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chapter 20
group cash flow statements
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
Whats new?
The second edition of my book A students guide to group accounts published by
Kaplan, has nineteen chapters that set out how to prepare the group statement of
financial position and how to prepare the group statement of total comprehensive
income.
This brand new chapter which is only available on line - is all about the preparation
of the group cash flow statement.
In order to prepare a statement of group cash flows you will need know two things.
1. The format of the cash flow statement.
2. How to calculate a cash flow and where in the cash flow statement that cash
in or out flow is reported.
1. The format of the cash flow statement
In principle the format of the cash flow statement is quite simple as IAS7 Statement
of Cash Flows (IAS7) proscribes only three headings. These are Operating Activities,
Investing Activities and Financing Activities. The exact order of the items shown
underneath these three headings is not formally proscribed.
In preparing a statement of cash flows you are going to have remember the format
as it will not be given in the question. When preparing group cash flows we are only
given the opening and closing group statement of financial positions and the group
statement of total comprehensive income.
There are two alternative formats to the cash flow.
a) The direct method.
b) The indirect method
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
2. Investing Activities
Payments to buy PPE / Intangibles / Investments
Proceeds from sale of PPE / Intangibles / Investments
(X)
X
(X)
X / (X)
X
(X) / X
X
X
(X)
3. Financing Activities
Proceeds from an equity share issue
Dividends paid
Dividends paid to the NCI
Control to control cash proceeds when NCI increases
Control to control cash paid when NCI decreases
X
(X)
(X)
X
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
The financing activities also include the cash flows with debt e.g. those who have
lent money to the business. These include the cash received following the issue of
debentures and the cash paid back to redeem those loans. As finance leases are in
substance a loan so the loan repayments on finance lease obligations are also
reported as a cash out flow under financing activities.
Cash and cash equivalents.
The cash flow statement reconciles to the changes in cash and cash equivalents.
These comprise cash on hand and demand deposits, together with short-term, highly
liquid investments that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash, and that
are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
IAS 7 does not define short term but does state an investment normally qualifies as
a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months or less from
the date of acquisition.
Consequently, equity or other investments which do not have a maturity date are
excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents.
This three-month time limit is somewhat arbitrary but is consistent with the concept
of insignificant risk of changes in value and a purpose of meeting short-term cash
commitments.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
X
(X)
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
X
X / (X)
X / (X)
X / (X)
X
X
(X) / X
(X) / X
X / (X)
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
2. Investing Activities
Payments to buy PPE / Intangibles / Investments
Proceeds from sale of PPE / Intangibles / Investments
(X)
X
(X)
X / (X)
X
(X) / X
X
X
(X)
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
3. Financing Activities
Proceeds from an equity share issue
Dividends paid
Dividends paid to the NCI
Control to control cash proceeds when NCI increases
Control to control cash paid when NCI decreases
X
(X)
(X)
X
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
X/(X)
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
10
2. How to calculate a cash flow and where in the cash flow statement that cash
in or out flow is reported
Now that we have looked at the format of cash flows we can now turn our attention
as to how to calculate cash flows. Basically cash flows are derived as missing
figures. Ascertaining cash flows at its simplest do not deserve a complicated
working.
For example if the finance cost charged in profit is $100 but at the year-end there is
an accrual for interest owing of $5 then it seems natural to conclude that the interest
actually paid and an operating cash outflow is only $95 (being $100 - $5) as all of the
expense has been paid.
Where the cash flow needs a proper working because it is not just involving two
figures then it is necessary to reconcile the opening balance of an item to its closing
balance showing all the reasons why the item has either increased or decreased. In
this process of making the opening and closing balances reconcile the cash flow will
be revealed as the missing / balancing figure.
To quote from a recent ACCA P2 examiners report - Consolidated statement of
cash flows questions - It is important as always to show all workings. For example,
very few candidates correctly calculated the income taxes paid figure but there were
several marks for this calculation, which were often awarded in the workings in the
scripts. Many of the figures in the statement do not need workings but where they
do, it is important to show them.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
11
Non-Current Assets
Property Plant & Equipment (PPE)
20X1
$
300
20X0
$
100
During the year depreciation charged was $20, a revaluation surplus of $60 was
recorded, PPE with a CV of $15 were disposed of and PPE acquired subject to
finance leases had a CV of $30.
Required: How much cash was spent on PPE in the period?
Answer to cash flow exercise
Well we know that the cash spent on PPE will be an outflow and an investing activity.
The working showing the reconciliation is as follows.
PPE
Opening balance
Depreciation
Surplus
Disposal
Finance lease
100
(20)
60
(15)
30
155
Cash - balancing figure 145
Closing balance
300
Explanation
From the opening s of fp
Depreciation reduces the carrying value
The revaluation gain increases carrying value
The carrying value of the asset being sold reduces
A new finance lease means there is more PPE
From the closing s of fp
The explanations are provide for your benefit and it would be unnecessary to include
in an examination answer.
Incidentally in terms of exam technique never show your workings like this
100-20+60-15+30-300 = 145
This row format of numbers does not lend itself to any form of reference or
annotation as to the source of the numbers so is difficult to mark.
The working can be shown as a T account. T accounts are perhaps a little old
fashioned and can lead to errors unless you are already very proficient with double
entry. This working is shown as a T account in the double entry section.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
12
20X1
$
840
20X0
$
440
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
13
20X1
$
500
20X0
$
200
The group statement of profit or loss reported Income from Associate Undertakings
of $750.
Required: How much was the cash dividend received by the group?
Cash in and an investing activity.
Answer dividend received from an associate
The dividend received from an associate is a cash inflow and an investing activity.
The working is as follows.
Explanation
Investment in the associate
Opening balance
200 From the opening s of fp
Plus the % of profit
750 Profit increases the asset
950
Cash - balancing figure
450
Closing balance
500 From the opening s of fp
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
14
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
15
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
16
Non-current liability
Loan
20X1
$
1,000
20X0
$
3,500
The loan is denominated in a foreign currency, and a loss of $500 has been
recorded on the retranslation.
Required: How much cash was spent repaying the loan?
Answer to Cash Flow Exercise including the impact of a foreign exchange
difference
Explanation
Loan
Opening balance
3,500 From the opening s of fp
Foreign currency exchange loss 500 The loss will increase the liability
4,000
Cash - balancing figure
3,000
Closing balance
1,000 From the closing s of fp
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
17
Mind Map
Format
Indirect
method
(reconciliation
PBT)
Operating
Activities
Direct
method
NCA
payments to
buy (out)
Investing
Activities
NCA
sale
proceeds
or returns
(in)
Debt
borrow (in) or
repay (out)
Financing
Activities
Equity
Dividends
paid (out)
proceeds
from
share
issue (in)
control to
control
(in or out)
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
18
Double entry
All the reconciliation workings to ascertain cash flow as a balancing figure can of
course be explained in double entry terms indeed they are really old fashioned T
accounts just turned into a vertical column. I guess if you really love double entry you
would realised that a long time ago. Let us re-examine the original exercise.
Cash Flow Exercise to show the technique
Calculate the cash flows given the following extracts from statements of financial
position drawn up at the year ended 31 December 20X0 and 20X1.
20X1
$
300
Non-Current Assets
Property Plant & Equipment (PPE)
20X0
$
100
During the year depreciation charged was $20, a revaluation surplus of $60 was
recorded, PPE with a CV of $15 were disposed of and PPE acquired subject to
finance leases had a CV of $30.
Required: How much cash was spent on PPE in the period?
PPE (carrying value) account
Opening balance
Revaluation surplus
Finance lease
Cash balancing figure
$
100
60
30
145
335
$
20
15
Depreciation
Disposal
Closing balance
300
335
The opening balance of $100 is a debit because PPE is an asset and assets are
debit balances
Depreciation is an expense that is charged to profit (debit) and reduces the carrying
value of the asset (credit).
The revaluation surplus is a gain that is recognised in equity and other
comprehensive income (credit) and increases the asset (debit).
The disposal reduces the carrying value of the asset (credit) and is transferred to a
disposal account (debit).
New finance leases represent new assets (debit) and new liabilities (credit).
The closing balance is a credit as it has to be a debit when is brought down to be the
opening balance of next year.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
19
Technical corner
Usefulness of cash flow statements
On the one hand you need to know how to prepare a group cash flow statement but
let us also consider how useful they are.
A statement of cash flows provides information that is not available from statements
of financial position and statements of comprehensive income.
Cash flow statements can be the basis of a business valuation. Analysts and other
users of financial information often, formally or informally, develop models to assess
and compare the present value of the future cash flow of entities.
Cash flow statements can give an indication of the relationship between profitability
and cash generating ability, and thus of the quality of the profit earned. A business
that year on year reports a profit but never generates cash is said to how low quality
profits. The profit may be generated through the manipulation of estimates and
polices.
Cash flow is free from judgement of value and the subjective allocation of the
accruals concept. It cannot easily be manipulated and is not affected by accounting
policies. It is reliable.
A statement of cash flow in conjunction with a statement of financial position
provides information on liquidity, solvency and adaptability. The statement of
financial position is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is
incomplete for this purpose as the statement of financial position is drawn up at a
particular point in time.
Limitations of the statement of cash flows
Of course nothing is perfect and we can also consider the limitations of cash flow
statements.
Statements of cash flows are based on historical information and therefore do not
provide complete information for assessing future cash flows. Users are much more
interested in future cash flows.
There is some scope for manipulation of cash flows. For example, a business may
delay paying suppliers until after the year-end, or it may structure transactions so
that the cash balance is favourably affected e.g. a sale and lease back, or a raising
finance by issuing zero coupon bonds which are redeemable at a large premium.
Deliberate manipulation is possible e.g. assets may be sold and then immediately
repurchased or proceeds from raising funds or selling PPE classifies in operating
activities. The application of the substance over form principle and an understanding
of the format should alert users of the financial statements to the true nature of such
arrangements.
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
20
Closing balance
Opening balance
30,000
20,000
25,000
26,000
14,000
11,000
Additional information
During the year depreciation of $25,000 was charged, an impairment loss of $40,000
recognised on an asset that had not been revalued. Employment costs charged
included $20,000 for a current service cost on the defined benefit pension scheme
and $15,000 in respect of an equity settled share based scheme. In arriving at
operating profit negative goodwill of $6,000 and a foreign currency exchange gain of
$4,000 have been recognised.
Receipts from customers, combined with cash sales, were $800,000, payments to
suppliers of raw materials $400,000, other operating cash payments were $100,000
and cash paid on behalf and to employees was $126,000.
Required
a) Using the indirect method determine the cash generated from operating
activities
b) Using the direct method determine the cash generated from operating
activities
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
21
Question Weller
Set out below is a summary of the accounts of Weller for the year ended 31
December 20X7.
Consolidated statement of total comprehensive income for the year ended 31
December 20X7.
Revenue
Cost of sales and other expenses
Income from associates
Finance cost (note 3)
Profit before tax
Income tax
Profit for the period
Other comprehensive income: items that may be reclassified to
profit or loss in future periods
Group exchange difference on retranslation of foreign subsidiary
(note 5)
Total comprehensive income
Profit for the year attributable to:
Attributable to owners of the parent
Attributable to Non-controlling interests
Profit for the period
$000
44,754
(39,613)
30
(305)
-----------4,866
(2,038)
------------2,828
302
-----------3,130
-----------2,805
23
-----------2,828
-----------3,107
23
------3,130
-------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
22
Opening balance
Comprehensive income
Dividends paid
Acquisition of a subsidiary
Closing balance
Shares
OCE
Retained Earnings
$000
7,000
$000
805
302
$000
6,359
2,805
(445)
-------7,000
---------
------1,107
-------
---------8,719
----------
NCI
Total
$000 $000
17 14,181
23
3,130
(20) (465)
150
150
----- --------170 16,996
-----------
$000
(4&5)
(1)
Current assets
Inventories
Receivables
Investments (30 day bonds)
Cash at bank and in hand
Total equity
Non-current liabilities:
Loans
Provision for deferred tax
Pension deficit
(3)
Current liabilities
(2)
$000
500
11,157
300
----------11,957
9,749
5,354
1,543
1,013
-------------
20X7
$000
17,659
---------29,616
----------
20X6
$000
85
8,900
280
----------9,265
7,624
4,420
741
394
----------
13,179
----------22,444
----------
7,000
1,107
8,719
170
----------16,996
7,000
805
6,359
17
---------14,181
2,102
555
735
1,682
689
246
9,228
---------29,616
-----------
5,646
---------22,444
----------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
23
Bank overdraft
Trade payables
Tax
20X6
$000
91
2,989
2,566
-------5,646
--------
$000
246
29
560
(100)
--------735
---------
(4) Hannah
During the year, the company acquired 82% of the issued equity capital of
Hannah for a cash consideration of $1,268,000. The non-controlling interest is
valued using the proportion of net assets method
$000
Non-current assets
208
Inventories
612
Trade receivables
500
Cash in hand
232
Trade payables
(407)
Debenture loans
(312)
--------833
-------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
24
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
25
$
82,000
(12,000)
10,000
25,000
40,000
20,000
15,000
(6,000)
(4,000)
(5,000)
6,000
3,000
174,000
Direct method
Cash received from customers
Cash paid to suppliers
Cash paid to staff
Other operating payments
Cash generated
800,000
(400,000)
(100,000)
(126,000)
174,000
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
26
Answer - Weller
Group cash flow Weller
Operating activities
Profit before tax
Add back finance costs
Less income from associate
Depreciation
Less profit on disposal (854 305)
(W1) Impairment loss on goodwill
Current service costs
Changes in working capital
(W2) Increase inventory
Increase receivables
Increase payables
Cash generated
Pension contribution paid
Interest paid (305 pension unwinding 29)
(W3) Taxation paid
$000
4,866
305
(30)
907
(549)
179
560
(1,397)
(148)
673
----------5,366
(100)
(276)
(1,016)
------------
$000
3,974
Investing Activities
Proceeds disposal NCA
Acquisition of subsidiary
Cash taken over new subsidiary
(W4) Payment to buy NCA
(W5) Dividends received from associate
Financing Activities
Dividends paid
Dividends paid to NCI
(W6) New loans
854
(1,268)
232
(3,161)
10
-----------
(3,333)
(445)
(20)
108
----------(357)
---------284
1,044
---------1,328
----------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
27
Workings
(W1) Goodwill
Opening balance
Acquire subsidiary
Exchange gain
Impairment loss - balancing figure
85
585
9
(179)
--------500
---------
c/bal
FV of P investment
NCI as a proportion of NA (18% x 833)
FV NA
Goodwill on the acquisition
1,268
150
(833)
-------585
--------
Inventory
7,624
612
116
Receivables
4,420
500
286
Payables
2,989
407
209
1,397
------------9,749
-------------
148
------------5,354
-------------
673
----------4,278
----------
Liability
2,566
689
2,038
(1,016)
------------4,277
------------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.
28
8,900
(305)
(907)
208
100
7,996
3,161
------------11,157
--------------
280
30
--------310
(10)
---------300
----------
1,682
312
---------1,994
108
----------2,102
-----------
Chapter 20 Group Cash Flow Statements from A students guide to group accounts by Tom
Clendon as published by Kaplan.