: 100M
3.3.5.2 FEATURES:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
3.3.5.3 DESCRIPTION:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1
pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to
be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2
trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port
Pin
Alternate Functions P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2),
clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction
control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for
In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3
pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.
the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be
used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET
HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation
can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is
active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations
are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will
be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal
program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data
Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be
addressed.
PROGRAM MEMORY
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to
external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches
to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches
to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.
DATA MEMORY
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128
bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This
means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but
are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an
internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction
specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR
space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For
example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at
location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect
addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following
indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte
at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data
Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128
bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
WATCHDOG TIMER (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)
The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU
may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and
the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable
from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in
sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is
enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running.
The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is
no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT
overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH
pulse at the RST pin.
USING THE WDT
To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the
WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user
needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT
overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and
this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every
machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the
WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must
write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The
WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate
an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 98xTOSC,
where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced
in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time
required to prevent a WDT reset.
WDT DURING POWER DOWN AND IDLE
In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also
stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT.
There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via
a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Powerdown mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the
WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting
this Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply
is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this can be successfully
reduced here.
The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage.
Further they can also be classified as:
i) Positive regulator
1---> input pin
2---> ground pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the positive voltage.
ii) Negative regulator
1---> ground pin
2---> input pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the negative voltage.
3.3.6.7 OUTPUT FILTER:
The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit.
Capacitor is most often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge
and discharge. It charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and
discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does
not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter
any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used
0.1F capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the
Microcontroller.
3.3.6.8 APPLICATIONS
Can be used in
Railway Traction System
Buses ,Lorries and various types of vehicle
onto the elements. As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly, the on-board
amplifier trips the output to indicate motion.
PIN
NAME
FUNCTION
Ground
Connects to ground or
VSS
V+
Connects to VDD(3.3v
to 5v)
Out
Output
making its output high when sudden changes occur, such as when there is
motion.
3.3.8 RELAY
3.3.8.1 INTRODUCTION
3.3.9 INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control
circuits.
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
This experimental research study incorporates energy-friendly devices and
generating energy from ambient energy sources. Ambient energy sources let
individuals and communities create and consume energy locally. The
promotion of renewable energy sources by home owners has brought a
particular focus to the passive and active use of natural energy sources. Such
research is needed to increase the use of ambient energy sources by
Homes
Institutions
Industries
Vehicles
Traffic Signals to sense the vehicles presence.
4.2 REFERENCE
C. Eichhorn, R. Tchagsim, N. Wilhelm, G. Biancuzzi and P. Woias; IEEE
MEMS 2011, Cancun, MEXICO, January 23-27, 2011 An EnergyAutonomous Self-Tunable Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesting
System
zge Zorlu, Emre Tan Topal, and Haluk Klah; IEEE Sensors Journal,
Vol. 11, No. 2, February 2011 A Vibration-Based Electromagnetic
Energy Harvester Using Mechanical Frequency Up-Conversion Method
V. Leonov; IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 14Thermoelectric energy
harvesters for powering wearable sensors
Vladimir Leonov, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 13,
4.3 OUTPUT
FIGURE 24
FIGURE 25
CHAPTER 5: APPENDICES
#include<reg51.h>
sbit pir=P1^0;
sbit realy=P1^1;
void main()
{
while(1)
{
if(pir==1)
{
relay=1;
}
else
{
relay=0;
}
}
}