Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Certificate
This is to certify that the project titled Smart Cities:Impact on Urban Mobility
has been carried out by me at NITIE, Mumbai under the guidance of Prof.
Vijaya Gupta, Professor, NITIE from 19th January, 2016 to 15th March, 2016.
Vinay Sudershan
PGDIM21
1402209
15/03/2016
th
Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai has successfully completed his final year field
project, titled
Smart Cities: Impact on Urban Mobility
The project has been successfully completed under the guidance of the
th
undersigned from 19
January, 2016 to 15th March, 2016 at NITIE, Mumbai.
It has been carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its
acceptance as a pre-requisite for the award of Post-Graduate Diploma in
Industrial Management for which it has been submitted.
Faculty Guide
Prof. Vijaya Gupta
Professor
NITIE, Mumbai
Acknowledgements
I thank entire NITIE faculty and NITIE staff for their support during the course
of this project. There are many whom I may have left out in the
acknowledgement, but whose co-operation no doubt went a long way in the
project.
Vinay Sudershan
PGDIM21 - 1402209
15
th
March 2016
ABSTRACT
India is all set to become the most-populous country in the world by 2030, making it
the home to the biggest and the most under-penetrated market for global
manufacturers and service providers. Unlike its preceding generations, this growing
population is also shifting to top tier cities of the country giving rise to new
megacities estimated to generate 80% of economic growth, with potential to apply
modern technologies and infrastructure, promoting better use of scarce resources.
As per estimates, about 2530 people will migrate every minute to major Indian
cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and better lifestyles. With this
momentum, about 843 million people are expected to live in urban areas by 2050.
To accommodate this massive urbanization, India needs to find smarter ways to
manage complexities, reduce expenses, increase efficiency and improve the quality
of life.
With this context, Prime Minister Narendra Modis vision Digital India, has set an
ambitious plan to build 100 smart cities across the country. Modi in his speech
quoted, Cities in the past were built on riverbanks. They are now built along
highways. But in the future, they will be built based on availability of optical fiber
networks and next-generation infrastructure.
The Government of India allocated INR70.6 billion (US$1.2 billion) for Smart Cities in
Budget 201415. Given the sheet scale of the development plan, the public
resources would largely be insufficient and the government is working on
envisaging new financing routes to boost the program.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................
9
2. Introduction...........................................................................................................................
11
3. Methodology..........................................................................................................................
13
3.1 Data...................................................................................................................................
13
19
6. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................
19
7. References.............................................................................................................................
20
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
Page No.
14
14
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Page No.
Table 3-1: Petrol prices & consumption, GNI per capita, CO2 emission
13
Table 3-2: Diesel prices & consumption, GNI per capita, CO2 emission
14
1. Introduction
India has several advantages with a smart city:
1.The vision for smart cities includes quality communications including Wi-Fi and
infrastructure like drinking water on tap, automated waste collection and
uninterrupted power supply, all luxuries for most cities.
2. With an urban population set to rise by more than 400 million people to 814
million by 2050, India faces the kind of mass urbanization only seen before in China.
3. The cities would offer "decent living options to every resident" which would
provide a "very high quality of life comparable with any developed European city", a
note from the Urban Ministry declared.
10
2. Introduction
\
11
12
3. Methodology
As of 2013, the annual cost of congestion was valued at approximately
$121 billion1 from time lost, vehicle emissions and wasted fuel. Not to
mention the effects of traffic on air quality. Did you know consumer goods
are also impacted? When freight is delayed, those costs can end up being
added to the products we purchase. The effects of traffic are far-reaching.
Communities tout sustainability, air quality and uncongested roads as factors
in attracting top businesses and improving livability for constituents.
Retailers want to encourage easy accessibility to shopping centers.
Entertainment venues, campuses and stadiums all want to make it easier to
get to and from events for a positive visitor experience.
Sensors embedded and installed at various points along roadways and
intersections can communicate wirelessly to software residing in a secure
cloud environment. Customers will access aggregated performance metrics
such as speed, travel times, vehicle/ bicycle counts, volume/capacity, turns
and red light violations among other valuable traffic statistics. This
information will help municipalities and other transportation planning
organizations effectively manage the flow of traffic. By improving the driving
experience with fewer stops and better fuel economy, people in your
community can spend more time at their destination and less time getting
there.
Near-real-time awareness.
Often, traffic data is collected manually or studies are performed only
during a window of time. The problem with these methods is that changing
conditions are not continuously captured, making the information less
accurate over time. Intelligent Traffic Management uses embedded sensors
and hardware installed at intersections and other access points to gather
performance data. Because analytics are provided in near real-time, youll
have the most current information to make decisions as traffic patterns
evolve. Depending on your needs, Verizon can design and scale the solution
to provide information from basic to complex, including:
Travel time and intersection delays
Volume and capacity
Safety and arterial performance measurements
Greater efficiencies.
Unlike many traffic solutions that are premises based and costly to
maintain, Verizon offers a cloud-based software-as-a-service alternative that
reduces the barriers to change. By removing the headaches of supporting
expensive servers, Verizon enables you to focus on your core competencies.
Sustainability.
Intelligent Traffic Management is a tool to aid in signal management,
which can have a
tremendous impact on:
Congestion mitigation.
Air quality.
Idle times and fuel economy.
Stops and delays.
Traffic
This will link conventional traffic management technology with the Smarter
City ITS.
a) Monitor traffic and adjust signals and the interconnect system between
signals and remote
locations.
b) Replacing old wire interconnects with fiber-optics to establish a fiber-optic
loop
Transit
At the core of a complete overhaul of the regional transit system will be:
a) Redesigned transit routes and the overall system so they meet the
demands of area residents in terms of reliability and convenience. The City
aims to increase transit ridership to five percent of the population
b) Design incentives to increase transit ridership and measure impact in a
closed
loop
Streets
Insights about people movement will guide retrofitting existing streets as
Complete
Streets
a) Optimally design the Complete Streets pilot project so that it maximizes
convenience and accessibility for bicyclists, pedestrians and transit riders.
b) Implement land use and transportation planning that prevents sprawl and
encourages
sustainable
development.
Citizens
Personalized decision support for optimal informed choices citizens manage
what
they
can
measure!
a) Provide individuals with electronic dashboards that allow them to
monitor their personal carbon footprints in real time based on their vehicle
miles
traveled
and
modes
of
transport
used.
b) Enable individuals to measure the impact of their actions and provides
decision support for comparing available choices with respect to their
metrics of interest
3.1 Data
The data collected has been tabulated as below.
Table 3-1
Table 3-2
Petrol
Consumption
per capita
(litres)
60
40
20
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
Avg. Diesel
Price (INR)
80
60
40
20
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Diesel Consumption
per capita (litres)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
Figure 3-3
Figure 3-4
14
CO2
GNI per
capita (USD)
2000
1000
0
2004200520062007200820092010201120122
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
(
m
e
t
r
i
c
t
o
n
s
p
e
r
c
a
p
i
t
a
)
200420052006200720082
009201020112012201320
14
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
the
effect
on
consumption
and
15
Figure 3-7
2
The regression analysis shows R value as 0.958 which shows that the strong
relationship exist and petrol consumption can be estimated by the equation.
However, it is seen that the impact of petrol price is low on consumption as
coefficient is low and p value is high at 0.92. But we can see that the GNI per
capita has stronger relationship as coefficient is around 1% and p value is
significantly low.
The equation thus can be written as
Petrol Consumption Y1= 3.43+ 0.006 * Petrol Price + 0.011 *income per
capita
16
Figure 3-8
2
17
Figure 3-8
2
The R value comes out as 0.99 which significantly high depicting a good fit
between dependent and independent variables. The petrol price and
consumption plays more important role in increase in emission compared to
other independent variables.
Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the
country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms have been in
place since April 2010 [10]. As can be seen from the results, with the
introduction of this compliance there is significant reduction in emission.
We also see that with increase in diesel price , CO2 emission reduces to
some extent.
The equation thus can be written as
CO2 emission Y3= 0.14+ 0.01* Petrol price - 0.0065 * Diesel price - 0.00018
* income per capita +0.068 * Petrol consumption +0.0011 *
Diesel consumption 0.05 * BS III compliance enforcement.
18
6. Conclusion
From the study, we have found that the consumption of automobile fuel and CO2
emission are related with the pricing of the fuel, the income per capita and
implementation of government compliances like BS III emission norms. As India
leads the GDP growth rate in the world in the next years to come, it would become
imperative for the government to keep a check on the consumption which directly
impacts the current account balance and pricing by taxing the fuel with time. By
further incorporating the recommendations for future scope, further studies can be
carried out to frame an effective pricing policy of automobile fuels and
implementing future environmental policies.
19
7. References
1. Eltony M.N., 1995, Demand for gasoline in Kuwait: An empirical analysis
using cointegration techniques. Energy Econ., 17, 249253.
2. Eltony, M.N., 1996, Demand for gasoline in the GCC: An application
of pooling and testing procedures.Energy Econ., 18, 203209.
3. Liddle, B., 2009, Long-run relation among transport demand, income,
and gasoline price for the US.Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ., 14,
7382.
4. Liddle, B., 2012, The systemic, long-run relation among gasoline demand,
gasoline price,
income, and vehicle ownership in OECD countries: Evidence from panel
cointegration and
causality modeling. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ., 17, 327331.
5. Kyoung-Min Lim, 2012, Short-Run and Long-Run Elasticities of
Diesel Demand in Korea. Energies , 5, 5055-5064
6. Annegrete Bruvoll, Bodil Merethe Larsen, 2004, Greenhouse gas
emissions in Norway: do carbon taxes work?, Energy Policy, Volume
32, Issue 4, 493505
7. Jay S. Gregg, Robert J. Andres, Gregg Marland, 2008, China:
Emissions pattern of the world leader in CO2 emissions from fossil
fuel consumption and cement production, Geographical Research
Letters , Issue 8
8. Prof. David A. Hensher, 2008, Climate change, enhanced greenhouse
gas emissions and passenger transport what can we do to make a
difference?, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 95-111.
9. S. Giblin, A. McNabola, 2009, Modelling the impacts of a carbon
emission-differentiated vehicle tax system on CO2 emissions
intensity from new vehicle purchases in Ireland, Energy Policy,
Volume 37, Issue 4, Pages 14041411
20